R. A. REINERS,Edkor. ABSTRACTORS:J. G. Endres,KazuoFukuzumi, A g S T R A C T S J. Iavicoli,K. Kitsuta,F. A. Kummerow,C. C. Litchfield,GladysMacy, LouiseR. Morrow,E. G. Perkins,and T. H. Smouse • Fats and O i l s P H Y S I C A L PROPERTIES OF MILK FAT. J . ~/[. D e M a n (Dept. of Dairy Science, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada). J. Dairy Sci. 47, 1194-1200 (1964). A t temperatures between those at which it is completely liquid (about 37C) and completely solid ( a b o u t - - 4 0 C ) milk f a t is a mixture of solid and liquid phases. Because of the great complexity of milk fat, both in terms of f a t t y acid composition and g]yeerlde structure, the crystallization of milk f a t is an involved process t h a t m a y lead to end products differing in physical properties.

II. EXTRACTION. M. Walhecq..Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 11, 465-68 (1964). Methods for the extraction of unsaponifiables other t h a n those described in Standard and Official Methods are described. The best remflts were obtained by extraction with light petrolemn ether followed by an ethyl ether extraction. The potassium soaps were converted into barium soaps which were extracted with acetone in a Soxhlet. No result was obtained by direct examination of bariuul soaps, whatever the solvent was. An improved extractor is described giving comparable results to a liquid-liquid extractor. The improved extractor reduces extraction time f r o m 8 to I hour. ON

THE

UNSAPONIEIABLE

MATTER.

SOME DERIVATIVES O]P FATS UTILIZABLE I N FOOD INDUSTRIES.

fix

Uzzau and F. Ailloud (Inst. F a t s & Oils, Paris, F r . ) . Bev. Franc. Corps Gras 11, 453-63 (1964). A review of the m a j o r lipo-chemical derivatives of f a t s used as additives in food industries. The preparation, specific properties, use in food and feed and legal status presented. T H E ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 2,6,10,14-TETRAMETHYLPENTADECANOIC ACID FROIV[ BUTTERFAT. 1~. P . H a n s e n ( F a t s Re-

search Lab., YVellington, New Zealand). Biochem. J. 93, 225-8 (1964). 2,6,10,14-Tetramethylpentadecanoie acid has been isolated from b u t t e r f a t and identified by mass and i n f r a r e d spectrometry and gas-liquid chromatography. I t was present to the extent of approximately 0.01% of the total weight of f a t t y acids. REV]~RSED PHASE PARTITION COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY ( R . P . C . ) : A :METFiOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF F A T T Y ACIDS.

R. C. B a d a m i (Brunel College, London). Chem. ~ Ind. (London) 1954, 1920-1. Described is a procedure for the separation and estimation of milligram quantities of f a t t y acids. I t can be used for the quantitative analysis of saturated, u n s a t u r a t e d and oxygenated f a t t y acids from seed oils when used in conjunction with gas liquid chromatography and spectroscopy. SALAD OILS AND METHOD OF MAKING THEM. F . J , B a u r (Procter & Gamble Co.). U.S. 3,158,489. A clear glyceride salad oil having superior resistance to deposition of high-melting solids consists of a base salad oll having dissolved in it at least 0.001% by weight of f a t t y acid ester of dextrin. The dextrin is esterifled with an average, per glucose unit, of from ~ to 2 mols of saturated f a t t y acid having from 14 to 22 carbon atoms, the balance of the f a t t y acids being selected from the group consisting of f a t t y acids having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids having from 14 to 22 carbon atoms. The ester has an average of not more t h a n 1 and 1~ uuesterified hydroxy] groups per glucose unit. SALAD OILS AND METHOD O1~~ MAKING THEM. F . J. B a a r and E. S. L u t t o n (Procter & Gamble Co.). U.S. 3,I53,490. A clear glyceride salad oil having superior resistance to deposition of highmelting solids consists of a base salad oil having dissolved in it about 0.00]% by weight of disaccharlde f a t t y aeld ester. The disaccharide is esterified with an average of 15 to 85% by weight on the total f a t t y acid in the ester, of saturated f a t t y acid having f r o m 14 to 22 carbon atoms, the balance of the f a t t y acid being selected from the group consisting of f a t t y acids having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids having f r o m 14 to 22 carbon atoms. The ester has an average of not more than 5 unesterified hydroxyl groups per molecule.

Stein and J. K r e t s c h m a n n (Henkel & Cie G.m.b.H.). U.S. 3,160,646. In the process for the production of glyeerides in which a member selected f r o m the group consisting of f a t t y acids, f a t t y acid esters and nfixtares thereof is reacted with glycerol, the improvement for the production of a glycerlde mixture with a high content o~ monoglyeerldes comprises m a l n t a l n m g a reaction nmdimn containing a t least 50-mol per cent of glycerol, 10-35 tool per cent of PRODUCTION OF MONOGLYCERIDES. W .

70A

monoglycerides, and not more t h a n 15 tool per cent of higher glycerides at a temperature between 260-300C while adding the reactants at a rate not in excess of 0.5 p a r t by weight per hour per p a r t by weight of the reaction medium. The added reactants should contain at least 2 tools of glycerol radicals per tool of f a t t y acid radicals.

• Fatty

Acid

Derivatives

VOLATILE ESTERS OF BARTLETT PEAR. IV. ESTERS OF TRANS: 2C1S: 4-DECADIENOIC ACID. W . G . Jennlngs, R . K . Creveling a n d

D. E. Heinz (University of California). J. Food Sci. 29, 730-34 (1964). Ethyl trans-2,eis-4-decadienoate was identified as a flavor component of Bart]ett pear. The acid moiety was synthesized and found to be identical with t h a t isolated f r o m Bartlett pear. Quantities of this acid sufficient for sensory evaluations have been isolated f r o m tile seed oil of Sapium sebiferum. This latter source has been used to synthesize a series of esters whose odors are remarkably oear-like. PREPARATION

01~~ TITANIUM

SOAPS

0F

MONO-ETHENO~D

FATTY

ACIDS. J. ~L Spence and J. H. Skellon (Brunel College, London). Chem. ~ Ind. (London) 1954, 1986-7 The preparation of t i t a n i u m soaps of oleie, elaldie, erueic and brassidic acids by combining the calcium soap of the f a t t y acid with t i t a n i u m potassium oxalate directly by heat is described. The soaps are solub]e in organic solvents, in f a t t y acids, and in vegetable oils and have a t i t a n i u m content agreeing well with theory. E . J . Reid (Lever Brothers Co.). U.S. 3,158,487. A cake mix comprising flour, baking powder and s u g a r is intimately blended with a shortening comprising: a) 8-16% by weight of the shortening of a mixture of lactylated higher f a t t y acid esters of glycerol and lactylated higher f a t t y acid esters of propylene glycol, with 10-90% of the mixture being cmnposed of lactylated propylene glycol f a t t y acid monoesters and b) and edible triglycerlde. E M U L S I F I E R AND ~[ETHOD OF MAKING SAME.

E N H A N C I N G TIlE ABSORPTION OF ORALLY ADMINISTERED MEDICAMENT "WITH DISACCHARIDE FATTY ACID ESTERS. Helen E. Duell

(Smith Kline & French Labs.). U.S. 3,160,565. The method of enhancing the adsorption of orally administered medicament (iron salts, cyanoeobalamln, hydroxycobalamin and other derivatives, tetracycline and its derivatives, streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, kanamycln) comprises orally administering concurrently with the medicament a f a t t y acid ester of a dlsaccharide selected from the group consisting of sucrose, maltose, lactose, melibiose, trehalose, celloblose and gentiobiose. The f a t t y acid should be an aliphatic carboxylic acid having f r o m 9 to 22 carbon atoms.

• Biology

and N u t r i t i o n

F A T T Y ACID CO~dPOSITION OF PLAQUE AND T I S S U E LIPIDS F R O ~ PIGEONS W-ITH SPONTAlgEOUS ATHEROSCLEROSIS. F . ~J(oung~ C. C.

Middletou and H. B. Lofland, Jr. (Dept. of Biochem. and Lab. Animal Medicine, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Wake Forest College, Winston-Salem, N.C.). Pro& Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117, 613-18 (1964). Atherosclerotic plaque, non-dlseased aorta, liver and serum were collected from 5-8 year old White Carneau pigeons fed a grain diet. Lipids extracted f r o m these tissues were fractionated into sterol esters, glycerides and phospholipids. Methyl esters of the component f a t t y acids of these fractions were prepared and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography. Unique f a t t y acid p a t t e r n s of sterol esters were found in each of the various tissues. There is no difference in the f a t t y acid compositions of glycerides f r o m the tissues studied. Phospholipids of plaques and non-diseased aorta exhibit similar f a t t y acid p a t t e r n s as do those of liver and serum. However, the f a t t y acid compositions of phospholipids of plaque and non-diseased aorta are distinctly different from those of liver and sermn. There is a remarkable resemblance between the f a t t y acid compositions of sterol esters and phospholiplds of various tissues of pigeon and man. EFFECTS

OF DIETARY SELENIUM~ METYiIONINE, PAT LEVEL AND

TOCOEHEROL ON EAT GROWTm L. A. W i t t i n g and M. K. Horwltt (L. B. Mendel Res. Lab., Elgin State Hospital, Elgin, Ill.). J. Nutr. 84, 351-60 (1964). I t is possible to relate the tocopherol requirement of the r a t to the dietary or tissue lipid f a t t y acids by means of growth curves when the methionhle levels and other components of the diet are controlled and the enviromuent is optimal. One of the dependent variables is the J'. AY[. OIL CHEMISTS' SOU,, I~EBRUAI~Y1965 (-VOI~. 4 2 )

.ABSTRACTS:

BIOCHEB~ISTRY

LAW & COMPANY CHEMISTS Atlanta, Ga.

Consulting and Analytical Montgomery, Ala. W i l m i n g t o n , N.C.

a m o u n t of s e l e n i u m available to the animal. Conversely, if the a-tocopherol c o n t e n t of the diet is controlled at a low level, the g r o w t h curves c a n be related to the levels of biologically available selenium. Such g r o w t h curves show t h a t the selenium req u i r e m e n t of the tocopherol-deficient r a t h a s a very n a r r o w optin m l r a n g e a n d t h a t the toxicity of s e l e n i u m m a y be decreased by a d d i n g methionlne. T h e s e l e n i u m c o n t e n t of casein is variable and, to only a m o d e r a t e degree, biologically available. W h e n r a t s were f e d low levels of d i e t a r y f a t (1 to 7 . 5 % ) in a diet essentially devoid of tocopherol, t h e time required f o r the p r o d u c t i o n of e r e a t i n u r i a , a s i g n of n u t r i t i o n a l m u s c u l a r dyst r o p h y , w a s i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to t h e d i e t a r y f a t level. T h e tocopherol r e q u i r e m e n t also decreased m a r k e d l y as t h e d i e t a r y f a t level w a s lowered. T h e time in weeks r e q u i r e d to p r o d u c e c r e a t l n u r l a w a s correlated w i t h the f a t t y acid c o m p o s i t i o n o f the muscle p h o s p h o l i p i d a n d n e u t r a l lipids. CONVERSION OF C~:IOLESTEROL TO 5a-CHOLESTAN-3fl-OL IN GEI~I~FREE GUINEA PIGS. I-I. W e r b i n , I. L. Chaikoff a n d B. P. P h i l l i p s (Dept. of P h y s i o l o g y , Univ. of Calif., B e r k e l e y ) . Biochemistry 3, 1558-63 (1964). G e r m f r e e g u i n e a p i g s were f e d f o r 4 d a y s a diet c o n t a i n i n g (dfl-H ~) cholesterol a n d (4-C~)-cholesterol. Cholesterol a n d 5a-eholestan-3~-ol ( D H C ) were t h e n isolated f r o m their a d r e n a l g l a n d s , livers a n d intestines. The v a l u e s f o r the ratio I.Is/C ~* of the cholesterols isolated f r o m these t i s s u e s were v e r y close to those of t h e cholesterols ingested. Hence, d u r i n g its a b s o r p t i o n a n d deposition in tissues, the H a of the (4fl-H a) cholesterol was n o t displaced, n o r w a s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n discernible in the a n l m a l ' s use of the two labeled cholesterols. B o t h the H 3- labeled a n d the C~Mabeled cholesterol c o n t a i n e d m i n u t e a m o u n t s of labeled D H C as a radiochemica] c o n t a m i n a n t t h a t could n o t be r e m o v e d by r e p e a t e d purification. A comparison of the values f o r the ratio H3/C ~ of this D H C in the diet with those f o r the D H G isolated f r o m the t i s s u e s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t D H C n m s t have been s y n t h e s i z e d f r o m cholesterol in the g e r m f r e e g u i n e a pigs. The a d d i t i o n a l finding t h a t the C ~ cont e n t of the D t I C isolated f r o m t h r e e tissues, a d r e n a l g l a n d s , livers a n d intestines, exceeded t h a t o f the DI-IC i n g e s t e d as a r a d i o e h e m i c a l i m p u r i t y s u p p o r t e d the conclusion t h a t t h e conv e r s i o n took place in the tissues. A s t u d y o f the d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e H ~ in the D I I C isolated f r o m t h e t i s s u e s of t h e g e r m free a n i m a l s showed t h a t 5 4 - 6 4 % was a t c a r b o n a t o m s 3 a n d 4. FATTY ACID SYNTttESIS BY SUBCELLULAR FR.ACTIONS OF LUNG TISSUE. E. G. T o m b r o p o u l o s (Biology Laboratoi?', H a r t f o r d L a b . , General Electric Co., R i c h l a n d , W a s h . ) . Science 146, 1180-81 (1964). The m l t o c h o n d r i a - r i e h f r a c t i o n of the l u n g tissue is the m o s t active subcellular f r a c t i o n f o r the s y n t h e s i s of longchain f a t t y acids. T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n is c o n t r a r y to w h a t h a s been reported f o r the subcellular f r a c t i o n s of the liver. The h i g h rate of f a t t y acid s y n t h e s i s observed with the m i t o c h o n d r i a - r i c h fraction of the l u n g m a y be :related to the m o r p h o l o g i c a l t r a n s f o r m a tion of mitochondria. D D T ANTAGONIS2¢£ TO DIELDRIN STORAGE IN ADIPOSE TISSUE OF RATS. J. C. Street (Dept. of A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y , U t a h S t a t e Univ., L o g a n ) . Science 146, 1580-81 (1964). S t o r a g e of dieldrin in the adipose tissue of f e m a l e r a t s was m a r k e d l y depressed w h e n D D T and dieldrin were f e d s i n m l t a n e o u s l y . T h i s ant a g o n i s t i c effect of D D T s u g g e s t s t h a t the criteria u s e d in p r e d i c t i n g tlm p h a r m a c o l o g i c a l effects of cmnbined residues of related insecticides need some revision. STRUCTUI~AL

CO~IPOSITION

OF POLAR

LIPID-AMINO

ACID COZ[PLEX

IN PSEUDO~IONAS AERUGINOSA. D. B. S i n h a a n d W. L. G a b y (Dept. o f Microbiology, t t a h n e m a n n M e d i c a l College, Philadelphia, P a . ) . J. Biol. Chem. 239, 3668-73 (1964). T h e tipids ext r a c t e d f r o m Pseudomonas aeruginosa, i n c u b a t e d w i t h labeled DALLAS • FT. WORTH * LUBBOCK * SAN ANTONIO * EL PASO

TEXAS TESTING LABORATORIES, INC. R e f e r e e : V e g e t a b l e Oil, M e a l & L i n t e l s E n g i n e e r s : C o n c r e t e , Steel, Soil M e c h a n i c s P. O. B o x 2 1 4 4 Dallas, Texas

72A

AND

~UTRITION

alanine, have been s e p a r a t e d into t h r e e m a j o r f r a c t i o n , the nonpolar lipids, non-choline-containing phospholipids, a n d cholinec o n t a i n i n g phospholipids, b y sillcic acid c o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . The lipid-amino acid complex, associated with the non-cholinec o n t a i n i n g lipid f r a c t i o n , was composed p r i m a r i l y of p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m b l e a n d small a m o u n t s of p h o s p h a t i d y l s e r i n e . The chemical composition of these f r a c t i o n s differed significantly in their m o l a r r a t i o s of p h o s p h o r u s to acyl ester to a m i n o n i t r o g e n f r o m those of the reference p h o s p h o l i p i d s t a n d a r d s . The lipida m i n o acid complex was f u r t h e r c h a r a c t e r i z e d by an absence of free glycerol h y d r o x y l g r o u p , by the f o r m a t i o n of d i n i t r o p h e n y ] derivatives, b y lability to mild alkaline hydrolysis, a n d b y susceptibility to r e d u c t i o n by LiBH~. B a s e d on these findings, a chemical s t r u c t u r e of the p h o s p h o l i p i d - a m i n o acid complex is presented, in which the earboxyl g r o u p s of the a m i n o acid residue is a t t a c h e d to the glycerol m o i e t y of t h e complex phospholipid with a n 0-ester linkage. Such complexes were f o u n d to be associated w i t h t h e diester-type p h o s p h o l i p i d s o f P. aeruginosa. FACTORS

AFFECTING

T:dE ]~ATE OF OXIDATION

OF FATTY

ACIDS IN

A~I~AL TISSUES. J. A. Ontko mid D. J a c k s o n (Dept. o f Biochem., Univ. of T e n n e s s e e Medical U n i t s , M e m p h i s , T e n n . ) . J . BioL Chem. 239, 3674-82 (1964). P M m i t i e acid w a s r a p i d l y utilized by a r a t liver h o m o g e n a t e s y s t e m . M a x i m u m r a t e s of k e t o g e n e s i s a n d esterificatiou of p a h n i t i c acid were observed when the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a d d e d p a l m i t a t e w a s 0.65 raM. The p a h n i t a t e - l - C ~ level did n o t m a r k e d l y affect C~40~ production except when the a d d e d f a t t y acid level w a s 1 raM, which produced i n h i b i t o r y effects on all m e a s u r e d p a h n l t a t e conversions p r o b a b l y c a u s e d by s u r f a c e active p r o p e r t i e s of t h e long chain f a t t y acid. The lack of s u b s t a n t i a l increase in C~402 p r o d u c t i o n as the p a l m i t a t e - l - C ~4 level was i n c r e a s e d f r o m 0.2 to 0.5 qnM is a p p a r e n t l y a result of K r e b s cycle s a t u r a t i o n . EFFECT OF EEEDING COCONUT OIL :hiEAL ON ~[ILK PRODUCTION AND CO~iPOSITION. ~. l~[ohammed, W. H. Brown, P. W. Riley and J. W. Stall (Dept. of Dairy Science, The Univ. of Arizona, Tucson). J. Dairy Sci. 47, 1208-12 (1964). Twelve Holstein cows were used in a switchback feeding trial. Sixty per cent of the ration was supplied by good-quality alfalfa hay, the remain-

l a g 4 0 % by one of f o u r c o n c e n t r a t e s : a) 1 5 % cotton seed ol] meal ( c o n t r o l ) ; b) 3.75% a d d e d coconut oil; c) 3 1 % a d d e d coemiut oil m e a l ; d) 3.75% a d d e d coconut oil plus 3 1 % coconut oil m e a h T h e r a t i o n s were f e d i n d i v i d u a l l y to each cow so t h a t the total f e e d c o n s u m p t i o n equalled 110% o f M o r r i s o n f e e d i n g s t a n d a r d s f o r m a i n t e n a n c e a n d production. O b s e r v a t i o n s were m a d e on p r o d u c t i o n a n d g r o s s c o m p o s i t i o n o f milk, c o m p o n e n t f a t t y acids of the milk f a t , d i g e s t i b i l i t y of r a t i o n , a n d r u m e n volatile f a t t y acid ( V F A ) production. T h e following conclusions were m a d e : a) R a t i o n s w i t h coconut oil or coconut oil m e a l are e q u i v a l e n t to those with cotton seed oll m e a l f o r milk p r o d u c t i o n ; b ) R a t i o n s of t h i s t y p e do n o t a l t e r g r o s s milk c o m p o s i t i o n ; c) F e e d i n g coconut oll or coconut oil m e a l increased the a m o u n t s of C~ f a t t y acid in t h e milk ; d) Digestibilities of the f e e d a n d c o m b u s t i b l e energies were g r e a t e r in the r a t i o n s with cocoImt oil m e a l or the m e a l w i t h the oil a d d e d ; e) Concentrate m i x t u r e s w i t h coconut oil or its meal depressed the total b u t y r a t e a n d valerate c o n t e n t of the t u r e e n fluid. FATTY ACID SYNTttEASE AND f~-t~YDROXYDECANOYL COENZYI~E~ A DEHYDRASE FRO:~[ ESCHERICHIA COLI. A n n e T. Norris, S. Mats u m u r a a n d K. Bloeh (J. B. C o n a n t Lab., H a r v a r d Univ., Camb r i d g e 38, M a s s . ) . J. Biol. Chem. 239, 3653-62 (1964). A f a t t y acid s y n t h e t a s e s y s t e m isolated f r o m Escherichia coli s t r a i n B which produces long chain s a t u r a t e d a n d u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids h a s been purified 10- to 15-fold b y d i e t h y l a m i n o e t h y l cellulose c h r o m a t o g r a p h y w i t h o u t c h a n g e in the ratio of reaction products. The i n s t a b i l i t y of the purified s y s t e m p r e v e n t e d f u r t h e r purification of the complex. A s s o c i a t e d with the s y n t h e t a s e syst e m is a d e h y d r a s e specific f o r D ( - ) - f l - h y d r o x y d e c a n o y l thioester. T h e d e h y d r a t i o n reaction yields a m i x t u r e of aft- a n d fl,7decenoates. T h e d e h y d r a s e h a s been s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e synt h e t a s e complex by mild h e a t t r e a t m e n t . T h e p r o p o r t i o n of fl,7-deeenoate f o r m e d by the d e h y d r a t i o n r e a c t i o n p a r a l l e l s t h e p e r c e n t a g e of long c h a i n u n s a t u r a t e d p r o d u c t s f o r m e d b y t h e s y n t h e t a s e . T h e h e a t - t r e a t e d fl-hydroxydeeanoate d e h y d r a s e , when c o m b i n e d with t h e s y n t h e t a s e , c a n direct the s y n t h e s i s of long c h a i u f a t t y acids t o w a r d t h e f o r m a t i o n of either s a t u r a t e d or u n s a t u r a t e d p r o d u c t s . T h e fl-hydroxydecanoyl t h i o e s t e r deh y d r a s e h a s been purified 104-fold. B o t h total d e h y d r a s e activity a n d t h e p e r c e n t a g e of fl,7-decenoate f o r m e d by t h e dehyd r a s e depend u p o n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p h o s p h a t e buffer. Phosp h a t e lowers t h e K ~ f o r d e h y d r a t i o n b u t does n o t c h a n g e t h e V ..... of the reaction. t~FEECTS OF ESSENTIAL ~ATTY ACID DEFICIENCY AND SUPPLEMENTATION OF ATHEIC0:~A FORMATION AND REGI~ESSION. ]~.~ J. ]~orin, J AM. On~ CHEY[ISTS' SOC.. FEBRUA~Y1965 (VoL 42)

T•Y{,•

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION

announces

a new...

AUTOMATIC TITRATION ASSEMBLY consisting of LUFT CONTROLLER and LEEDS & NORTHRUP pH METER

• For rapid, precise pH titrations, or oxidation-reduction titrations*

This assembly increases both speed and precision of serial titrations made to a preselected pH or oxidation-reduction endpoint. Titrant is delivered at maximum rate until a preset pH value, close to endpoint, is reached. Subsequent delivery is automatically switched to a slower preset rate to prevent overshooting. Compensation can be made for mixing lag or for

kinetics of non-aqueous reactions by means of a time delay circuit. W i t h t h e latter control, comp l e t i o n of t i t r a t i o n will n o t b e s i g n a l e d , a n d t i t r a n t will c o n t i n u e t o b e a d d e d u n t i l e n d p o i n t p e r s i s t s for a s e l e c t e d t i m e i n t e r v a l . B o t h t i t r a t i o n s t a g e s a n d final e n d p o i n t a r e s i g n a l e d b y c o l o r e d i n dicator lamps. Pushbutton switch operates solenoid v a l v e i n b u r e t refill line, p u t t i n g t i t r a t o r i n r e a d i n e s s for n e x t s a m p l e .

9679-M. Titration Assembly, Automatic, consisting of Luft Controller, L.&N. Model 7401 p H M e t e r with glass and calomel electrodes, Automatic Buret, support with swinging shelf, Stirrer, clamps, holders, etc., b u t without beaker. For 115 volts, 60 cycles, 1,215.00

a.c ......................................

*Requires substitution of metal electrode for the glass electrode furnished with titrator.

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S. Bernick and R. B. A]fin-Slater (School of Public Health, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.). J. Atheroscler. Ees. 4, 38796 (1964). Histological methods were utilized to study the lipids in the vascular and hepatic tissues of groups of rats profed EFA-deficient and stock diets and subsequently fed diets containing varying amounts of cholesterol and/or hydrogenated coconut oil. Coronary atheromas were produced in EFA-deficient rats solely by the addition of 20% hydrogenated coconut oil to the diet for 10 weeks. E F A deficiency also seemed to predispose to an increased accumulation of both lipid and cholesterol in the coronary arteries and livers of rats which were subsequently fed cholesterol and/or hydrogenated coconut oil. These results support the hypothesis that the mechanisms for cholesterol transport are defective in the EFA-deficient rat. I n ex~ perinmnts undertaken to determine whether the lipid deposition in the coronary arteries could be reversed, an atherogenic diet containing 3% cholesterol plus 20% hydrogenated coconut oil was fed to rats for 8 weeks, followed by cholesterol-free diets containing either no fat, 20% hydrogenated coconut oil, or 20% cottonseed oil for 8 weeks. }¢egression of lipid deposits was achieved only in the coronary arteries of the aninlals fed the cottonseed oil-containlng diet. COENZY~IE Q. LVII. SYNTItESIS OF NEW ANALOGSOP COENZY~IE Qa FOR BIOCHEMICAL :MECHANIS~ STUDIES. H. W. Moore, D. E. Schwab and K. Folkers (Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.). Biochemistry 3, 1586-88 (1964). Coenzyme Q partlelpates in mitochondrial electron t r a n s f e r and has been proposed for a coupled role in oxidative phosphory]ation. The mechanism of the latter, on the basis of an 0-qulnone methine species, requires the 5-methyl group. Analogs without the 5methyl group may permit biological differentiation of electron transfer and the phosphorylation mechanism. Further, such analogs would contribute to the knowledge of the biosynthesis of coenzyme Q, and might also furnish one with biological inhibitors. Consequently, the following compounds i:n the hexahydrocoenzyme Q series have been synthesized: 2,3-dimethoxy5-phytyl-l,4-benzohydroquinone; 2,3-dlmethoxy-5-phytyl-l,4-benzoquinone ; 7,8-dimethoxy-2-methyl-2-(4',8',12'-trimethyltridecyl) 6-ehromanol; 2,3-dimethoxy-6- (3'-hydroxy-3',7',ll',15'-tetramethylhexadecyl)-l,4-benzoquinone; 2,3-dimethoxy-6-(3'-hydroxy-3', 7',ll',15'-tetramethylhexadecyl)- 1,4-benzohydroquinone. LIPID-BINDING CAPACITYOF INTI~AL GLOBULINSIN t~U~AN AORTIC ATHEROSCLEROSIS. K. S. Mathur, R. D. Sharma, S. K. Kashyap and R. P. Sapru (Dept. of Med., Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, India). Circulation 30, 694-97 (1964). One hundred forty-seven aortas obtained from medicolegal autopsies were studied. According t o t h e extent of involvement of the intimal surface and the types of lesions, aortic atherosclerosis was clasMfied as mild, moderate and severe. The globulin content of the intima and its lipid-binding, and cholesterol-binding capacity were determined in each specimen, iNo relation could be established between the globulin content of aortic intima and the degree of atherosclerosls. A direct correlation was observed, however, between the llpid-binding capacity and the cholesterolbinding capacity of the globulins and tile severity of atherosclerosis, suggesting the possibility of a qualitative change in the globulins of the ground substance in atherosclerosis. E]VFECT OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEPICIENCY AND DIETARY CHOLESTEROL ON LIVEI%UBIQUINONE LEVELS IN THE RAT. D. J. Lee, Met Chiu and H. It. Draper (Div. of Iqutr. Biochem., Dept of Animal Science, Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill.). J. Nutr. 84, 401-7 (1964). The influence of feeding a fat-free diet, and of the administration of cholesterol, 0n the metabolism of ublquinone in rat liver was investigated. I t was observed that in advanced essential f a t t y acid ( E F A ) deficiency the concentration of ubiquinone was increased about twofold. Mevalonate-2-C~ incorporation experiments showed that the specific activity of liver ubiquinone was significantly reduced in E F A deficiency, but that, because of the increased amounts present, the total incorporation was similar to that in normal control animals. The biological half-life of ubiquinone in the liver of the deficient animals was approximately doubled. Administration of cholesterol in the diet resulted in a marked depression in ubiquinone concentration. O-PttOSPHORYLETHANOLAZ[INE : A COMPONENT OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE IN CERTAIN GRA:~CI-NEGATIVEBACTERIA. h p. Grollman M. J. Osborn (Dept. of Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City). Biochemistry 3, 157174 ]964). O-Phosphorylethanolamine has been isolated from acid hydro]ysates of polysaccharide prepared from the cell-wall ]ipopolysaccharide of a UDP-D-galactosc-4-epimeraseless mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. The material was obtained in crystMline form and identified by melting point, elemental analysis, and infrared spectrum, and was detected by paper J. A~L OIL CHEMISTS'So¢., FEBRITARY 1965 (VoL. 42)

A B S T R A C T S : BIOCHEMISTRY AND N U T R I T I O N c h r o m a t o g r a p h y in h y d r o t y s a t e s of t h e l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e of c e r t a i n other G r a m - n e g a t i v e bacteria. L I P I D COI~[POSITION OF TI%YSPANOSMA RANARUM. S. H a l e v y a n d O r n a Gisry (Dept. of Biochem., H e b r e w Univ., J e r u s a l e m , I s r a e l ) . Prec. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117, 552 55 (1964). T h e lipid composition of Trypanosoma ranarum w a s determined. The cells c o n t a i n e d traces of m o n o g l y c e r i d e s a n d a b o u t equal a m o u n t s of di- a n d triglycerides. F r e e f a t t y acids a n d " f a s t a c t l n g ~ ' sterols, m o s t l y in free f o r m , were present. T h e sterol was isolated a n d identified as ergosterol. T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of these findings are discussed. METABOLIC PATTEt~NS I N PREADOLESCENT CttILDI~Ei'T X I . RESPONSE OF V I T A X I N A AND CAROTENE SERU)*I LEVELS TO DIETARY FI~OTEIN

AND VITA~IIN A. S a r a h T. Ehrlich, B. R. F a r t h i n g a n d D o r o t h y S. M o s c h e t t e (School of Idome Economics, L o u i s i a n a S t a t e Univ., B a t o n R o u g e ) . J. Nutr. 84, 389-94 (1964). T h i r t y - s i x preadolescent girls were s t u d i e d u n d e r controlled e x p e r i m e n t a l conditions in w h i c h a m o u n t a n d source of d i e t a r y p r o t e i n varied. The p r o t e i n i n t a k e r a n g e d f r o m 0.6 to 3 g / k g a n d the p r o t e i n f r o m p l a n t sources v a r i e d f r o m 25 to 100% of the total p r o t e i n intake. The effect of the a m o u n t a n d source of d i e t a r y p r o t e i n a n d v i t a m i n A on the v i t a m i n A a n d carotene s e r u m levels was evaluated. All of the f a c t o r s s t u d i e d a c c o u n t e d f o r 6 1 % of the v a r i a t i o n in s e r u m v i t a m i n A a n d 7 8 % of the v a r i a t i o n in s e r u m carotene. A l t h o u g h t h e r e was no conclusive evidence t h a t t h e v i t a m i n A a n d carotene s e r u m levels were influenced by t h e levels o f p r o t e i n f e d in these diets, each s e r u m level w a s rel a t e d to a p a r t i c u l a r source o f protein. Specifically, s e r u m v i t a m i n A w a s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p l a n t protein, w h e r e a s seruln carotene was associated w i t h a n i m a l protein. T h e single f a c t o r a c c o u n t i n g f o r the g r e a t e s t a m o u n t of v a r i a t i o n in s e r u m vitam i n A was s e r u m carotene. There was no significant difference in either s e r u m level b e t w e e n g r o u p s receiving 22 a n d 40 g of plant protein/day. E F F E C T OF FEEDING HIGH-GRAIN RESTRICTED-ROUGHAGE RATIONS ~VITI~ AND WITHOUT B I C A R B O N A T E S O N [/'ttE FAT CONTENT O1~ : ~ I L K PRODUCED A1N'D PROPORTIONS OF ¥OLATIL]~] ~ A T T Y ACIDS I N THE

RUMEN. C. L. Davis, R. E. B r o w n a n d D. C. Beitz (Dept. of D a i r y Science, Univ. of Ill., U r b a n a . ) . J. Dairy Sei. 47, 1217-19

BARROW-AGEE LABORATORIES, INC. Analytical and Consulting Chemists and Testing Engineers Main Offices and Laboratories, MEMPHIS, T E N N E S S E E Other Laboratories: Shreveport, La. Decatur, Ala. Greenville, Greenwood and Jackson, Miss. Chattanooga and Nashville, Tenn.

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1964). Two s e p a r a t e t r i a l s i n v o l v i n g a total of 28 l a c t a t i n g d a i r y cows were c o n d u c t e d to s t u d y t h e effect of s u p p l e m e n t a l b i c a r b o n a t e s on r m n e n volatile f a t t y acids, milk production, a n d f a t c o n t e n t of t h e milk w h e n h i g h - g r a l n , l o w - r o u g h a g e r a t i o n s were fed. The b i c a r b o n a t e s (equal p a r t s by w e i g h t of s o d i u m a n d p o t a s s i u m ) were i n c o r p o r a t e d into the g r a i n m i x t u r e at two levels, 1.5 a n d 3.0%. All cows received g r a i n free choice plus 5 lb of a l f a l f a h a y p e r day. Cows receiving t h e b i c a r b o n a t e in t h e g r a i n m i x t u r e at a level o f 3.0% did n o t decrease in f a t t e s t of the milk, w h e r e a s the p e r c e n t a g e of f a t in t h e milk of the control cows decreased f r o m 3.51 to 1.74%. B i c a r b o n a t e f e e d i n g resulted in a n increase in t h e a c e t a t e : p r o p i o n a t e ratio ( c o n t r o l - - 1 . 3 1 ; t r e a t e d - - 2 . 6 8 ) . A t t h e lower level of bicarbon a t e f e e d i n g ( 1 . 5 % of g r a i n m i x t u r e ) r e s u l t s showed t r e n d s s i m i l a r to those f o r the h i g h e r level o f b i c a r b o n a t e f e e d i n g ; however, t h e milk f a t t e s t f o r t h e t r e a t e d cows w a s still below n o r m a l values. A PUt, THE!% STUDY OF THE SPECIFICITY O!V THE VITA!~IIN ]~ REQUII~EMENT IVOl~ REPRODUCTION. I~. H. D r a p e r , J. G. B e r g a n ,

Mei Chiu, A. Snarl CsaJlany a n d A. ¥ . Boaro (Division of N u t r . Biochem., D e p t of A n i m a l Science, Univ. of Ill., U r b a n a , Ill.). J. N u t r . 84, 395-400 (1964). A s t u d y was c a r r i e d o u t to det e r m i n e w h e t h e r the ability of c e r t a i n s y n t h e t i c a n t i o x i d a n t s to s u b s t i t u t e f o r v i t a m i n E in the diet of t h e f e m a l e r a t is due to a c o n s e r v a t i o n of tocopherols in t h e diet or tissues, or to a direct s u b s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e v i t a m i n in its m e t a b o l i c role. A higltly purified b a s a l diet was devised which w a s d e m o n s t r a b l y ( C o n t i n u e d on p a g e 78A)

&igh?uri PHOSPHOLIPIDS Don't confuse these chemicals with those normally offered by others. These compounds were prepared by chromatographic procedures designed in our own laboratories. They are available both unlabeled, and labeled randomly with C 14. /

BRANCHED CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

These iso and anteiso compounds are quality chemicals in the Applied Science tradition. Other fatty chemicals offered in 99% purity: TRIGLYCERIDES, CHOLESTERYL ESTERS, FATTY ACIDS and ESTERS, FATTY ALCOHOLS, C 14 TAGGED LIPIDS, TLC LIPID STANDARDS. For complete information and prices, write for your FREE subscription to our Products Catalog and latest GAS-CHROM NEWSLETTER.

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free of vitamin E. W h e n this diet was f e d to r a t s of proven sterility, supplementation with the a n t / o x i d a n t D P P D ( b u t not ethoxyquin) was observed to restore reproductivity. U n d e r the conditions used, 0.75 m g of D P P D daily was more effective in this respect t h a n 5 m g of dl-a-tocopheryl acetate. The results s u p p o r t the conclusion t h a t D P P D is capable of direct metabolic s u b s t i t u t i o n f o r tocopheroIs in metabolism, and t h a t tile f u n c t i o n of vitamin E is entirely assoeiated w i t h its ant/oxidant properties, :PLASMA ARACHIDONIC ACID AND THE PANCREAS. ]~. Caren and I~. Corbo (Mr. Sinai I-Iosp•, Univ. of CMif•, Los Angeles, Calif.). J. Atheroscler. Res. 4, 444-459 (1964). This work provides evidence in s u p p o r t of the presence of a f a c t o r in the exocrine pancreatic secretion of the dog which regulates the concentration of p l a s m a arachidonic acid by its action on the cholesterol ester and phospholipid fractions. The f a c t o r is distinct f r o m pancreatic enzymes and is heat-stable. The depression of arachidonic acid concentration resulting f r o m removal of the exocrine secretion was not corrected b y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of purified pancreatic enzymes. However, f r e s h pork p a n c r e a s restored arachidonle acid levels to normal or above. Since the substances present in f r e s h pork pancreas and canine exocrine pancreatic secretion affected the arachidonic acid levels of the two p l a s m a lipid f r a c t i o n s in the same way, it a p p e a r s t h a t the two substances may be the same. I~ELATIONSHIPOF CERTAINMILK FAT DEPRESSINGDIETS TO CHANGES IIq THE PROPORTIONS OF THE VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS PRODUCED IN THE RUMEN• D. C. Bietz and C. L. Davis (Dept. of D a i r y Science, Univ. of Ill., U r b a n a ) . J. Dairy Sci. 47, 1213-16 (1964)• Twelve high-producing Holstein cows were used to study the effect of feeding cod liver oil and a high-grain, restricted roughage ration on milk and f a t production, f a t t y acid composition of the milk fat, and the p r o p o r t i o n s of volatile f a t t y acids in the rumen. The cod liver oil and h i g h - g r a l n r a t i o n s did n o t significantly alter milk production when c o m p a r e d to a control diet; however, these rations did significantly lower the f a t content of the milk produced. W h e n cod liver oll was added to a normal ration of hay and grain, the p r o p o r t i o n s of the volatile f a t t y acids in the r u m e n were u n a l t e r e d ; whereas the high-grain diet caused a significant decrease in the p r o p o r t i o n of acetat~ and a significant increase in propionate. As a results of these findings, it was concluded t h a t cod liver oll exerts its effect on milk f a t production somewhere beyond the rumen, whereas the f a t depressing effect of high-grain feeding m u s t be a t t r i b u t e d to the significant changes occurring in the r u m a n fermentation. THE CAROTENOIDSOF GREEN BELL PEPPEt~S• A. L. Curl ( W e s t e r n Reg. Res. L a b . , W U R D D , A g r i c u l t u r a l Res. Service, Albany, Ca]if.)• J. Agr. Food Chem. 12, 522-24 (1964). The most a b u n d a n t carotenoid in green bell p e p p e r s was ]utein, with betacarotene, violaxanthin and neoxanthin also as m a j o r p i g m e n t s ; m i n o r p i g m e n t s included phytoene, phytofiuene, alpha-carotene and zeta-carotene. N o keto carotenoids such as c a p s a n t h i n or capsorubin were found, nor was capso]utein, a lutein-like pigment occurring in place of lutein in the ripe red fruit• INFLUENCE OF FREEZING EGG YOLK PLASMA ON THE PROPERTIES OF LO%V-DENSITY LIPOPBOTEINS• A. Snarl, W. D. Powrie and O. F e n n e m a (Dept. of D a i r y and ~ o o d I n d u s t r i e s , Univ. of Wis~ cons/n, Madison, Wise.). J. Food Sci. 29, 762-65 (1964). A f t e r yolk p l a s m a was held f o r 24 hr between --20 and --25C, the thawed mass had a p a s t y consistency• A f t e r freezing and thawing plasma, only 15% of the total Iipoproteins were soluble in 10% NaC1. The two ]ipoproteins fractions, F L P L ~ and F L P L 2 isolated f r o m the salt-soluble m a t e r i a l had chemical and physical properties similar to those f o r native p l a s m a lipoproteins LPL~ and LPL~. W i t h p a p i n treatment, heated F L P L 2 was degraded to the extent t h a t all of the nitrogenous constituents were soluble in TCA solution. The influence of freezing LPL~ solutions at various pt-I values on the physical properties of the thawed solutions was examined• SOLVE REI~IARKS ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF EXTRACTION AND TOASTING OF SOYBEAN ON THE CHANGES AND INTERACTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT CO]k(PONETNS OF )~[EAL• C• D e f r o m o n t , F. D o u a r d and C. Bloch (Lab. J. R/pert, I n s t . F a t s & Oils, F r a n c e ) . Roy. Franc. Corps Gras 11, 441-52 (1964). Pilot p l a n t work has shown t h a t precooking of soybeans in a moist medium will improve the solvent extraction of soya with hexane. D r y i n g to about 4 % moisture is optimum. The a u t h o r s have shown t h a t the nutritive value of the meal can be improved d u r i n g t o a s ~ n g . The moisture level of the meal influences the content of w a t e r soluble s u g a r s and t h e r e b y the color• The g r e a t e r the percentage of reducing sugar, the darker the color of the meal. Heating destroys p a r t of the s u g a r s and thereby also helps to reduce j AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., FEBRUARY1965 (VOL. 42)

xdxBSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION the formation of dark colored materials. The time and temperature of toasting affects the s u g a r content, re'ease activity and color of the meal. The amount of oil in the meal also influences the final color. A close parallelism was found between the FrSlich test and the color of meals if the oil and sugar content are the same. C}IOLESTEROL TICANSFORMNTIONS IN SOLANUN[ TUBEI~0SU3£. D. ~ .

Johnson, J. A. Waters and R. D. Bennett (National Inst. of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Insts. of H e a l t h ) . Arch. Bioche¢n. Biophys. 108, 282-6 (1964). Cholesterol-4- Ca~ and A~-cholesten-3-one-4-C~ were incubated with leaves f r o m S o l a n u m t u b e r o s u m in an aqueous medium. Radioactive transformation products were studied by thin-layer chromatography and microehemical reactions. One of the m a j o r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n products of cholesterol was shown to be A*-cholesten-3-one. One product of radioactive ~%holesten-3-one incubation has been identified as eholestau-3~-oI, and on the basis of chromatographic and mieroehemical evidence, a second product appears to be cholestan-3a-ol. FATTY ACIDS AND INTESTINAL sA{ETABOLISI~I. M. Enser (Universlty of Oxford). Biochem. J. 93, 290-7 (1964). The effect of different concentrations of saturated straight-chain C,~-C2o f a t t y acids on rings of rat small intestine has been studied in vitro. None of the f a t t y acids stimulated respiration of intestinal rings incubated in phosphate-buffered saline containing glucose; m a n y of the acids inhibited respiration. A t 0.6 mM inhibition of respiration increased, in general, as the chain length of the f a t t y acid increased, reactfing a m a x i m u m at myristie acid; with f u r t h e r increase in chain length the inhibition decreased sharply. A t a concentration of 6.0 m M all the f a t t y acids except arachidie inhibited respiration. Oxidation of glucose (5 raM) by intestinal rings was inhibited by 0.6 and 6.0 m M f a t t y acids, the p a t t e r n of inhibition resembling t h a t of respiration. The incorporation of glucose carbon into lipids was inhibited :in a similar manner. The uptake of glucose by intestinal rings was slightly stimulated ( 6 % ) by 0.4 m M laurie acid, but. was inhibited 13% by 2.5 m M laurie. Both 10 m M laurie and 7.8 ~nM palmitie prevented the accumulation of g h e o s e a g a i n s t a concentration gradient in the fluid bathing the serosal surface of intestinal sacs. The formation of lactic acid was stimnlated by

0.4 m M and 2.5 m M laurie acid by 27 and 41% respectively; the loss of lactic acid f r o m the tissues was sthnulated by 2.5 m M laurie acid. The inhibition of respiration by laurie appeared at a concentration of 0.01 mM and increased as the concentration was raised to 10 raM. At 10 m M tlle inhibition was 36% of t h a t in the absence of f a t t y acids. I n the presence of sueeinic acid or glutamie acid, L0 ~ M laurie inhibited the respiration of intestinal rings by 29%. The oxidation of the glutamic acid to carbon dioxide was inhibited by 63%. THE APPLICATIONGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE

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Letters (Arthur Gulnness, Son and Co., Dublin, Ltd.). Biochem. J. 93, 313-16 (1964). A two diruensiollal paper-chromatographic technique for the separation of phosphollpid mixtures on formaldehyde-treated paper and on silicic acid-impregnated paper is described. Phosphorus was determined in spots located by staining by direct digestion of the sillcic acid i m p r e g n a t e d paper. Silieic acid did not interfere with the determination. Analyses of the phospholpids of ox liver, ox brain, Bacillus cereus, b a k e r ' s yeast '~nd soya bean are given. A NATUI~ALLY OCCURRING ALLENtC ACID ~lgO~ LEONOTIS NEPETAE-

FOLIA SEED OIL, M. 0. Bagby, C. R. Smith, Jr. and I. A. Wolff (Northern Regional Res. Lab.). Chem. I n d . ( L o n d o n ) 1964, 1861-2. Evidence is presented to show t h a t the seed oil of Leonotis nepetaefolia ( L ) R. Br. (family L a b i a t a e ) contains a new allenic f a t t y acid for which they propose the name laballenic acid. They suggest t h a t the structure of the acid is 2,3methyleneheptadeca-4,5-dienoic acid. A STUDY op TIIE MOBILISATION 01v PIgEE TOCOPttEROLS IN GERMINATING SEEDS, A. R. S. K a r t h a ( I n d i a n Agricultural Res. Inst., New Delhi). J . Sci. 2"ood A g r . 15, 759-63 (1964). Studies of the mobilization of free toeopherols in 15 varieties of germinating seeds show that, generally, tile toeopherols are completely used up in the earliest stages of germination when the f a t stores are still largely intact. This is consistent with the view t h a t the tocopherols are intended, at least partially, for some unknown essential function in the growth of the embryo in addition to their possible role as in vivo antioxidants of depot fat. (Continued on page 84A)

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Dallas, Tex.

t h a n by the nonpolar solvent. Thus there is obtained a polar liquid solution rich in tocopherols and sterols b u t poor in lower monohydrie aJcohol esters, sterol esters and triglycerides a n d a nonpolar solution t h a t is immiscible with the polar liquid solution and poor in tocopherols and sterols but rich in sterol esters, triglycerides a n d monohydric alcohol esters of higher f a t t y acids.

• Detergents (Continued f r o m page 80A) PROCESS FOR SEPARATING TOCOPHEROLS AND STEa~0,LS FI~0~I DEODOR,IZE!~ SLUDGE AND q~tlE LIKEo W . Brown ( E a s t m a n Kodak

Co.). U.S. 3,153,054. A process for separating tocopherols and sterols f r o m deodorizer sludge comprises: 1) effecting fractional, liquid-liquid extraction of the sludge with a polar liquid solvent and a nonpolar liquid solvent at a volumetric ratio selected so t h a t more higher f a t t y acids are dissolved by the polar solvent and more tocopherols a n d stcrols are dissolved by the nonpolar solvent; thus there are obtained a first raffinate fraction rich in higher f a t t y acids b u t poor in tocopherols and sterols and a first extract fraction poor in higher f a t t y acids b u t rich in tocopherols and sterols; 2) effecting fractional, liquidliquid extraction of the sludge components of the first extract fraction with a polar-nonpolar solvent mixture at a volumetric ratio selected so t h a t more tocopherols and sterols are dissoIved by the polar solvent and more sterols esters are dissolved by the nonpolar solvent ; thus there are obtained a second extract fraction rich in tocopherols a n d sterols b u t poor in sterol esters and a second raffiniate fraction poor in tocopherols and sterols but rich in sterol esters. PROOESS FO~ S]~PA~ATIN~ TOCOPH~0LS ODOI%IZER SLUDGE AND THE LIKE. W .

A~D ST~ROLS FRO~ ])EB r o w n a n d F. E. Smith

( E a s t m a n Kodak Co.). U.S. 3,153,055. A process for separating tocopherols a n d sterols from a mixture consisting essentially of toeopherols, sterols, sterol esters, triglyeerides a n d lower monohydric alcohol esters of higher f a t t y acids comprises: efleering fractional, liquid-liquid extraction of the mixture with a polar liquid solvent and a nonpolar liquid solvent, the volumetric ratio being selected to result in more of the tocopherols and sterols in the mixture being dissolved by the polar solvent

ALKYLOLAMIDES IN ~ ~ S O F T ' ' DETERG]D3NTS. E.

A. K n a g g s (Stepan Chemical Co.). Soap Chem. Specialties 40(12), 79-82, 277 (1964). Addition of correctly selected alkylolamides improves foaming properties of linear detergents to equal or better t h a n those of ABS based syndets. The author reviews the preparation and properties (physical form, melting point, water solubility, foaming properties, wetting properties, cotton detergency) of alkylolamides and ethoxylated alkylolamides. ~z-SL~FONATION OF SATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR DERI~qax-

TIVES. B. Blaser, W. Stein, H. Weiss and O. Koch (Henkel & Cia. G.m.b.H.). U.S. 3,158,632. I n the process for the a-sulfonation of a member selected f r o m the group consisting of f a t t y acids, f a t t y acid esters, and nfixtures thereof, having a substantially saturated f a t t y acid radical with 6 to 28 carbon atoms and being substantially free of alcoholic hydroxyl groups, the improvement comprises initially introducing about 1.1-1.8 tools of gaseous SOu per mol of f a t t y acid radical to be sulfonated ~nto the group member at a temperature below the temperature of effective sulfonation b u t not in excess of about 70C, mainraining the temperature until at least 50% of the group member has been sulfonated, and then increasing the temperature to at least 750 to complete the sulfonation. DETERGENCY COMPOSITION. F. L. Diehl (Procter & Gamble Co.). U.S. 3,159,581. A n improved cleansing and laundering composition consists of a water soluble trisodium salt of ethane-1hydroxy-l,l-diphosphonate as a builder and an organic water soluble non-soap synthetic detergent s u r f a c t a n t having pronouneed detergent power such as anionic, nonionic, zwltterionic, ampho]ytic s u r f a c t a n t s or mixtures thereof. The ratio, by weight, of the diphosphonate builder to the detergent surfae~ t a u t should be in the range of about 1 : 2 to about 10:1. The composition provides in aqueous solution a p H between 9 and 12. PREPARATION OF LIG]~tT-COLORED SULFONATED FATTY ACIDS AND FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES. C. W u l f f , W . Stein, O. K o c h a n d H ,

Weiss (Henkel & Cie. G.m.b.H.). U.S. 3,159,657. Described is a process for lightening the color of dark-colored a-sulfonatlon products obtained by sulfonating a member selected f r o m the group consisting of substantially s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids containing from 6 to 28 carbon atoms, their esters which arc free f r o m alcoholic hydroxyl groups, their nitriles, and mixtures thereof with an excess of gaseous sulfur trioxide. The darkcolored sulfonation product is contacted with about 0.2-6% by weight of hydrogen peroxide a t a temperature between 20100C in the presence of an added amount of water sufficient to m a i n t a i n the concentration of free SOu between 90% by weight and t h a t of a 20% sulfuric acid solution. METHOD OF PREPARING DIALKYL ESTERS OF SULFOFATTY ACIDS.

E. J. Miller, Jr. (Armour & Co.). U.S. 3,160,645. A monosulfof a t t y acid having 8 ~ 2 carbon atoms is reacted with an olefin having from 2 to 16 carbon atoms in the presence of boron trifluoride or boron trifluoride diethyletherate.

Glycerine Production Report A c c o r d i n g to t h e U.S. D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e , p r o d u c t i o n of crude g l y c e r i n e ( i n c l u d i n g s y n t h e t i c ) f o r the m o n t h of D e c e m b e r w a s 27.1 nfillion lb. F o r t h e y e a r 1964, p r o d u c t i o n of c r u d e t o t a l l e d 326.3 million lb. P r o d u c e r s ' stocks of c r u d e a n d refined g l y c e r i n e a t t h e e n d of D e c e m b e r totalled 61.2 million lb. D E C E M B E t ~ (Million lb.) PI~ELIMINAI~Y Factory Production Glycerine 100% Basis

P r o d u c e r s ' Stocks

December 1964

% Change from Nov., 1964

E n d of Dec. 1964

Crude

27.1

-}-1.9

33.6

+12.4

Refined all G r a d e s

26.2

--6.4

27,6

- - 8,3

61.2

4- 2.0

Change from Nov., 1 9 6 4

I n c l u d e s synthetic glycemne

84A

J. AI~L 0 I L C]~ElVIISTS' SOC., FEBRVARY 1965 (VOL. 42)