Mycol Progress (2012) 11:915–925 DOI 10.1007/s11557-012-0807-0

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Four new species of Entoloma s.l. (Agaricales) from southern China Xiao-Lan He & Tai-Hui Li & Zi-De Jiang & Ya-Heng Shen

Received: 25 October 2011 / Revised: 16 January 2012 / Accepted: 25 January 2012 / Published online: 28 February 2012 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2012

Abstract Four new Entoloma s.l. species (E. azureosquamulosum, E. caeruleoflavum, E. hainanense, and E. subtenuicystidiatum) are described from southern China. E. azureosquamulosum fits well within the section Rhamphocystotae, E. caeruleoflavum belongs to the section Entoloma, E. hainanense is placed in the section Calliderma, and E. subtenuicystidiatum is a species in the section Cyanula. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses for the four new species are provided based on ITS and LSU sequences in this paper. Keywords Agaricales . Entolomataceae . Phylogeny . Taxonomy

Introduction Entoloma (Fr.) P. Kumm. s.l. is species rich and highly variable in morphological characters; more than 1500 species have been described worldwide. Members of this genus X.-L. He : Z.-D. Jiang (*) College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China e-mail: [email protected] X.-L. He : T.-H. Li (*) : Y.-H. Shen Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory for Applied and New Technology of Microbiology &Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China e-mail: [email protected] X.-L. He e-mail: [email protected]

are distinguished by their angled basidiospores in all views. In some cases, Entoloma s.l. is divided into several small genera, such as Alboleptonia Largent & R.G. Benedict, Calliderma (Romagn.) Largent, Claudopus Gillet, Eccilia (Fr.) P. Kumm., Inocephalus (Noordel.) P.D. Orton, Leptonia (Fr.) P. Kumm., Nolanea (Fr.) P. Kumm., Pouzarella Mazzer (Largent 1974, 1994; Mazzer 1976; Romagnesi 1941, 1978; Romagnesi and Gilles 1979). Preliminary molecular phylogeny studies suggest that Entoloma s.l. is monophyletic (Co-David et al. 2009), although further research on molecular phylogenetics is needed to resolve the generic boundaries within the genus Entoloma s.l. The small genera separated from Entoloma s.l. are treated as subgenera in this paper following the concept by Noordeloos (1992). The taxonomic study on Entoloma in China started in the 1930s, with the first Chinese new record of E. quadratum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) E. Horak [as ‘E. salmoneum (Peck) Sacc.’], and since then more than 100 species have been documented (Bi et al.1986; He et al. 2010; 2011; Li et al. 2009; Li & Li 2009; Teng 1932; Zhang et al. 1994a, b). However, in contrast to the situation in Europe, the United States, Indomalaya and Australasia (Aime et al. 2010; Baroni et al. 2008; Gates and Noordeloos 2007; Gates et al. 2009; Hesler 1967; Horak 1973, 1978, 1980, 2008; Largent 1974, 1977, 1994; Largent et al. 2008; Mazzer 1976; Noordeloos 1992, 2004), Entoloma s.l. has not been well studied in China. Some Chinese records were based on misidentifications or lack voucher specimens. In the ongoing taxonomic studies on Entolomataceae in China, some Entoloma s.l. species were discovered to be distinctive and unknown to science. Four new species from southern China are formally described and illustrated herein. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses based on ITS and LSU sequences were done to confirm the four new species.

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Materials and methods

Results

Morphological descriptions

Taxonomy

Dried specimens are deposited in the Fungal Herbarium of Guangdong Institute of Microbiology (GDGM) and the Herbarium of Cryptogams, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN, with HKAS numbers). Fresh collections were photographed. Macro-morphological descriptions are based on field notes and photos of the collections. Color notations are according to Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Micro-morphological data were obtained from the dried specimens, and observed under a light microscope. Basidiospores, basidia and cystidia were observed in 5% KOH or 1% Congo Red. The pigments were examined in distilled sterile H2O as pigments may dissolve in KOH. All measurements were made in 5% KOH. In the descriptions of basidiospores, Q is used to mean “length/width ratio” of a basidiospore in side view; ±, sample standard deviation; Q means average Q of all basidiospores; x means of basidiospore length and width. Basidiospore dimensions are based on the measurements of at least 30 basidiospores made in side view and measured excluding the hilar appendix or apiculus under a light microscope (Olympus BX51) at 1000×magnification. The descriptions of species appear in alphabetical order by species epithet.

Entoloma azureosquamulosum T.H. Li & Xiao Lan He (Plates a–b, Fig. 1) MycoBank no.: MB 563510 Pileus 10–60 mm latus, semiglobosus, plano-convexus, haud hygrophanus, haud striatus, toto squamulosus, juventute cyaneus demum violaceo. Lamellae adnato-emarginatae, albae demum rosae acie concolor. Stipes 40–50×4–8 mm, squamuliscum. Basidiosporae 8–10.5×6.5–8 μm, 5–7 angulatae. Acies lamellarum sterilis. Cheilocystidia 50–100× 6–13 μm, fusoidea. Pileipellis trichoderma, pigmento violaceo intracellulari. Fibulae desunt. Specimens examined. — CHINA. Guangdong Province. Shaoguan, Nanling National Forest Park, at 112°40′37″– 113°15′00″ E, 24°38′02″–25°00′00″ N, alt. 1300 m, 17 September 2011, Huang Hao (GDGM 27355, Holotype); Same location, alt. 1300, 17 September 2011, Huang Hao (GDGM 29254, paratype). Guizhou Province: Tongren, Fanjing Mountain, at 108°45′55″–108°48′30″ E, 27°49′ 50″–28°1′30″ N, alt. 1100, 10 August 2006, Li Tai-Hui & Deng Chun-Ying (GDGM 29244, paratype); same location, alt. 1500, 11 August 2006, Li Tai-Hui & Deng Chun-Ying (GDGM 26822, paratype). Hunan Province: Chenzhou, Mangshan National Nature Reserve, at 112°43′19″–113°0′ 10″ E, 24°52′0″–25°23′12″ N, alt. 1000 m, 2 September 2007, Li Yan-Chun 1063 (HKAS 53408, paratype). Etymology. — Azureosquamulosum (Lat.): referring to the azure, squamulose pileus and stipe. Stature tricholomatoid. Pileus 10–60 mm broad, hemispherical, plano-convex expanding to applanate, with incurved or straight to upturned margin, sometimes slightly depressed in center when mature, never umbonate, not striate, not hygrophanous, dry, entirely granulose-fibrillose to squamulose, more densely at the disc, pointed squamules at centre and appressed scales towards margin, deep blue (20D7–20 F8) with somewhat violet tinge (18D6–19E7), slightly darker in center. Lamellae adnate-emarginate with decurrent tooth, subventricose, crowded, up to 5 mm broad, moderately thick, pure white when young, becoming pinkish, with irregular concolorous or slightly blue-tinged edge, with three tiers of lamellulae. Stipe central, 40–50 mm in length, 4–8 mm in width, cylindrical to subclavate, bluish gray (21A3–22A4) to bluish violaceous (17D4–19E7), covered with sparsely to densely azure (21B6–21D7) furfuraceous squamules, very fragile, hollow, dry, with white tomentum at base. Context bluish gray, up to 2 mm deep at disc. Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospores 8–10.5 × 6.5–8 μm (x 09.5 ± 0.4 × 7.1 ± 0.3 μm), Q01.2–1.5 (Q01.3±0.5), heterodiametrical, with 5–7 angles in side view, thick-walled. Basidia 25–40×11–

Molecular procedures and phylogenetic analysis Genomic DNA was extracted from dried specimens by using a modified CTAB procedure of Doyle and Doyle (1987). ITS rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4 and ITS5, and nuclear LSU region was amplified with LR0R and LR5 (White et al. 1990; Gardes and Bruns 1993). Amplification was performed in 20 μl volumes containing 0.5 μl template DNA, 8.5 μl distilled water, 0.5 μl of each primer and 10 μl PCR mix [DreamTaq™ Green PCR Master Mix (2×), Fermentas]. The reactions were carried out with 35 cycles by the following conditions: denaturation (95°C, 30 s), annealing (52°C, 30 s), extension (72°C, 1 min), final extension (72°C, 10 min). The primers used for sequencing were the same as those for amplification. Sequences generated in this study were deposited in GenBank (Table 1). Maximum parsimony (MP) were performed using PAUP* version 4.0b10 (Swofford 2003) for phylogenetic analysis. DNA sequences were edited and aligned with Bioedit and manually modified where necessary. All characters were treated as unordered and equal weight. Gaps were treated as missing data. Bootstrap values were calculated from 1,000 replicates.

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Table 1 Taxa included in DNA analyses Species

Calliderma fibulatum C. pruinatocutis C. pruinatocutis

Specimen No.

SP 393751 SP 393754 SP 393753 TB8507

C. pruinatocutis (as “Inopilus entolomoides”) SP 393750 C. rimosum Entoloma abortivum* GDGM 27313 E. abortivum* HMJAU 1955 E. arneosum* GDGM 28823 E. azureosquamulosum* E. azureosquamulosum* E. azureosquamulosum* E. bloxamii E. caeruleoflavum* E. caespitosum* E. caespitosum* E. caespitosum * E. clypeatum* E. conferendum* E. eugenei E. flavidum* E. griseolazulinum E. hainanense* E. henricii* E. incanum* E. indigoticoumbrinum E. indoviolaceum E. luteum* E. madidun E. madidun E. mastoideum* E. mastoideum* E. nitidum E. nitidum E. nitidum E. omiense* E. omiense* E. pallidocarpum* E. perbloxamii E. petchii* E. praegracile* E. praegracile* E. sepium E. serrulatum E. sinuatum E. sinuatum E. sinuatum E. sinuatum

GDGM 27355 GDGM 29254 HKAS 53408 ME Noordeloos 200442 HKAS 56809 GDGM 27564 GDGM 24026 GDGM 24025 GDGM 28830 HKAS 48953 LE 253771 GDGM 24473 P. Manimohan 738 GDGM 27990 HKAS 63414 HKAS 54614 ME Noordeloos 2004083 P. Manimohan 700 GDGM 27698 985 OSC 1064185 GDGM 28820 GDGM 26597 287 F14054 ME Noordeloos 200426 GDGM 27563 GDGM 27229 GDGM 28828 ME Noordeloos 2004071 HKAS 56716 GDGM 29251 GDGM 29256 13244 ME Noordeloos 2004062 TJB 5349 BHS2009-07 TM03_429 J. Wisman 2003-09-19

Geographic origin

Brazil Brazil Brazil — Brazil China: Jilin, Changbai Mountain China: Jilin, Changbai Mountain China: Jilin, Changbai Mountain China: Guangdong, Nanling National Forest Park China: Guangdong, Nanling National Forest Park China: Hunan, Mangshan National Nature Reserve Austria China: Yunnan, Baoshan China: Hainan, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve China: Guangdong, Yangchun China: Guangdong, Yangchun China: Beijing, Huairou China: Sichuan, Daocheng Russia: Primorsky Territory China: Guangdong, Shenzhen India: Kerala China: Hainan, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve China: Henan, Nanyang Peach Blossom Yard China: Yunnan, Jingdong Ainaoshan Australia: Tasmania India: Kerala China: Hainan, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve Italy USA: Oregon, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest China: Guangdong, Yangchun China: Guangdong, Yangchun Italy — Slovakia China: Hainan, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve China: Jiangxi, Fuzhou China: Jilin, Changbai Mountain Australia: Tasmania China: Yunnan, Baoshan China: Guangdong, Nanling National Forest Park China: Guangdong, Nanling National Forest Park Italy Australia: Tasmania — — Canada Netherlands

GenBank accession # ITS

LSU

— FJ973682 — —

FJ973677

FJ973679 JQ291565 JQ281483 JQ320113 JQ410333 JQ410335 JQ410334 — JQ320111 JQ281477 JQ281491 JQ281490 JQ281479 JQ281484 JQ410337 JQ281481 — JQ320110 — JQ281488 — — JQ281486 JF907990 EU526002 JQ281476 JQ291564 JF907989 AF335449 — JQ281487 JQ291566 JQ320106 — JQ281485 JQ281482 JQ320107 JF908001 — DQ486700 GU289652 — —

FJ973678

FJ973681 FJ973680 AF261293

JQ320117 JQ320131 JQ410329 JQ410325 — JQ410326 GQ289154 JQ320119 JQ320130 JQ320133 JQ410327 — JQ320115 — JQ320122 GQ289166 JQ320118 JQ410332 JQ320127 GQ289171 GQ289172 JQ320121 — — JQ410328 JQ320126 — — GQ289175 JQ410330 JQ320124 JQ410331 GQ289178 JQ320120 JQ320129 JQ320107 — GQ289192 AY691891 — EU522811 GQ289193

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Table 1 (continued) Species

Specimen No.

Geographic origin

GenBank accession # ITS

E. stylophorum* E. subclitocyboides* E. subtenuiocystidiatum* E. subtenuiocystidiatum* E. versatile E. sp. * Inocephalus sp. Lyophyllum decastes L. decastes L. decastes L. formosum L. palustre Tricholoma vaccinum

GDGM 25736 GDGM 26615 GDGM 28459 GDGM 29246 ubc f16567 HKAS 52713 GD_b Argentina Ansersson 901016 Lc42 GLM 45952 GLM 45953 GLM 46032 GK 2593

JQ281480 China: Hainan, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve — China: Guangxi, Maoer Mountain National Nature Reserve JQ320109 China: Jiangxi, Fuzhou JQ320114 Canada FJ627026 China: Hunan, Mangshan National Nature Reserve JQ410336 — DQ490636 — AF357060 — AF357060 Germany — Germany — Germany — — AF062629 China: Hainan, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve

LSU JQ320125 JQ320135 JQ320116 JQ320132 — JQ320134 — — — AY207228 AY207229 AY207304 —

* Sequences generated in this study

13 μm, clavate, 4-spored, clampless at base. Lamellar edge sterile. Cheilocystidia 50–100×6–13 μm, fusoid, with abundant brilliant granules. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama regular, made up of cylindrical and narrow elements, 50–75× 6–12 μm. Pileipellis a trichoderm of cylindrical hyphae with inflated terminal elements 25–95×9–25 μm, pigment violaceous with somewhat brownish tinge, intracellular. Subpellis composed of hyphae that are subhyaline or contain very pale brown pigment, up to 23 μm in diameter. Caulocystidia narrowly clavate to fusiform, 20–60×5–10 μm, with golden yellow-brown, intracellular pigment. Brilliant granules abundant in all tissues. Clamp connections absent. Oleiferous hyphae scattered in lamellar trama and pileal trama. Habitat. At roadsides, caespitose on sandy soil of mixed forest with Castanopsis, Fagus, Cyclobalanopsis, Liquidambar, Schima and Pinus. Commentary. The distinguishing characters of Entoloma azureosquamulosum are the dark blue or squamulose pileus, the fusoid to rostrate cheilocystidia with abundant brilliant granules, the trichodermal pileipellis of inflated elements with violaceous intracellular pigment, and the narrowly clavate to fusiform caulocystidia with golden yellowbrown, intracellular pigment. Entoloma azureosquamulosum is a striking species in section Rhamphocystotae of subgenus Leptonia and is widespread in southern China. It is macroscopically most similar to E. eugenei Noordel. & O. V. Morozova from the Russian Far East and E. egregium E. Horak from New Guinea (Noordeloos and Morozova 2010; Horak 1980). However, E. eugenei can be separated by its larger spores (10–12.5×6–8 μm), shorter cylindrical to narrowly lageniform cheilocystidia (28.5–37.5×6.5–15.5 μm), longer and relatively narrower terminal elements (90–200× 12–20 μm) in the pileipellis, and abundant clamp

connections; Entoloma egregium has an umbonate pileus, larger spores (10–12.5×8–9.5 μm), narrower pileipellis terminal elements (5–14 μm diam.) and clamp connections in the pileipellis and at the base of the cheilocystidia. Entoloma ducale E. Horak, E. marinum Corner & E. Horak and E. simillimum Corner & E. Horak (Horak 1980) may be confused with E. azureosquamulosum by having dark blue pilei. E. ducale, described from Papua New Guinea, is distinguished by the umbonate pileus, the larger spores (10–12× 8–10.5 μm) and the palisade-type pileipellis, while E. marinum, reported from Singapore, can be differentiated by the smooth to minutely velvety pileus, the smaller spores (7–8× 5.5–6.5 μm) and the palisade structure of the pileipellis. The Malayan species E. simillimum is readily distinguished by the smaller spores (6.5–8 ×6–6.5 μm) and palisade-like pileipellis. Another species having a blue pileus and stipe, E. perbloxamii Noordel, D.L.V. Co, G. Gates & Morgado from Tasmania, can be identified by the smaller spores (6.5–8(–9)×5.5–6.5 μm), and the abundant clamp connections in all tissues (Noordeloos and Gates 2009). Entoloma caeruleoflavum Xiao Lan He & T.H. Li, sp. nov. (Plate c, Fig. 2) MycoBank no.: MB 563507 Pileus 3–6 cm latus, plano-convexus, haud hygrophanus, pallidus brunneo-fulvus cum viridibus. Lamellae sinuatae, moderate confertae, luteolae. Stipes 50–100× 4–10 mm, lazulinus. Basidiosporae 6.5–7.5×6.3–7.3 μm, 5–7 angulatae. Acies lamellarum fertilis. Pileipellis cutis hyphis 27–63× 11–16 μm latis e pigmentatis. Fibulae praesentes. Specimen examined. — CHINA. Yunnan Province. Baoshan, Tengchong County, Yongle Country, at 24°56′ 169″ N, 98°33′702″ E, alt. 2012 m, 19 July 2009, Tang Li-Ping 852 (HKAS 56809, Holotype).

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Fig. 1 Microscopic structures of Entoloma azureosquamulosum (drawn from the holotype). a. Spores. b. Caulocystidia. c. Cheilocystidia. d. Pileipellis

Plate 1 Basidiomata of the new species of Entoloma s.l. from southern China. a Entoloma azureosquamulosum (GDGM 29254). b Entoloma azureosquamulosum (HOLOTYPE, GDGM 27355) c Entoloma caeruleoflavum (HOLOTYPE, HKAS 56809). d Entoloma hainanense (HOLOTYPE, GDGM 27990). e Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum (GDGM 29245). f Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum (HOLOTYPE, GDGM 28459)

Etymology. — caerule (Lat.): referring to the blue stipe, and flavum (Lat.) to the yellow lamellae. Stature tricholomatoid. Pileus 3–6 cm broad, planoconvex, expanding with age, slightly umbonate, minutely scurfy, black-blue to almost black (20 F2) in the center, paler outwards and mixed with green, yellow, pink and somewhat brownish tinges (2B3–4A4), not hygrophanous, dry, slightly sulcate from margin to half-center, undulate at margin. Lamellae sinuate, ventricose, up to 8 mm broad, thin, very crowded, bright yellow (2A5–3A4), turning pink to pale reddish brown (6B3–9A2) when bruised, with wavy and concolorous edge, with three tiers of lamellulae. Stipe central, 50–100 mm in length, 4–10 mm in width, cylindrical, gradually broadening towards base, blue to dark blue (22 C5–22D5), longitudinally fibrillose-striate with innate fibrils, fragile, hollow, dry, with white tomentum at base. Context thin, whitish. Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospores 6.5–7.5×6.3–7.3 μm (x06.9±0.2×6.7± 0.3 μm), Q01.0–1.1 (Q01.0 ±0.04), isodiametric, 5–7-

angled in side-view with weak angles, relatively thinwalled. Basidia clavate, sharply tapered at base, 30–48×9– 12 μm, 4-spored, rarely 2-spored, clamped. Lamellar trama subparallel, consisting of cylindrical and inflated elements, 40–90× 8–22 μm. Lamellar edge fertile. Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis with a transition to a trichoderm of interwoven hyphae; terminal cells well

Fig. 2 Microscopic structures of Entoloma caeruleoflavum (drawn from the holotype). a. Basidia. b. Spores. c. Pileipellis

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differentiated, subclavate, cylindrical, bullet-shaped, subfusoid, somewhat inflated, 27–63×11–16 μm, with conspicuous pale brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, consisting of short, cylindrical and slightly inflated elements up to 23 μm broad, with very pale pinkish brown intracellular pigment or nearly hyaline. Clamp connections present in all tissues. Oleiferous hyphae scattered in lamellar trama and pileal trama. Habitat. Scattered, on soil in mixed forest with Fagaceae, Theaceae and Pinus yunnanensis. Commentary. The combined characters of the blue stipe, the bright yellow gills with pink to reddish brown discoloration where bruised, the small isodiametric and weakly angled spores, the absence of cystidia, and the well differentiated pileipellis with conspicuous pale brown intracellular pigment are distinctive for Entoloma caeruleoflavum. Entoloma caeruleoflavum fits well into section Entoloma of subgenus Entoloma on account of its tricholomatoid habit, and small, weakly angled spores. Several species, i.e. Entoloma cerinum E. Horak from New Zealand, E. manganaense G.M. Gates & Noordel. and E. mathinnae G.M. Gates, B.M. Horton & Noordel. from Australia, and E. rugosostriatum Largent & T. W. Henkel from Guyana could be confused with this new species on account of their basidioma statures, yellowish gills and small weakly angled basidiospores (Gates and Noordeloos 2007; Gates et al. 2009; Horak 2008; Largent et al. 2008). However, E. cerinum differs from E. caeruleoflavum in the dark brown pileus, the golden yellow or brass yellow stipe, and the clampless hyphae. E. manganaense differs in the brown (5 F6) pileus, stouter stipe (40×25 mm), the quite different yellow tinge (4A5) of the lamellae, and the much narrower terminal cells of the pileipellis [22–55(–70)×3.5–7.5 μm]. E. mathinnae

Fig. 3 Microscopic structures of Entoloma hainanense (drawn from the holotype). a. Basidia. b. Spores. c. Pileipellis

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has a light yellow-brown (5D5) pileus, a white or pale brown stipe occasionally with a distinct gray-violet (16E3) hue, and a cutis-like pileipellis with 2–4 μm wide terminal cells. E. rugosostriatum can be distinguished by its dark grayish brown pileus and the presence of abundant cheilocystidia. Another four Entoloma s.l. species with yellowish gills, E. sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm., E. luridum Hesler, E. luteifolium Hesler and Trichopilus luteolamellatus Largent & Aime, are quite different from E. caeruleoflavum in the following characters: the European E. sinuatum can be easily differentiated by the paler pileus, larger and thickwalled spores (8–11×7–9.5 μm) (Noordeloos 1992); E. luridum, described from North America, is distinguished by its almost white pileus and absence of clamp connections (Hesler 1967); E. luteifolium from Cuba is a small species with a squamulose pileus (2 cm broad) and clampless hyphae (Hesler 1967). T. luteolamellatus, reported from Guyana, has a coarser granulose-fibrillose stipe, cuboid spores and numerous cheilocystidia (Largent et al. 2008). Entoloma hainanense T.H. Li & Xiao Lan He, sp. nov. (Plate d, Fig. 3) MycoBank no.: MB 563508 Pileus 5–6 cm latus, plano-convexus, haud hygrophanus, haud striatus, violaceo brunneus. Lamellae sinuatae, pallidae luteolae. Stipes 85–95×8–9 mm, albus. Basidiosporae (9) 9.5– 11 (11.5)×(8) 8.5–10 μm, (4) 5–6 angulatae. Acies lamellarum heterogeneum. Pileipellis hymenoderma. Fibulae numerosae. Specimen examined. — CHINA. Hainan Province. Ledong County, Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, at 18°36′ N, 108°40′ E, alt. 700 m, 28 July 2009, Li Tai-Hui & Huang Hao (GDGM 27990, Holotype). Etymology. — hainanense (Lat.): referring to Hainan province, the location of the holotype. Stature tricholomatoid. Pileus 5–6 cm broad, convex to plano-convex without umbo, sometimes very slightly depressed at center, not expanding, uniformly deep grayish brown with violaceous tinge (14D2–15E3) throughout, minutely velvety or pruinose, becoming rugulose, especially over disc, not hygrophanous, dry, margin undulate and not striate. Lamellae narrowly sinuate to adnate, subventricose, pale yellow (2A2–3A2), with slightly pinkish tinge when mature, moderately crowded, up to 5 mm broad, moderately thick, with somewhat eroded and concolorous edge, with two tiers of lamellulae. Stipe central, 85–95 mm in length, 8–9 mm in width, subclavate, broadening to 18 mm near base, narrowing at extreme base, paler than pileus, white or nearly so, with white fibrils or furfuraceous scales at apex, firm, solid becoming hollow, dry, with white basal mycelium. Context firm, white, 4–4.5 mm thick at disk. Odor not distinctive. Taste unknown. Basidiospores (9) 9.5–11 (11.5)×(8) 8.5–10 μm (x010.2 ±0.3×9.1±0.4 μm), Q01.0–1.3 (Q01.1 ±0.05), subisodiametric to heterodiametric, (4)5–6-angled in side view with pronounced and regular angles, relatively thick-walled.

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Basidia clavate, 2–4-spored, rarely monosporic, 33–45×11– 12 μm, base clamped. Lamellar trama parallel, consisting of cylindrical hyphae up to 18 μm broad. Lamellae edge fertile. Cheilocystidia absent. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a well differentiated palisade of densely interwoven narrow hyphae; terminal cells suberect to prostrate, cylindrical to narrowly subclavate, 30–70×3.5–5.5 μm. Pileitrama regular, consisting of cylindrical elements, slightly gelatinized and entangled, subhyaline. Pigment brownish, intracellular in pileipellis. Brilliant granules absent. Clamp connections numerous in all tissues. Oleiferous hyphae present in lamellar trama and pileal trama. Habitat. Scattered, on sandy soil of tropical rainforest with Ficus, Castanopsis, Machilus, Cyclobalanopsis and Taxodiaceae. Commentary. Entoloma hainanense is characterized by the deeply colored and minutely velvety pileus, the pale yellow gills, the white stipe, the subisodiametric basidiospores with distinctive regular angles, the pileipellis which is a palisade of interwoven hyphae with cylindrical to narrowly subclavate terminal cells, the pale brown intracellular pigment, and the presence of abundant clamp connections in all tissues. Entoloma hainanense belongs to the section Calliderma on account of its tricholomatoid stature, a minutely velvety pileus and hymeniform pileipellis. Its growth habit and yellowish lamellae is reminiscent of E. cerinum, E. luridum, E. manganaense, E. mathinnae, E. rugosostriatum and E. sinuatum. However, E. luridum has almost white basidiocarps and a cutis-like pileipellis (Hesler 1967). E. manganaense and E. mathinnae reported from Tasmania differ strikingly by the much smaller spores (6.0–8.5 ×5.5–7.5 μm and 6.5–8× 6–8 μm respectively), and the (ixo)cutis-like pileipellis (Gates and Noordeloos 2007; Gates et al 2009); in addition, E. manganaense has a blue-gray stipe. E. cerinum, although it has a brownish pileus and yellowish lamellae when young, can be

Fig. 4 Microscopic structures of Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum (drawn from the holotype). a. Cheilocystidia. b. Spores. c. Pileipellis

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easily distinguished from E. hainanense by the deep golden yellow or brass yellow stipe, smaller spores (6–7×5.5–7 μm), a cutis-type pileipellis, and clampless hyphae (Horak 2008). E. rugosostriatum can be separated by the small, weakly angular and isodiametric basidiospores (6.1–7.4 × 6.1–7.3 μm) (Largent et al. 2008). E. sinuatum, which belongs to section Rhodopolia of subgenus Entoloma, also has a yellow tinge to the lamellae and distinctly angled spores; however, it can be easily differentiated from E. hainanense on account of the pale colored pileus and the cutis-like pileipellis (Noordeloos 1992). Another Entoloma s.l. species from Guyana, Calliderma caeruleosplendens Largent, Aime & T.W. Henkel, also shares some macro- and microscopic characters, such as a tricholomatoid stature, yellowish lamellae and a hymeniform pileipellis (Aime et al. 2010). However, the dark blue pileus and stipe, and the more distant lamellae of C. caeruleosplendens are strikingly different from those of E. hainanense. Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum Xiao Lan He & T.H. Li (Plates e-f, Fig. 4) MycoBank no.: MB 563509 Pileus 8–25 mm latus, plano-convexus, umbilicatus, translucido-striatus, luteus, centro minute squamulosus. Lamellae adnatae, albae demum roseae. Stipes 40–60 × 1–2 mm, albus, politus. Basidiosporae 9.5–13×7.5–9 μm, 6–9 angulatae. Acies lamellarum sterilis. Cheilocystidia 40– 70×7–10 μm, clavata. Pileipellis cutis. Fibulae absentes. Specimens examined. — CHINA. Guangxi Autonomous Region. Guilin, Maoershan National Nature Reserve, at 110° 19′–110°31′ E, 25°44′–25°58′ N, alt. 600 m, 27 May 2009, Deng Chun-Ying & Huang Hao (GDGM 28459, Holotype). Jiangxi Province: Fuzhou, Zhanping Country, 116°26′227′′ E, 28°025′16′′ N, alt. 150 m, 16 June 2011, He Xiao-Lan, Zhang Ming & Chen Xiang-Lian (GDGM 29246, paratype); Fuzhou, Linggufeng, at 115°35′–117°18′ E, 26°29′–28°30′ N, alt. 260 m, 17 June 2011, He Xiao-Lan, Zhang Ming & Chen Xiang-Lian (GDGM 29249, paratype); Fuzhou, Tang Xianzu's Memorial Hall, at 115°35′–117°18′ E, 26°29′–28°30′ N, alt. 150 m, 17 June 2011, Zhang Ming, Chen Xiang-Lian & He Xiao-Lan (GDGM 29245, paratype). Etymology. — subtenuicystidiatum (Lat.): referring to its resemblance to Entoloma tenuicystidiatum G. Gates & Noordel. Stature mycenoid or omphalinoid. Pileus 8–25 mm abroad, plano-convex, truncate-conical to hemispherical with central depression, not hygrophanous, dry, translucently striate almost up to center, becoming sulcate, minutely squamulose on disc, glabrous or very slightly fibrillose elsewhere, yellow to dark beige (5A3–6A3), slightly darker in the grooves and somewhat reddish brown at the disc. Lamellae adnate, ventricose, subdistant to moderately crowded, thin to moderately thick, up to 3 mm broad, white becoming pink, with pale pinkish brown or rarely concolorous edge, with three tiers of lamellulae. Stipe central, 40–60 mm in length, 1–2 mm in width, equal, cylindrical, paler than pileus, almost white or pinkish to very pale

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pinkish brown (5A2–5A3), hyaline to subhyaline, glabrous, polished, fragile, hollow, dry, with white basal mycelium. Context thin, nearly membranous. Odor and taste not distinctive. Basidiospores 9.5–13× 7.5–9 μm (x011.5 ± 0.5 ×8.3 ± 0.4 μm), Q01.2–1.6 (Q01.4 ±0.1), heterodiametric, mostly 6–9-angled in side-view with pronounced angles, thickwalled. Basidia 28–35×9–10 μm, clavate, 2–4-spored, sometimes 1-spored, sterigma up to 2 μm wide, clampless. Lamellar trama regular of cylindrical elements. Lamellar edge sterile or heterogeneous. Cheilocystidia 40–70×7–10 μm, clavate, hyaline, nearly colorless, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis with a transition to a trichoderm at center, terminal elements 7–15 μm wide. Pileitrama regular, made up of cylindrical hyphae, up to 20 μm wide. Pigment yellow, encrusting in pileipellis. Brilliant granules present in all tissues. Clamp connections absent in all tissues. Oleiferous hyphae present in lamellar trama and pileal trama. Habitat. Common in South China, scattered on grasslands with Cynodon dactylon and Zoysia tenuifolia. Commentary. Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum is conspicuous on account of the pale-colored pileus with a darker and minutely squamulose central depression, the pale pinkish brown lamellar edge, the slender hyaline stipe, the large spores with pronounced angles in side view, and the presence of cheilocystidia. Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum is very common in Fuzhou in Jiangxi Province. The habitat on grasslands, the small pileus, and the polished stipe suggests that E. subtenuicystidiatum belongs to the section Cyanula. It resembles the Australian E. tenuicystidiatum G. Gates & Noordel. in the macroscopic appearance and the large spores with pronounced angles (Noordeloos and Gates 2009). However, E. tenuicystidiatum has a pale brown to brown pileus, larger 6–7-angled spores (10–15×8.0–10 μm), narrower terminal elements (to 10 μm wide) in the pileipellis, cylindrical cheilocystidia with brown intracellular pigment, and golden brown intracellular pigment in the pileipellis. The European E. xanthoserrulatum Noordel. & Vauras and E. politoflavipes Noordel. & Liiv are also close to E. subtenuicystidiatum macroscopically. E. xanthoserrulatum differs by having a blue lamellar edge, smaller spores (8.5–10.5×6–8 μm) with 5–6 regular angles in side view and cylindrical cheilocystidia with bluish intracellular pigment. Entoloma politoflavipes is distinguished by having smaller spores (7–9.5×6–8.5 μm), the absence of cheilocystidia, and the presence of abundant clamp connections. Molecular phylogeny The parsimony analysis of ITS sequences was carried out with 43 taxa. Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Singer and Tricholoma vaccinum (Schaeff.) P. Kumm. were designed as outgroup. The aligned data set contains 845 total characters, of which 169 characters were constant, 118 variable characters were parsimony-uninformative, and 558 characters were parsimony-informative.

Mycol Progress (2012) 11:915–925

The parsimony analysis of LSU was conducted with 46 taxa including L. decastes, L. fumosum (Pers.) P.D. Orton and L. palustre (Peck) Singer as outgroup taxa, and total 970 characters were included in the analysis, of which 629 characters were constant, 232 were parsimony-informative characters, and 109 were parsimony-uninformative characters.

Results and discussion Four new species are fully described and illustrated with line drawings in this paper. Among them, E. azureosquamulosum is the first one in the section Rhamphocystotae described from China, and so for E. caeruleoflavum in the section Entoloma, E. hainanense in the section Calliderma and E. subtenuicystidiatum in the section Cyanula. E. caeruleoflavum and E. hainanense are two species with distinctive yellowish lamellae. We have compared morphological characters of present studied specimens with related species to confirm them as new species. The four new species are further confirmed by molecular phylogenetic analysis of nrITS and nrLSU sequences. In the ITS phylogenetic tree (Fig. 5), E. azureosquamulosum, E. subtenuicystidiatum formed two distinct clades respectively. These two species were grouped with the other three species described from south China (E. caespitosum W.M. Zhang, E. mastoideum T.H. Li & Xiao Lan He and E. praegracile Xiao Lan He & T.H. Li), as well as E. incanum (Fr.) Hesler and E. stylophorum (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., and these species formed a highly supported monophyletic group. Strong support was also observed for another clade comprising E. hainanense, E. sinuatum and E. pallidocarpum, and E. hainanense is separated from the latter two species. E. caeruleoflavum is a distinctive species, although the phylogenetic position of E. caeruleoflavum could not be resolved on the basis of ITS sequences. In the LSU phylogenetic tree (Fig. 6), all the studied Entoloma s.l. species formed a well supported monophyletic group, consistent with the previous phylogenetic analyses (Co-David et al. 2009). Eight taxa which show morphological characters of Calliderma, viz. E. hainanense, E. henricii E. Horak & Aeberh., E. sp., E. indigoticoumbrinum, E. griseolazulinum, C. fibulatum, C. pruinatocutis (E. Horak) Karstedt & Capelari and C. rimosum Karstedt & Capelari, were included in our phylogenetic analysis. Entoloma section Calliderma contains those Entoloma species have a palisade pileipellis (Romagnesi 1974; Noordeloos 1992). Largent (1994) treated it as a distinct genus Calliderma (Romagn.) Largent with the characters of a tricholomatoid stature, a pruinose, tomentose, velutinous, or rivulose pileus, and hymeniform pileipellis. Since then, six species in this group have been described or combined using the name Calliderma at the generic rank (Aime et al. 2010; Karstedt and Capelari 2009). In the previous study, Calliderma was not monophyletic, though only two Calliderma species (E. indigoticoumbrinum G.M. Gates &

Mycol Progress (2012) 11:915–925

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Fig. 5 Phylogeny of the relationship of the four new species with related species generated by Maximum Parsimony analysis based on ITS sequences. Values above or below the branches are parsimony boostrap (>50%)

Noordel. and E. griseolazulinum Manim. & Noordel.) were included in analyses (Co-David et al. 2009). The eight Calliderma species in our analysis are nested in four different clades (Fig. 6). A monophyletic group including C. fibulatum, E. griseolazulinum, and E. sp. is present with a middle support (77%), linking with C. rimosum with a bootstrap less than 50% (clade 1), another well supported clade comprising of E. henricii and C. pruinatocutis (clade 2), while the other two species E. indigoticoumbrinum (clade 3) and E. hainanense (clade 4) were failed to cluster together. The results provide further confirmation that Calliderma is not a natural group,

and it should not be maintained as a separated genus, though a better phylogenetic research of this group is needed based on more samples and multi-locus. The three species with yellowish lamellae [E. caeruleoflavum, E. hainanense and E. sinuatum (Bull.) P. Kumm.] were grouped in the same clade with low support (less than 50%), the relationships among these species needed to be clarified based on more collections in the future. The blue colored species (C. fibulatum Karstedt & Capelari, E. azureosquamulosum, E. bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., E. eugenei, E. griseolazulinum Manim. & Noordel., E.

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Mycol Progress (2012) 11:915–925

Fig. 6 Phylogeny of the relationship of the four new species with related species generated by Maximum Parsimony analysis based on LSU sequences. Values above or below the branches are parsimony boostrap (>50%)

indoviolaceum Manim. & Noordel., E. madidum (Fr.) Gillet, E. nitidum Quél., E. perbloxamii Noordel., D.L.V. Co, G. Gates & Morgado, E. serrulatum (Fr.) Hesler and E. sp.) did not form

monophyletic groups in our analyses (Figs. 5, 6), suggesting this macroscopic character (blue colored pileus) could have evolved more than once in the evolutionary path of the genus Entoloma.

Mycol Progress (2012) 11:915–925 Acknowledgments The authors express sincere gratitude to Drs. Machiel E. Noordeloos (the National Herbarium of the Netherlands) and Genevieve Gates (University of Tasmania) who provided valuable suggestions for the determination of Entoloma subtenuicystidiatum, and we also thank Dr. Tang Li-Ping (Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for forwarding the specimen and photograph of Entoloma caeruleoflavum. We are grateful to Dr. Olga V. Morozova (Komarov Botanical Institute, Russia) for providing holotype and ITS sequence of E. eugenei. Prof. Rao Jun (East China Institute of Technology) and Huang Hao (Guangdong Institute of Microbiology) are thanked for their help in field collecting. Thanks are also due to Dr. Liu Xiao-Yong (Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for his help in phylogenetic analysis. Dr. Cui Bao-Kai (Beijing Forestry University) is acknowledged for his valuable suggestions. The research was financed by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 30499340, 30970023 and 31070024).

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