125 years of floristic research and collecting at The New York Botanical Garden WILLIAM WAYT THOMAS Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. As part of The New York Botanical Garden’s 125th anniversary, a summary of floristic research by NYBG staff is presented. The first 50 years of the Garden were extremely productive and resulted in floras covering most of the United States and Canada. The focus of research at the Garden shifted to the Neotropics and diversified, especially in northern South America and Brazil, and continues to thrive. Key Words: Floras, North America, Neotropics, New York Botanical Garden.

This paper summarizes the study and collecting of vascular plants at The New York Botanical Garden that has resulted in or is leading towards the production of floras. Bryological and mycological research at the Garden was separately summarized by Buck (1996) and Rogerson and Samuels (1996). The initial stages of taxonomic research include exploration, collection, and identification followed by consolidation and synthesis in the form of floras and monographs (Tan, 2004). The same scientist may explore and collect before he or she can proceed to specimen identification and preparation of a flora. At the Garden, many scientists study the flora of a region and also study a family of plants intensively. According to Henry Allan Gleason (1996), the stimulus for the founding of The New York Botanical Garden was, at least indirectly, H. H. Rusby’s first collecting trip to the mountains of Bolivia. He returned with specimens that he gave Nathaniel Lord Britton to study and identify. With no reference collections with which to compare Rusby’s plants, Britton and his wife, Elizabeth Britton, traveled to Europe, including the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1888, in order to identify those specimens. They decided that such an institution should be established in New York (Merrill, 1938). In due course, they were successful, and The New York Botanical Garden was founded. Britton determined that the scientific mission of the Garden would be to document the plants of North America including Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies (Gleason, 1996).

The first fifty years The early botanical expeditions (Boom, 1996) and field notebooks (Fraser, 1996) show that the vast majority of the collecting in the Garden’s first 25 years took place in North America and the West Indies. Gradually, more and more expeditions headed to South America, and northern South America was added to the Garden’s field of activity in 1917 (Gleason, 1996). Floristic research became possible and the herbarium at the Garden grew rapidly, with the collection increasing to 1.7 million specimens by 1934 (Merrill, 1938). One of the first, and obvious, targets for floristic study at the Garden was North America. At the time of the Garden’s founding in 1891, Columbia University was the source of much of its botanical expertise (Archives and Manuscript Collections, 2016). Nathaniel Lord Britton, founder of the Garden, was Professor and Chair of Botany at Columbia and supervised several students who later joined the staff of the Garden. Per Axel Rydberg came to New York to pursue his Ph.D. under Britton in 1895 and when the Garden organized its first permanent staff in 1899, he was one of the original nine members hired. John Kunkel Small was also a student of Britton’s at Columbia, and later curator of the Columbia University Herbarium. After the Columbia University collection was transferred to the Garden in 1898, Small followed and joined the staff. Gleason

Brittonia, DOI 10.1007/s12228-016-9413-9 ISSN: 0007-196X (print) ISSN: 1938-436X (electronic) © 2016, by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A.

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received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1906 under Britton’s guidance and later joined the NYBG staff in 1918. The number of floras generated by these early Garden scientists was outstanding (Fig. 1). Britton studied the flora of the northeastern U.S. (Britton & Brown, 1896, 1897, 1898; Britton, 1901) before directing his interests to the West Indies where he produced floras of Bermuda (Britton, 1918a), the U.S. Virgin Islands (Britton, 1918b), the Bahamas (Britton & Millspaugh, 1920), and Puerto Rico (Britton & Wilson, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1930). Two extensive manuscripts of his, a Catalogue of the Flora of Cuba and a Flora of Jamaica, were never published (Archives and Manuscript Collections, 2016). Rydberg’s interests focused on the western U.S. and his remarkable output included Floras of Montana (Rydberg, 1900), Colorado (Rydberg, 1906), the Rocky Mountains (1917), and the Prairies and Great Plains (1932). Small directed his floristic studies to the southeastern U.S. and the first edition of the region’s flora, published in 1903, was also his Ph.D. dissertation. Although one of Gleason’s primary responsibilities at the Garden was to build up and curate the

tropical American collections, he published a treatment of the plants of Michigan (1926), a flora of the vicinity of New York (1947), updated Britton and Brown’s (1896, 1897, 1898) threevolume illustrated flora (Gleason, 1952), and teamed up with Arthur Cronquist to produce a field-sized manual of the northeastern flora (Gleason & Cronquist, 1963). 1950–present The scope of floristic research in the second half of the twentieth century expanded, focusing more on Latin America. Nevertheless, research continued on the North American flora, led by Arthur Cronquist and Noel H. Holmgren. They, along with colleagues, including Noel’s father Arthur H. Holmgren and Noel’s wife, Patricia K. Holmgren, produced a rich and detailed flora of the Intermountain Region over a 40 year span (Cronquist et al., 1972, 1977, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1997; Holmgren et al., 2005, 2012). More on the Holmgrens and the history and impact of the Intermountain Flora can be found in Buck and Naczi (2013). Cronquist also collaborated with

FIG. 1. Map of North America showing areas covered by different flora treatments. A. Floras of individual states, Montana (Rydberg, 1900), Colorado (Rydberg, 1906), Michigan (Gleason, 1926). B. Pacific Northwest (Hitchcock et al., 1955–1969; Hitchcock & Cronquist, 1973). C. Rocky Mountains (Rydberg, 1917). D. Intermountain region (Holmgren et al., 2005, 2012; Cronquist et al., 1972, 1977, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1997). E. Great Plains (Rydberg, 1932). F. Northeastern United States and Canada (Britton, 1901; Britton & Brown, 1896, 1897, 1898). G. Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada (Gleason & Cronquist, 1963). H. Same area as G, but adding the Gaspé Peninsula and all of Missouri (Gleason, 1952). I. Southeastern United States (Small, 1903).

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other botanists on the flora of the Pacific Northwest, which was published both as a five-volume flora (Hitchcock et al., 1955, 1959, 1961, 1964, 1969) and a one-volume field manual (Hitchcock & Cronquist, 1973). Interest in the flora of the northeastern U.S. continued, with Noel Holmgren producing an illustrated companion volume (Holmgren, 1998) to the 1991 second edition of the Gleason and Cronquist (1991) manual using the illustrations from Gleason’s (1952) New Britton and Brown’s Flora. Robert Naczi continues this interest working on a new, revised version of Gleason and Cronquist’s (1991) manual described in more detail by Naczi (2016, this issue). WEST INDIES

With Britton’s death in 1934, interest at the Garden in the flora of the West Indies waned. In the late 1980’s, however, with the encouragement of Bassett Maguire, Thomas A. Zanoni joined the staff and spent 13 years collecting in Hispaniola. In the early 1990’s, the Garden took the first steps towards a rapprochement with Cuban botanists and invited four Cuban botanists to spend three months at the Garden. In 2009 Garden staff were again able to collect in Cuba, and Cuban scientists were able to visit the Garden; Britton’s collections in Cuba have again become important in preparing a flora of that island. In the Lesser Antilles, traditional collecting in the internet age has made possible model online floras of the islands of Saba (Mori et al., 2008) and St. Eustatius (Boom et al., 2008).

a very informative web site, the Vascular Plants of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica (Aguilar et al., 2008). NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA

After Bassett Maguire’s arrival at the Garden in 1943, he assumed responsibility for exploration of tropical America from Gleason, as well as the plant collections from the three American Museum of Natural History expeditions to southern Venezuela in the 1920s and 1930s led by G. H. H. Tate. These collections were the stimulus for 42 expeditions over 23 years to Guayana (southern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana) led by Maguire (Maguire & Maguire, 1996) with treatments of many families published in installments of Botany of the Guayana Highlands in the Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. The culmination of exploration of the Venezuelan Guayana were the expeditions to Cerro de la Neblina in 1983 to 1985 funded in part by three National Science Foundation grants, two of which were under the leadership of James L. Luteyn. These trips resulted in 11,800 plant and fungal collections (Brewer-Carias, 1988). Central French Guiana became a focus of research and collecting by Scott Mori and others in 1982. The result of this effort was the detailed and richly illustrated Guide to the Vascular Plants of Central French Guiana (Mori et al., 1997, 2002) followed by companion volumes on the mosses (Buck, 2003) and liverworts and hornworts (Gradstein & Ilkiu-Borges, 2009).

CENTRAL AMERICA AND MEXICO ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA

In Central America and Mexico, perhaps the greatest floristic contribution from Garden scientists is John T. Mickel’s monumental The Pteridophytes of Mexico (Mickel & Smith, 2004), preceded by his Pteridophyte Flora of Oaxaca, Mexico (Mickel & Beitel, 1988). Michael H. Nee collected in Mexico and edited the Flora of Veracruz series published by the Instituto de Ecologia of Xalapa, Mexico. Michael J. Balick collected in Belize and, along with Michael Nee and Daniel Atha, published the first checklist of that country (Balick et al., 2000). Scott A. Mori organized and found funding for a concerted collecting effort in Costa Rica’s rich Osa Peninsula. The product of their efforts led to

In addition to James Luteyn’s systematic research, he also studied the flora of the páramos, the high-altitude Andean meadows found above the montane forests and below the permanent snows. The work of Luteyn and his collaborators includes a checklist of species, a gazetteer of localities, and a generic flora (Luteyn, 1999; Sklenář et al., 2005). In the late 1980s, Michael Nee started collecting in eastern Bolivia and decided to focus on the southernmost extent of the Amazonian forest, in the Parque Nacional Amboró. His collections there have revealed 1200 genera and 3000 species of vascular plants. He is publishing

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a flora of the region (Nee, 2004, 2008) and has a checklist available online (Nee, 2007). He also helped edit the massive Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Bolivia (Jørgensen et al., 2014).

BRAZIL

The first Garden expeditions to Brazil were those of Ellsworth P. Killip and Albert C. Smith in 1929 and Boris A. Krukoff in the 1930s. In the 1950s and 1960s, trips made by Maguire, John J. Wurdack, Ghillean T. Prance and Howard S. Irwin to Brazil became more frequent (Boom, 1996). In 1964, Irwin initiated a collaboration with the University of Brasília to study and collect the flora of the Planalto of Brazil. Irwin, and other Garden staff, including William R. Anderson, Rupert C. Barneby and Joseph H. Kirkbride, continued this collaboration until 1975, with over 35,000 numbers collected (Irwin, 1996). After joining the staff of the Garden in 1963, Prance was charged with botanical exploration of the Amazon. He collected there regularly from 1966 onwards, including a two-year stint as the first director of the INPA graduate program in botany from 1973–1975 (Prance, 1996). The high point of this collaboration was the Projeto Flora Amazônica, an NSF-funded project providing computerization support for Brazil, and binational collecting in selected high-priority sites throughout the Amazon Basin. Through the expeditions of 1977 through 1984, nearly 57,000 numbers were collected and over 18 hectares inventoried by the 91 U.S. and Brazilian participants, including 16 Garden staff and students (Prance et al., 1984). More on Prance’s time in Brazil and on the Projeto Flora expeditions can be found in his recent book (Prance, 2014). Over time, these collections, and those of the Planalto expeditions, have been fundamental in understanding plant diversity in Brazil (The Brazil Flora Group, 2015). The state of Acre in the western Amazon lies between two geological regions, the Andes to the west and the Brazilian Shield to the southeast. So, even though Projeto Flora Amazônica expeditions had reached Acre earlier, the state deserved more attention. In 1991, Douglas C. Daly developed an institutional agreement between the Garden and the Federal University of Acre to improve the understanding of the state’s flora and economic botany. Seventeen years later, the First

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catalogue of the Flora of Acre, Brazil was published, listing 3849 species of vascular plants (Daly & Silveira, 2008). Recently, Benjamin M. Torke and his collaborators initiated a project to collect the flora of the southwestern portion of the state of Pará. Working with botanists in Pará, as well as those of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden, Torke is planning a web-based guide to the plants of the region, concentrating on the Tapajos National Forest and the Amazonia National Park. In 1979, Scott Mori left the Garden to assume the curatorship of the herbarium Cocoa Research Center (CEPEC) in Ilhéus, Bahia, in the heart of the Atlantic coastal forest biodiversity Bhotspot^ (Myers et al., 2000). Although he remained in Bahia less than three years, Mori was extremely productive and made the forests of Bahia known to the botanical world. In 1990, William Wayt Thomas followed in Mori’s footsteps and, with funding from the MacArthur Foundation and the National Science Foundation, initiated a longterm project in collaboration with CEPEC lasting into the late-2000s. Mori, Thomas, and their collaborators published checklists and inventories of these mega-diverse forests (e.g., Amorim et al., 2008; Mori et al., 1983; Thomas et al., 2008), and their collections along with those of their collaborators number over 16,000. In 2008, Thomas shifted his focus to the poorly known, and more endangered forests of the small states in northeastern Brazil, collaborating with local universities. The objective here is to intensively study the flora of specific sites in each state and use those data as anchors for larger floristic projects (e.g., Barbosa et al., 2011; Nussbaumer et al., 2015). Since 2010, project staff, collaborators and students have collected over 11,000 numbers and published over 100 papers.

FLORA NEOTROPICA

The idea of a Flora Neotropica project was first envisioned in 1957 by an advisory committee of UNESCO, who also created a commission to stimulate and assist in the preparation and publication of all the naturally occurring fungi and plants of tropical America in a monograph series entitled Flora Neotropica. Flora Neotropica was based at The New York Botanical Garden and, since its inception, all costs of the monograph series have been assumed by the Garden. The series is reserved

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for manuscripts that, because of their length, cannot be published in their entirety in other journals (Forero & Mori, 1995; Thomas, 2005). The Neotropics are bounded by the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Although these boundaries are artificial, they approximate biological boundaries limiting the distribution of tropical species outside the tropics and vice versa (Thomas & Tulig, 2015). Thus, floristic treatments for the Flora Neotropica series, usually function as monographs of the groups being treated. Since 1965, 114 Flora Neotropica monographs have been published by the Garden, 20 by Garden staff or students. Of these, 87 are on vascular plants (16 on fungi, and 11 on bryophytes). These 87 monographs treat 16,730 scientific names and recognize 8008 species. OLD WORLD

During the six years (1929–1935) that Elmer D. Merrill served as Director, he expanded the interests and collections of the Garden to include the Far East, especially the Philippines and Southeast Asia; he also deposited his personal herbarium of 23,000 Asian specimens at the Garden (Holmgren et al., 1996). Since then, however, little floristic research has taken place outside the Americas, until recently, when two new projects began. One involves the study of the rich and poorly known flora of Myanmar, led by Damon P. Little, Charles M. Peters, Douglas Daly and Kathleen Armstrong. The other project is to understand the flora and ethnobotany in the Melanesian islands of Vanuatu led by Gregory M. Plunkett and Michael Balick. Although recently started, the latter project has already resulted in an illustrated book on the remarkable plants of the country (Ramon & Sam, 2016). INTEGRATION OF FLORAS WITH COLLECTIONS, MONOGRAPHIC RESEARCH, AND DIGITIZATION

As Britton and Gleason knew, preparation of floras can only be accomplished once sufficient collecting of specimens has been done. Thus the preparation of the floras detailed here was preceded by hundreds of collecting expeditions as described in papers on the Garden’s Herbarium collections (Holmgren et al., 1996), Garden expeditions (Boom, 1996), and a compilation of collectors field notebooks (Fraser, 1996).

Accurate identification of collections requires careful monographic research (Mori, 1992). While some Garden scientists focused their research on a single taxonomic group, others combined monographic and floristic work, often studying the flora in a region where the group they studied was especially diverse. One example is Daly’s systematic study of the Burseraceae (e.g., Daly et al., 2012), which dovetails perfectly with his study of the flora of the Amazonian state of Acre, Brazil (Daly & Silveira, 2008). Similarly, the high diversity of Lecythidaceae in the Amazon and elsewhere in lowland northern South America led Prance and Mori to combine their monographic work on the family (Mori & Prance, 1990; Prance & Mori, 1979) with their floristic interests (e.g., Mori et al., 1997, 2002; Prance et al. 1984). As mentioned earlier, Luteyn combined his systematic studies of Neotropical Ericaceae (Luteyn, 1983, 1995) which are especially diverse in the Andes, with studies of the páramo flora (Luteyn, 1999). Digitization of specimen data at the Garden has expanded to include specimen images, field photographs, and species descriptions (Thiers et al., 2016, this issue). As a result, we are now able to generate floras and checklists which are dynamic and change as information is updated and specimens accumulate. Examples include an e-Flora of French Guiana (Mori et al., 2007) and the Vascular Plants of the Osa Peninsula of Costa Rica (Aguilar et al., 2008). Thus, as Scott Mori et al. (2011) stated, we are now moving Bfrom the field to the internet.^ Acknowledgments While the focus of this paper has been on the accomplishments of the Garden’s scientific staff, little of the field work and publication presented here would have been possible without the collaboration of local partners (especially those in other countries), other specialists, and support staff. The author would like to thank Elizabeth Kiernan for producing the succinct and informative map of North American floras (Fig. 1) and Noel and Patricia Holmgren for advice on the text, maps, flora ranges, and staff history. Literature Cited Aguilar, R., X. Cornejo, C. V. Bainbridge, M. Tulig & S. A. Mori. 2008 onward. Vascular Plants of the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. http://sweetgum.nybg.org/osa/index.php. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Accessed 15 Jan 2016.

BRITTONIA Amorim, A. M., W. W. Thomas, A. M. de Carvalho & J. G. Jardim. 2008. Floristics of the Una Biological Reserve, Bahia, Brazil. In: W. Thomas (ed.), The Atlantic Coastal Forest of Northeastern Brazil. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 100: 67–146. Archives and Manuscript Collections, New York Botanical Garden. Continuously updated. http://sciweb.nybg.org/ science2/libr/finding_guide/index.asp.html. Accessed 15 Jan 2016. Balick, M. J., M. H. Nee & D. E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Belize. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 85: 1–246. Barbosa, M. R. V., W. W. Thomas, E. L. P. Zârate, R. B. Lima, I. B. Lima, M. C. R. Pessoa, A. R. L. Lourenço, G. C. Delgado Júnior, R. A. S. Pontes, E. C. O. Chagas, J. L. Viana, P. C. Gadelha Neto, C. M. L. R. Araújo, A. A. M. Araújo, G. B. Freitas, J. R. Lima, F. O. Silva, L. A. F. Vieira, L. A. Pereira, R. M. T. Costa, R. C. Duré & M. G. V. Sá. 2011. Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Guaribas Biological Reserve, Paraíba, Brazil. Revista Nordestina de Biologia 20(2) 81–118. Boom, B. M. 1996. Botanical Expeditions of The New York Botanical Garden. Brittonia 48: 297–307. ———, W. R. Buck, C. A. Gracie & M. Tulig. 2008 onward. Plants and Lichens of St. Eustatius. http://sweetgum.nybg. org/st_eustatius/index.php. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Accessed 15 Jan 2016. Brazil Flora Group. 2015. Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil. Rodriguésia 66(4): DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860201566411 Brewer-Carias, C. (ed.) 1988. Cerro de la Neblina: resultados de la Expedición 1983–1987. Fundación para el Desarrollo de las Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales, Caracas. Britton, N. L. 1901. Manual of the flora of the Northern States and Canada. Henry Holt and Co., New York. ———. 1918a. Flora of Bermuda. Illustrated. C. Scribner's sons, New York. 585 pp. ———. 1918b. The Flora of the American Virgin Islands. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Memoirs 1: 19–118. ——— & A. Brown. 1896–98. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions, from Newfoundland to the parallel of the southern boundary of Virginia, and from the Atlantic Ocean westward to the 102d meridian. Vol. 1. Ophioglossaceae to Polygonaceae; ferns to carpet-weed. 1896. Vol. 2 Portulacaceae to Menyanthaceae; portulaca to buckbean. 1897. Vol. 3. Apocynaceae to Compositae; dogbane to thistle. 1898. Charles Scribner’s, New York. ——— & C. F. Millspaugh. 1920. The Bahama flora. Published by the authors, New York. 695 pp. ——— & P. Wilson. 1923–1930. Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Descriptive flora, Spermatophyta. New York Academy of Sciences, News York (1923) 5: 7–158, (1924) 5: 159–316, 5: 317–474, (1925) 6: 1–158, 6: 159– 316, (1926) 6: 317–371, (1930) 6: 523–663. Buck, W. R. 1996. Bryology at The New York Botanical Garden, past and present. Brittonia 48: 399–403. ———. 2003. Guide to the Plants of Central French Guiana, Part 3. Mosses. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 76(3): 1–167. ——— & R. F. C. Naczi (eds.). 2013. Harmony and Grit: Papers celebrating the Holmgrens’ completion of the Intermountain Flora. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 108: 1–290.

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Cronquist, A., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & J. L. Reveal. 1972. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 1. Geological and botanical history of the region, its plant geography and a glossary. The vascular cryptogams and the gymnosperms. Hafner Publishing Co., New York. 270 pp. ———, ———, ———, ——— & P.K. Holmgren. 1977. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 6. The Monocotyledons. Columbia University Press, New York. 584 pp. ———, ———, ———, ——— & ———. 1984. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 4. Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae). The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 573 pp. ———, ———, ———, ——— & ———. 1989. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 3B. Fabales, by Rupert C. Barneby. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 279 pp. ———, ———, ———, ——— & ———. 1994. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 5. Asterales, by Arthur Cronquist. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 496 pp. ———, N. H. Holmgren & P.K. Holmgren. 1997. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Volume 3A. Subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 446 pp. Daly, D. C, P. V. A. Fine & M. C. Martínez-Habibe. 2012. Burseraceae: a model for studying the Amazon flora. Rodriguésia 63: 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S217578602012000100002. ——— & M. Silveira. 2008. First Catalogue of the Flora of Acre, Brazil/Primeiro Catálogo da Flora do Acre, Brasil. Forero, E. & S. A. Mori. 1995. The Organization for Flora Neotropica. Brittonia 47: 379–393. Fraser, S. 1996. Collectors’ Field Notebooks at The New York Botanical Garden. Brittonia 48: 308–317. Gleason, H. A. 1926. The plants of Michigan; simple keys for the identification of the native seed plants of the state. G. Wahr, Ann Arbor, Michigan. ———. 1947. Plants of the vicinity of New York. New York Botanical Garden, New York. ———. 1952. The new Britton and Brown illustrated flora of the Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 3 vols. Illustrated. Hafner Publishing Co., New York. ———. 1996. Early Years at The New York Botanical Garden. Brittonia 48: 318–321. ——— & A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand. 810 pp. ——— & ———. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada, 2nd edition. New York Botanical Garden, New York. 910 pp. Gradstein, S. R. & A. L. Ilkiu-Borges. 2009. Guide to the Plants of Central French Guiana, Part 3. Liverworts and Hornworts. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 76(4): 1–140. Hitchcock, C. L. & A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest; an illustrated manual. University of Washington Press, Seattle. 730 pp. ———, ———, M. Ownbey & J. W. Thompson. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest, Part 1: Vascular Cryptogams, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons, by C. L. Hitchcock, A. Cronquist, and M. Ownbey. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

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