ISSN 09670912, Steel in Translation, 2013, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp. 808–814. © Allerton Press, Inc., 2013. Original Russian Text © A.L. Sotnikov, V.N. Kireev, A.Yu. Orobtsev, N.N. Galyan, O.Yu. Gladilin, D.I. Dushkevich, V.S. Plugatar’, S.V. Ptukha, A.Yu. Tsuprun, 2013, published in “Stal’,” 2013, No. 12, pp. 8–13.
Continuous Casting of Steel at BarCasting Machines in Ukraine and Moldova A. L. Sotnikova, V. N. Kireevb, A. Yu. Orobtsevc, N. N. Galyand, O. Yu. Gladiline, D. I. Dushkevichf, V. S. Plugatar’g, S. V. Ptukhag, and A. Yu. Tsuprunh aDonetsk
National Technical University, Donetsk, Ukraine AssoM Association of Mechanics, Donetsk, Ukraine cPAO Yenakievskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod, Yenakievo, Ukraine d OOO Elektrostal’, Kurakhovo, Ukraine ePAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F. E. Dzerzhinskogo, Dneproderzhinsk, Ukraine f PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog, Krivoi Rog, Ukraine g PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod, Kramatorsk, Ukraine hOOO NPO Doniks, Donetsk, Ukraine b
Abstract—Since the turn of the century, continuous barcasting machines have been widely established, pri marily at mini mills. The continuous barcasting machines already in operation in Ukraine and Moldova are considered, along with the prospects for the construction of new mini mills and the expanded production of continuouscast bar. Keywords: mini mill, continuous barcasting machine, productivity, casting runs, extrusion rates DOI: 10.3103/S0967091213120152
Continuous barcasting machines have been widely introduced as a result of the proliferation of mini mills [1, 2]. Today, however, they are also used at fullscale steel mills. In Ukraine, the first continuous barcasting machine (designed by Danieli, Italy) was built at ZAO MiniMetallurgicheskii Zavod Istil—now PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgichesikii Zavod (DEMZ)—in 1999 (Tables 1 and 2) [3–5]. In 2003 and 2004, two continuous barcasting machines designed by PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroi tel’nyi Zavod (NKMZ) went into operation at PAO Yenakievskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod (YMZ) [6, 7]. Subsequent continuous casting machine have generally been characterized by lower productivity and a limited number of strands. A threestrand continu ous barcasting machine designed by STB Tecno siderurgica Bresciana (Italy) was built in 2008 at OOO Elektrostal’ (ES), Kurakhovo [4, 8, 9]. In 2009, a twostrand machine designed by Jilin Province Met allurgical Machinery Company (China) was built at OOO TSASteel Grupp (TSA), Pavlograd [4]. In 2008 and 2011, sevenstrand continuous barcasting machine designed by Siemens VAI Metals Technolo gies (Austria) were constructed at PAO Dnepropetro vskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhin skogo (DMKD), Dneproderzhinsk [4]. A sixstrand continuous barcasting machine designed by Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH & Co. went into
operation in 2012 at PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog (AMKR). In 2013, a twostrand continuous bloom casting machine designed by STB Tecnosiderurgica Bresciana (Italy) and built in 2008 at ChAO Azovelek trostal’ (AzovES), Mariupol, was modernized by spe cialists at PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod as a threestrand continuous bar and bloom casting machine [10]. Today, only seven of the nine Ukrainian continuous barcasting machines are still in operation (Table 1; Fig. 1). In 2012, OOO TSASteel Grupp shut down indefinitely on account of insoluble environmental problems in steel production. Likewise, PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgicheskii Zavod stopped production in connection with restructuring of the business. The total steel output of the operational Ukrainian continuous barcasting machines is 5.6 million t/yr. By comparison, in Russia, 18 con tinuous barcasting machines were constructed and reconstructed between 1998 and 2008, for a total steel output of 14 million t/yr [2]. In Moldova, the only mini mill is OAO Moldavskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod (MMZ), constructed in Rybnitsa in 1985. Since its construction, it has been practically completely integrated into Ukraine’s met allurgical industry. To ensure its operation, Ukraine supplies the main raw materials, as well as electric power. In Moldova, there are insufficient sources of raw materials and power; no universities produce spe
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809
Table 1. Characteristics of continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova Enterprise Parameter
Number of strands Productivity,
106
t/yr
Grades of steel cast6 (run length)
OAO MMZ
DEMZ
YMZ
DMKD
ES
AzovES
TSA
61
6
6×2
7×2
3
32
2
1.05
3
R (407)
4
AMKR 6 5
1.1–1.2
2.7
2.4
0.55
Debugging stage
0.003
R (608)
R (499)
R (32)
R (4410)
R (1211)
(no data)
HQ (6.5)
(412
HQ
1.45 R (24)
HC (7)
HC (7)
HC (15)
HC (8)
HQ (7)
HQ (7)
HQ (6)
HQ (25)
125
100–15013
100–15015
130–20017
125–15018
125–25019
120
150
–
120–18014
15016
–
–
400
–
–
Mold length, mm
800
1000/78020
1000
900
780
800
No data
1000
Baseline radius, m
6
8
7
9
6
11
6
9
design value
1.7–1.8
≥3.421
2–5
1.6–3.8
≤2.4/322
≤1.1
≤2.6
2.8–3.4
after reconstruc tion
2.8–4.2
–
–
–
–
≤3
–
–
3.6
1.8–6
2.5–5
1.8–3.6
2.3–3.6
0.4–3.2
2.4
2.4–3.2
17.2
22.4
21.62
30
20
32.2
18.23
26.6
)
HC (8) HQ (8)
Ingot cross section, mm square round
Ingotextrusion rate, m/min
working value Metallurgical length23, m
1 From 1985 to 1999, two sixstrand continuouscasting machines were in operation; subsequently, one was dismantled. 2 In 2008, a twostrand continuous bloomcasting machine (ingot cross section 250 × 250 mm; diameter 400 mm) was
built. After reconstruction in 2013, a third strand was added, with conversion to a continuous bloom and barcasting machine. Square ingots (side 125–150 mm) may be cast. 3 With the production of 50% highquality steel, which requires limitation of the extrusion rate to 2.8 m/min and reduction in the runs to seven melts. 4 For the maximum monthly output, with fast replacement of the tundish dosing units in the continuouscasting machine (to ensure runs of 60 melts), without downtime for metal fracture and faults. In casting square billet (side 125–150 mm), the productivity may be 1.2 million t/yr (in the absence of melts corresponding to the roughing shop). 5 In 2012, the plant was shut down indefinitely. 6 R, regular steel; HC, highcarbon steel; HQ, highquality steel. 7 Up to 15 melts without using the system for fast replacement of the tundish dosing units. 8 In casting steel without stoppers. 9 The record run includes 72 melts. 10 The maximum number of runs per month; the record run includes 67 melts [9]. 11 Number of melts for 125 × 125 mm ingots. 12 Number of melts for round ingots (diameter 400 mm). 13 100, 120, 125, 130, and 150 mm. 14 120, 150, 160, and 180 mm. 15 100, 120, 125, 130, 140, and 150 mm. 16 Not produced. 17 130, 150, 160, and 200 mm. 18 120, 125, 130, 135, and 150 mm. 19 125, 130, 150, and 250 mm. 20 Mold length for square/round blank. 21 For 100 × 100 mm ingot. 22 Maximum speed 2.4 and 3 m/min for 135 × 135 and 120 × 120 mm ingots, respectively. 23 Calculated along the ingot axis from the metal meniscus in the mold to the unit cutting the billet into measured lengths. STEEL IN TRANSLATION
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SOTNIKOV et al.
Table 2. Manufacturers of radial continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova Mill
Manufacturer of continuous casting machines
OAO MMZ OAO Mashinostroitel’nyi Kontsern ORMETOYuUMZ (Russia) OAO AKhK VNIImetmash im. A.I. Tselikova (Russia) DEMZ “Danieli & C. Officine Meccaniche S.p.A.” (Italy) YMZ PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod (Ukraine) DMKD “Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH & Co.” (Austria) ES “STB Tecnosiderurgica Bresciana” (Italy) AzovES “STB Tecnosiderurgica Bresciana” (Italy) PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod (Ukraine) TSA “Jilin Province Metallurgical Machinery Co., Ltd” (China) AMKR “Siemens VAI Metals Technologies GmbH & Co.” (Austria)
cialists to operate the plant; and the corresponding manufacturing enterprises do not exist. However, the construction of this plant marked the introduction of
Number of casting machines
10 8 6 4 2 0 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Year
0
Number of strands
2.4 2.7 DMKD YMZ
1.45
1.15
1.05 OAO MMZ
AMKR
DEMZ
0.55 ES
10
20
30
40
50
60
Length of casting run Fig. 2. Comparison of the productivity (106 t/yr) of con tinuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova.
1985 1999 2003 and 2004 2008 and 2011 2008 2013 2009 2012
continuous barcasting machines not only in Moldova and Ukraine but also in Russia. The construction of the plant and the first continuous barcasting machine in the Soviet Union was accomplished by specialists mainly from the enterprises that are now OAO AKhK VNIImetmash im. A.I. Tselikova, Bardin Central Sci entificResearch Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy (Moscow, Russia) [11], OAO Mashinostroitel’nyi Kontsern ORMETOYuUMZ, Zhukovskii National Aerospace University (Kharkov Aviation Institute, Ukraine), and GP Ukrgipromez (Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine). Thanks to stepwise reconstruction of the plant and training of specialists, OAO MMZ is a glo bally competitive steel producer. Recently, OAO MMZ specialists and specialists from Ukraine— primarily PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod [7]—have been active in the development of new continuouscasting machines and technologies within the Commonwealth of Independent States and beyond. Today, OAO MMZ is temporarily shut down, on account of restructuring of the business. Analysis of Table 1 shows that all the continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova are of radial type with a basic radius of 6–11 m and a metal lurgical length of 17.2–32.2 m. The bar produced is generally of square cross section, with sides of 120, 125, 130, and 150 mm. The only Ukrainian plant pro ducing round bar over a wide size range is PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgicheskii Zavod. Reg ular steel is mainly cast on the Ukrainian machines, without stoppers. For highquality steel billet, stopper rods are used in the ladle. At OAO MMZ, the casting of highquality steel without stoppers employs a sys tem for protecting the metal jet from secondary oxida tion and an electromagnetic mixing system in the mold.
Fig. 1. Increase in the number of Ukrainian continuous barcasting machines.
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2
Year of introduction
70
Comparison of continuous barcasting machines (Table 1; Fig. 2) shows that the productivity is greatest at OAO Yenakievskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod and PAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo, primarily on account of the STEEL IN TRANSLATION
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0.30
Mold length, m
YMZ
2.7 AMKR
3.6
0.8
DMKD OAO MMZ
0.6
1.8
ES AzovES
2.95
0.4 0.2 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.25 0.20 0.15
0.05
40
0
Metallurgical length, m
In terms of engineering characteristics (Table 1; Fig. 3), the best results are obtained for the continuous barcasting machine at OAO MMZ. (With the mini mum mold length and metallurgical length of the machine, an extrusion rate of 3.6 m/min is ensured.) Next, the figures for PAO Donetskii Elektrometallur gicheskii Zavod and PAO Yenakievskii Metallur gicheskii Zavod are approximately the same: 3.75– 3.9 m/min. The lowest extrusion rates, with compara ble or better values of the other characteristics, are observed for PAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F. E. Dzerzhinskogo, ChAO Azovelek trostal’, and PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog: 1.8– 2.8 m/min. The productivity of the continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova is determined pri marily by the number of strands and secondarily by the length of the casting runs (Fig. 4a) and the extrusion rate of the ingots from the mold (Figs. 4b and 5), if we disregard the crosssectional area of the billet. This behavior is clearly seen for the sixstrand continuous barcasting machines at PAO Dnepropetrovskii Met allurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo, PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgichesikii Zavod, and PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog (denoted by the arrows STEEL IN TRANSLATION
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Productivity, 106 t/yr
greater number of machines in operation. The pro ductivity is least for the threestrand machine at OOO Elektrostal’. In terms of production runs, the leaders are PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgichesikii Zavod, PAO Yenakievskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod, OOO Elektrostal’, and OAO MMZ, while the worst are PAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo and PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog. Regardless of the length of the run, the productivity of the sixstrand continuous barcasting machines at PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog, PAO Donetskii Elektro metallurgichesikii Zavod, and OAO MMZ is of the same order: 1.05–1.45 million t/yr.
60
20 30 40 50 Length of casting run
10
70
(b)
0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15
y = 0.0974x3 – 0.9582x2 + 3.1167x – 3.1527 R2 = 0.0294
0.10 0.05 0
0.5
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
Extrusion rate, m/min
Fig. 4. Dependence of the productivity of a single strand on the length of the casting run for regular steel (a) and on the mean extrusion rate (b) according to the data of Table 1.
in Figs. 2 and 3). In this group, the productivity is greatest at PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog, with shorter runs and lower extrusion rate. That may be explained by the different levels of use of the equip 0.30 Productivity, 106 t/yr
Fig. 3. Comparison of the mean extrusion rates from the mold (m/min) for continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova (vDEMZ = 3.9 m/min).
y = 2 × 10–6 x3 – 0.0002x2 + 0.0093x – 0.094 R2 = 0.0111
0.10
0.25
7 Mean rate
6 5
0.20
4
0.15
3 0.10
2
0.05
1
0 DMKD OAO MMZ
ES DEMZ YMZ AMKR
0
Enterprise Fig. 5. Relation between the working extrusion rates and the productivity of a single strand, for different enterprises (Table 1).
Extrusion rate, m/min
3.75
1.0
(a)
2.8
Productivity, 106 t/yr
DEMZ 3.9
811
812
SOTNIKOV et al.
ment, which depends on the organization of produc tion and on the improved reliability and faultfree operation of the equipment, as well as the stability and safety of the continuouscasting process. The mean productivity for a single strand (corresponding to six continuous barcasting machines: at OAO MMZ, PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgichesikii Zavod, PAO Yenakievskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod, OOO Elektrostal’, Dnepropetrovskii Metallur gicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo, and PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog), is 0.198 million t/yr. In Ukraine, there are plans for the construction of mini mills in the Odessa, Kiev (at Belaya Tservov), and Rovensk regions [12]. In principle, the construction of mini mills in all the regions of Ukraine is economically justified, since it permits the creation of new occupa tional centers in those regions, removes traffic from transport arteries, and distributes the environmental burden between regions [1, 2]. Theoretically, mini mills correspond to minimization of production costs, waste production, and downtime and to maximum productivity and profitability [1, 2, 9]. However, the reality is different, as shown by operational experience in Moldova (at Rybnitsa) and Ukraine (at Pavlograd and Donetsk and for the OOO NPO im. M.V. Frunze plant at Sumy [4]). First, the training of highly qualified specialists is required to support the creation of occupational cen ters at metallurgical enterprises and the efficient oper ation of technological equipment. However, all the universities that offer such training are concentrated in Ukraine’s industrial regions, and the wages proposed for the new plants are not sufficient to motivate relo cation. Nevertheless, this does not rule out the possi bility if the enterprise is interested in training local specialists and cultivating a local community, with the expenses that entails. For example, OAO MMZ is a major enterprise in Rybnitsa and, since its establish ment, graduates from the city’s schools have sought education in Russia (mainly at Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys, Moscow) and Ukraine (at the Ukrainian National Metallurgical Academy, Dnepropetrovsk) and then returned to Moldova to work at the plant. Leading specialists and managers from these institutions already work at OAO MMZ and other metallurgical enterprises within the Com monwealth of Independent States and beyond. Second, metallurgical enterprises are huge con sumers of energy, and therefore it makes sense to build them close to sources of cheap energy. (For example, OOO Elektrostal’ is located in Kurakhovo, next to the Kurakhovo thermoelectric plant of OOO DTE Vostok energo [8].) Otherwise, the load on the regional power grid is greatly increased, which will interfere with the operation of existing enterprises. Note that the intro duction of regional rates with a daily peak of
1.68 hryvnia/kWh has markedly reduced the compet itiveness of metallurgical enterprises. Third, the operation of any metallurgical enterprise depends on nearby facilities, manufacturing plants, repair contractors, and scientific organizations. As the distance increases, the cost of such services increases. Fourth, the problematic environmental conditions in Ukraine complicate the construction of any new production facility, since reduction in its environmen tal impact is very expensive [8, 13]. The capital expenditures associated with meeting environmental requirements raise product costs. With incorrect selection of the plant’s location, construc tion time, and design, its products may be uneconom ical. For OAO MMZ, we may say that the geographic position does not offer any benefits in terms of pro duction costs. The lack of affordable raw materials and energy resources, high transportation costs, and sig nificant labor costs call for more efficient production or concentration on products with high added value, which may be competitive even at high prices. Note also that even the construction of a mini mill in an industrial region (such as PAO Donetskii Elek trometallurgicheskii Zavod) does not guarantee its efficient and stable operation. This is associated pri marily with an excess of production capacity and changing market conditions for metallurgical prod ucts, nationally and globally [1]. Today, only those enterprises that are part of verti cally integrated conglomerates are still operating in Ukraine, such as OOO Metinvest Holding (Donetsk), Industrial’nyi Soyuz Donbass (Donetsk), and Gerkules Holding (Donetsk) [12]. There is a trend to optimize the production structure of large enterprises in Ukraine by introducing continuous barcasting machines (at PAO Yenakievskii Metallurgicheskii Zavod, PAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo, and PAO Arcelor Mittal Krivoi Rog). This trend was evident even in 2005 [14]: “Mini mills are no longer regarded simply as local metallurgical enterprises with a short techno logical cycle but may also be integrated into large enterprises that generate their own raw materials, with the retention of all the benefits of mini mills.” The traditional smelting system at a steel mill with a complete metallurgical cycle is the oxygen converter, whereas mini mills use an electrofurnace [1, 12]. Oxy gen converters are used at PAO Yenakievskii Metallur gicheskii Zavod, PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog, and PAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo; electrofurnaces are used at PAO Donetskii Elektrometallurgicheskii Zavod, OOO Elektrostal’, ChAO Azovelektrostal’, OOO TSASteel Grupp, and OAO MMZ. As a rule, mini mills employ a single three, two, or sixstrand continuous bar casting machine, while large enterprises employ two STEEL IN TRANSLATION
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six or eightstrand machines (Table 1). Between 1985 and 1999, two sixstrand continuous barcasting machines operated at OAO MMZ. To reduce operat ing costs and increase productivity, it was decides to replace the two lines by a single line [15]. As a result, the design steel output of 700000 t/yr was increased to 1 million t/yr, while the operating costs were reduced by a factor of 1.43. The strategy of reducing unit costs per 1 t of billet by increasing the productivity of the continuouscasting machine was developed in the 1980s [15]. It has already been successfully employed at various European plants, such as HSW Mittal Steel Hamburger Steelwerke (now Arcelormittal Hamburg GmbH, Germany). The major European steel producers predict that the development of production in the next 10– 20 years will focus on reducing costs, rather than increasing output. In Ukraine, the next step is the introduction of new continuouscasting machines at OOO Interpipe Stal’ (Dnepropetrovsk) and the cre ation of combined continuous bar and bloomcasting machines. The first such machine has already appeared at ChAO Azovelektrostal’; modernization of the con tinuous bloomcasting machine at Dnepropetrovskii Metallurgicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo is planned [16]. In Ukraine, in order to increase the productivity and efficiency of continuouscasting machines and reduce their operating costs and energy costs, it must be a priority to extend the casting runs and the extru sion rate; to improve preventive maintenance; and to improve the design of auxiliary casting equipment. In improving the performance of continuous barcasting machines, Ukraine and Moldova have the benefit of excellent research, educational, and manufacturing enterprises, such as OOO NPO Doniks, Donetsk National Technical University, the Ukrainian National Metallurgical Academy, and PAO Novokramatorskii Mashinostroitel’nyi Zavod [17]. The staff of these insti tutions will be able to make great contributions to the development of steelmaking. Their efforts are evident in the technical literature—notably in the journal Metallurgicheskie Protsessy i Oborudovanie (Donetsk, Ukraine), which may be found online at http://metal.donntu.edu.ua. CONCLUSIONS (1) The challenging economic situation in Ukraine and within the Commonwealth of Independent States, as well as globally, is seen in metallurgy in the form of price rises for raw materials and energy resources, reduced demand for steel, and consistently low domestic demand. These circumstances impose new requirements on the construction and improvement of continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine. Correct selection of the time, place, and design for the con STEEL IN TRANSLATION
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struction of mini mills is impossible without input from specialists in steelmaking; without such consul tation, steel production at such mills will be expensive, inefficient, and altogether irrational. (2) The output of bar billet in Ukraine will increase on account of increase in the productivity of existing continuous barcasting machines introduced in the last few years at PAO Dnepropetrovskii Metallur gicheskii Kombinat im. F.E. Dzerzhinskogo, PAO ArcelorMittal Krivoi Rog, and ChAO Azovelek trostal’ and also the creation of new combined contin uous bar and bloomcasting machines. (3) The next step in the development of continuous barcasting machines in Ukraine and Moldova is the optimization of production, with increase in produc tivity of the machines and reduction in energy costs and operational costs, as a result of improved effi ciency and upgraded equipment. (4) In improving the performance of continuous barcasting machines, Ukraine has the benefit of excellent research, educational, and manufacturing enterprises. REFERENCES 1. Smirnov, A.N., Safonov, V.M., Dorokhova, L.V., and Tsuprun, A.D., Metallurgicheskie minizavody (Metal lurgical Mini Mills), Donetsk: OOO NordPress, 2005. 2. Voronov, V.F., Parshin, V.M., Kuklev, A.V., et al., Development of continuous barcasting in Russia in the last decade, Byul. Chern. Metall., 2008, no. 2, pp. 60–67. 3. Kas’yan, G.I., Osipov, V.G., Pavlenko, A.V., and Kova lenko, I.P., Continuous casting of round and square bil let at the electrosteel shop of ZAO MMZ Istil (Ukraina), Metallurg. Gornorud. Prom., 2002, no. 10, pp. 47–51. 4. Smirnov, A.N., Fifty years of continuous casting in Ukraine, Metallurg. Gornorud. Prom., 2010, no. 3, pp. 27–30. 5. Kas’yan, G.I., Pisarenko, S.N., and Volkov, A.V., Improving the production of universal continuous bar casting machines, 50 let nepreryvnoi razlivke stali v Ukraine (Fifty Years of Continuous Casting of Steel in Ukraine), Dyudkin, D.A. and Smirnov, A.N., Eds., Donetsk: DonNTU, 2010, pp. 177–179. 6. Orobtsev, Yu.V., Dymchenko, E.N., and Butakov, S.G., Highproductivity continuous casting machines for smalldiameter bar at OAO YeMZ, Metallurg. Gor norud. Prom., 2002, no. 10, pp. 94–98. 7. Aleksandrov, I.V., Belobrov, Yu.N., and Tiunov, V.N., Creating competitive equipment for steel smelting, Stal’, 2002, no. 8, pp. 91–98. 8. Serov, A.I., Development of OOO Elektrostal’, Met. Lit. Ukr., 2010, no. 9/10, pp. 14–17. 9. Lam, M.M., Khobta, A.S., Serov, A.I., et al., Improving the productivity of the continuous barcasting machine at OOO Elektrostal’, 50 let nepreryvnoi razlivke stali v Ukraine (Fifty Years of Continuous Casting of Steel in
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14. 15. 16. 17.
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