Braz. J. Bot DOI 10.1007/s40415-017-0361-8
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Comparative efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide and synthetic fungicides in management of diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) for quality seed production H. Mahmud1 • I. Hossain2
Received: 26 August 2016 / Accepted: 20 December 2016 Botanical Society of Sao Paulo 2017
Abstract Extracts of garlic (Allium sativum L.) and neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), BAU-Biofungicide (Trichoderma based preparation), Potent 250 EC (Propiconazole) and Carbendazim (Bavistin DF) were evaluated under laboratory and field conditions in controlling diseases of rice cv BR11 for quality seed production. BAU-Biofungicide (2%) showed significant effect in controlling mycelial growth of (Bipolaris oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoem.), Cercospora oryzae I. Miyake, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn. and Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak. in-vitro test and also reduced disease severity of brown spot, narrow brown leaf spot, sheath blight and false smut as of Propiconazole (0.1%). Carbendazim (0.1%) showed better result in inhibiting the disease severity of narrow brown leaf spot and sheath blight. Propiconazole (0.1%) increased highest 26.40% grain yield, while BAU-Biofungicide (3%) increased 20.42% grain yield over untreated control in the field. Formation of maximum (74.33%) apparently healthy seed, highest germination (98.00%) increased 36.49% of vigor index by BAU-Biofungicide (2%) over control. Major seed borne fungi of harvested seeds were controlled by foliar application of BAU-Biofungicide. Keywords Chemicals Plant extracts Propiconazole Trichoderma based preparation Yield
& H. Mahmud
[email protected] 1
Department of Agricultural Extension, Kushtia, Bangladesh
2
Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main cereal food crop in Bangladesh. The country is considering production occupying 4th position in the world (USDA 2016). About 76% of the total cultivated land covering about 11.37 million hectares is under rice cultivation where total rice production was approximately 34.36 million tons (BBS 2014). The world average yield of rice is 4.43 t ha-1 but the national average yield of rice is 4.43 t ha-1 which is lower in comparison to 7.73 t ha-1 in South Korea (USDA 2016). There are many factors responsible for low yield of rice in Bangladesh. Among these, diseases are considered as major. Thirty two rice diseases are reported to occur in Bangladesh. Of these 10 diseases, viz. ufra, blast, sheath blight, bakanae, brown spot, sheath rot, false smut, bacterial leaf streak, bacterial leaf blight and tungro are main constraints which results in 10–15% yield loss (BRRI 1999). Brown spot (Bipolaris oryza (Breda de Haan) Shoem.), caused 18.75–22.50% yield loss (Kamal and Mia 2009). Narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora oryzae I. Miyake) resulted in yield losses up to 40% (Don Groth 2007) and Kumar et al. (2009) reported sheath blight resulting 25% yield loss. The disease incidence of false smut (Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tak.) could be as high as 50–60%, and yield was reduced up to 5–30% as reported (Liao and Li 1994). Quality seed for planting is an important input for successful crop production. Good quality seed possesses high yielding potentiality and healthy, i.e., free from infection by pathogens or having maximum acceptable tolerance limit of infection by a given pathogen in a given seed lot (Fakir and Mia 2004). Seed borne diseases, viz. brown spot Bipolaris oryzae, blast (Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc.), sheat rot (Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams. and D.
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H. Mahmud, I. Hossain
Hawks), seed rot, seedling blight (Bipolaris oryzae, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. and Fusarium spp.) and grain spots (Bipolaris oryzae, Curvularia lunata (Wakkers) Boedijn, Nigrospora oryzae (B. & Br.) Petch, Phoma glumarum Ellis & Tracy and Cladosporium sp.); bacterial diseases, viz. bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) (Uyeda & Ishiyama) Dowson and bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola); and by nematode like white tip (Aphelenochoides besseyi Christie) are harmful to rice seed health for causing diseases in seed bed as well as in the field (Fakir 2004). Rice disease management strategies mainly aim at prevention of outbreak or epidemics through the use of host plant resistance and chemical pesticides. Although some plants have antifungal properties (Mia et al. 1990), but recommended dose of plant extracts has not yet been completely formulated. Biocontrol assumes special significance as an eco-friendly and cost-effective strategy which can be used in integration with other strategies for a greater level of protection. Trichoderma spp. elicits biocontrol mainly by being mycoparasites and by being aggressive competitor of the pathogens (Cumagun 2012). Chemicals were used as a positive control. The present study has been designed to control rice diseases by using plant extracts and biocontrol agent as an alternative option in order to avoid environmental pollution. Environment friendly BAU-Biofungicide controls pre-emergence and post emergence death of different crop plants, and it has its strong potentiality as a seed treating bioagent (Hossain 2011). Moreover, the formulated product, BAU-Biofungicide works as an activator, increases the plant growth, plant stand and ultimately increases the grain yield of rice (Mahmud and Hossain 2013).
Materials and method Isolation – Bipolaris oryzae and Cercosora oryzae were isolated from infected leaves and seeds collected from the field, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn from infected sheath of rice plants and U. virens from the collected seed following the method of Liu et al. (2009). Isolation of fungi from seed was done following ISTA rules (1996). Pure culture of the pathogen was preserved in PDA with the help of hyphal tip culture method aseptically and stored in a refrigerator at 4 C for further study. Preparation of plant extracts – Healthy leaves of neem and garlic cloves were collected and washed thoroughly under running tap water followed by sterile distilled water (SDW). The extracts were prepared by homogenizing plant parts using a blender and prepared at 1 and 2% concentration by dilution with water and kept in conical flasks separately before use.
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Use of BAU-Biofungicide and fungicide – BAU-Biofungicide (Trichoderma based preparation) was used at 2 and 3%. BAU-Biofungicide is a Trichoderma based preparation (Hossain 2011). Bavistin DF (Carbendazim) and Potent 250 EC (Propiconazole) were also used at 0.1 and 0.05% concentrations. Bioassay of Plant extracts, BAU-Biofungicide and fungicides on fungi – Potato dextrose agar medium was used. After solidification, three 5 mm disks of the medium were scooped from three places maintaining equal distance of 4 cm from the center using a sterilized disk cutter. One milliliter of each of plant extracts, suspension of BAUBiofungicide, Bavistin DF and Potent 250 EC was put into each hole, and the plates were stored overnight at room temperature. Next day, the plates were inoculated at the center with 6 mm blocks of 15 days old culture of fungi and incubated at 24 ± 1 C. Each treatment was replicated thrice and only water was used for control treatment. Linear mycelial growth of fungi was measured up to 12 days of inoculation (Nene and Thaplial 1993) and percent inhibition was calculated by the formula Sundar et al. (1995): Inhibitionð%Þ ¼
XY X
where; X = mean mycelia growth (radial) in control plate, Y = mean mycelia growth (radial) in treatment. Field experiments – The experiment was conducted during two Aman seasons of 2011 and 2012 in the field Laboratory of the Department of Plant Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, following randomized complete block design with three replications. The field was fertilized as per recommendation of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Gazipur (BRRI 2004). The individual plot size was 10 m2, and block to block and plot to plot distances were 1.5 and 1.5 m, respectively. Thirty four days old seedlings of susceptible variety BR11 were uprooted from the seed bed and three seedlings per hill were transplanted in the field on August 4, 2011 and 2012. Hill to hill and row to row distances were 15 and 25 cm, respectively. The spray schedule was started just after commencement of disease symptom and three sprays were done at 15 days interval. Disease severity of each plot was assessed following the procedure of Standard Evaluation System for Rice (IRRI 1996). Dry inspection of seeds – Seventy gram seeds were taken randomly from each harvested sample and categorized visually into (a) apparently healthy seeds, (b) spotted and discoloured seeds and (c) chaffy grain. Each category was recorded and expressed in percentage (Chowdhury 2012). Tray method (sand culture) – The collected sand was sterilized with 5% formalin (Dasgupta 1988). The formalin
Comparative efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide and synthetic fungicides in management of diseases… Mycelial growth inhibition Bipolaris oryzae
Cercospora oryzae
Rhizoctonia solani
Ustilaginoidea virens
50 a
45 b
b
40
b
Mycelial growth(mm)
a c
35 b bc
30
a
bc
bc cd
d
25
e
de
e
e
a
ef
b
b
20
de
e
c
c
c
fg
c
c
d
fg
g d
d
15 ef
f
fg
d
de
e
ef
f
fg
g
10 5
C
on
tro
l
) 5% (0 EC
t2 Po te n
nt te Po
50
0 25
in st vi Ba
.0
.1 (0 EC
F D
D in st vi Ba
%
) .0 (0
(0 F
id ic ng fu io -B BA
U
5%
) .1
% (3 e
e id ic ng fu io -B U
BA
%
)
) % (2
(2 m ee N
)
) %
) % (1 m ee N
lic ar G
G
ar
lic
(2
(1
%
%
)
)
0
Treatment
Fig. 1 In-vitro evaluation of extracts of garlic and neem; BAU-Biofungicide, Bavistin and Potent against fungi at fifth count (12th days) of rice cv BR11
treated soil was covered with polythene sheet for 48 h and then exposed for 48 h for aeration before setting experiment. The plastic trays (1200 9 800 ) were filled with the sand. Three hundred harvested seeds of each treatment including control were sown in plastic trays (100 seeds/tray) maintaining equal distances among the seeds following CRD with three replications for each treatment. Trays watered as when necessary for maintaining proper moisture. Randomly selected 10 seedlings were uprooted carefully from each tray and washed thoroughly with running tap water. Data on vigor index (VI) for each treatment at 14 days after sowing (DAS) on different parameters were computed using the following formula of Baki and Anderson (1973): Vigor index = (mean shoot length ? mean root length) 9 %germination. Blotter method of seed health test – Seed health test was carried out following rules of ISTA 1996. Each seed borne infection was recorded and expressed in percentage (Agarwal et al. 1989). All recorded data on different parameters were analyzed statistically using MSTAT-C computer program and treatment means were evaluated for significance using Duncan’s multiple range test following Gomez and Gomez (1984).
Results and discussion In-vitro test resulted in lowest mycelial growth of B. oryzae, C. oryzae and R. solani was found with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) preceded by Potent (0.1%) and highest mycelial growth was recorded in control (Fig. 1). Manimegalai et al. (2011) reported that B. oryzae mycelial growth was inhibited by up to 72% by metabolic products of antagonistic fungi, such as T. harzianum. Similar findings were also reported by Elham et al. (2011). Naeimi et al. (2010) evaluated the efficacy of 78 strains of Trichoderma against R. solani by dual culture method. Minimum mycelial growth of U. virens over control was found with Potent 250 EC (0.1%) preceded by BAU-Biofungicide (3%) and Bavistin DF (0.1%). Chen et al. (2013) tested fungicides, viz. prochloraz and difenoconazole against U. virens isolates for their sensitivity during the stage of mycelial growth and found good result of inhibition. The lowest disease severity of brown spot of rice was recorded with foliar application of Potent 250 EC (0.1%) followed by BAU-Biofungicide (2%) in 2011 and 2012 (Table 1). Similar results were also observed by Fattah et al. (2007) who reported the efficacy of spray application
123
H. Mahmud, I. Hossain Table 1 Effect of extracts of Garlic and Neem; BAU-Biofungicide, Bavistin and Potent on disease severity of rice cv. BR11 in 2011 and 2012 Percent disease severity Treatment (dose)
Brown spot
Narrow brown leaf spot
At 75 DAT
At 90 DAT
At 105 DAT
At 75 DAT
At 90 DAT
At 105 DAT
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
Garlic (1%)
5.33b
7.00b
10.67cd
11.00c
11.43d
12.00c
4.00bc
3.50bc
6.00cde
6.00c
7.00d
7.50c
(30.51)
(26.32)
(37.24)
(42.11)
(55.75)
(58.97)
(29.45)
(33.33)
(54.99)
(61.29)
56.25
(57.14)
Garlic (2%)
4.67b
–
9.00def
–
9.27d
–
3.67bc
–
5.50de
–
6.00de
–
Neem (1%)
6.33ab
7.75ab
14.00b
15.00b
20.00b
21.00b
4.67ab
4.25ab
10.00b
9.50b
12.00b
11.50b
(17.47)
(18.42)
(17.65)
(21.05)
(22.57)
(28.21)
(17.64)
(19.05)
(24.98)
(38.71)
25.00
(34.29)
6.00ab
–
12.00c
–
16.33c
–
4.33bc
–
8.17bc
–
10.00c
–
(39.11)
Neem (2%)
(47.06)
(21.77)
(64.11)
(29.41)
(35.27)
(36.78)
(58.74)
(23.63)
62.5
(38.71)
37.50
BAU-Biofungicide (2%)
5.00b
6.75b
7.33fgh
7.00f
5.00e
5.00d
3.50c
3.00bc
4.67e
4.00d
3.13gh
(34.81)
(28.95)
(56.88)
(63.16)
(80.64)
(82.91)
(38.27)
(42.86)
(64.97)
(74.19)
80.44
(82.86)
BAU-Biofungicide (3%)
4.67b
–
6.00gh
–
4.50e
–
3.50c
–
4.33e
–
3.10gh
–
(39.11)
(64.71)
(82.58)
(38.27)
(67.52)
3.00e
80.63
Bavistin (0.1%)
5.33b
7.50b
8.00efg
9.00de
8.67d
10.50c
4.00bc
3.50bc
5.67de
5.75c
5.00ef
5.00d
Bavistin (0.05%)
(30.51) 6.00ab
(21.05) 7.50b
(52.94) 10.00cde
(52.63) 10.75cd
(66.43) 11.00d
(64.10) 11.75c
(29.45) 4.67ab
(33.33) 4.00abc
(57.46) 7.00cd
(62.90) 6.75c
68.75 6.33de
(71.43) 6.00cd
(21.77)
(21.05)
(41.18)
(43.42)
(57.41)
(59.83)
(17.64)
(23.81)
(47.49)
(62.90)
60.43
(65.71)
Potent 250 EC (0.1%)
5.00b
6.50b
5.67h
7.00f
3.33e
4.50d
3.33c
2.75bc
4.00e
3.50d
2.00h
2.50e
(34.81)
(31.58)
(66.65)
(63.16)
(87.11)
(84.62)
(41.27)
(47.62)
(69.99)
(77.42)
87.50
(85.71)
Potent 250 EC (0.05%)
5.33b
6.50b
6.67gh
7.50ef
4.00e
5.00d
3.33c
3.25bc
4.00e
4.00d
2.33gh
3.00e
(30.51)
(31.58)
(60.76)
(60.53)
(84.51)
(82.92)
(41.27)
(38.10)
(69.99)
(74.19)
85.44
(82.86)
7.67a
9.50a
17.00a
19.00a
25.83a
29.25a
5.67a
5.25a
13.33a
15.50a
16.00a
17.50a
Control (water)
In a column, figures having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by DMRT Data represent the means of three replications Data in parentheses indicate % disease severity reduction over control DAT = Days after transplanting
of a spore suspension of T. harzianum for controlling rice brown spot disease under field conditions. These findings were also supported by Razu and Hossain (2015). Minimum severity of narrow brown leaf spot disease was observed in Potent 250 EC (0.1%) and BAU-Biofungicide (2%) followed by Bavistin DF (0.1%) in 2011 and 2012, respectively which were supported by Razu and Hossain (2015). Hossain et al. (2011) similarly reported that Bion, Amistar and Tilt resulted in marked reduction of severity of brown spot and narrow brown leaf spot in cv BR11 under field conditions. Evidently, highest (85.48, 86.67%) reduction of severity of sheath blight was noted with Potent 250 EC (0.1%) followed by Potent 250 EC (0.05%), Bavistin DF (0.1 and 0.05%) and BAU-Biofungicide (2%), while no statistical significant variation of disease severity was found among the treatments in two successive years 2011 and 2012 (Table 2). Similar findings were reported by
123
Razu and Hossain (2015) who reported that sheath blight of rice was controlled by BAU-Biofungicide and Potent 250 EC (0.1%). Maximum reduction in severity of false smut was observed with Potent 250 EC (0.1%) followed by Potent 250 EC (0.05%) and BAU-Biofungicide (2%) in 2011 and 2012, respectively (Table 2). Chen et al. (2013) reported that two sprays of 50% Propiconazole EC at 300 g a.i. ha-1 exhibited the best control of rice false smut. Maximum (26.40%) increase of grain yield over control was observed by using Potent 250 EC (0.1%) in 2012, while BAU-Biofungicide (3%) increased (20.42%) grain yield over control in 2011 (Table 2). Similar observations were also reported by Gupta et al. (2013). They found that Propiconazole and azoxystrobin (0.1%) significantly increased the grain yield by 19, 12 and 21% in three rice varieties, viz. Basmati-370, Jaya and PC-19, as compared to their respective controls in successive two years 2011
Comparative efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide and synthetic fungicides in management of diseases… Table 2 Effect of extracts of Garlic and Neem; BAU-Biofungicide, Bavistin and Potent on disease severity of diseases of rice cv. BR11 in 2011 and 2012 Percent disease severity Treatment (dose)
Sheath blight At 75 DAT
Garlic (1%) Garlic (2%)
At 90 DAT
At 105 DAT
105 DAT
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
11.67ab
7.00ab
11.10b
7.25b
9.67ab
6.50ab
7.00bc
6.00b
5.62abc
5.50bc
(7.75)
(17.65)
(22.76)
(19.44)
(66.00)
(15.38)
(34.40)
(29.41)
(7.25)
(10.00)
10.47abc
–
9.12bc
–
7.67bc
–
5.00de
–
5.92abc
–
(17.23) Neem (1%)
Yield (t ha-1)
False smut
(36.53)
(25.75)
(53.14)
(12.98)
10.33abc
6.25bc
9.55bc
5.50c
8.00b
5.00b
7.67b
6.00b
5.40bc
(18.34)
(26.47)
(33.54)
(38.89)
(22.56)
(33.33)
(28.12)
(29.41)
(3.05)
(7.40)
Neem (2%)
9.00abc
–
7.15 cd
–
5.67c
–
6.00 cd
–
5.65abc
–
BAU-Biofungicide (2%)
9.00abc
6.00bc
7.00 cd
4.50 cde
3.50ef
2.50 cd
3.67efg
3.00c
6.17abc
5.87ab
BAU-Biofungicide (3%)
(28.85) 8.47abc
(29.41) –
(51.29) 7.00cd
(50.00) –
(66.12) 3.00ef
(66.67) –
(65.60) 3.33fgh
(64.71) –
(17.75) 6.31ab
(17.40) –
Bavistin (0.1%)
6.30c
4.75 cd
5.10de
3.50de
3.00ef
2.00cd
3.50 fg
3.00c
6.07abc
(50.20)
(44.12)
(64.51)
(61.11)
(70.96)
(73.04)
(67.20)
(64.71)
(15.84)
(12.60)
Bavistin (0.05%)
7.08bc
5.50bcd
5.93de
4.50cde
4.00de
3.00c
4.00ef
3.50c
5.80abc
5.37bc
(44.03)
(35.29)
(58.73)
(50.00)
(61.28)
(60.00)
(62.51)
(58.82)
(10.68)
(7.40)
Potent 250 EC (0.1%)
5.93c
4.00d
4.00e
2.75e
1.50f
1.00d
2.00h
2.00d
6.44a
6.32a
(53.12)
(52.94)
(72.16)
(69.44)
(85.48)
(86.67)
(81.25)
(76.47)
(22.90)
(26.40)
Potent 250 EC (0.05%)
6.00c
4.50d
4.00e
3.00e
2.50ef
1.75 cd
2.50gh
2.00d
6.11abc
5.82ab
(52.57)
(47.06)
(72.16)
(66.67)
(75.80)
(76.67)
(76.67)
(76.47)
(16.60)
(16.40)
12.65a
8.50a
14.37a
9.00a
10.33a
7.50a
10.67a
8.50a
5.24c
5.00c
(28.85)
(50.24)
(33.04)
Control (water)
(45.11)
(51.29)
(43.77)
(70.96)
5.37bc
(7.82)
(68.79)
(20.42) 5.63abc
In a column, figures having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by DMRT Data represent the means of three replications Data in parentheses indicate % disease severity reduction over control DAT = Days after transplanting – = not tested in 2012
and 2012. These findings were also supported by Razu and Hossain (2015). Under the present study no good effect was found with the extract of neem leaf (A. indica) and garlic clove (A. sativum) in reducing disease severity and increasing grain yield though Razu and Hossain (2015) reported that extract of A. sativum showed profound effect in increasing grain yield at 5%. Apparently highest (78.50%) healthy seed was recorded in Potent 250 EC (0.1%) sprayed plot followed by Potent 250 EC (0.05%) and BAU-Biofungicide (2%) in 2011 and 2012. BAU-Biofungicide (3%) resulted in maximum (98.00%) germination along with formation of normal seedling (93.00%) among the treatments. Higher increase (29.69%) in normal seedlings was found with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) as well as in Potent 250 EC (0.1%) having increase of 28.64% over control in harvested seeds in 2012.
Highest reduction of diseased seedling (36.36%) over control was found by using BAU-Biofungicide (2 and 3%). Highest increase in vigor index (36.49%) was appeared with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) followed by Potent 250 EC (0.1%) compared to control (Table 3). Ora et al. (2011) found better performance regarding lowest pathogenic incidence, rotten seed, dead seed, seed germination and seedling vigor index. Mahmud and Hossain (2013) reported that application of BAU-Biofungicide (2%) and Potent 250 EC (0.1%) as foliar spray for three times of rice cv BR11 under field condition resulted in maximum germination, highest apparently healthy seed and maximum normal seedling of harvested seeds. These findings are in accordance with the observation of Biswas et al. (2008) who reported that Trichoderma treated rice seeds showed maximum germination (92%) and increased shoot and root
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H. Mahmud, I. Hossain
length 21 and 25%, respectively. Mahmud and Hossain (2016) also reported that 45.7 and 32.7% vigor indexes were increased over control when rice seeds of BR11 variety were treated with BAU-Biofungicide (3%) and Bavistin (0.1%), respectively at 14 days after sowing. These findings were supported by Hasan et al. (2005). The seeds were found to be associated with 6 different seed borne fungi, viz. Aspergillus flavus, B. oryzae, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium moniliforme Sheld., Fusarium oxysporum (Schlecht. emend. Snyder & Hansen) & Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams. & D. Hawks., (Table 4). The highest (90.00%) reduction of seed borne infection of B. oryzae was observed in harvested seeds as foliar application of BAU-Biofungicide (3%) over control followed by Potent 250 EC (0.1%) which is reported by Elham et al. (2011) who evaluated the efficacy of T. harzianum against B. oryzae and recorded inhibited growth of rice brown spot pathogen. Maximum (40.00%) reduction of
seed borne infection of F. oxysporum was found in BAUBiofungicide (2%) sprayed plots followed by Potent 250 EC (0.1%) over control. Patale and Mukadam (2011) reported that T. harzianum reduced the growth of F. oxysporum and later overgrew the test fungus. These findings were also supported by Nisa et al. (2011). Highest (62.50%) reduction of F. moniliforme was recorded in BAU-Biofungicide (2%) followed by BAU-Biofungicide (3%) having (56.25%) reduction over control. These findings were in accordance with the observation of Jat and Agalave (2013). They observed that Trichoderma species inhibited the growth of seed borne infection of F. moniliforme. These findings were also supported by Sagar et al. (2005) and Ahmad and Mukesh (2002). Higher reduction (67.57%) of seed borne infection of C. lunata was achieved in BAU-Biofungicide (2%) followed by BAU-Biofungicide (3%) and Potent (0.1%). Trichoderma harzianum inhibited pathogenic fungus C. lunata to a great extent in rice seed as also reported
Table 3 Effect of extracts of Garlic and Neem; BAU-Biofungicide, Bavistin and Potent on germination (%) and vigor index at 14 days after sowing of harvested seeds of rice cv BR11 following tray method during Aman season in 2011 and 2012 Treatment (dose)
Garlic (1%) Garlic (2%)
% Apparently healthy seed
Germination (%)
Normal seedling (%)
Diseased seedling (%)
Vigor index
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
2011
2012
66.36bcde
68.25cd
68.00abcde
–
92.33ab
94.00ab
72.33cde
73.00abc
10.33a
11.00a
1954.30de
1992.58bc
(?6.53)
(?10.59)
(?10.14)
(?14.06)
(-6.09)
(-0.00)
(?10.93)
(?14.09)
93.00ab
–
74.00bcde
–
10.00abc
2053.55bcd
–
(-9.09)
(?16.56)
(?7.30) Neem (1%)
63.00de
(?12.68)
64.00de
91.00ab
92.33ab
71.33cde
74.00ab
11.00a
10.00ab
1993.02cde
2004.33bc
(?5.00) 92.00ab
(?8.62) –
(?8.62) 73.00cde
(?15.63) –
(-0.00) 10.67b
(-9.09)
(?13.14) 2069.87bcd
(?14.76) –
Neem (2%)
65.00cde
–
BAU-Biofungicide
73.00abc
74.33abc
(?6.15) (2%) BAU-Biofungicide
74.33ab
–
(3%) Bavistin (0.1%) Bavistin (0.05%) Potent 250 EC
70.33abcd 67.33abcde 76.00a
69.75bcd 67.25cde 78.50a
74.67ab
76.25ab
(0.05%) Control (water)
59.33e
60.75e
(-3.00)
(?17.49)
97.00a
84.33ab
83.00a
7.00f
8.00c
2383.50a
(?13.07)
(?14.12)
(?28.41)
(?29.69)
(-36.36)
(-27.27)
(?35.29)
(?36.49)
98.00a
–
85.00a
–
7.00f
2398.93a
–
(-36.36)
(?36.17)
(?13.07)
(0.1%) Potent 250 EC
(?11.16)
98.00a
(?29.44)
92.00ab
92.00ab
74.00bcde
75.00ab
9.00cde
9.00bc
2123.0abcd
2138.17ab
(?6.15)
(?8.24)
(?12.68)
(?17.19)
(-18.18)
(-18.18)
(?20.51)
(?22.42)
90.00ab
89.67ab
71.00de
72.33bc
9.33bcd
9.33abc
1958.86de
–
(?3.84)
(?5.49)
(?8.12)
(?13.02)
(-15.18)
(-15.18)
(?11.19)
96.00a
96.00a
82.00abc
82.33ab
8.00ef
7.67c
2280.58ab
2306.65ab
(?10.76)
(?12.94)
(?24.87)
(?28.64)
(-27.27)
(-30.27)
(?29.45)
(?32.07)
97.00a
96.00a
80.67abcd
81.00ab
8.33de
8.00c
2261.99abc
2271.27ab
(?11.91)
(?12.94)
(?22.84)
(?26.56)
(-24.27)
(-27.27)
(?28.40)
(?30.04)
86.67d
85.00b
65.67e
64.00c
11.00a
11.00a
1761.67d
1746.55c
In a column, figures having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by DMRT Data represent the means of three replications Data in parentheses indicate % increased (?) and % decreased (-) over control DAS = Days after sowing – = not tested in 2012
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2383.95a
8.25b
4.00cd (-51.52) 10.00c
5.00ef (-50.00)
(-50.00)
5.00ef
(?30.00)
13.00b
(?45.00)
14.50a
(-60.00)
4.00f
(-55.00)
4.50ef
(-45.00)
5.50de
(-32.50)
6.75d
6.00de (-40.00)
(-50.00)
5.00ef
9.25b
4.00cd (-56.76)
(-59.46)
3.75cd
(?8.11)
10.00a
(?16.22)
10.75a
–
(-67.57)
3.00d
–
(-45.95)
5.00c
–
(-59.46)
3.75cd
8.00ab
4.50d (-43.75)
(-50.00)
4.00de
(-9.38)
7.25abc
(-12.50)
7.00bc
(-56.25)
3.50de
(-62.50)
3.00e
(-0.00)
8.00ab
(-6.25)
8.50a
6.25c (-21.88)
(-12.50)
7.00bc
2011
7.25a
3.25d (-55.17)
(-48.28)
3.75cd
(-13.79)
6.25ab
(-31.03)
5.00bc
–
(-48.28)
3.75cd
–
– = not tested in 2012
Data in parentheses indicate % increased (?) and % decreased (-) over control
Data represent the means of four replications
17.00a
13.50de (-20.59)
(-27.94)
12.25e
(-8.82)
15.50abc
(-11.76)
15.00bcd
(-23.53)
13.00e
(-17.65)
14.00cde
(-11.76)
15.00bcd
(-1.47)
(-17.24)
(-16.67)
(-22.5) (-37.50)
20.00a
13.25d (-33.75)
4.50a
2.00e (-55.56)
(-100.00)
0.00g
3.75bc
15.50c 12.50d
(-33.33)
3.00d
(-77.78)
1.00f
(-66.67)
1.50ef
(-27.78)
3.25cd
(-5.56)
4.25ab
1.75ef (-61.11)
(-66.67)
1.50ef
2011
5.00a
0.00d (-100.00)
(-100.00)
0.00d
(-40.00)
3.00b
(-50.00)
2.50b
–
(-100.0)
0.00d
–
(-45.00)
2.75b
–
(-80.00)
1.00c
2012
Sarocladium oryzae
(-22.50)
15.50c
–
(-40.00)
12.00d
–
(-10.00)
18.00ab
16.75ab
6.00ab
(-20.00)
16.00bc
2012
–
(-8.82)
15.50abc
2011
Fusarium oxysporum
16.25ab (-4.41)
–
(-31.03)
5.00bc
2012
Fusarium moniliforme
In a column, figures having same letter(s) do not differ significantly at 5% level of significance by DMRT
10.00b
Control (water)
(-63.64)
(-50.00)
5.50c (-45.00)
(0.1%)
Potent 250 EC (0.05%)
3.00d
5.00cd
Potent 250 EC
(?27.2)
(?17.50)
(0.05%)
10.50a
(?9.09)
(-5.00)
11.75a
9.00ab
10.50ab
(-90.00)
–
(-63.64)
(-80.00)
1.00e
3.00d
2.00e
(?10.00)
–
Bavistin DF
Bavistin DF (0.1%)
BAU-Biofungicide (3%)
BAU-Biofungicide (2%)
11.00ab
(?3.03)
Neem (2%)
8.50b
11.50ab
(?15.00)
Neem (1%)
(-39.39) –
(-60.00)
3.50d (-65.00)
5.00c
4.00cd
2012
2011
2011
2012
Curvularia lunata
Bipolaris oryzae
Garlic (2%)
Garlic (1%)
Treatment (dose)
6.50a
2.50c (-61.54)
(-69.23)
2.00c
(-23.08)
5.00b
(-23.08)
5.00b
(-100.00)
0.00e
(-100.00)
0.00e
(-100.00)
0.00e
(-84.62)
1.00d
2.00c (-69.23)
(-84.62)
1.00d
2011
5.00a
1.50cd (-70.00)
(-80.00)
1.00d
(-40.00)
3.00b
(-40.00)
3.00b
–
(-80.00)
1.00d
–
(-80.00)
1.00d
–
(-60.00)
2.00c
2012
Aspergillus flavus
Table 4 Effect of extracts of Garlic and Neem; BAU-Biofungicide, Bavistin and Potent on germination (%) and seed borne fungi in seeds of cv BR11 following blotter method during Aman season in 2011 and 2012
Comparative efficacy of BAU-Biofungicide and synthetic fungicides in management of diseases…
123
H. Mahmud, I. Hossain Table 5 Benefit–cost ratio (BCR) analysis of foliar spray with two extracts of Garlic and Neem; BAU-Biofungicide; Bavistin and Potent in controlling diseases of rice cv BR11 Functions
Garlic clove (1%)
Neem leaf (1%)
BAU-Biofungicide (2%)
Bavistin (0.1%)
Potent (0.1%)
Control
Seed (Tk.)
750/-
750/-
750/-
750/-
750/-
750/-
Preparation of land (Tk.)
7200/-
7200/-
7200/-
7200/-
7200/-
7200/-
Seed bed preparation (Tk.)
400/-
400/-
400/-
400/-
400/-
400/-
Fertilizer cost (Tk.)
9990/-
9990/-
9990/-
9990/-
9990/-
9990/-
Lay out and transplantation
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
Weeding and irrigation (Tk.)
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
5000/-
Cost of treatments (Tk.) Insecticide cost (Tk.)
2496/500/-
1696/500/-
3150/500/-
3705/500/-
2741/500/-
– 500/-
Harvest cost (Tk.)
3000/-
3000/-
3000/-
3000/-
3000/-
3000/-
Cost of processing (Tk.)
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
Transportation cost (Tk.)
500/-
500/-
500/-
500/-
500/-
500/-
Others cost (Tk.)
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
1000/-
Total cost of cultivation (Tk.)
36,836/-
36,036/-
37,490/-
38,045/-
37,081/-
34,340/-
Yield (kg ha-1)
5560
5385
6020
5850
6380
5120
Sell price (Tk ha-1)
83,400/-
80,775/-
90,300/-
87,750/-
95,700/-
76,800/-
Profit (Tk ha-1)
46,564/-
44,739/-
52,810/-
49,705/-
58,619/-
42,460/-
(%) return over control
9.67
5.37
24.38
17.06
38.06
–
Benefit–cost ratio
2.26:1
2.31:1
2.58:1
2.24:1
2.24:1 -1
-1
2.41:1 -1
-1
Legends for costs: labor: Tk. 200 labor ; seed: Tk. 30 kg ; plowing: Tk. 2400 ha (one time); Bavistin: Tk. 2500 kg ; Potent: Tk. 1850 liter-1; BAU-Biofungicide: Tk. 50 kg-1; garlic clove: Tk. 64 kg-1; neem leaf: Tk. 40 kg-1; urea: Tk. 20 kg-1, TSP: Tk. 24 kg-1, MP: Tk. 17 kg-1, gypsum: Tk. 10 kg-1, zinc: Tk. 220 kg-1 and rice sell price: Tk. 15 kg-1
by Sagar et al. (2005). Hundred percent reduction of A. flavus was found with BAU-Biofungicide (2 and 3%) and neem leaf extract (2%) over control. These findings were in accordance with the observation of Patale and Mukadam (2011), who found that three species of Trichoderma showed antagonistic activity against A. flavus and A. niger. Hundred percent reduction of seed borne infection of S. oryzae was found with BAU-Biofungicide (2%) and Potent 250 EC (0.1%) as shown in Table 4. Kalaiselvi and Panneerselvam (2015) reported that T. harzianum was found to be most effective with 96% inhibition of S. oryzae over control after 7th day of incubation by dual culture. Benefit–cost ratio (BCR) 2.58:1 was found in Potent 250 EC (0.1%), while BAU-Biofungicide (2%) was 2.41:1 (Table 5). Hasan et al. (2014) reported that BAU-Biofungicide and Bavistin were found to have in controlling tikka disease of groundnut under field condition. They obtained benefit–cost ratios by 2.64:1 and 2.30:1 in application of BAU-Biofungicide (3%) and Bavistin DF (0.1%), respectively as foliar spray which is also supported by Hossain (2012). Trichoderma harzianum (BAU-Biofungicide) showed significant effect in inhibiting mycelial growth and reduced disease severity both in laboratory and in the field. It increased grain yield as well as reduced cost of production. BAU-Biofungicide (2%) can be
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recommended as foliar application in controlling diseases of rice and protecting seed borne pathogens for quality seed production avoiding environmental pollution.
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