Euphytica (2011) 179:237–246 DOI 10.1007/s10681-010-0294-9
Characterisation of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm and correlation between their agronomic and quality traits Sarika Mathure • Asif Shaikh • N. Renuka Kantilal Wakte • Narendra Jawali • Ratnakar Thengane • Altafhusain Nadaf
•
Received: 27 December 2009 / Accepted: 26 October 2010 / Published online: 3 November 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abstract Eighty-eight aromatic cultivars collected from Maharashtra state were assessed for determinants of kernel quality (kernel size-shape, test weight and aroma) and grain morphology such as awning, lemma and palea characters, pubescence, colour of sterile lemma and apiculus colour. We, report seven cultivars—‘Girga’, ‘Kothmirsal’, ‘Kala bhat’, ‘Chimansal’, ‘Jiri’, ‘Kalsal’ ‘Velchi’ and ‘Kali kumud’ as indigenous to southern India. Of the 69 cultivars characterized for agronomic traits 36 cultivars were exquisite genotypes and possessed one or more superior traits such as early flowering, dwarf stature, higher number of productive tiller per plant; long panicles; higher number of filled grains per panicle and strong aroma. Variability in aromatic cultivars was assessed on the basis of nine traits placed aromatic rice cultivars in five clusters. Number of cultivars in each cluster ranged from 1 to 33. 27
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10681-010-0294-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. S. Mathure A. Shaikh N. Renuka K. Wakte R. Thengane A. Nadaf (&) Department of Botany, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India e-mail:
[email protected] N. Jawali Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India
significant correlations were obtained in the physical, agronomic and grain morphology traits. Aroma was found to be negatively associated with days to 50% flowering as well as with filled grains per panicle. However, correlation between panicle length and effective tillers with aroma was not observed. Therefore, to increase the yield, improvement in length of panicle and increasing number of productive tillers in medium or mild scented cultivars would be the best strategy. Keywords Aromatic rice landraces Aroma Agronomic and quality traits Improvement
Introduction Aromatic rice constitutes small but a special group of rice, considered as of best quality. Majority of the indigenous aromatic rice cultivars are small and medium grained (Singh et al. 2000a). Himalayan Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar of India are the probable places of origin for aromatic rice. It is estimated that India has over 70,000 accessions of rice germplasm and with a sizable number of wild forms still to be collected and conserved (Siddiq 1992). Since the time of civilization, thousands of locally adapted aromatic rice genotypes have evolved as a consequence of natural and human selection. These landraces are the genetic reservoirs of useful
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genes. The large scale spread of modern, high yielding varieties has replaced the traditional varieties especially in the irrigated rice ecosystem leading to reduced genetic base and thus increased genetic vulnerability. In past few decades, increase in share of high yielding varieties and shrinkage in the area of local varieties have been reported in India (Hore 2005; Patil and Patil 1994; Rana et al. 2009) as well as in several other countries (Bhatti 1998; Chaudhary et al. 2006; Itani 1993; Juma 1989). In view of collecting the germplasm, a special drive was undertaken for upland paddy varieties cultivated in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and five other states resulted in collection of 1,938 cultivars. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi, India further augmented the collections during 1983–89 by about 4,862 accessions. Parts of Maharashtra were also explored during joint explorations led by Kihara in the early 1960s and Watabe in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Singh et al. 2000b). Even though all these explorations have resulted in a large assembly of aromatic rice cultivars maintained as working/ active collections/base collections at various gene banks, majority of the accessions lack precise information on important traits (Rana et al. 2009). Our earlier studies involving some aromatic rice cultivars from Maharashtra using molecular markers revealed high genetic diversity (Mathure et al. 2010). Aromatic rice varieties in general are tall statured, possess fewer number of panicles, high stem weight, lower yields and susceptible in lodging. Glaszmann (1987) revealed that aromatic rice varieties fall into a separate group from that of the typical indicas and stated that these two groups are incompatible causing inter-group hybrid sterility. Recently it is shown that 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline based fragrance in rice is due to the presence of a non-functional Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) (Bradbury et al. 2005, 2008). The non-functional BADH2 interferes in pollen tube development and this could be the reason for the low grain yield in aromatic varieties (Bradbury et al. 2008). Therefore, for improvement of scented rice special strategy needs to be designed by taking into consideration the correlation between the factors that are contributing in total yield. In the present study scented rice germplasm was collected throughout Maharashtra state and characterized for agronomic and quality traits to determine a strategy for improvement of aromatic rice.
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Materials and methods Exploration and collection of aromatic rice cultivars Rice growing regions of Maharashtra state and Belgaum Dist., Karnataka were surveyed in years 2005–2009 for aromatic rice cultivars. During this period local farmers were enquired primarily about native aromatic landraces. Based on this information, fine grid survey was conducted in Konkan belt (Thane, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg district), West Maharashtra (Nashik, Ahamadnagar, Pune and Kolhapur) and Vidharba (Bhandara, Chandrapur, Gudchiroli, Gondia districts) for collection of cultivars. Fresh seed stocks for each cultivar were collected from fields, farmer’s store, local market and threshing floors. Along with this, farmer’s opinions about peculiarities and shortcomings of the cultivars were also recorded. Germplasm from research stations in Maharashtra viz. Agricultural Rice Research Station, Radhanagri, Dist. Kolhapur and Rice Research Station, Shindewahi, Dist. Chandrapur was procured to ascertain comprehensive collection. In addition, Basmati rice types were procured from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi and National seed corporation Ltd, New Delhi for comparative analysis. The collected cultivars are conserved both at University of Pune, Pune, Maharashtra and Karjat rice research station field, Raigad, Maharashtra. Characterization of germplasm for grain morphology, quality and agronomic traits Collected cultivars were assessed for grain morphology, determinants of kernel quality (kernel size-shape, test weight and aroma) and agronomic characters. These cultivars were grown at Karjat rice research station, Dist. Raigad, Maharashtra state for agronomic assessment in Kharif (June–July) 2008 following the routine practise keeping 20 9 15 cm spacing between the two plants. Grain morphology of the cultivars such as awning, awn colour, lemma and palea characters, pubescence, colour of sterile lemma and apiculus colour following the guidelines of IBPGR-IRRI Rice Advisory Committee (1980) was recorded. Kernel quality was determined using de-husked grains. Kernels were classified on the basis of length (size) and for L/B ratio (shape) following classification described by
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Cruz and Khush (2004). Test weight was determined in triplicate and utilised to determine quality class: Coarse ([25 g), Medium (20–25 g) Fine (15–20 g) and Superfine (\15 g). Aroma was detected by sniffing and was scored as mild, medium and strong following KOH based method (Nagaraju et al. 1991). Out of the 88 cultivars from the collection 69 were selected for analysing the agronomic traits. These included cultivars belonging to different quality classes among those procured from research stations/institutes as well as all the cultivars collected from Maharashtra and Belgaum. The agronomic traits included in the study were days to 50% flowering, plant height in cm, number of productive tillers per plant at maturity, length of panicle and number of filled grains per panicle. Days to 50% flowering was measured from the date of sowing. Cultivars were classified on the basis of plant height as-tall ([120 cm), semi-dwarf (100–120 cm) and dwarf (\100 cm) stature. All the analysis was carried out in replicates. Data analysis Data on agronomic traits were standardised as follows: 1: (trait value) \ (mean–SD), 2: (mean–SD) \ (trait value) \ (mean), 3: (mean) \ (trait value) \ (mean ? SD), 4: (trait value) [ (mean ? SD). Characters were coded according to Pleijel (1995) and utilised for cluster analysis. Distance matrix among the accessions under study was calculated using TREECON software (version 1.3b) (Van de Peer and De Wachter 1993) by Unweighted Pair Group with arithmetic Mean Analysis (UPGMA) method. Genetic distances within the studied accessions were estimated following Nei and Li (1979) method. Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) for kernel length, kernel breadth, l/b ratio, test weight, aroma, presence of awn, days to 50% flowering, plant height, productive tillers per plant, length of panicle, filled grains per panicle and presence of pubescence on lemma palea were calculated using SPSS software (Version 9, Chicago, USA).
Results and discussion Exploration and collection of aromatic rice cultivars In western Maharashtra, Pune district possesses a good number of aromatic rice cultivars (12) followed by
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Kolhapur district (6) (Table 1). Traditional landraces ‘Basumati’ (also known as ‘Belgaum basmati’), ‘Kali kumud’ and ‘Kumud’ were collected from in Belgaum district, Karnataka. The cultivars ‘Girga’, ‘Kothmirsal’, ‘Kala bhat’, ‘Chimansal’, ‘Jiri’, ‘Kalsal’ and ‘Velchi’ are grown in Maharashtra and ‘Kali kumud’ in Belgaum over generations by local farmers at foothills in remote villages and are indigenous to these regions. ‘Ambemohar’, ‘Kamod’ and ‘Chinoor’ have been traditionally grown in certain pockets of Maharashtra (Nerkar et al. 2003). Our collection from Pune and Kolhapur district includes four cultivars of Ambemohar viz. ‘Ambemohar Ajra’, ‘Ambemohar Pandhara’, ‘Ambemohar-Tambda’, and ‘Ambemohar’. They exhibited variation in grain morphology and quality traits. Along with these, three Chinoor types viz. ‘Kate chinoor’, ‘Kondhekar chinoor’ and ‘Parabhani chinoor’ collected from Chandrapur district are reported for the first time. We could collect ‘Champakali’, ‘Ghansal’, ‘Kamavatya’, ‘Khadkya’, ‘Lal bhat’, ‘Lal dodki’, ‘Raibhog’, ‘Tamsal’ and ‘Gham’ cultivars known to grow in Maharashtra. Some of the cultivars collected during study possessed unique features viz. ‘Velchi’ posses distinct aroma resembling cardamom, ‘Gham’ grows in brackish water areas and ‘Khadkya’ can grow in comparatively less amount of water. Hanamaratti et al. (2008) have reported that ‘Belgaum basmati’, ‘Champakali’ and ‘Kumud’ are grown in Karnataka and have studied agronomy and drought resistance in ‘Champakali’. However, details of these cultivars were not described by them. Surveys for aromatic rice cultivars revealed that the majority of local cultivars had late maturity hence they require prolonged and consistent water supply. The localities from where local cultivars were obtained are characterized by red, brown and laterite soils of high rainfall areas (Dikshit 1986). The areas of aromatic rice cultivation are based at the foothills and are characterised by comparatively lower temperature, typical soil conditions and moisture which are ideal conditions for development and retention of high aroma. Hence, these areas can be taken as the niche areas for aromatic rice cultivation. Even though these conditions are common in Konkan region, only two cultivars are observed to be grown in this region. Similarly, Bhandara district and Gondia district are reported as rice bowls of Maharashtra (http://www.maharashtra.gov.in). During the survey in this region, farmers revealed that cultivars such as ‘Jirvel’, ‘Nagmoti’ and ‘Hiranakhi’ which were grown a
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Table 1 Details of the aromatic accessions and their localities of collection Source/place of collection
Type
Name of cultivar
Chandrapur
Landrace
Kate chinoor, Kondhekar chinoor, Parabhani chinoor
Gudhchiroli
Hybrid
Makarand
Kolhapur
Landrace
Ambemohar Ajra, Champakali, Ghansal, Girga, Kothmirsal
Maharashtra
Hybrid
Basmati
Ahmadnagar
Landrace
Kala bhat
Nashik
Landrace
Chimansal, Kamod
Pune
Hybrid
Indrayani
Landrace
Ambemohar, Ambemohar Pandhara, Ambemohar-Tambda, Jiri, Kalsal, Kamavatya, Khadkya, Lal bhat, Lal dodki, Raibhog, Tamsal
Selection
Ambemohar-157
Raigadh
Landrace
Gham
Thane
Hybrid
Pusa sugandha
Ratnagiri
Landrace
Velchi
Landrace
Basumati, Kali kumud, Kumud
Landrace
Adamchini-B, Amritbhog, Bansphool-A, Bantaphool-A, Barke bhat, Bela blue, Bishnubhog, Dhanprasad, Dubrajsena, Durgabhog, Gatia, Jeeraphool, Jhilipanjari, Kalakrishna, Kali kajari, Kanakjeer, Kothimbiri, Lalu, Pakhe bhat, Parbhatjira, Rati bhog, Shrabanmasi, Shyamjeer, Tulsiganthi, Tulsikanthi, Velkat, Vishnubhog
Selection
RDN local, RDN scented
Hybrid
Bhogavati, Pawana
Landrace
Taraori basmati
Selection
Kalanamak-3119, Kalanamak-3131, Basmati 370
Hybrid
CSR-30, Pusa sugandha 5, Pusa basmati, Super basmati
National seed corporation Ltd, New Delhi
Hybrid
Pusa basmati-1
Rice research station, Shindevahi, Chandrapur
Landrace
Acharmati, Badshahbhog, Chinikamini, Dubraj, Dusara, Elaichi, Girija sambha, Gopalbhog, Jeera-sona, Kalajeera, Kalanamak, Pim-pudi-basa, Shrikamal, Shrikant, Tulshiamrit, Tulshimanjula
Karnataka Belgaum Research station or Institutes Agri. Rice research station, Radhanagari, Kolhapur
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
few decades ago are out of cultivation. Genetic erosion might be the major reason to replace these traditional varieties by the high yielding rice varieties that are provided by Government agencies. Patil and Patil (1994) reported genetic erosion in North Konkan region of Maharashtra. Despite the encroachment of high yielding varieties, landraces like ‘Ambemohar’, ‘Ghansal’ have survived the onslaught of high yielding varieties owing to their characteristic aroma, taste and stability of yield in their niche areas. These fetch 15–20% high price than other varieties with high
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demand in Pune and Mumbai markets. During the study, we also came across various factors that are influencing the quality and quantity of aroma. As learnt from farmers, use of chemical fertilisers in efforts to increase production instead of the traditional farm yard manure was the major factor affecting aroma. Similar observations were recorded by Suwanarit et al. (1996) where they found that aroma and other physico-chemical characters in ‘Khao Dawk Mali 105’ were adversely affected by the applied dosages of nitrogen.
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Characterization of germplasm and assessment of variability in aromatic germplasm The grain morphology is depicted in Online Resource 1 and 2. Among 88 cultivars, 65 were awnless while other varied in awn size (short awn-12 cultivars and long awn-11 cultivars) and colour (straw-17 cultivars, red-2 cultivars and black-4 cultivars). Lemma and palea showed varied colouration as straw (62), golden (5), red (6), brown (2) and black (13 cultivars). Variation in colour of furrows (gold, brown and purple) and spots (brown and purple) and pubescence (53 cultivars) on lemma palea was recorded. The sterile lemma varied in colouration viz. straw (54), gold (5), red (9) and purple (20 cultivars). The apiculus colour was varied as straw (43), red (3), purple (3), brown (12) and black (27). The grain morphology varied considerably in cultivars procured from research stations/institutes as well as in those collected from Maharashtra and Belgaum (Fig. 1) with respect to awnness, colour and size of awns, lemma and palea with presence or absence of coloured furrows and spots, pubescence and varied coloured apiculus and sterile lemma. Hien et al. (2007) reported that in aromatic rice cultivars from Asia morphological traits were useful for preliminary evaluation and could be used as general approach for assessing genetic diversity among morphologically distinguishable aromatic rice cultivars. Considering the extent of variation in grain morphology in the present collection, it can be used for assessment of diversity. Patra and Dhua (2003) reported less variation in morphological characters among 120 accessions of upland rice collected from Jaypore tract of Orissa. The kernel length, a quality determinant, among the cultivars revealed a major variation ranging from 3.6 mm (‘Durgabhog’) to 8.8 mm (‘Pusa sugandha 5’). Bold grains of ‘Kothimbiri’ recorded lowest (1.4) l/b ratio value, while slender grains of ‘Pusa sugandha 5’ exhibited highest l/b ratio (4.95). Test weight of cultivars varied from 7.2 g (‘Girija sambha’ and ‘Gopalbhog’) to 26.1 g (‘Lal bhat’). The coefficient of variation for kernel length, l/b ratio and test weight was 22.75, 30.31 and 31.77 respectively. On the basis of size, shape, quality and aroma the cultivars are classified (Online Resource 3). The kernel size-shape of cultivars ranged from short-bold (22), shortmedium (23) to medium–medium (22) category.
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Landraces ‘Gham’ and ‘Basumati’ along with ‘Basmati 370’ recorded long-slender grain type. Among the cultivars, superfine (56) and fine (26) quality was frequent than medium (3) and coarse (3). The aroma score categorised 42 cultivars as medium, 28 mild and 18 strongly aromatic. The strongly aromatic cultivars contained 16 non-basmati types of which 13 (‘Acharmati’, ‘Chinikamini’, ‘Dusara’, ‘Girga’, ‘Kali kumud’, ‘Raibhog’, ‘Ratibhog’, ‘Velchi’, ‘Chimansal’, ‘Kala bhat’, ‘Kamavatya’, ‘Kamod’ and ‘Khadkya’) were landraces. Two Basmati types (‘Basmati 370’ and ‘Taraori basmati’), two hybrids (‘Makarand’ and ‘Indrayani’) and ‘Ambemohar-157’ also recorded strong aroma. All five Ambemohar cultivars exhibited quality determinant based variation amongst them s (Online Resource 3). The agronomical characters for 69 cultivars are depicted in Online Resource 4). The days to 50% flowering varied from 67 days (‘Lalu’) to 119 days (‘Gham’). Maximum number of the cultivars recorded tall stature (51) followed by semi-dwarf (14) and dwarf (4). ‘Gham’ was tallest (185.67 cm) whereas, ‘Kali kajari’ (91.2 cm) was found shortest in height. The average number of productive tillers per plant varied from 4 in ‘Acharmati’ to 14.3 in ‘Velchi’. The average panicle length ranged from 20.8 cm (‘Lal dodki’) to 31.83 cm (‘Elaichi’). The mean number of filled grains per panicle were the least in ‘Lal dodki’ (65) and maximum in ‘Dubrajsena’ (333.5). As far as variation in the agronomic traits is concerned, days to 50% flowering recorded low variation (%CV = 11.63) and average number of filled grains recorded highest variation (%CV = 28.79). The cluster analysis placed 69 aromatic rice cultivars into five clusters (Fig. 2). Cluster one was the largest cluster, which included 33 cultivars. This cluster was characterized by short-bold and shortmedium grains of superfine quality with exception of ‘Dhanaprasad’ (medium-medium) and two fine grain quality cultivars (‘Kothmirsal’ and ‘RDN scented’). Within this cluster, five ‘Ambemohar’ cultivars were segregated in three separate sub-clusters. The medium bold grained ‘Bela blue’ occupied second cluster. Eleven cultivars formed cluster three that included cultivars possessing medium-medium and mediumslender grains of superfine quality with the exception of ‘Lal bhat’ and ‘Lal dodki’ (coarse quality). The cluster 4 grouped 12 cultivars possessing medium
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Fig. 1 Variation in grain morphology of some cultivars
size and shape with fine quality along with one short medium grained cultivar (‘Raibhog’). Basmati types along with few non-basmati types formed 5th cluster. In this cluster, long slender grained traditional
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basmati along with non-basmati cultivars (‘Kali kajari’, ‘Pawana’, ‘Gham’, ‘Basmati 370’, ‘Basumati’, ‘Indrayani’ and ‘Taraori basmati’) formed a separate sub-cluster.
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Fig. 2 UPGMA cluster diagram showing relationship among 69 aromatic rice cultivars
The kernel size and shape, quality, aroma and agronomic characters, segregated all cultivars except ‘Ghansal’ (Kolhapur) and ‘Kumud’ (Belgaum) indicating a high degree of diversity in the germplasm (Fig. 2). Cluster analysis based variability assessment in rice is reported by several workers (Ghalain (2006), Hien et al. (2007), Naik et al. (2006), Sarawgi and Bhisne (2007) and Ratho (1984). Ratho (1984)
reported that clustering pattern did not follow the geographical origin of a variety. We recorded the similar trend in distribution of cultivars. Sarawgi and Bhisne (2007) reported separation of ‘Kalanamak’, ‘Pim-pudi-basa’ from Basmati types, while ‘Basmati 370’ further separated from ‘Taraori basmati’ and ‘Pusa basmati-1’ on the basis of agro-morphological and quality characters. In our studies, similar trend
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was observed for ‘Kalanamak’ and ‘Pim-pudi-basa’. Naik et al. (2006) revealed clustering pattern for 50 scented rice. In their studies ‘Badshahbhog’ and ‘Shrikamal’ grouped together while ‘Dubraj’, ‘Pusa basmati-1’ and ‘Taraori basmati’ occupied separate clusters, thus supports our finding. For higher variability breeding, parent selection based on wider inter-cluster distances was suggested by Mishra et al. (2003), Chaturvedi and Mourya (2005). The present study provides guidelines for selection of parents based on agronomic traits with special reference to quality characters for further improvement. Correlation among the traits Pearson’s correlation coefficients for twelve traits (Fig. 3) showed significantly positive association of kernel length with l/b ratio and test weight, and negative association with kernel breadth. The kernel breadth showed positive association with test weight and negative association with l/b ratio. The kernel l/b ratio was found positively associated with test weight. Among the agronomic traits, plant height exhibited significantly positive correlation with length of panicle and negative correlation with productive tillers per plant and filled grains per panicle. The correlations among few quality traits and agronomic traits were also recorded. The kernel length exhibited significantly positive correlation with productive tillers per plant and was negatively correlated with filled grains Fig. 3 Pearson’s correlation coefficients among aromatic rice cultivars KL Kernel length, KB kernel breadth, L/B kernel length breadth ratio, TW test weight, DTF days to 50% flowering, PH plant height, PTP Productive tillers per plant, LP Length of panicle, FGP filled grains per panicle
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per panicle. The kernel breadth showed positive correlation with plant height and negative correlation with productive tillers per plant. The kernel l/b ratio was found to be positively associated with productive tillers per plant and negatively associated with plant height filled grains per panicle. The test weight showed negative correlation with filled grains per panicle. The awnness correlated positively with kernel length, kernel l/b ratio, test weight and with productive tillers per plant and negatively with kernel breadth. The pubescent palea and lemma had positive association with kernel length, test weight and negative association with plant height and panicle length. The aroma was negatively associated with days to 50% flowering and with filled grains per panicle. Similar correlations were reported by other authors [Hussain et al. (1987), Khatum et al. (2003), Krishna Veni and Shobha rani (2006), Nadaf et al. (2006), Naik et al. (2005), (2004), Rajamani et al. (2004), Kibria et al. (2008) and Yadav et al. (2007)]. In our studies, increase in aroma correlated negatively with filled grains per panicle. Kibria et al. (2008) have also reported negative correlation between aroma and filled grains per panicle as well as yield. However grain yield showed positive correlation with panicle length and productive tillers (Kibria et al. 2008). Interestingly, as no correlation was recorded between panicle length and productive tillers with aroma, the best suitable strategy for improvement of aromatic rice would be to increase
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the length of panicle and number of productive tillers in medium or mild scented cultivars.
Conclusions Our study indicates that Pune and Kolhapur districts of Maharashtra are the niche areas for aromatic nonbasmati type landraces and represent good diversity of aromatic rice germplasm. Our group has reported genetic diversity among some of these cultivars (Mathure et al. 2010) indicating that the cultivars can effectively contribute to the gene pool of aromatic rice cultivars. The cultivars assessed are superior in panicle length, number of productive tillers, number of filled grains and test weight hence; are a source of valuable germplasm for breeding of high yielding aromatic rice. The best suitable strategy for aromatic rice breeding would be to improve the length of panicle and to increase number of productive tillers in medium or mild scented cultivars. Acknowledgments The work has been carried out under the financial assistance of University of Pune-Bhabha Atomic Research Centre collaborative research program, University of Pune, Pune and Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi. The authors are thankful to the Assistant Director of Research, Karjat rice research station, Karjat for providing field facilities.
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