CRITICISM AND BIBLIOGRAPHY h, ~ ,

Peshkov~kt~

C A L C U L A T I O N S OV BASES AND F O U N D A T I O N S O~ C I V I C AND I N D U S T R I A L B U I L D I N G S Rosvuzizdat, 1963, ~84 panes. 80 kopecks Reviewed by L, Sh. M l n t s k o v s k l t , and V, A, Y a ~ o s h e n k o '

L. I, g o r z h e n k o .

UDC 624.15/048

The ~ o k bein~ ~vfowcd ~ a m ~ u a ! f o r students of in)titutes of hither learning for d)e bu|ldi~ ~ade) and depanmenu. T h e book consists of ten chapters. At the end of each chapter ate questions for review, examples, and t~oblcms,

Chapter I contains a description of the compos|don~ aud properties of soils, Ch~p~er II examines the comFtc~loa equation, vxpl,~las the .concept of Hooke's law, lateral earth pressure coefficlent, and cocfflc|¢nt of ttan~w~se expansion, a~ well a: the moduh~s ol coral toll dcfom~adon, :' Bousslnesq'~ solution of the action of a concentrated force oa a seml-|nHnlio ela)tlc solid h p~esented. Formulas a)~ 81vcn for de~e~mtniug pressure at various deptl~s u)~de¢ d~¢Centcr of gtavtty of a untfOtt~!ly loaded recvae.gle, Tablc~ at~l given which facilitate cal,cula,,l~s, and the method of co~ner ~[nts a~d method) of dvtetmgnh~g d~e )l),~t[Dade atr ~h¢ con,packing pcvs~u~e ate presented. Chap~r Ii ha~ Inaccuracies, The mc~lnlus of el~tictty E and not the n:o,Julu; of total dcfotmatiou E0 should bc lr~ d~ fotn~ula of H¢ok¢'s law, It ~houtd h~ve been pohged out ~hat E0 ca~ be u)ed tn place of E for ~otl~ la ~h¢ ta~ge of o~dh~aty ~¢rv|¢e loads, The ~uthot calls g])¢ strC++cse~:~cttng the ex2t¢~,~io):~of lto,)ke'~ law "pttncip~ stresses," g'hcteas they are not ptit~clpal b~)t normal ~t)e~c+. Whe+~prc~c~th;g ~he mctl~c~Jof dctcr)~iini~ the m ~ u ~) of deformation of ~oii ba~cd o~ data of co~)ptes_~ioa te~t~, fl~c author ~houtd have mcmloned how the ni~!ul~$ of defotmad~,n is fout~d from the data of an e×~rimcatal IOadtag of platc,~ u~:~)erfield co))dt~lo~:i, W¢ ~otc that the rt~ccha~dcal model of the di,~tibt~tion of ~o[l sttcs.~¢s as closely packed sphetc_~~s hardly acceptable for col~cdv¢ soils, Chaptgr |II |1 devoted .to ~ofl detain)aliens, but this p/oblen~ h examin,:d quttc tncotuplvtely, The au~ho¢did not touch ~i~oa mattct~ of dcgcrmhde,g~ofl dcformatlo)~ by the meth~t o( general and local elastic defotn)afions or b~ tl~e t)'~oty of ~otl compaction. The chapter es~,en,l:dly preten',~ e~,~r.eerlng methe,h ,~t deCctr)~lalng the setfleme~ts of ma~ive fotmdatton~, whereas all otl~er ptoblcm~ of the defo:)uadon of ba~c~ and the mluHon of corresponding problems ~t¢ not elu¢ldat~I, The problems of determining the boating capacity o¢ soll~ ate exami~:cd [a Chapter W, wherein the mefl)od of determining th~ critical load ba~ed on tc~t data from loading a ~ettlemcnt plate t~ prescutcd with fn~ff~eicnt clarity, Phenomena characterizing the HmRtng ~t~te of soil ate listed on page 9,','; the formation of cracks o~ upward yielding ridges on the retrace, a mark .~1 tnctea~ of settlement following a slight increase of the external toad) ~nd co(~dnuous ~ettlemcnt duthg a 24-h pvdc~d. Such charactvrhtics of the limttin~ state of soil ~t(~ inadequate, "t'h¢ occutre~ce of upward y~elding ridges oa the surface of tl~e soil does not charactertxe this i ~ t l n g state, tt is known that even ~tth a small external load on a s~ffac¢ settlement plato appreciably larger stresses arise unde~ Rscdge~ than in d)e middle of the plate ba~e. In some soils (sand. sandy loam) thh leads ¢o the formation of ridges near the plate, whereas in other soils it leads to the formation of cracks, However, In this case, the soil has still riot reached the limiting state of ~tre~s and can still cat~y a load, It is also necessity tO take Into accoun~ that when failure occur~ not through ~pwatd yielding, but by d:e formation of cracks on the surface, the "load-settlement" curve usually has .no jogs chatactetlzing transitions from one place to another, and~thl= mea),~ that the criteria of detegmintng the critical load ~ndlcaved on page 08 I~ the book ate not suitable. Evidently, In obese catch the load cottvspond|ng to maximum ~enlemva¢ established by names shoald b¢ ¢onddcted the C:t|ttCa! Ioad. Thts should h~v¢ been mentioned even bttefllt In order to orient t,ho reader correctly,

~ased. Translated ham Omov aniya) Fundamvnty-t Mvkhanfka Gnmtov~ No. I, pp. ~6-39, laauaty-Febma~y, 1066,

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In lon~c case| the author arti[Ica|ly scparatc~ s|mil,~r concepts. For cxan~Ic, the ptoblcJn~ of dcte~mh~i~ d~¢ Itwdulu, of jol| dtfom~ation ate ptc~ented. In sections 9 and ~ , Section 26, cntittcd "Shear stteugth of soils and new norms of desi~;niu~ =l~tutal b~scs of btrtldJtl~f atld strti¢= tm¢.l (SNIP IDLL1-62)," combtncs tuch e~scnUally diffcte:tt concepts as the.at stren~th and notn~a[ re.~;|~t,~nceof seth. In 1o doing, an incomplete and Inaccurate characteristic Is given to the new neural

A numbe¢ of comments can be made wtdt zegatd to Chapters V arid VI, devoted to calculatlo~ of the bam~ of massive foundatlonL The author calls foundations with a depth to 5-6 m shallow foundationL It would be better to divide deep or shallow foundations air the basis of the ratio of the depth of laytn~ the fo~mdatlon to its width. The l~roblem of the angle of distribution of pressures I.n a material, which the autho~ unfortunately call~ ~he "a~gle of irtgklity" Is presemed with executive tho~ouglmess. The author usually quoteLSNiP II-lJ.I .(;o, although certain problems (for example, the effect of an ad|accnt foundatiot~ when ealeuiatti]g the d'¢(orn'tatiol~ of a ba~e) ate pre~entcd with respect to the old =stand.~rds .'¢tTU I;Y/:55. The author did not eml-,llashc¢ that cMeul=tlon of b~ses In term~ o(det'orma~ious 1~ the main and n~ost promisIng method, Praetieain~ethod~ of eMCUl~ttot~=e inadequately examined. The recommendation all checking the depth of founding for heaving is doubtful. It it tndtc~t~ on pag e 137 that with art t~sufficier~t dei~t]Jof the fou~dation up~,ard movement of the e.~tth fro~ ~lndc~ l|~e foi~da~io~ b:~c is potstble, I t ts l-:nown t.h;~t In ~o~t c ~ e s ~t the u~ual ptes~me~ on soil of 1,5-%5 kg/enl ~, hea~dng is not a d.~,,¢r for p~operly dcH~ned foundatio~ The staad,ar,l~ (SN'tP II-~.] ,(';~) do not req~lre, wtth a vertic,~l lo.ad, d~!~'sml~ ~ the depth of fou=idh~gon the ba~e~ of heaving conditions. If ho=lzontat lo,~ds act rc~,ut~t!y, it t~ uc~e~r), to dctcr~ui~e the beari~g ¢~pachy of eerial~ ~o~l~ in term~ of the theory of pla~ti¢ eq~.~;||brlu~ of the ~Oit tuedtu~ lt¢~e the depth of fotu~dh=gwilt be ta~¢tt lnto~accounL In Chapter Vl, the nudger pre~cn~ ~ome simplified schemes of calculating ~ b i l t t y for detc~:~h~h~g ~ezr of the foundation atoug th~ ~otl. It would be more proper to fh~d the m:~gnitudc of the crftfC;~t h~cl~cJ lo=~d,co~p.~tlag it with the zct~.~l load. ~Ve ate not h~cliucd to reproach tt|c author b¢cau.~c he ~]td not p~c~e~t ~igo~0us methods of the theory of pl;~,~|¢ equilibrium of ~olh fo~ solvit~g the corre~pondt~ ~toblem~, Mth0,~gh tt~.e ~¢~d to do so I~ t~ow at hand, A¢cordh~gto SNIP, tt~e calc~latiot)~ ,houht b~ pc~'formed with re~pect to two lir~itt~g ~ t e ~ of the b;~s~:~with retpect to dcformatio¢~ and to lhe b~,~ri, ~3ezpacfty. Ifowevcr, thc~c two ,talcs ate not even memioned t=~the book, aud the chapt~-t~ devotc~! to cMeulattot|, of ba~e~ are not in accord with tl|e new ~tandardL Chaptcr~ Vii a~d VIII p~e~cnt lnfor~attol~ ot~ the colculattott at~d de~t~u of n~ot=oltthic an,J preca~t reinforcedconcrete fo~datlot~ ar~l e×ample.+ of the calculatiot~L The p~oblcms of calculating the ~trcngtl~ of reloforccd-eo~tcrcte fou|td;|tior~ a~e prc~entvd lndhtinctt~ am! co~, lain e~ro~:ou~ prf!~etplcL For exa~ple~ the tmporta~t problem of teh:cttt~g the dc~igt~ c~o~ sec~lo:a~e r a fo~ndztto~ which the ~ulhor u~ffoundcdly ~¢late~ with ht~ itmoduccd dot~btfi:l cot|ccpt "cap,tour of rigidity," t~ expottndcd i~coreeetly. A pto~r evaluaHot= t~ not givett to the er~ot~eou~mctl=c~lof determtnlt~g b~nJit~g molt~etlts in .~¢tfo|~ of a separate foutld~ttoll ba~cd ot~ die "trapezoid method." The hinged support of a column on a foundation is Incorrectly shown on page 8.1.

It: should ~o¢ have beet~ recommended to make notches In the wMh of the teccpt,~cie {Fig. 85), since riley weaken dm embedment of the eolumrt In the foundation. C:hapte~ IX Is devoted to pile foundatlou~, and Chapter X to problems of toil compzctlotL However, Ch.~ptet D has no data on c~leulattng grfllages fat pile foundations of walh or for clu~tc~ of ptlc~ fo~ fouruJations of ~ndus~rtal latlldiugs, and Chapter X does not look into the p~oblems of calculating bases Stabilized by grouting or by the therma! method, or p~obtems a~ociated with the flumplng of loess soils, in conformity with SNIP II-tj.2-{;2, The book as tt whole can be useful for studying a eour,¢ on bases and foundations, However, It mu~t be used With consideration of a number of new principles corresponding to SNIP.

(;4

V, F. B a b k o v and A. V. O e . r b u t t - G ¢ i b o v i c h PRINCIPLES OF PEDOLOGY AND SOIL M E C I I A N I C S

(Textbook for those majoring in highway construcHon of institutes of higher learning and highway dcpa~tntcnts. Second edition, supplententcd and revised) Izd, Vysshaya shkola~ 10G4. 385 pages. 83 kopecks Reviewed by

A. K. B t r u l y a and O. T. B a t r a k o v

UDC 6~,i.1:31.(0.|8)

On~ of the main virtues of the book by Professor Babkov and Docent Ocrburt-lh'ibovtch h |ts api>Hcatton of

th¢orcdcal concluslon~to the ~Olutlo~zof ~ppllcd problems which buildersface when co~t:uctin~ hlghwayh ~Hro~ds, and atrpor~ with rcspcct to the uppermost layers of sail of the lt~osphcre. Thlt dtsth;gL~hhcs the book from other courses of soil mechantc~ intended fo~ v.~otkc~sof civic and h~d~tria! construction aud h2/drauttciar~, and prcdotcm~tncs the *ch~actc~istics of its arrangcmc~t of the Courscm.~tcdal. in part~cuta~ the b~o~d covcragc of problems of pcdo!ogy and physicochc~lcal procc~c~ in ~llsl .a.~:othcr vhtu~ of fl~¢ book i~ the simultaneous p~cscntatfon of p:oblcms of pcdoto~y andsotl mcchanic~, which .ire t/SnMly cx~ntncd separately. The. fhst sccttot~ of th~ book, "The physical nature of soils0" deserves a favorablc ~'aluadon. This sec~io~ tho~oaghly elucidate, the basic characteristics of ~otls ~s dtspcrsc m~Httpha~¢ systems , ~ utitt;:cs prh~c|PtCS ~f fH~ysicochcmicat mccha~tcs fo~ cxploiuing a number of i~rocc~c~ occur~h:~$ it~ sails. 'l'h~: p~c~catation of d~c material h corr~l.~tcd with t~¢ b.~sfc sta~vJards SNiP II-ILI-~3~2 a~d SNiP II+D.,%G~, It is ncce+,ary to ,+Oleo howcvch that the principles of physico~:hci~lcal t~cch.~tttcs rcq~dr¢ [~torc emphasis attd deserve a nlo~c thot¢~gh di:,criplio~l. The. second sectio,L "Type, of s~Jii, of the USSRo" l, quhc tmi~o~t;tut for higl~w,~y a~d raihoad civil cnGhlccts. tlnc¢ the consttilctton of the~e strt:cturc~ dcpco,ds on ,oil conditiol~L We will recall that the ;liMn roadbed h ugu.d[y built up. from ~otli tal
Tzamlated fEom Omovanlya, Fu~amenty t Mckhanika Gruntov, No. I, pp, ~7-3~, January-Febru,~y, I066,

setHemetlts of llaeady deformable bo~Ics, It ~.ould have bcc~ deslrablc to prc~cnt bdcfly 11~th~s of dctctmh~lag the lettlet~c~ts of no~lltaear dcfortuable rllas~e,. It was not nccc~sary to place In this ~cctloa the lnCthtxl of dctctmh~ing the coefficient of pcMllcabfllty oa the b~ds of consolidation eun'c~. The fifth section gives ~naccount o~' methods Of field az~dlaboratory |uvcstlgatlons of $otls, lncludtl~g tho.~e we|l-~no~'n and ~ number of new n~ethod~, The final section is devoted to the principles and methods of a:tlficiatly changing the properties of soils (stabilization of soils), HOwever, here references should have been g!ven to the works of Pcofcssor V. M~ 13czrukon sotl-stabiltz-aHotl by lno:ganlc binders. The problems of electrical atzd thermal treatmezlt of soil,. could have been p~e~cl~t¢d n~.or¢ briefly, since these methods ~e presently used rarc!y fa highway constr~ction. It would have been desirable to elucidate mote thorot~ghly the matter of st,abllizing soils by means of polymers. The u~e of tht~ tc×tbooh over ~ period of many yeats has shown that n~c~ho~lologtcall), |~ ts well written. The book.is a va!uablc aid not o~ly for ~tudent~but also [o~ cr~gh~eersa~d g~du.~e ~Iudcn~s, In this c o ~ c c r lion we would point out that the tunis inadequate.

66

C a n d i d a t e of T e c h n i c a l

Scicncci

k~ k. O l t g o r y a r i

MANUAL FOg THE DESIGN OF BASES AND F O U N D A T I O N S OF IIU|LDINGS AND S T R U C T U R E S ON SLUMPING SOILS

Re,catch lnstliu:e of 8~ses Gossuol USSR. Stro~l~,lat0 1064, 87 pages, 26 kopecks Re,dewed by V. A. Z u r n a d z h l . and Ya. D. G i l ' m a a

V. P. A n a n ' e v ,

UDC 60,1.15 i GT.t,, 31.~3(0.i8)

LocsdaI soU$ Arc widespread over an'appru¢iab!c territory of the USSR, Dcsptlo cOn~,tdet.~blO consuuc!ton ex~flcnc¢~ ~cr~ ai~ still ~ number Of ul~otved problems ~cIated wRh ~h¢ design and con~tmerion of buLtdh~s on ch¢~e Ioils. ~r~ard~ (S~IP II-B,~-62) have bec~ folmul,~tcd on fundamcmally new prlncIplc~ [n compad~o~ whh she previous ~landardi NITU I37-56 with i~tpcct to the ptobtem: of desl~ll and col~mlc~loil of buildhl~s aad struchirci on =hm,p.~g loessial soils, The publication* of SNiP II-b~.-6. wa~ preceded by a discui~lo** of it, basic principles in wrlot** p~ibHc,~doni Of lh¢ US~iq wh¢~tll c¢~toin, p~obl¢|llg wc~¢ dch~ig~bl¢. Therefore, i~dh'idual possets of the u~w tt~u~dards requite sl~cctat explail~tio~ti al~d tefh~er, l¢liti. Thh ma~.~d/~¢illtaI¢i the Use of Ih¢ ti~u~d;~tds (or a wtdct,~g¢ of cnglnceri a ~ tech~lctails. Thecomplete: text of SNiP Ii-B.2-~ is prc~¢ntcd In the ma~lual at;d ¢.~ch t~oI~ h ~5it,.~ti.~t~d acid The fltsl scot,oil lcfhl~ tho conce.p~ of fll~ sh.upitig qualities of ~otl al:d ¢xpl,~ins !he l~oincuelia~-i~,xt characters of the slu~pLqg ptopcrti¢~ of Iocs~taI ~oll~ oil Ikc b3~is of an cxpcrim¢~',tal stt~dy of the l~hcnomc!~o~iof shmlpt,ig oi~d ~h¢ tcgul.~titics of tU appca:~.ice. On the b ~ h of observing buildi~g~ and nmuCtou~ ¢,xpcrim¢~t~s by itlJtly o¢llaniz~11ot~ a*;d the l~¢~.,rcll lastllutc oftJ.r~c~..in imt~ft,mt co,i¢lu~toii l~ tormtd.,tcd co~,c¢¢¢~hlg the divittoll of ~oil i:oildtltoas Into lwo ~p¢~ k-llh rc~pccl ~o lluail)lli ~ gu~Ilitet which ulid~:t!,lys th¢ licw SNIP>

Ill :ccotd with thh, Sp¢¢tfic dtr¢ct|oti~ ,~r¢ pi'ctC~illy bJ~iilg forlil~lt~tcd in ill~:llictlt of deficit ;Ittd eolislrilelioti wtlich c~u~c a hitcher rcli.~bilit 7 ,~i~d ~:¢OitOtiiy Of bilitdInDs ,~Ild ~/ructuf~s, Thc.ltiittof liiail.1}jcd to give, iii all abildi~cd ilild con¢~¢I¢ fotitl, all ,~ll~l)'tii of 11t¢ f~c~fl uiklcr|yh~'g dcst~lll for t;oiltlrilctioll Oil ltu~lit~ttit~ ~oits of lli~ lype~ [ alld II a~d lut)plc,nl~¢d lhdm w ilii v:d~i~bt¢ r¢cofilltl~lld;lliolll. l h ~ aulhor, wtlh re,peer 10 (he quanltt,lllv¢ ch~factertstlci of sltliilpt;lg, ll~dtcal¢f llial the c;ll¢lil~tloll of slulilphl~ ts p¢fforill¢.d ,.:thtii a li~atiJiil where Ik¢ relative thmlp ts ~sl ~ 0.f)t, At the $1itltc little, the liitli;fl ~luiilfiJl~ pf¢l~l~¢ LI rc¢oiltrilcndcd tO be d¢lc~intn¢d ~t ;iiL -~ 0.02, It would be bcucr to take fo~ 611 the LJltt¢ vatlle Ill bolh cllcs,n~llt¢ly 0.02. Tlg sccoad s¢cttotl prc~ntl ~ ~tlcl of d¢~tgt~ for b;il¢s a~d fouildattorlL gtv¢l cxa~'nplcl Of ¢~h:ul~thi~I ih¢ p~istbl¢ rll~gnltud¢ of slumplitg, a~ld cxaa~lncs ¢a~¢s of dctcmlhihlg the moil dangcrou~ dcforllt,aiout, ii,chidin.g die dtfICt¢~¢¢ Of lelllem~ll Of IWO i~djaccitl column fouildaiio/l~, i~dividual feet,.oils Of Strip fOOliiil~, Ot iid¢l of fOulld.~lioll it.~bt. The ln~oducdoa of ili¢ coefficient a and the d¢~Ign,.~tlolt of tti value ag a guile!ion of the typ~ of' sofi condl/Ions ar~ other factors permits predicting; In most ca~es, ih¢ poistbl¢ difference of deformafloit~ of a tttuctui¢. The column indicating the thickness of slumping soil Ia),cts in Table 4 of the manual causes bcwtldern~ent at: a sott lhlckness of about $ m and it would be bcs~ to eliminate it and at the same time refine the wlucs of eke coef* ft¢lenc a for a number of cases on, d~c basis ot' experimental evidence. la example 1 on page ~ , the si~da:d pressure oa loess, which with a found=lion wtdfll of I nl argt deplh of founding'of 1.5 m amounted to 4.52 kg/cm i, wa~ calculated by the well-known fornlula of SNIP II-B.2-02. On lh¢ balfi of lhli. the concludon h made of the posstbtlti# of designing for greate¢ pressures ttiar~ permitted by HITU 137-56.

Ro~cowon-Don. Translated from Ouzovani-ya, Fundamenty t Mckh~lika G/untov, No. 1, pp. 38-39, lanuaryFebruary. 1906,

67

Apparently thh Is applicable to soih with a low water colttcnt ~'hich ~lll not bc~emc ~oakcd when the butMtng h In service. "this should have been Indicated mote distinctly lu the n~a,tiai. A~ is noted iz~ the n~auttal, Table 6 and the co~clu~ion concetnl~g the expediency of using spread footings lkould be regarded as a patttcu!ar ea~c, sitace we have examples of U~t~lg such foollngL TI'~ third |ection examines problems of readyiug the ~ea for comtruction, drainage of ~utface waters, and gives tecoltlmendatiotls on constructing waterlines tn flumping soils, The fourth section Is devoted to the characteristicsof deslgnhig buildl,tgs on ,hmipit~g ,oils, A special place /S taken up by r~contmendattont based on matt)~ yea~s of experience in operattttg bulldittg$ and structures that pertain to preeast foundation Construction and the use of various building reinforcement members.

The manual contains explanations to points el~ SNiP related with con~truction On~loess which ate needed by q>eCtalhts, The teri~s "compressible stratum" and "deformable aerie/* which ate distitlctlyformul~tcd for the rtrst time In the mantt~l, permit anew ,approach to |'oundation construction o!~ stumping sOlh. "la parttcul;tr, if sotl~ of tYPe ! ate present In the. base, ther~ ,I, ~: teai po~sibility of eliminating tiut,tpiug defo~m,~tion~ of th c ,oltb ), its surface compactt,~ with tampers, tc~lacedi~ent b), other ttonHun~ping soil, orb), tra~,,sforming th¢,otl within lh¢ deformable zone, The eomme**ts expre.~ed do not reduce the value of the manual; its publteattott is qult¢ tdmely.

6a