ABSTRACTS

R.A. R E I N E R S , Editor. ABSTRACTORS: N.E. Bednarcyk, J-K Covey, I.C. Harris, Yoshio Hirano, S. Kawamura, D . A . Leo, F.A. K u m m e r o w , E.G. Perkins, and R . W . W a l k e r

• Fats and Oils

eJ~'RACE 31I:;TAL DETERMINATION 1N MILK BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION. ]"LAMEIA£SS ATO~[IZ2.TION PROCEDURE. J. Logathu and a.

GLYCEROLY8IS 0~~ M E S U A FERRAI; L I N N . SEED OIL.

_'N'.D.

SharIna

and J.M.S. M a t h u r (Div. Genetics, I n d i a n Agr. Res. inst., New Delhi-12). Oils Seeds J. 2 4 ( 3 ) , 4 (1971). Economic i m p o r t a n c e of Mesua ferrea L i n n . f a m i l y G u t t i f e r a e seed inv e s t i g a t e d . K e r n e l s a m o u n t to 53 75% of the seeds a n d yield 6 0 - 7 7 % of a viscous, reddish or dark brown, non-edible oil w i t h disagreeable odor a n d bitter taste. Glyeerolysls u s i n g s o d i u m hydroxide c a t a l y s t i n d i c a t e d the ol}timum reaction t e m p e r a t u r e f o r a-monoglycerides f o r m a t i o n was 200C. Monoglyeerides f o r m e d d u r i n g early s t a g e s of the reaction were richer in u n s a t u r a t e d acids. THERMIC

CONSTANTS

OP

FATS

AND

~VKXES,

r[~. ]'~,ullzlllaull,

Seifea-(51e-l,'ette-Waeh,'e 98, 215-8 (1972)..'daDy m e t h o d s are available f o r the d e t e r m i u a t i m t of the a g g r e g a t e s t a t u s of t r a n s i t i o n f r o m solid-liquid, which are more or less subjective. A n a u t o m a t i c m e t h o d p r o d u c i n g objective and accur'tte values is reported. SEPARATION AND ISOLATION OF UNSATUEATED FATTY ACIDS BY /KuI/rIPLE LIQUID/LIQUID PARTEI'ION. P . t l y n n i n e n . Acta Chem.

/feint. 43, 431 5 (1970). The solvent s y s t e m l i g h t p e t r o l e u m / d i m e t h y l sulphoxide is more suitable t h a n tile s y s t e m heI)tane/ m e t h a n o l / f o r m a n d d e / a e e l i e acid for the f r a e t i o n a t i o n of uns a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids. I t is more selective, h a s at h i g h e r c a p a c i t y a n d gives s e p a r a t i o n s more in accord with theory. S e p a r a t i o n s of m i x t u r e s of oleie, linoleie and linolcnic acids are reported. ( W o r l d S u r f a c e Coatings Abs. No. 357) I,]VALUATION AND PBEDICTION I}P PAID,[ OIL QUALITY.

~. JoIlaus-

son an{l U. P e r s m a r k ( K a r l s h a m n s Ol,jefabriker). OleagDicax 27, 95-9 (1972). The prineii}al qualities for palm oil, on whieh its organoleptie aeceptabiliiy and its stat)ility depe]M, were e x a m i n e d . The "mtounts of oxidation llreduets p r e s e n t in the oil are a reflection of the quality, a n d lhe tendency to f o r m such e o m p o u n d s is related to tile stability. The benzidine value, eombined with tile peroxi the usu:d s p e e t r o p h o t o m e t r i e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s o f quality. Sinai! a m o u n t s of oxidation oeeur dm'ing processing nnd lulndli,g, from the f r u i t to delivery by pipeline. Care m u s t }}e taken to minimize this oxidation. Bleaehability is a n o t h e r essential quality factor a u d is related to the degree of oxidation of the oiL AGi;:N'rs Je'OR IMPROVINCI TIlE VIL'rRA'rIoN OP I[YDROGENATED OIL. I. K a g a n o w i c z ( I n s t . of the F a t s and Oits I n d u s i r y , W a r s a w ) . Thlszeze Jadalne 1 6 ( 1 ) , 10-16 (1972). The effects of addition of CPlite aBd of Czech deco]oriziug eartb on the filtration rate of h y d r o g e n a t e d oil were studied. 'Pile mean tiltration rate of the oil to which 0.3% Ce]ite had been .~dded was 2.4 times g r e a t e r titan t h a t to which the e a r t h had been added. Sinee the useful fife of the filter l)ress bet\vee, elea]dngs was doubled with the Celite, the total increase in thr{mgbi)ut w'~s five times what it was with the carlh. Additional s a v i n g s t h r o u g h deereased u s a g e of filter paI)er were also obtained. (Rev. F r a n c . Corps G r a s ) CONCENTRATION OF SOLVENTS AND SPEED OF SEPARATION OF TI=IE PI{ASI,:S DURING NEUTRALIZATION OP ANIMAL PATS IN TIIE

.~HSCm~LA. J. B a t u r a and A. Rutkowski ( N u t r . Inst., Olsztyn, P o l a n d ) . Rev. Fra~tc. Corps Gras 19, 163 8 (1972). Net> tralization of residmd animal f a t s in a m i x t u r e of gasoline and isopropanol h a s been investigated. I s o p r e i m n o l eoneent r a t i o n s g r e a t e r t h a n 4 5 % are effeetive for neutralization, OI)thn'd e<>neentration of miscella and aleolu)l]c soaI> solution was determined as were the a m o u n t s of solvent m i x t u r e a n d its isopropanol c o n t e n t in t e r m s of the a m o u n t of free f a t t y aeids. A eh>se dependency lietweeu eeneentrati(in of solutions and the time for separation of the ldh'lses was established. CItROMATOflRAPIIIC AND COLORIMETRIC ~IETIIOD EOR DETERMINING PttYTOSTER{}LS IN VEGETABId'; OII,S AND IN STEROI, CONCENTI>~.VfE,S,

St. A. Ivanov, P.I. Biteheva and B.T. l(.onovu (Feole Normate Superieure de Plovdiv, B u l g a r i a ) . Rev. Franv. Corps Gra.~ 19, 177-80 (1972). The a u t h o r s have developed qn accurate (~2.63%) a n d rapid method for d e t e r m i n i n g phytosterols. The m e t h o d was worked enitlal>h's. TI.C u s i n g p e t r o l e u m e t h e r / e t h y l e t h e r ( 1 : 1 ) was employed to s e p a r a t e the pbytosterols. Then they were e×traeted f r o m the plate a n d determined eolorimetrieally with sulfosalieylie acid.

J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., July 1972 (VOL. 49)

l ) e s i r a n t (See. SOI~I:/I)AL, S a i n t - O u c h ) . Rec. Franc. Corps Gras 19, 169-75 (1972). An improved method for deternli.hlff traces of Ou, Fe, ('o, Mn and Sr ill milk by atomie a.bsort}tion was studied. A g r a p h i t e oven teclmhtue was used. Conqmralde results were ot)tailmd with s t a n d a r d aqueous solutions a n d b 3 s t a n d a r d , d d i t i o n to the milk. The eoeftMenis of var]'/thm w(,rl, of tile order of fi 5.5c/c, except for Sr where it was 105}. G r e a t e r sensitivity t h a u with flame a t o m i z a t i o n was o b t a h . ' d . The el.lice of carrier g a s (argon or n i t r o g e n ) did not affect tile resalts. T I I E Z E N I T H AND TIlE K \ M I N N K I d PROCESSES AND IMPROVEMENT OF TIIE NEUTRALIZATIUN C(}I]FI,'ICIENT,~ ON VEflETAI~I,E OILS. I~,

Solomon (I.TERG, P a r i s ) . Rec. Fra,e. Corps Gras 19, 107-11 (1972). l'}(.seriptio~ls of e(mtinuous refinh~g I}roeesses, e.g., \Vestfalia, Po(lt)hqni:lk, A l f a - L a v a l , and SharldoS, are briefly given,

all(l

the

l'('(illillff l e s s o n

o}}t;lille(1 on

vHriolls

oils

are

I}resented. The Zenith aml the tfamh~sldj processes are based on the ('m~ti,uous a d d i t i , , , f alkali. A tier:riled doseripth)n of a t.Vl)ical instalhttion is given. Even hlwer relining losses are ol}tahwd with these latter t)roc{]sses. AND TIIE PAT INDVSTRY IN TIIE ILS.g.R. ANt) IN POLAXD. .r.-P. l l e l m e and IL Solomon ( I n s t . des ('orl)s Grqs, P a r i s ) . Rcr. Frmw. Corps Gras 19, S:;..8 ( I 9 7 2 ) . The a u t h o r s report im their trip to the All I ' M o n I n s t i t u t e f o r Pat lh~sear{.h ( V N I I Z ) in Lenhlffrad and tim I . s t i t u t e of tile P a t I n d u s t r y in \Varsaw. Thcy ,lis,.us~ th(' structm'e of the f a t h l d u s t r y in each c o u n t r y :is w~,ll as the org:miz:ltlon ]{ESI,;AI{,{'ll

{Hid IlliSS]OIl o f t i l l ' ];I}l{}r:~t(ll'ies. ~',~ollle i I ( , t : l i l s ('Oll('('l'llillg l h e rOs('al'i'h e a l ' r i e d o u t ill'e a l s o g i v ( m . (~(YrTONNEEF~ PtIOSPltOI.IPIDS. IT. ]Sl/[.\'r[llX AND CIT\RX{"PEtlIZATION O1,' ('EI'IIALINN BOIND T() (alNSYP{}I, . \ . ~ . F l - N { } c k r a s h y

:lad g . E/-Shattory (Lipid L;ih., Nat. Res. ('enter, C:dro, IT.A.R.). R(r. l,'ra~tc. (~orps Gras 19, 89 94 (1972). Phosp h a l i d y l eth;tn{lhmdne ( r E ) and tdlosphatidyl serine ( P S ) }lave been isoh/led frfun mixed eati(mse{,d llh(~sl}holitlids fly e o h m m ehr(nnat{lgrgu}hy, q'LC of tile isol:lted eeldmllns, lmlWr c h r o m a t o g r a p h y o f t h e i r acid hydrolysates, ehemieal analysis to find their N : P : g ( , s s y l , o ] ratios, :rod Ill analysis reveMed t h a t the isolated (.eph:llins are di-PlC-monogossYllld and diI~S-monogossypol. GI.C a n a l y s i s of lhe f a t t y acid m e t h y l esters showed that the s a t u r a t e d / u n s : ~ t m ' a t e d f a t t y aeid ratios r a n g e from 1:1,58 to /:1.89. P a h n i t l e ncld comprises more t h a n 8 8 % of the total s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids. Oleie and linoleie acids are f o u n d in h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e s in P R than in r E . METHOD OF =MANUF.\C'I'I*RING COTTONSEED OIL. I.A. P, a s h k u t s k a y a et M. U.S. $,&;.G275. The method e e m p r l s e s r e m o v i , g 60 8{)% of gossypol from the seed into the oil followed b y sel~arating the two by a speeifie reagent, Specifically, the seed is conditioned and deeortie;~ted. T h e m e a t s are crushed, heated, and processed to oldain tile o11 e o n t : d n i n g u p to 2 ~ gossypel and the enke which eo}}tab]s (L2 0.4¢~ of coral>tried gossypol a n d up to 0.01% of free gossyp(fl. The cottonseed oil is t h e n t r e a t e d with an a r o m a t l e a m i n o acid such as a n t h r a n i l l e add.

SPI~EADAIILE FATS. tI.-U. Menz, J . E . / l o s t a n d T. Wieske (Lever Bros.). U.S. 3,65G555. A_ m i x t u r e of Cs and (3,0 glyeerides in a specified crystal f o r m m a y be used in margarine and o t h e r f a t eompositions, whieh may be used as the sole Or p r i n c i p a l f a t in food s p r e a d s suitable f o r e o n s m n e r s whose ordinary fag m e t a b o l i s m m a y be impaired. The glyeerides may also be used as an a d d i t h ' e to confer a m a r k e d cooling effect to eonventional edible f a t blends, and as a c o m p o n e n t in other f a t compositions whieh is more r e s i s t a n t to autoxidation. (Continued on page 2 8 2 A )

BACK COPIES NEEDED AOCS needs the following back copies of the JOURNAL: Volume 47 (1970), January, April, July, November; and Volume 48 (1971 ), February, March, April, May. The Society will pay $1.50 for each copy received in reusable condition. Send to AOCS, 508 S. Sixth St., Champaign, Ill. 61 820.

28] A

The

•

Philippine

coconut

oil industry

( C o n t i n u e d f r o m page 2 5 6 A ) The d u t y - f l e e q u o t a o f 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 l o n g t o n s u n d e r the U.S. I n t e r n a l R e v e n u e A c t o f 1934 was c o n t i n u e d u n d e r t h e Laurel-Langley A g r e e m e n t o f 1955 w h i c h revised a n d s u p e r s e d e d the Bell T r a d e A c t o f 1946. U n d e r t h e t e r m s o f t h e Revised T r a d e Agreem e n t , c o c o n u t oil e n t e r i n g the U.S. has b e e n m a d e s u b j e c t t o a progressively d e c r e a s i n g t a r i f f q u o t a u n t i l 1974. F r o m 1955-62 t h e q u o t a was n e v e r filled. In 1963 t h e q u o t a o f 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 was filled by N o v e m b e r . T h e 1964 q u o t a was filled b y August, the 1965 q u o t a b y May a n d t h e 1966 q u o t a b y March. As it decreased, t h e r e f o r e , a n d as t h e - c a p a c i t y o f t h e Philippine c o p r a c r u s h e r s increased, the q u o t a was m o r e easily a n d s o o n e r filled. T h e c u r r e n t d u t y - f r e e q u o t a is 4 0 , 0 0 0 l o n g t o n s i n d i c a t i n g this t o be the terminal period of the quota which s t a r t e d at 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 l o n g t o n s in t 9 5 5 . B e t w e e n n o w a n d D e c e m b e r 31, 1973, P h i l i p p i n e c o c o n u t oil in the U.S. m a r k e t is s u b j e c t t o o n e c e n t tax f o r e x p o r t s i n excess o f t h e e x i s t i n g q u o t a . A f t e r D e c e m b e r 31, 1973, there is n o

•

. . . t o n s / d a y . T h e s e oil mills h a v e a c o m b i n e d c r u s h i n g c a p a c i t y o f 1.46 million t o n s o f 91% of t h e average past 5 y e a r s ' a n n u a l p r o d u c t i o n of 1.6 million tons. A t p r e s e n t t h e r e are five o t h e r oil mills a p p r o v e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n by o u r B o a r d of I n v e s t m e n t s . T h e a d d i t i o n a l capacities will b r i n g the t o t a l Philippine a n n u a l c a p a c i t y t o 1.79 million t o n s o r 1 t 2 % o f t h e average past 5 years' production. With t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t given b y the Philippine Government, and b a r r i n g u n t o w a r d pressures f r o m the m a r k e t i n g field or t h e e l e m e n t s , t h e c o c o n u t oil i n d u s t r y o f t h e P h i l i p p i n e s m a y be e x p e c t e d to i n c r e a s e its prod u c t i o n f o r b o t h local a n d foreign c o n s u m p t i o n in the f o r t h c o m i n g years. In 1971, 2 8 7 , 5 8 2 l o n g t o n s oil were e x p o r t e d t o t h e U.S.; 1 0 6 , 2 6 4 l o n g tons t o E u r o p e , a n d 4 9 4 0 . 9 8 l o n g t o n s t o o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , for a g r a n d t o t a l of 398,786.98 long tons with total FOB value o f $105 million. T h o s e of t h e P h i l i p p i n e c o c o n u t oil i n d u s t r y h o p e a n d are d e t e r m i n e d to i m p r o v e o n this performance. [ R e c e i v e d J u n e 7, 1 9 7 2 ]

c e r t a i n t y as t o w h e t h e r t h e basic d u t y of o n e c e n t p e r p o u n d o n c o c o n u t oil e x p o r t t o t h e U.S. will be m a i n t a i n e d or will be raised d e p e n d e n t o n n e w negotiations between the Philippines a n d t h e U.S. Unless t h e p r e s e n t t r a d e a g r e e m e n t is replaced by a n o t h e r based o n the historically liberal t e r m s of t r a d e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e Philippines a n d t h e U.S. we shall have q u i t e a problem on our hands. The tariff problem of Philippine c o c o n u t oil is n o t c o n f i n e d to t h e U.S. In t h e E E C a 5% ad v a l o r e m d u t y is levied on c o c o n u t oil for i n e d i b l e uses a n d 10% for edible uses. I n a d d i t i o n , R e g u l a t i o n No. 2 0 7 7 / 7 1 , a d o p t e d b y t h e EEC in 1 9 7 t , i m p o s e s a c o m p e n s a t o r y tax o n i m p o r t s o f v e g e t a b l e oil w h o s e prices fall b e l o w the n o r m a l or stable levels e s t a b l i s h e d by the Comm u n i t y for this p r o d u c t c a t e g o r y . In J a p a n , t h e r e is a similar t a r i f f o f 10% o n c o c o n u t oil i m p o r t s . T o d a y t h e r e are 23 c o c o n u t oil mills in the Philippines; t h e s e range in capacity from 30-600 tons of copra p e r day. S i x t e e n are relatively big mills with capacities of 100-600 tons]day, a n d seven w i t h capacities o f 3 0 - 6 0

Abstracts...

( C o n t i n u e d f r o m page 2 8 1 A ) INJECTABLE LAURIC ACID. J.M. Carroll. U.8. 3,658,970. A process for preparing crystalline laurie acid in dosage form suitable for parenteral injection into mammalian tissue is disclosed. An aqueous suspension of laurie acid crystals of particle size between 0.01 and 5 microns is formed by mixh~g laurie acid and water, and preferably a dispersing agent or surfactant, and subjecting the mixture to intense agitation. EXTRACTION O~' LIPID AND CELLULAR FRACTIONS FROM THE STRATUM CORNEUM OF ANIMAL SKIN. L.5. Vinson and T. Masurat (Lever Bros.). U.S. 3,660,567. A Inethod for extracting stratum corneum from epidernlis and separating it into a lipid-rich fraction and a cellular fraction is described. Compositions of matter containing the lipid fraction and cellular fraction are also described. 1)HOSPHATIDE E~,IULSIFIERS. IL Pardun (Lever Bros.). U.S. 3,661,795. An emulsifying agent suitable for use in margarine and preparable as dry flakes or pellets comprises from 10 to 50 parts of a partially hydrolyzed vegetable phosphatide having a lysophosphatide content of 2-15%. The renminder of the composition consists of a saturated mono/diglyceride having a monoglyceride content of 35-90%. I)HOSPHATIDE EXTRACTION. H. Pardun (Lever Bros.). U.S. 3,661,946. In the separation of vegetable phosphatide fractions from mixtures containing them by extracting the mixture with a lower aliphatic alcohol with 1-3 carbon atoms, the efficiency of the extraction process is increased without adversely affecting the selectivity by carrying out the extraction in the presence of 10-20% of a monoglyceride which is liquid at the temperature of extraction. MARGARINE CONTAINING DIACYLGLYCEROPtIOSPHATIDE. H .-U. Menz, H.O.A. Trapp, and T. Wieske (Lever Bros.). U.S. 3,663,235. hnproved stability of margarine emulsions is attained by using an emulsifying agent of the structure RCOOCH:CHOCORCH_~OPOaHCH~CH._,R ~. RCO represent f a t t y acid acyl groups containing 8-32 carbon atoms. R t is a methylanfino, dimethylamino or trimethylamino group, or an acylamino group whose f a t t y acid acyl residue has 2-12 carbon atoms. Margarine is made by phase inversion. BUTTER FLAVORED COMPOSITION. M.J. 282A

Holloway

(Beatrice

Foods). U.S. 3,663,236. A low butterfat, butter flavored composition of sugar, condensed buttermilk and a vegetable oil cooked together to produce a solid solution is disclosed. FLAVOR I~IPROVE~IENT OV FATS. W.II. Feenstra and J.G. Keppler (Level- Bros.). U.S. 3,66i,$5I. F a t t y products of enhanced flavor characteristics contained autoxidation flavor counteractants of the fm'mula R C H : C t l C t t : C H Z , where R is an alkyl group containing up to 9 carl)on atoms and Z is an organoleptically acceptable polar group. The fatty products include edible fats and oils, particularly tallow and soybean oil, and their products such as margarine. The counteractants may be free or combined f a t t y acids or aldehydes, which are effective in minute amounts. They may be incorporated, in part, hy means of precursors which convert to tim counteractant during storage.

• Fatty Acid Derivatives CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES FOR LOWERING TIlE CONCENTRATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE BLOOD. T. Leigh arid L.A. McArdle (hnperial Chem. Ind., Ltd.). U.S. 3,658,967. The disclosure relates to a method for lowering the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, or fibrinogen in the blood by administering a pharmaceutical composition containing as active ingredient a phenylbenzyloxyalkanoic acid derivative, for example, a- [4- (p-chlorophenyl) benzyloxy ]-c~-methylpropionic acid. GREASE COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING I~AGNESIU~,~ SALTS OF UNSATURATED ~ATTY ACIDS AS RUST INHIBITORS. E. IIansen (Chevron Research Co.~. U.S. 3,660,288. The compositions comprise a major proportion of an oil of lubricating viscosity, a minor amount of a grease thickener; and a minor portion of a magnesium salt of an unsaturated unsubstitutcd or hydroxy-substituted fatty acid of 14-24 carbon atoms.

• Biochemistry

and N u t r i t i o n

NUTRITIONAL VALUE 0~' TVP, METHIONINE ENRICHED TVP AND BEEF AT TWO LEVELS ON INTAKE FOR HU/~IAN ADULTS. C. Kits and H.M. Fox (Dept. of Food and Nutr., Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta. and College of Home

COMPARISON

OF

THE

PROTEIN

J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., July 1972 (VOL. 49)

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND N U T R I T I O N Ec., Univ. of Nebr., Neb. 68503). J. Food Sci. 35, 841-5 (1971). T h e objective o f this s t u d y was to c o m p a r e t h e protein n u t r i t i v e value for a d u l t men of beef, an e x t r u d e d soybean p r o d u c t resembling beef ( T V P ) and a 1% DLmethionine-foriificd T V P p r o d u c t at two levels of n i t r o g e n intake. ]:;xI)erinrental diets were adequate in c'dories, v i t a m i n s a n d m i n c r ' d s . A l t h o u g h none of the test protein sources fully m e t t h e protein needs of t h e s u b j e c t s at the level tested, b e e f was superior to T V P on the basis of n i t r o g e n balance data. D L - m e t h i o n i n e fortification at the 1 % level of the T V P was d e m o n s t r a t e d to be partially effective in i m p r o v e m e n t in n i t r o g e n balance. THE PATTERN OF FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN LACTATING RABBIT I~IA2~IMARYGLAND STUDIED IN VIVO. ]~. Clirey a n d R. Di]s (Dept. of BiochenL, Med. School, Univ. o:f N o t t i n g h a n i , N o t t i n g h a m NG7 2RD, U . K . ) . Biochem. J. 126, 1005-7 (1972). T h e bios y n t h e s i s of f a t t y acids h a s been studied in l a c t a t i n g r a b b i t s at 6 hr. a f t e r i n t r a v e n o u s injection of sodium aeetate-l-ltC. The specific radloaetivities of the individual f a t t y acids ( 6 : 0 to 1 4 : 0 ) a n d the p r o p o r t i o n s of t h e s e f a t t y acids synthesized were similar in m a n m l a r y tissue and milk. H e x a n o i c acid h a s the h i g h e s t specific radioactivity and the 8 : 0 to 14:0 f a t t y acids h a d similar specific radioactivities, which were a b o u t five t i m e s those of C~, and C~ acids. No radioactivity was detected in f a t t y acids of chain l e n g t h ~ C ~ in the liver, blood or adipose tissue a n d the specific radioactivities o f f a t t y acids o f c h a i n l e n g t h ) C ~ , in these t i s s u e s were similar to those of the long-chain f a t t y acids in the milk a n d m a m m a r y gland. The r e s u l t s show t h a t the 4 : 0 to 14:0 f a t t y acids are s y n t h e s i z e d w i t h i n the n m m m a r y g l a n d r a t h e r t h a n b y f a t t y acid u p t a k e f r o m c i r c u l a t i n g blood or by oxidation of long-chain f a t t y acids with the gland. W e conclude t h a t de n o v • s y n t h e s i s of esterified f a t t y acids in viva by t h i s tissue h a s a h i g h degree of c h a i n - l e n g t h specificity. EFFECT OP SPINACH AND WAKAME ON CHOLESTEROL TURNOVER IN THE RAT. N. I r i t a n i a n d J. N o g i ( T e z u k a y a m a - G a k u i n College, O s a k a 558, J a p a n ) . Atherosclerosis 15, 87-92 (1972). T h e influence o f f e e d i n g s p i n a c h or w a k a m e on the t u r n o v e r o f cholesterol was s t u d i e d in r a t s with a h i g h p l a s m a cholesterol level. The half-lives of cholesterol were e s t i m a t e d by m e a s u r i n g t h e faecal excretion of (3H)-cholesteroI i n j e c t e d i n t r a p e r i t o n e a l l y , a n d were f o u n d to be 28.2, 15.2 a n d 20.5 days, respectively, f o r r a t s f e d the control sucrose diet, t h a t s u p p l e m e n t e d with 5 % s p i n a c h powder a n d t h a t s u p p l e m e n t e d with 5 % w a k a m e powder. I t is s u g g e s t e d f r o m the a n a l y s i s o f faecal cholesterol m e t a b o l i t e s t h a t spinach s t i m u l a t e d t h e i n t e s t i n a l ruler•flora to f o r m more coprostanol f r o m cholesterol, while w a k m n e s u p p r e s s e d the re~bsorptlon o f cholesterol in the e n t e r • h e p a t i c circulation. CARNITINIg PALMITYLTRANSPERASE. C.L. t t o p p e I a n d R.J. Tomee

( D e p t s . of P h a r m a c o L a n d Med., Case W e s t e r n Reserve Univ.,

School of Meal. Cleveland, Ohio 44106). J. Biol. Chem. 247, 832-41 ( t 9 7 2 ) . C a r n i t i n e p a l m i t y l t r a n s f e r a s e in r a t liver w a s i n v e s t i g a t e d b y t h r e e d i f f e r e n t a s s a y niethods. I n t r a e e l l u l a r d i s t r i b u t i o n s t u d i e s showed t h a t c a r n i t i n e p a l m i t y l t r a n s f e r a s e w a s a n exclusively m i t o c h o n d r i a l enzyme. T h e e n z y m a t i c activity catalyzing the formation of palmityl-L-carnitine from palmityl-CoA a n d L-carnitine, d e s i g n a t e d carnitine p a l m i t y l t r a n s f e r a s e A, w a s loosely b o u n d to t h e e x t e r n a l s u r f a c e of the i n n e r m e m b r a n e . D i g i t o n i n t r e a t m e n t released this enz y m a t i c activity f r o m m i t o c h o n d r i a r e s u l t i n g in a p r e p a r a t i o n which had a severely l i m i t e d ability f o r c a r n i t i n e - d e p c n d e n t p a h n i t y l - C o A oxidation, b u t r e t a i n e d t h e ability to oxidize palmityl-L-carnitine. T h e d e s i g n a t i o n s , carnitine palmitylt r a n s f e r a s e A a n d B, r e p r e s e n t e n z y m a t i c activities in two different intramitochondrlal c o m p a r t m e n t s w i t h different f u n c t i o n a l roles. F u r t h e r evidence is needed to d e t e r m i n e i f

these are is•enzymes. PROSTAGLANDIN Ez IN PLATELET IIARVESTING: AN IN VITRO STUDY. H. Shio a n d P . W . R a m w e l l ( I n s t . of Biological Sci., Alza Corp., P a l • Alto, Cal. 94304). Science 175, 536-8 (1972). P r o s t a g l a n d i n E~ (10 "s to 10 -~ m o l a r ) is effective in i m p r o v i n g the p r e p a r a t i o n of h u m a n platelet concentrates froni p l a s n m rich in platelets a n d f r o m whole blood. A procedure h a s been developed f o r the use by blood b a n k s on a t r i a l basis. THE EFFECT OF PALMITIC AND OLEIC ACIDS ON THE PROPERTIES AND CO/~gPOSITION OF THE VERY LOW DENSITY LIP•PROTEIN SECRETED BY THE LIVER. M. H c i m b e r g a n d H.G. Wilcox (Dept. of Pharmacol., V a n d e r b i l t Univ., School of Med., Nashville, Tenn. 37203). J. Biol. Chem. 247, 875-80 (1972). L i v e r s f r o m n o r m a l f e d male r a t s were p e r f u s e d in vitro with equimolar q u a n t i t i e s of either p a l m i t i c acid or oleic acids, J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., July 1972 (VOL. 49)

and, a f t e r an e x p e r i m e n t a l period of 4 hr, the very low d e n s i t y l i p • p r o t e i n ( V L D L ) was isolated from the p e r f u s a t e by u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a t i o n in zonal rotors. The V L D L was characterized b y rate-zonal mobility, by lipid composition and by electrophoretic mobility on paper. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 % more V L D L triglyeeridc was secreted by the liver when oleate was the s u b s t r a t e thm~ when p a h n i t a t e was the s u b s t r a t e . THE EFFECT o r DIETARY FAT ON AFLATOXICOSIS IN TURKEYS. P.B. H a m i l t o n , H.T. T u n g , J.R. H a r r i s , J . H . Gainer a n d W . E . Donaldson (Dept. of P o u l t r y Sci., Dept. of Microbiol., N.C. St. Univ,, Raleigh, N.C. 27607). Poultry Sci. 51, ] 6 5 - 7 0 (1972). Graded c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of aflatoxin incorporated into the feed of t u r k e y p o u l t s resulted in a decreased g r o w t h rate, an e n l a r g e d spleen a n d p a n c r e a s a n d a smaller liver a n d b u r s a of Fabricius. A n a l y s i s of tile liver showed t h a t the lipid c o n t e n t increased significantly. The effect of 1.0 p.p.m. aflatoxin on the g r o w t h rate was the same in diets containi n g 2, 6 or 18% fat, However, the 18% f a t diet ameliorated the lethal effect of the aflatoxin and restored the relative b u r s a l w e i g h t to a n o r n m l value. AflatoMn at 1.0 p.p.m. depressed the s e r u m total lipid a n d phospholipid at all conc e n t r a t i o n s of d i e t a r y f a t , b u t the values on the 18% f a t diet were significantly n e a r e r the n o r m a l values. These d a t a s u g g e s t e d t h a t aflatoxin h a s two s e p a r a t e effects on turkeys, t h a t of g r o w t h inhibition a n d interference with lipid metabolism. EBYTHROCYTE :MEMBRANE LIPIDS A N D RH ANTIGEN ACTIVITY. F . A . Green (Dept. of Med., S t a t e Univ. of New Y o r k at Buffalo, a n d V e t e r a n s A d m i n . Hosp., Buffalo, N.Y. 14215). J. Biol. Chem. 247, 881-7 (1972). The R h a n t i g e n s have never been totally and_ reproducibly o b t a i n e d in free solution. Indirect evidence, based a m o n g o t h e r observations on the reversible loss of Rh a n t i g e n activity of lyophi]ized Rh-positive e r y t h r o c y t c m e m b r a n e s with m e r c u r i a l s u l f h y d r y l r e a g e n t s , s u g g e s t s t h a t the a c t i v i t y m a y depend on m e m b r a n e protein. W i t h the h y p o t h e s i s t h a t this m e m b r a n e protein m a y be associated p e r h a p s s t r u c t u r a l l y with m e m b r a n e lipid, studies were u n d e r t a k e n on t h e effects of organic solvents on ]yophilized m e m b r a n e R h a n t i g e n activity. T h e a n t i g e n activity was abolished a f t e r extensive extraction with 100% 1b u t a n o l , b u t t • c o u l d be •• • • D • • • • •• regenerated approxim a t e l y 5 0 % of the an2 e x t r a c t e d m e m b r a n e s by • dis#nguished town hotels • the addition of certain " lipids. Tile p r e s e n t in• • v e s t i g a t i o n s establish t h a t phospholipids are the • • only class of lipids which • • r e s u l t /in such regeneration. T h u s , the Rh antig e n activity is d e p e n d e n t • • on the presence of b o u n d phospholipid, c o n t a i n i n g at least one u n s a t u r a t e d • 200 East 38th St,, NY 10016 • f a t t y acid, with neither • Kitchensin every unit. Direct dial • t h e polar n o r the non• phones.ColorIV. Centralair-condi- • polar portion of the moletioning. Room Service. Restaurant m cule alone s a t i s f y i n g this • and Cocktail Lounge. v requirement. • StudioLiving-Bedroom,Bath • • Single $26 to $30 • RAT BRAIN BINDS ADRENAL Double/Twin $30 to $35 • STEROID HORMONE : RADIO• 2 Room Suite-LivingRoom, Bedroom _ AUTOGRAPtIY OF ItIPPOBath $45 to $50 w CASIPUS WITH CORTICO_ 212-661-2100 • • STERONE. J.L. Gerlach 00~•0000•0000 :~nd B.S. McEwen (]lockefcller Univ., N.Y., • HOTEL N.Y. 10021). Seie~*ce • .... SAN • I75, 1133-1136 (1972). Tritiated cortlcosterone ZARLOS • injected subcutaneously ;0 East 50th St., I~Y 10022 • into adrena]ectomizcd naale r a t s 1 hour before eautifhlly furnished rooms• killing produced intense ~d suites, extra large osets. All with color • labeling o f the hippocampus iu radioauto~t, air-conditioning • g r a m s p r e p a r e d by a ,,frigerators/kitchens. • m e t h o d t h a t reduced or Single $24 to $26 • prevented diffusion of Double $2810 $30 • tile radioactive material. Suites $30 to $38 The p y r m n i d a l n e u r o n s 212-755-1800 • of the eornu a m m o n i s and the g r a n u l e n e u r o n s of wOOOOOOOOOO

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