Qual Quant DOI 10.1007/s11135-017-0559-7
An evaluation of positive psychological state of educational administrators in a tolerance context ¨ znacar1 • S¸ ebnem Gu¨ldal Kan1 • S¸ eniz S¸ensoy1 Behcet O
Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2017
Abstract Positive psychology leads the problems with regard to subject well-being, hopefullness, motivation, hope and academic success of individuals from their birth to their death. The purpose of this study is to assess the obtained opinions regarding positive psychological state of education directors. Being a qualitative case study, the integrative single statement design was used in the study. The study group consisted of 10 administrators and 25 instructors working in state schools in Northern Cyprus during 2016–2017 academic year in this study. An interview form which was consisted of 5 questions was used in collecting data. The qualitative data analysis program NVIVO 11.0 was used during interviews for classifying and coding data. The opinions of school administrators regarding their positive psychological states was assessed and determined. Keywords Psychology Positive psychology Education Educational institution Management of education
1 Introduction The psychology which is on the basis of approaches towards understanding behaviours of people has developed and changed in recent years. The psychology field which initially took human being as an organism started to take people’s behaviours as entities within time. Through this change, the approach based on psychopathology was replaced by & S¸ ebnem Gu¨ldal Kan
[email protected] ¨ znacar Behcet O
[email protected] S¸ eniz S¸ensoy
[email protected] 1
Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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positive psychology approach, and today it has become powerful (Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi 2000; Sheldon and King 2001). Positive psychology is a scientific field which leads people hold on lifelong from birth to death and carry their life to a more positive point, and which sets forth information and findings showing what is positive in life (Peterson 2000). A set of assumptions shows up in scientific study fields of positive psychology. One of these assumptions is that individuals are effective creatures at the level of their own development. The second one is that individuals have internal power which is necessary for assimilating behaviours. And the third one is to create motivation towards individuals who assimilate their behaviours based on psychology (Akın-Little and Little 2004). Improving themselves in respect of their work and updating their knowledge always bring individuals a positive psychology and self-confidence. The fact that individuals are provided such opportunities and these are extended commonly let individuals as well as administrators in near vicinity to be influenced positively. Individuals who think positively and improve themselves may meet such an idea and self-development style within envi¨ znacar and Mu¨mtazog˘lu (2017) that ronments. It can be seen in the study conducted by O administrators who improve themselves and provide positive contributions to their life and profession have positive thoughts for their personnel to have knowledge and provide improvement in the same way. It was seen that administrators who improve themselves in such way have more positive and tolerance when it comes to other individuals at the same time. Whereas positive psychology was set forth initially by Abrahamh, Maslow, Erich From and C. Rogers within the context of humanistic psychology in 1960s, it was handled and defined comprehensively by the psychologist Seligman in the following periods. Positive psychology is an effective approach in revealing positive features of individuals and letting them be powerful in their life (Eryılmaz 2013). Based on this approach, psychology not only does deal with the subjects of scientific field but also deals with psychological issues like study, education, insight, love, development and game (Diener 2000; Seligman 2002). Education is the process in which individuals realize intentional behavioural changes, and their abilities in terms of physical, emotional and social aspects and are developed within society from their birth to their death. Personality services for students are offered in order to support the development of students in all aspects as well as teaching and management services in educational institutions under the scope of contemporary education concept (Yes¸ ilyaprak 2015). Individuals learn how to learn and live through personality services for students; furthermore, they structure their own identities (Kepc¸eog˘lu 2001); there are the issues such as aggression, tyranny, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder (Alikasifoglu et al. 2004). The negative dimension embraces risks in educational environment and it affects learning of students negatively (Davis et al. 2006). Consequently, it causes individuals to have failure in academic environment. The most effective factor in facing such failure is the negative emotions that individuals have. According to Seligman (2002), who have conducted numerous studies regarding learned helplessness, it influences the development of individuals too. When we look at the behaviours of students who are under education in educational institutions, we can see two major factors: the first one is negative dimension and the second one is the positive dimension. Negative dimension includes the issues such as aggression, tyranny, depression, anxiety, adjustment disorder (Alikasifoglu et al. 2004). The negative dimension takes place in the most important risks within educational environment and it affects learning of students negatively (Davis et al. 2006). The underlying factor in facing such failure is the emotions that individuals have faced so far. According to
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Seligman (2002), who have conducted numerous studies regarding learned helplessness, it influences the development of individuals too. The positive dimension includes the issues like hope, optimism, academic success, subject well-being and motivation (Eryılmaz 2013). The common features of the factors included in this dimension cause individuals to develop positive emotions. The experienced positive emotions help individuals notice their hidden power and so realize themselves by putting forth their potentials (Yes¸ ilyaprak 2015). When it is investigated in terms of educational purposes, education too helps individuals have experiences in specific, social and academic fields (S¸ is¸ man 2016). Educational management can be defined differently as working area or applied field. Scientific knowledge about educational management field is believed to be the most common view and it is working area of educational management. Based on this viewpoint, educational management is an interdisciplinary working area on the basis of the knowledge of several fields like anthropology, sociology, psychology, philosophy and history (S¸ ims¸ ek 2005). The following questions are tried to be answered regarding the assessment of administrators’ positive psychological states in this study: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
How should the relation be between educational directors and workers? Can you explain your ideas? How should job satisfaction of working people be in physical environment? How should sentimental environment of working people be? Is there any positive atmosphere between administrators and workers? As a director, do you guide workers’ behaviours?
Positive psychological status of educational administrators are important in terms of developing both their careers and the improvement of the institutions they provide service. Individuals who have positive psychology and tolerance to be provided through such psychology contribute to both themselves and students to whom they provide education in many aspects. Educational administrators should be provided with continuous supports in order that they could have positive psychology. Personal development of individuals is ensured in that way and positive feedbacks are provided to the institutions. ¨ znacar and Mu¨mtazog˘lu (2017) that there are It was seen in the study conducted by O positive feedbacks to the institutions as well as administrators of development opportunities. Risks have an important place in risks for school administrators. Thoughts, behaviours s and tolerance thresholds of individuals against their environment as well as their own ideas are surly important. Working in an environment where administrators who do not have tolerance for themselves and their environments may become more difficult. For this reason, the administrators should be well acknowledged and experienced about risk analysis. ¨ znacar and Dag˘lı (2016) determined that risk analysis and program studies are more cared in O developed countries and studies are conducted according to the plans more carefully. When risks are minimized, developments could be seen in the desired level and field.
2 Materials and method In this research a qualitative model has been used to reveal the views of state high school administrators. Qualitative research can be described as a method that uses observations, interviews and document analyses. It follows a literal and integrated approach in taking
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perceptions and events into consideration as they appear in their natural environment. The advantage of qualitative research is that it provides an effective understanding of perception and attitude. This research is based upon analyzing the views of school administrators about positive psychology. For this reason, integrative single statement design was used among case study designs. In integrative single statement designs there is a situation that a single analysis can be perceived to be integrative on its own. The integrative single statement design exists in three situations: Initially, this mentioned design is used in order to confirm or disproof it if there is a well-formulated theory. Secondly, the integrative single statement design can be used if it does not comply with the general standards in idiosyncratic case study. Finally, the integrative single statement design can be used in cases when no one has worked or reached so far (Yıldırım and S¸ ims¸ ek 2013).
3 Research group 10 administrators and 25 instructors working in state schools in Northern Cyprus took part in this study.
4 Development of the data collection tools An interview form consisted of 5 questions was used in this study. The questions are predefined in structured interview, and data is tried to be collected through these questions (Karasar 1998). While preparing the interview form in this study, attention paid to the fact that it is not multi-dimensional so as to form more efficient and productive communication with interviewed individuals, that questions are sufficiently clear and understandable and having the quality of ensuring detailed answers and giving explanations, and not to create redundant load of questions on individuals. In addition, great attention paid to prepare alternative questions and several clues in case that individuals do not understand the question (Yıldırım and S¸ ims¸ ek 2013). The interview form which was prepared by researchers was shown to three domain experts. The interview form which was designed in the direction of experts’ suggestions was sampled on three lecturers before being used to collect data, and so the interview form took its final shape according to the reactions and answers of individuals who were interviewed. It was sought an answer to the following 5 questions in line with research problem. Face to face interviews were made between the researcher and participants for a period of approximately 25 min each by posing questions about assessing the positive psychological states of education directors. The interviews were made by creating conversation environment in order to obtain rich data from face to face interviews that were made with the participants of the research. In this way, no data loss came into question in the study. The data was collected through interviews made in the offices of participants within the hours when they were available during 2016–17 academic year.
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5 Data collection Data resource of the research consists of written records that were obtained from the interviews made with the participants. The interviews were planned on the basis of participants’ convenience. The appropriate interviews for both parties were made occasionally. All interpretations and suggestions that were made by the participants during interviews were recorded. Both written and audible records could be so beneficial for recalling the words or phrases that will be quoted. Additionally, they can be helpful in describing content analysis categories (Bell 1999). Keeping the records of interviews let the researchers analyze and revise their views about discussions and the directors also to analyze and revise their views about positive psychological states. While interview form was structured, similar studies were taken into consideration and the questions were determined in a way to convenient for the subject and purpose of this research. The interview form which was developed was investigated by the experts and then, the form was applied by making the necessary corrections. Creating a healthy environment based on mutual trust in which participants could express their views freely is important in terms of giving more honest and sincere answers to the questions asked (Yıldırım and S¸ ims¸ ek 2013). Qualitative researches are indicated as the researches in which qualitative data collection techniques are used among them; observation, interview and document analysis that have seven basic characteristics to be sensitivity to the natural environment, role of the researcher as participant, integrative approach, presentation of perceptions, flexibility in research design, inductive analysis and qualitative data. Comprehension of perception, attitude and processes is ensured better through qualitative researches.
6 Data analysis The data collected from the directors was subject to ‘‘content analysis’’ through data collection tool. Content analysis is a scanning strategy focusing on finding important and significant sections of a predetermined content. The main objective is to bring to light common aspects of text content (Fru¨h 2001). The content analysis is the logically arrangement operation of the process of conceptualization of collected data according to the determination and perception of resulting themes. It is a process of describing, coding and classifying data. Content analysis approach is commonly used in the analysis of qualitative data obtained through interviews and open-ended questions (Robson 2001; Bell 1999; Patton 1990). Content analysis was carried out in this research in order to put forth basic conceptions in data and demonstrate the relationship among these conceptions (Miles and Huberman 1994). Grouping data in categories is ensured by analyzing the data obtained based on the similar and different situations between the views of study group of the researcher. These categories that are grouped demonstrate how individuals perceive conceptions. Upon being re-edited by text editor, the written records that were taken during interviews were transformed into digital copies by using Microsoft Office Word 2007 software by the researcher. Transforming the data into computer environment illuminated fairly well the conceptual framework of the researcher.
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7 Coding the analysis While analyzing the data obtained from the integrative single statement design, the researcher created categories based on the similarities and differences between statements made by the participants individually. Each category demonstrates how they experience and perceive different concepts in different subjects (Didis et al. 2008). Categorical data analysis was used as selected content analysis method. Coding is labeling operation which starts with data analysis and continues during analysis process. The first coding entails the usage of very limited and illustrative degradation; and it uses high level concepts in order to integrate the data in a later phase (Robson 2001). It became effective on the conceptions emerging through literature findings during the determination of codes and categories. In this research, NVIVO 11.0 qualitative data analysis program was used to categorize and code the data. A series of wide content can easily be coded and complicated information can be set to more manageable data through NVIVO 11.0. In addition, the program allows recalling the speed during coding and analyzing the data later on. This software has majorly facilitated the process of finding common statements to an answer of a certain question. The views of school administrators where codes and categories are gathered for the validity of data analysis are quoted directly in this study.
8 Result 8.1 Findings of education directors about their relationship with the workers Education directors should show sign of sentiments that could meet the necessary demand and expectations in order that workers could show understanding of giving services. The findings on this relationship are given below: Considering the findings resulted upon the investigation of the data collected as a result of the interviews made with the participants, we can see clearly that a vast majority of teachers and directors believe that dissemination of responsibility consciousness and functioning of education through communication within the framework of respect could improve better. It can be said teachers think that directors could increase their faith in them by giving some responsibilities. According to teachers, directors should not make a plan and act in respect of only their own ideas, but it can be seen that there have the idea that they should also benefit from the experiences of other teachers working within the institution or system. When considering what the participating directors exactly say while analyzing such views, we can observe that they also regard positively to establish communication and have an exchange of ideas between directors and teachers in a similar vein. Both sides stated to care about establishing a discreet relationship out of such thoughts and cooperating. They pointed out that all these conditions should always exist in the relationship between directors and teachers (Table 1). ¨ .1). The relationship between directors and teachers should be discreet. (O ¨ .2). There should be exchange of idea between directors and workers in necessary (O cases. ¨ .15). That there is good communication between directors and teachers is (O important as it will increase not only the operation but also the cooperation within school.
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An evaluation of positive psychological state… Table 1 How should the relation be between educational directors and workers? Theme
Teaching
Administrator
N
%
N
%
There should be exchange of idea between directors and workers
3
12
1
10
There should be discreet relationship
4
16
1
10
It should be within sense of responsibility and in a respectful manner
9
36
6
60
Different thoughts should be respected
5
20
–
–
Directors should also benefit from the experiences of the workers too
2
8
1
10
¨ .20). Directors should manage the cooperation within school, also, they should (O establish their relationship with teachers in a respectful manner. (Y.5). While directors and teachers exchange views in work environment, they should maintain the respect and courtesy to each other.
8.2 Findings about job satisfaction of working people in physical environment Job satisfaction is the sum of emotional responses satisfying a person regarding his/her occupation. Thus, the views of working people are evaluated with regard to the increase of emotional response performances in physical environment that the profession entails (Table 2). We can see two attracting themes if we should regard this table from the point of view of teachers. One of them is the thought that the number of students is too much, this has really bad effects and for this reason, the number of students should be decreased and kept in a reasonable number. Another one is that physical environment should be designed and arranged not according to the ideas and demands of people but according to the needs of teachers. Separately, if we should consider what teachers say, we can see that there should be less furniture as necessary instead of the spaciousness, comfort, ergonomy, physical environment of other themes and amplitude of physical environment furniture. Considering the directors’ views, the theme showing similarity mostly to teachers is the design of Table 2 How should job satisfaction of working people be in physical environment? Theme
Teaching
Administrator
N
N
%
%
Comfortable and ergonomic work environment should be offered
4
16
4
40
It should be arranged so as student number is not too much
6
24
1
10
Physical environments should be prepared by considering health status of people
4
16
1
10
A spacious environment should be provided
4
16
5
50
It should be developed in the direction of teacher needs
5
20
1
10
It should be designed to be less furniture
2
8
–
–
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environments in comfort and ergonomy. Another theme in majority for the directors is the design of environments in spacious. The reason was stated to be able to prevent the depression of teachers who are working under heavy workload continuously as well as the pressure of environment, and to allow them concentrate on their work by feeling in comfort. In order to get the expected efficiency from teachers and ensure the compliance between teaching staff and management, the working areas should be arranged to be comfortable and ergonomic (Y.5, Y8). As teachers, in order to provide the students with the expected and desired education at best, one of the first changes to be done is to precise the number of students in the ¨ .32, O ¨ .19, O ¨ 17). classroom in an appropriate way (O The physical environments that will be used in schools and offered to serve teachers ¨ .7). should be developed by taking into consideration health status of people (O
8.3 Findings about sentimental environment of working people These are the findings based on the interaction of attitudes and behaviours of people serving and getting services. We can see in Table 3 the views on how emotional environment of working people should be. The vast majority of teachers and administrators stated their views that the environment where they are working should be motivating. This theme, in fact, shows us how much the environment of an institution is effective in making teachers love and adapt to the organizations in which they work. Teachers and administrators may love their profession; but it may not be possible to benefit efficiently from them if their work environment does not motivate and make them happy. Besides that, teachers stated their opinions majorly in favor of being in soothing and relaxing environment. It will be more possible to reach the desired goals in the environments where there is no tension and far away from fight, everyone loves each other and catches the appropriate study group. The administrators also pointed that to have a motivating environment will be the best option for everyone in a peaceful work environment. The environment where working people could pass their working hours peacefully ¨ .3). should be provided (O
Table 3 How should sentimental environment of working people be? Theme
Teaching
Administrator
N
%
N
%
It should be motivating
10
40
5
50
It should be soothing and relaxing
20
80
8
80
It should be affectionate
2
8
1
10
A compatible study group should be created
5
20
5
50
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There should be provided a compatible environment where emotional environment of working people will influence the productivity and where workers will go to their ¨ .33). work willingly (O ¨ .18). It should be peaceful and affectionate (O A motivating environment contributes to people to better focus on their works (Y.2).
8.4 Findings on positive atmosphere between administrators and workers They are the satisfaction, performance and emotional response in their occupation based on the interaction between administrators and workers. Considering Table 4, we can see very clearly the opinions and answers given to the question ‘‘is there any positive atmosphere between administrators and teachers?’’. When we investigate these themes, we can see that there is generally a positive atmosphere in schools according to both teachers and administrators. We can see the views on the table regarding the fact that there is no positive atmosphere in none of the groups even if just a pinch. There is a positive atmosphere. Thanks to such atmosphere, it becomes clear how ¨ .14). much confidence and importance the administrators give to their workers (O There is a positive atmosphere. Such an atmosphere should be created not only by administrators but also by teachers (Y.3). Yes, there is. The presence of positive atmosphere in an organization is an example of the development of both affection and respect within the related organization (Y.7).
8.5 Findings on guidance of administrators to their workers It helps bringing to light the potential of individuals within the relationship between administrators and workers, form their values, shape behaviours and direct them (Table 5). All of the administrators stated that they surely guide other people in other working areas in the question posed to the administrators. There is the belief that guiding among administrators has contributions to the development, and it will be possible for in-house people and the institution thanks to the guidance of administrators. ‘‘As we have communication based on the affection and respect between teachers and us, we guide them on occasion, and they guide us from time to time (Y.2). I believe that we should be a model with what we have done as administrators and our behaviours as well. That is why we should pay special attention to our behaviours while guiding (Y.6).
Table 4 Is there any positive atmosphere between administrators and workers?
Theme
There is a positive atmosphere There is not a positive atmosphere
Teaching
Administrator
N
%
N
%
24
95
10
100
1
42
0
0
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¨ znacar et al. B. O Table 5 Are the behaviours of workers as administrators guided?
Theme
I guide I do not guide
Teaching
Administrator
N
%
N
%
20
80
10
100
5
20
An administrator should not abstain from guiding in necessary cases. And I do not abstain from this (Y.1).
9 Discussion and conclusion This study aimed to gather the opinions of education directors with regard to how to evaluate their positive psychological states. It is stressed that administrator and teacher views regarding positive psychological states of education directors are supported. Based on the findings in research results, the results of the previous studies that were conducted before in the same field and some other studies in this field are correlated. Firstly, it was observed in the research that the vast majority of teachers and administrators believe that the sense of responsibility could be spread and the operation of education through respectful communication could be better developed with regard to the relationship between education directors and workers. According to Tas¸ an (2012), the relationship between the perception of psychological empowerment and voluntary performance behavior is enhanced when workers’ perception of identification with the organization is high. According to another result, we can see two striking themes if we should take a look from the teacher’s and administrator’s point of view with regard to job satisfaction of workers in physical environment. One of them is the thought that the number of students is too much, this has really bad effects and for this reason, the number of students should be decreased and kept in a reasonable number. Another one is that physical environments should be designed and arranged according to the needs of teachers but not people’s own ideas and demands. According to Eg˘inli (2009), it can be seen that it has primary importance between job satisfaction levels of public and private sector workers. The vast majority of teachers and administrators stated their views that the environment where they are working should be motivating with regard to emotional environment of workers based on another result. Kara and Beg˘enirbas¸ (2016) stated that it will be made contribution to obtain efficient results in the analysis of the personnel within organization, career management, procurement and selection, education, performance management by taking into consideration psychological capitals and emotional labour factors. When we investigate the positive atmosphere between administrators and workers, we can see that there is generally a positive atmosphere in schools according to both teachers and administrators. Cameron et al. (2003) pointed out that positive organizational science diverges from traditional science in terms of understanding humanity better. All of the administrators stated that they surely guide other people in other working areas in the consequences in relation to guiding the behaviours of the workers. As a consequence, it was concluded that positive psychological status were evaluated in interaction between administrators and teachers based on 5 sub-problems. The next steps should be in such a way that administrators should not benefit from only scientific
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knowledge and data while performing their management skills. There should be an environment on positive psychological stability in interactions between administrators and workers. Positive psychology is not an interaction which is established between administrators and workers only, but there can be created positive psychological environments necessary for students also. More appropriate results can be obtained by increasing the number of sampling of the study group. At the same time, quantitative method is applicable too. This research is important as it is a pioneer study in certain steps regarding tolerance training, since it is the primary study conducted in Northern Cyprus within its dimension. From another perspective, it can be seen as a result of the research that they have positive and eager thoughts on tolerance issue. In this direction, the research demonstrates that tolerance issue is important for every individual, and training on tolerance is an issue that should be focused on. It was concluded in this research that work environment of individuals where they could communicate with each other easily and comfortably is comfortable and they have positive atmosphere emotionally, namely, that there is tolerance between individuals brings them positive effects in their life. Thus, it is demonstrated with the conclusions of this study to what extent tolerance training could lead to improvements for individuals to feel positive and good.
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