Journal of Geodesy (2005) 78: 489–507 DOI 10.1007/s00190-005-0451-4

IAG Newsletter Gyula To´th IAG Communication and Outreach Branch, MTA-BME Research Group for Physical Geodesy and Geodynamics Department of Geodesy and Surveying, Budapest University of Technology and Economics H-1521 Budapest, Hungary e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +36 1463 3192; URL:http://www.iag-aig.org/

The IAG Newsletter is under the editorial responsibility of the Communication and Outreach Branch (COB) of the IAG. It is an open forum and contributors are welcome to send material (preferably in electronic form) to the IAG COB ([email protected]). These contributions should complement information sent by IAG officials or by IAG symposia organizers (reports and announcements). The IAG Newsletter is published monthly. It is available in different formats from the IAG new internet site: http://www.iag-aig.org. Each IAG Newsletter includes several of the following topics: I. general information II. reports of IAG symposia III. reports by commissions, special commissions or study groups IV. symposia announcements V. book reviews VI. fast bibliography

General Announcements New Year’s Message from the IAG President Dear Friends and Colleagues,

it is not unusual that presidents of Associations like the IAG try to summarize the important events in the Association’s life of the elapsed year. In an attempt to be

Books for review are the responsibility of: C.C. Tscherning University of Copenhagen Dept. of Geophysics Copenhagen, Denmark Fax: +45 35365357 E-mail: [email protected]

brief I will focus only on few topics, which I believe to be noteworthy. Business as usual (?) In 2005 the new structure of IAG really started functioning. From my perspective, most elements are now performing well, today. Let me therefore express my thanks to all Commission and Intercommission Committee presidents, and to the heads of the services for their excellent work in support of IAG. I would like to express my personal gratitude to our Vice-president Michael Sideris, who serves (among other) as the interface of the Executive with the IAG Communications and Outreach Branch and as IAG’s representative in the scientific organizing committee of next year’s Scientific Assembly with the theme ‘‘Monitoring and Understanding a Dynamic Planet with Geodetic and Oceanographic Tools’’. The assembly is a common symposium of IAG, IAPSO, and IABO. More information about this important upcoming event may be found at http://www.dynamicplanet2005.com. Let me also cordially thank Jozsef Adam, the head of our Communications and Outreach Branch. It is amazing how efficiently Jozsef and his Hungarian crew

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assumed their role to the benefit of IAG. It is also a remarkable achievement, and probably to a great extent thanks to the Outreach Branch, that IAG has now more than 200 individual members, including students and retired geodesists. Last, but not least, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Christian Tscherning, our Secretary General. It is essential for the Association that it can rely on his many years of experience as a secretary general with a high scientific and administrative profile. It is, by the way, not really appropriate to mention Christian’s work for IAG under the title ‘‘business as usual’’: Christian had a pacemaker implanted in the fall and, very recently, he broke his arm. It is more than remarkable that his work for IAG remained (almost completely) unaffected by these health problems. IUGG Matters The IUGG Executive usually meets in its new configuration in the year following an IUGG General Assembly. This year’s IUGG Executive Committee Meeting was hosted by the IUGG General Secretary, Jo Ann Joselyn, early in September in Boulder, Colorado. From my perspective the creation of (or the plan to create) a new IUGG Association was the outstanding topic. ICSI, the International Commission on Snow and Ice (till 2004 an entity of the IAHS - International Association of Hydrological Sciences), made the proposal to become a new association of IUGG (under a new name). This is a very unusual step – the current seven IUGG associations are all ‘‘well established’’ (all considerably older than fifty years). It was decided in Boulder to ‘‘upgrade’’ the ICSI right away to an IUGG Inter-Union body and to postpone the decision to create the 8th Association of the IUGG to the 2007 IUGG General Assembly.

The two aspects mentioned above are rather of a political nature. Traditionally, policy has not had too high a standing within IAG. It is, however, important or even vital to establish IAG as THE partner for all UN activities involving geometry and gravity on a global level. Often (too often!) geodesy is not viewed as a science, but ‘‘only‘‘ as a tool in some of these circles... Science of course matters in geodesy as much as in the other geosciences. It will, e.g., only be possible to establish a geodesy-related theme in IGOS, if a strong science case can be made. The GGOS group will invest a lot of work in this area in 2005. My cordial thanks go to Chris Reigber and his team. FIG and IAG FIG views itself as the international organization for the surveying community. This assessment is certainly correct. On the other hand, IAG has a strong link to application, as well; think of Commission 4, for example. To me it seems that geodesy and surveying engineering (i.e., IAG and FIG) are too closely related to go separate ways. This is why I invested personally quite some time in the attempt to bring the two associations closer together. This was a rather ‘‘easy‘‘ task because I experienced a lot of support from Matt Higgins (FIG), Chris Rizos (IAG) and the president of FIG, Prof. Holger Magel. It seems that we will be able to sign a new, more concrete and substantial MoU between the two associations at the Cairns Scientific Assembly. Let me mention that I represented IAG at the FIG working week in Athens and at the FIG regional conference in Jakarta (after the bombings and before the earthquake ...). It seems that AFREF can be established as a common project of IAG and FIG. This is of particular importance in view of FIG’s links with the national mapping and surveying agencies.

The GGOS Project MoU with ION and planned MoU with UN-OOSA IAG Projects are, according to the bylaws of IAG, of broad scope and of highest interest for the entire field of geodesy. They serve as the flagships of the Association for a long period of time (a decade or longer). Under the leadership of Proffs. Christoph Reigber (President) and Hermann Drewes (Secretary) the steering committee of GGOS showed an amazing amount of initiative. GGOS established itself as the interface of IAG and the GEO-Group (Group on Earth Observation). I could only follow these activities from the distance and I am deeply impressed by the impact the group made on the official GEO documents. We now sincerely hope that the initiative will ead to, among other things, a much stronger and safer global geodetic infrastructure (among other things). The group also tries to establish geodesy (and/or GGOS) as a theme in the in the United Nations’ Integrated Global Observing Strategy, IGOS. This work is in progress.

Thanks to Dorotha Brzezinska and Ruth Neilan we have today an MoU between ION and IAG (ready to be signed) clarifying the relationships between the two organizations. I would like to thank Dorotha Brzezinska for her initiative and Ruth Neilan for her assistance. FIG signed an MoU with the UN Office of Outer Space Affairs (UN-OOSA) at the UN/USA International meeting on the Use and Applications of Global Navigation Satellite Systems, December 13–17 2004, in Vienna, Austria. IAG and UN-OOSA plan to sign a similar document in spring 2005 (hopefully on the occasion of the EGU Spring Conference). In view of IAG’s contribution to all high-accuracy applications of all operational GNSS systems, and in particular through the International GPS Service (IGS), but also the IERS, it is very important that IAG’s work is recognized also in this context.

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Earthquake in the Indian Ocean While preparing this review, the tragic news of the earthquake off the coast of Sumatra and the devastating tsunami affecting the entire region was received. On behalf of IAG I offer our deeply felt sympathy to the suffering people in the countries of the region. IAG, as a scientific organization, does not have much to offer to relieve the current situation. Ruth Neilan’s end of the year message as director of the IGS Central Bureau indicates, however, that strong links exist to countries and individuals of the region. These links should be fully exploited and if possible improved in order to relieve the situation. This event certainly underlines the importance the global geodetic infrastructure. Only with such infrastructure it will be possible to keep track of all the local and regional displacements, which took place as a consequence of the earthquake. Concluding Remarks From the above report one can conclude that 2004 was a very busy year for IAG, despite that fact that there was neither a General Assembly nor a Scientific Assembly. Nevertheless, many important developments were initiated. We have every reason to be optimistic regarding the future development of our Association. With this positive undertone I would like to conclude, hoping that you had a Happy Holiday Season. I wish all of you A HAPPY NEW YEAR! Gerhard Beutler President of IAG IUGG Resolution following the great earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra A RESOLUTION of the INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS Adopted by the IUGG Bureau 10 January 2005 Whereas, A magnitude 9 great earthquake that occurred on 26 December 2004 off the west coast of northern Sumatra, South Asia, triggered tsunamis that inundated the coastal zones around the Indian Ocean resulting in tragic and historic loss of life and property;

of marine activity, satellite observations from space, and natural hazard prediction models (e.g., tsunami propagation models) could prevent loss of life if predictions were timely and warnings were heeded; and 2. That the economic impact of natural disasters exceeds the cost of mitigation; and 3. That in the aftermath of a natural disaster, existing technology could provide rescue agencies and civil defense managers immediate quantitative estimates of the extent and severity of the disaster; and 4. That the reduction of predictive uncertainty is the most important scientific agenda in natural hazards reduction; Recommends, That systems and procedures be prescribed for early warning, public awareness, regional evacuation routes and shelters based on charts of natural hazards, vulnerability, and risk assessments; and 2. That regional disaster management centers be established where they do not now exist to catalog information on the population and infrastructure at risk, and to monitor land, ocean and atmosphere in relation to all kinds of natural hazards; and 3. That regional tsunami warning systems be set up in order to generate and disseminate timely and accurate information needed by decision makers and the public; and 4. That multidisciplinary and multinational research programs and research networks on geophysical hazards and risks be developed to integrate diverse data streams, to improve understanding of the natural phenomena associated with the disasters, and to develop predictive modeling capability; and Resolves, To promote the development and application of scientific expertise and experience in modeling and visualization of physical, technological, biological and social processes and their implications to the mitigation of natural disasters; and 2. To share this critical information to the greatest extent possible with government officials, emergency planners, the insurance industry, policy makers, and the public. www.iugg.org

The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) Recognizing, That tsunami warning systems in the Pacific Ocean have proved to be effective over several decades; and Noting, That existing technology such as Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) observations for topography, real-time monitoring

IAG correspondent changes

The following is a list of changes among IAG National Correspondents. BUREAU: BARRIOT, Dr. Jean-Pierre Assistant Secretary General

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CNES/GS18, Avenue Edouard Belin 31401 Toulouse CEDEX 4, FRANCE [email protected] FRANCE: FLORSCH Nicolas UMR 7619 ‘‘Sisyphe‘‘ Case Courrier 105 / T46-56 E3 De´partement de Ge´ophysique applique´e 75252 Paris Cedex 05, FRANCE fl[email protected] PHILIPPINES: LOPEZ Prof. Epifanio D. Director Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry, University of the Philippines, Diliman Diliman 1101 Quezon City, PHILIPPINES [email protected]@axti.com NIGERIA: EZEIGBO Prof. C.U. Dept. of Surveying and Geoinformatics, University of Lagos, Lagos, NIGERIA [email protected] COLOMBIA: MARTINEZ, William Instituto Geografico Agustin Codazzi, Division de Geodesia, Carrera 30 No. 48–51 Bogota, D.C. COLOMBIA [email protected] TURKEY: LENK Dr. Col. Eng. Onur Geodesy Department, General Command of Mapping, 06100 Dikimevi, Ankara, TURKEY [email protected] AUSTRALIA: TREGONING Dr. Paul Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, AUSTRALIA [email protected] CHILE: Luis ALEGRIA Matta Instituto Geografico Militar, Nueva Santa Isabel 1640, Santiago, CHILE [email protected] IAG Central Bureau New ILRS Working Group Chairs and Co-Chairs New ILRS working group coordinators and deputies have been selected following the recent ILRS Governing Board elections in October and discussions held at the board meeting in December: Working Group Analysis Data Formats and Procedures Missions

Coordinator Ron Noomen Wolfgang Seemueller Hiroo Kunimori

Deputy Graham Appleby Randy Ricklefs Peter Shelus

Networks and Engineering Signal Processing

Georg Kirchner

Ulrich Schreiber

Graham Appleby

Carey Noll Secretary, ILRS Central Bureau International GPS Service (IGS) 2001–2002 Annual And Technical Reports

The IGS 2001–2002 Annual and Technical Report series are available online, please see: http://igscb.jpl.nasa.gov/ overview/pubs.html. The Annual Report is available in hardcopy and is in the process of being mailed to all people in the IGS Directory. The technical reports for 2000 and 2001–2002 will be published in hardcopy in limited quantities. At the meeting of the Governing Board on September, it was agreed to send out the call for a combined 2003–2004 report series now in order to get back on track with annual editions. IGS Central Bureau

IERS Annual Report 2003

The IERS Annual Report 2003 has been issued as online publication (PDF files) at http://www.iers.org/iers/ publications/reports/2003/. It contains an overview of the IERS, reports of its components, summaries of meetings and updated contact addresses. The printed version will be distributed to subscribers at the beginning of next year. IERS Central Bureau

IERS Global Geophysical Fluids Center (GGFC) in changing guard

After 7 years of service and at the turn of the 4-year term for the IERS infrastructure, Ben Chao (of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center) is stepping down from the position of the Head of IERS’ Global Geophysical Fluids Center (GGFC). The IERS Directing Board approved his recommendation that a new Head would be selected within GGFC among the existing Special Bureau (SB) members, effective January 1, 2005. A component of IERS, the GGFC has been providing data services to the Earth sciences community since its establishment on January 1, 1998. Coordinated by GGFC, eight SBs have become in operation since then; they are SBs for Atmosphere (David Salstein, Chair), for Oceans (Richard Gross), for Hydrology (Clark Wilson), for Tides (Richard Ray), for Mantle (Ben Chao), for Cores (Tim van Hoolst), for Gravity/Geocenter (Mike Watkins), for Loading (Tonie van Dam, Hans-Peter Plag, co-Chairs). After some productive deliberation in GGFC, Tonie van Dam (of the European Center for Geodynamics and

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Seismology, Luxembourg) was appointed unanimously as the new GGFC Head. She will continue to serve as the co-Chair for the SB for Loading; while Ben Chao will continue to serve as the Chair of the SB for Mantle. We would like to commend Tonie for stepping to the plate, congratulate her, and wish her the best! Meanwhile, major activities that are underway under GGFC include: (1) New format and interactive web services using XML is being developed and implemented at Goddard, in parallel and in full interaction with similar activities in IERS Central Bureau at BKG, Frankfurt. (2) A ‘‘renovation’’ of the data format, documentation, and computing algorithm is to improve the accuracy of the data products and service functions now existing at the SBs, especially the SB for Atmosphere, but certainly including SBs for Oceans and Hydrology. This activity is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Descartes grant under Veronique Dehant. (3) A pilot project is being spearheaded by the SB for Loading to compute and model the vertical motions at the geodetic stations, initially for the seasonal mass loading terms. This project has the goal of contributing to an improvement or a next level of sophistication in the next implementation of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame. IERS Central Bureau PhD or Postdoctoral position within the Descartes Prize ‘‘Nutation’’ Project GALILEO In November 2003, the Descartes Prize was awarded to a European consortium of scientists lead by V. Dehant and a certain amount of money was received. The consortium decided to use it for PhD or postdoctoral positions in the frame of research on the understanding of the next decimal in nutation. After an open call for proposals several research projects and travel grants were accepted by a review board. For one of these projects, called ‘‘GALILEO‘‘, a PhD or postdoctoral fellowship for 6 months to one year (a further extension is rather likely) is offered here. Nutations are mainly observed using VLBI and partly by GPS for the short periods. The upcoming European Galileo system, as well as the modernization of GPS will allow better precisions of all parameters, including the nutations. The new combined GPS/GALILEO constellations and the future GNSS signals can lead to a better determination, not only of short period nutations, but also of all the important geophysical nutations, provided that long enough data series exist. Furthermore, as each space geodetic technique has its own strengths but also limitations, combinations of nutation time series based on VLBI, GPS, and Galileo

are foreseen in the future. Moreover, combinations on the SINEX level and on the observational level will also be done. One part of the project will include a detailed study using simulated Galileo data. Specialists in the nutation modeling and nutation computation using GPS and VLBI are at TU Vienna (Robert Weber, Harald Schuh) and at ROB, Brussels (Fabian Roosbeek, Carine Bruyninx, Ve´ronique Dehant). Additionally, Jim Ray (NOAA) and Markus Rothacher (GFZ, Potsdam) have also been working on that problem and are consequently advisor of this project as well. We foresee one or two PhD students or post-docs for 6 months or one year for working at ROB in Brussels and/ or at Vienna TU preferably in international exchange. The project GALILEO is supposed to start as soon as possible in 2005. Applications should be sent to Veronique Dehant ([email protected]) until March 15, 2005. IERS Message No. 69 IERS Central Bureau International Polar Year 2007–2008

ICSU and WMO have established a Joint Committee for an International Polar Year 2007–2008. The official observing period will be from 1 March 2007 until 1 March 2009. The main geographic focus will be the Earth’s high latitudes, but studies in any region relevant to the understanding of polar processes or phenomena will be encouraged. The Joint Committee now seeks information on ‘‘IPY projects that will be proposed by self-organizing groups of researchers, their parent organization, existing bodies with a role in polar regions research and monitoring, and consortia of such bodies.’’ To this end, expressions of intent are invited to be received by 14 January 2005 using the format and criteria given in the website http://www.ipy.org/concept/

The effect of a rotating massive body (Earth) on space-time. (Artwork: F. Ricci, Univ. of Roma, and I. Ciufolini, Univ. of Lecce. Earth model courtesy GFZ-Potsdam, Germany).

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framework/index.html. Please visit the reference web site for more information: http://www.ipy.org.

Einstein’s ‘‘Frame-dragging’’ Prediction Verified with SLR Observations NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center has been involved in the analysis of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) observations since the dawn of this powerful tracking technique. Now, with the help of recently developed high resolution and exceptional accuracy gravitational models from NASA’s GRACE mission, the precise determination of the orbital evolution of LAGEOS and LAGEOS 2, allowed an international team of Code 926 scientists from the Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (Erricos C. Pavlis, JCET) and the University of Lecce, Italy (Ignazio Ciufolini), to use the ‘‘Int. Laser Ranging Service–ILRS’’-collected data to verify one of the few remaining tests of Einstein’s theory of general relativity (GR). The particular effect, called Lense-Thirring effect (L-T), after the two Austrian physicists who originally predicted it on the basis of Einstein’s GR theory, manifests itself as a precession of the satellite’s node on the equatorial plane, in the same direction as Earth’s rotation. The magnitude of the effect for the LAGEOS-type orbits is about 31 mas per year. The recent test, reported in the journal of Nature (Ciufolini and Pavlis, 2004), is an update of the result obtained earlier, and reported in the journal of Science (Ciufolini et al., 1998). The new result is far more accurate than the first one, primarily due to the increased accuracy of the gravitational model used: EIGENGRACE02S, (Reigber et al., in press), the increased data record (eleven versus four years), and the careful evaluation of the commission and omission errors that are associated with the new estimated. The new result agrees with the GR theory to 99% ± 5%. For more details please visit http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/926/highlight/ Highlight_Sept2004.html. Source: bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov

Quake Moved Sumatra By Only 20 Centimeters: Danish Scientists

Copenhagen (AFP) Jan 31, 2005 The Indonesian islands of Sumatra moved only 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) on average after last month’s Asian earthquake and tsunami, and not dozens of meters as previously feared, media reported on Monday, quoting calculations by the Danish Space Center. The new numbers, reported on television channel TV2’s website, vary greatly from reports in the days following the devastating December 26 earthquake that the tip of the Sumatra island may have moved by as much as 36 meters). US Geological Survey scientist Ken Hudnut told AFP on December 27 that some of the smaller Sumatra

islands may have moved about 20 meters while the northeastern tip of the Indonesian territory could have slid about 36 meters to the southwest after the quake, which measured 9.0 on the Richter scale. Scientists Shfaqat Abbas Khan and Olafur Gudmundsson of the Danish Space Center, who used a GPS satellite system to determine the extent of the plate movement following the earthquake, have however since found that the island did not move more than 20 centimeters on average. ‘‘For the Sumatra earthquake there were horizontal moves of about seven meters around the crack area. But that area is about 200 to 300 kilometers (124 to 186 miles) west of Sumatra, so Sumatra itself could only have moved about 20 centimeters,’’ Khan told TV2. The two Danish scientists’ findings also contradicts a report from the Malaysian navy published on Monday stating that the depth in certain stretches of the narrow Malacca Strait, one of the world’s busiest shipping lanes, had changed by as much as two meters after the quake. ‘‘The GPS observations show that the Malacca Strait near Sumatra basically hasn’t changed,’’ Khan said. Source: www.spacedaily.com

New GPS Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) Policy

United States GPS Industry Council Welcomes New White House GPS Policy WASHINGTON, Dec. 15, 2004 – The United States GPS Industry Council (USGIC) welcomes the announcement of the new Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) Policy signed by President Bush. The policy sets forth a forward-looking framework for the management of GPS and its augmentations. As the second Presidential statement in less than a decade, the PNT policy demonstrates U.S. foresight in shaping the global environment to meet the dynamic needs of GPS users worldwide. The new policy updates the foundation laid by the 1996 Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) on GPS. It maintains an unambiguous U.S. commitment to the essential principles of open access, free of direct user fees, for civilian users worldwide. The PNT policy recognizes the importance of protecting the radio spectrum from interference, in which GPS and other satellite navigation services operate. This U.S. policy addresses interaction with other countries’ PNT services, including Russia’s Glonass and Europe’s Galileo systems. In addition, the U.S. Government commits to continued technological improvements, such as GPS Modernization. ‘‘Today information technologies arrive at a rapid rate. Sustaining growth long-term is the real challenge. This directive demonstrates that a stable policy-making process exists and is one that can handle future challenges,’’ said Charles R. Trimble, USGIC Chairman. ‘‘GPS continues to be a model success story as a result of careful policy decisions such as this announcement by the President today. The real significance is that users

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worldwide can be confident that GPS will continue to grow and evolve to meet their needs as a global information utility.’’ ‘‘This is an exciting period for the GPS industry,’’ said Mike Swiek, USGIC Executive Director. ‘‘PNT applications are becoming incorporated into the fabric of our daily lives. With the addition of new GPS capabilities, and the eventual emergence of new PNT systems from Europe and Japan, it is clear that manufacturers and users will have a staggering choice of positioning solutions. It is reassuring that the U.S. Government is taking clear steps to stay ahead of the curve in managing this vital resource.’’ Established in 1991, the United States GPS Industry Council (USGIC) is the leading organization worldwide representing the interests of the satellite navigation industry. The USGIC is a collaborative model of industry, government, and users working together to make GPS and satellite navigation a global technology success, and a key component in the global information technology infrastructure. Council members include GPS satellite manufacturers, military and commercial GPS receiver manufacturers, GPS user associations, and educational institutions. Through its strong relations with similar GPS councils overseas, USGIC serves as a technical information resource to US policy makers, as well as government agencies and legislative offices worldwide.

unusual an action this may be, GPS has never been ‘‘turned off’’, and even continued to operate during the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Instead, we view the real significance of the new policy statement to be that it is a forward looking document that demonstrates that the US authorities who own and manage GPS are taking steps to ensure that GPS remains a reliable global utility for legitimate civilian users even as the global environment for satellite navigation continues to evolve. It is a very constructive step. I have attached a copy of our news release on this event. F. Michael Swiek Executive Director United States GPS Industry Council Contrary to erroneous reporting by some parts of the media, there is no plan or provision in the policy to shutdown the GPS network http://www.fcw.com/fcw/ articles/2004/1213/web-gps-12-16-04.asp. Hopefully, the information provided above will be helpful in getting the facts straight on important provisions of the new policy while dispelling the misinformation or misinterpretations. Larry Hothem Peter Schwintzer died

The following are comments from Mike Swiek, Executive Director, US GPS Industry Council Subject: Media Reaction to PNT Policy Statement We have been receiving some media inquiries concerning the PNT policy statement, which, unfortunately, seem to be focusing on the issue of under which conditions the President would disrupt GPS service, particularly over the US homeland. We feel that this misses the larger and more beneficial points of the policy statement, and have been responding along the following lines: Concerning the portions of the Presidential policy statement dealing with circumstances under which GPS could be denied to users: 1) This is really ‘‘old news’’ as the US Government has always, and prudently so, reserved the right to deny GPS in areas of conflict to protect US and allied forces in theaters of conflict. This is usually accomplished through localized jamming, is not a system-wide denial, and is accomplished with a consideration to producing minimal disruption to legitimate users in adjacent areas. 2) The US has also, always reserved the right to deny GPS during times of national emergency, but any decision to do so is only possible at the highest levels of government, and can be taken only by the national command authorities. The US authorities fully realize how essential GPS is to national and global infrastructures, and any such decision would not be made lightly. To show how serious and

Peter Schwintzer, 54, Head of Section ‘Gravity Field and Earth Models’ at GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, GFZ, Germany, died unexpectedly on 24 December 2004. Latest developments on the IAG website During the last few months, some new developments have been made on the IAG website (http://www.iagaig.org). First of all the contact database of the IAG members has been stored in a MySQL database, which can be queried by the members. The contact database

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contains all the personal information of the members which are listed on the IAG Membership Application Form excluding the payment details. Since the e-mail address of each member is stored in the database, the possibility to log in to a restricted area of the website has been established. The username is always the e-mail address, and the first password is issued by the system automatically. Both the e-mail address (username) and the password can be modified by the user after logging in. If any of these login data is modified, the Member receives an automatic e-mail notification from the system. After logging in to the IAG Member Area, one can use the following functions:    

Check own personal details Change own personal details Change password Find a Colleague (by Membership ID, by Name, by Institute, by Country)  Access the Members’ Area on the IAG website Using the IAG website, each member may update her/ his personal data. Hence the members are responsible for keeping the contact database always up-to-date. The members may choose which personal information should be public and which should be kept private. In the queries only those details will be displayed, which are set to be public. However the full name, title and the home country is always displayed. Each member may define her/his fields of interest. In the future the queries will include a query using field of interest, too. With this option one can easily find people with the same field of interest even in other countries easily. The system is totally flexible, new fields can be added easily by the IAG COB. If You have any suggestions, please do not hesitate to contact us at the following e-mail address: [email protected] Using the ‘‘Find a Colleague’’ option on the side menus, one can run various queries. One may query the database using Member ID, Name, Institution, Country. The option of selecting people using their field of interest is coming up soon. The matching persons are listed in the popup window on the left hand side of the screen. The personal details can be displayed in the window on the middle of the screen by clicking on the names. There’s also a restricted area in the IAG website, which can be visited by the members only. After loggin in, one can visit these pages. Any written materials are welcome to this part of the IAG website.

Future plans Currently the database contains some 200 records, we also plan to upload the personal details found in the IAG Directory, too. To avoid redundancy, all of the

personal details of the members and other people will be stored in the same database. All of the people who are in the database will be allowed to maintain her/his own personal information, however only IAG members will be able to use the query functions and visit the restricted pages of the IAG website. IAG Forum We would also like to draw Your attention to the IAG Forum, which is available in the menu system. Currently only a few topics have been opened on the Forum. However this function could provide a good background for open scientific or other discussions, too. Anyone, who visits the IAG website may register herself/himself and open new discussion topics on the Forum. Please note that any comments and suggestions are welcomed, as we would like to enhance the service provided by the IAG COB. Szabolcs Ro´zsa IAG Webmaster

IVS-Directing Board Meeting held in Makuhari/Japan, October 8, 2004 The IVS holds its Directing Board meetings every 6 months. The last meeting was held on October 8, 2004 in Mahuhari/Japan. It was organized in combination with the 3rd e-VLBI Workshop and a Working Meeting of the IVS Working Group 3, which is tasked to prepare a report on visions for VLBI future planning. IVS provides time series of Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP) – a complete set of EOPs twice a week and daily DUT1, describing the irregularities in Earth rotation – and parameters which are required for the maintenance of TRF and CRF. After the implementation of the IVS observing program in 2002, recommended by the IVS WG2 [http://ivscc.gsfc. nasa.gov], the use of IVS resources was optimised to its current limits. The transition from tape- or cassettedata recording system (Mark IV, K4 and S2) to disk-based recording systems Mark 5 and K5 leads to improved rapid turn around for product provision, which is of importance for the EOPs. Mark 5 also increased the throughput at the correlators. At the 12th board meeting it was stated that the transition from tape to the new digital recording system has been made for most of the IVS stations (92%) and is completed at the correlators. The new data recording systems Mark 5 and K5 are the basis for employing data transmission via Internet, realizing e-VLBI in the near future. e-VLBI tests are successfully ongoing. The daily 1-hour Intensive observing program for determination of DUT1 is being set up routinely as e-VLBI. The significant benefit of e-VLBI is the faster availability of the data at the correlator and the acceleration of the provision of the final products.

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With some concern it was recognized the some IVS station has to reduce their observing capacity due to technical problems and/or due to financial restrictions. Highly appreciated was that a new station has been established, the Russian Quasar station Zelenchukskaja operated by the Institute for Applied Astronomy, St. Petersburg. A new station in Peru, sponsored by the national Astronomical Observatory Japan and Metsa¨hovi station in Finland is under consideration. More new stations are expected to come along in the future e.g. the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). As many IVS components were developed some decades ago, some concern has led to the established of the WG3, which is tasked to develop ideas for future VLBI systems and to prepare a ‘‘vision 2010’’ report Such a report should support and help to coordinate the development of future components for VLBI. A new generation of VLBI-observing components and new observation and analysis strategies are required to meet future service requirements e.g. supporting GGOS. Many components have been built decades ago and need upgrades or even replacements. IVS will strongly support GGOS. The products derived by the various IVS Analysis Centers were combined internally to generate the unique IVS VLBI solution. The IVS products were evaluated and released in SINEX for combination with other techniques. The routine products are extended to include the troposphere parameters zenith path delays which are calculated from all IVS rapid turn around observing session (IVS R1 and R4). The results are comparable to the IGS results in accuracy. It has to be mentioned that a mid term election is ongoing. The terms of the representatives for the Technology Development Centers and for the Analysis and Data Centers and three At Large Positions expire. An election committee was established for the voting procedure. During the meeting an earthquake occurred of magnitude 5.8, approximately 20 km away from the meeting location and a typhoon rapidly moved towards Tokyo (Mahuhari), arriving on Saturday afternoon. Most of the board member were not faced with these kinds of events, but felt high respect for those natural events. Wolfgang Schlu¨ter Nancy Vandenberg Meeting Announcements IAG Sponsored Meetings International Symposium on Geodetic Deformation Monitoring - From Geophysical to Engineering Roles 17–19 March, 2005, Jae´n, Spain The International Symposium on Geodetic Deformation Monitoring: From Geophysical to Geodetic Roles will be held at the University of Jae´n (Spain) from 17th to 19th March 2005. The Symposium will be hosted by the

Geodesy Research Group of the University of Jae´n. For more information please visit the workshop web site at http://www.ujaen.es/huesped/gdeforma/. EUREF Symposium 2005 Vienna 1–4 June 2005, Vienna, Austria The next regular EUREF 2005 Symposium will be held in Vienna, Austria, June 1–4, 2005. More detailed information please find updated on the Symposia homepage http://euref2005.oeaw.ac.at/. Dynamic Planet 2005 ‘‘Monitoring and Understanding a Dynamic Planet with Geodetic and Oceanographic Tools’’ A Joint Assembly of the IAG, IAPSO and IABO 22–26 August 2005, Cairns, Australia Scientists from all countries are invited to participate in this unique conference – a joint assembly of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), International Association for Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO), and the International Association for Biological Oceanography (IBO). For further information, please visit the Dynamic Planet website http://www.dynamicplanet2005.com. 7th conference on Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques 3–5 October 2005, Vienna, Austria The 7th conference on ‘‘Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques’’ will be held from October 3–5, 2005 in Vienna, Austria and is co-sponsored by the ISPRS Commission V, the FIG Commission 5 and 6, and the IAG Sub-commission 4.2. The conference website is: http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ingeo/optical3d/o3d.htm. The first announcement in pdf format can be downloaded from the conference website at: http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ ingeo/optical3d/o3d1st.pdf. IAG Related Meetings The 2nd International Specialized Forum GeoForm+ 14–17 March 2005, Moscow, Russia The major Geo event on Russian market. The forum unites four exhibitions: GeoMap - Geodesy, cartography, geoinformation and control systems, navigation; GeoTech - Technologies and equipment for exploring natural resources; GeoTunnel - Technologies and equipment for tunnel construction; GeoMineral – Industrial Minerals - mining, extracting, preparation, recycling. The conference website can be reached at the following address: http://www.geoexpo.ru/defaulteng.stm. EGU General Assembly 24–29 April 2005, Vienna, Austria The General Assembly of the European Geosciences Union (EGU) is held at the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) in Vienna, Austria, from 24 – 29 April 2005. The assembly is open to the scientists of all nations. The

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scientific program of the General Assembly includes Union Symposia, Oral and Poster Sessions on disciplinary and interdisciplinary topics covering the full spectrum of the geosciences and the space and planetary sciences. The conference website can be reached at the following address:http://www.copernicus.org/EGU/ga/ egu05/index.htm. GIS Planet 2005 30 May – 2 June 2005, Estoril, Lisboa Portugal The II conference & exhibition on geographic information will take place Estoril Congress Centre, Lisboa Portugal. GIS PLANET is a global, independent and open event dedicated to Geographic Information. More information is available at http://www.gisplanet.org. AOGS 2nd Annual Meeting 2005 20–24 June 2005, Suntec, Singapore The Asia Oceania Geosciences Society (AOGS) will hold its 2nd Meeting on 20 to 24 June, 2005 at the Singapore Suntec City Convention Centre. In all, over 100 sessions in Solid Earth, Solar Terresterial, Planetary Science, Hydrological Science, Oceans & Atmospheres and Interdisciplinary Working Groups. Additionally, nearly all sections have an Open Category for garnering submissions of its own class. For more details please visit http://www.asiaoceania-conference.org/. IAMAS 2005 2–11 August 2005, Beijing, China The International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS), will hold its biennial Scientific Assembly in Beijing, China from 2–11 August 2005. The theme of the conference is The Fascinating Atmosphere: Changeable and Changing, and will cover all areas of meteorology and atmospheric sciences, including dynamics, radiation, chemistry, electricity, clouds and precipitation, and climate variability and change. Further details can be found on the IAMAS 2005 web site http://www.iamas2005.com. 12th International Symposium on Deformation Measurement 12–15 September 2005, Qingdao,China You are cordially invited to the 12th International Symposium on Deformation Measurements organized by Commission 6 of the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) to be held in Qingdao, China, 12–15 September 2005. Please visit the conference website for further information: http://www.fig.net/isdm12. 4th Congress of the Balkan Geophysical Society 9–12 October 2005, Bucharest, Romania The International Conference and Exhibition ‘‘Geophysics Without Frontiers’’ is organized and hosted by the Romanian Society of Geophysics in cooperation with EAGE, SEG, EGU and AGU, under the auspices of the IUGG. The Congress focuses the attention of the whole community of geophysicists on Balkans. The conference webpage is www.bgs-bucharest2005.ro.

IAG Sister Societies’ General Assemblies FIG Working Week and GSDI-8 – ‘‘From Pharaohs to Geoinformatics’’ 16–21 April 2005, Cairo, Egypt Read more about technical and social programme, preconference workshops etc. at http://www.fig.net/cairo. The event is organized together with GSDI-8. Please visit the web site also for pre-conference workshops like the ‘‘Virtual Academy and the Surveying/Geoinformatics Community’’ to be held April 16, 2005. ICC2005 Conference 9–16 July 2005, A Corun˜a, Spain The XXII International Cartographic Conference (ICC) is the most important event in the International Cartographic Association (ICA) calendar. Please visit http://www.icc2005.org for details. ISPRS Workshop Laser scanning 2005 12–14 September 2005, Enschede, the Netherlands The workshop, held at the ITC in Enschede, will bring together an interdisciplinary group of researchers, system developers, data providers and end users to discuss and demonstrate recent developments in laser scanner data processing, the potential of the technique and future trends in sensorics and data processing. Further information on the workshop can be obtained from http://www.itc.nl/isprswgIII-3/laserscanning2005/.

Meeting reports Report on International School for ‘‘The Determination and Use of the Geoid’’ The Department of Geodesy and Surveying of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics (BUTE) in collaboration with the Research Group for Physical Geodesy and Geodynamics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (HAS) hosted the International School for ‘‘The Determination and Use of the Geoid’’ in Budapest, Hungary. The School took place between January 31 and February 4, 2005 and continued the tradition of International Geoid Schools, started in Milan (Italy, 1994) and continued in Rio de Janeiro (Brasil, 1997), Milan (1999), Johor (Malaysia, 2000) and Thessaloniki (Greece, 2002). The School was organized by the International Geoid Service (IGeS) and BUTE/ HAS. The members of the Local Organizing Committee were: Jo´zsef A´da´m (Chairman), Lo´ra´nt Fo¨ldva´ry, Szabolcs Ro´zsa (Secretary) and Gyula To´th. After a short welcome speech given by Fernando´ Sanso´ (IGeS President) and Jo´zsef A´da´m (LOC Chairman), the lectures started immediately. The courses have been given by Fernando´ Sanso´ (A compendium of physical geodesy in view of geoid computation and related height questions), Riccardo Barzaghi (The Global Geopotential Models), Christian C. Tscherning (Geoid Determination by least-squares collocation using

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Participants of the International Geoid School (Budapest, Hungary, January 31 – February 4, 2005.)

GRAVSOFT), Michael G. Sideris (Geoid Determination by FFT Techniques) and Ilias N. Tziavos (The Terrain Effects in Geoid Estimation). One seminar on ‘‘Present Day Activities of the International Gravimetric Bureau (BGI)’’ was presented by M. Abbasi and Th. Fayard from BGI, France. The lecture notes of these courses were prepared in a printed volume and CD. The CD contained exercises, data sets and software as well. Each student received one copy of the printed Lecture Notes and one CD. The Lecture Notes on Global Geopotential Models was prepared by Peter Schwintzer (GeoForschungsZentrum, Potsdam), who passed away before the School. His Lecture Notes titled as ‘‘The gravity field of the Earth: global gravitational potential models’’ is dedicated in memory of Peter Schwintzer. All courses, but for the first one, have been followed by computer exercises, where the software available at IGeS have been used. A 160-seat-lecture room equipped with overhead projector, PC-beamer and multimedia tools (DVD, VHS) was provided for the lectures. The same room was used for the computer exercises, when

From right to left: F. Sanso´ (IAG Past President), C. Schneider Petersen (IAG Central Bureau Secretary), G. Beutler (IAG President), C.C. Tscherning (IAG Secretary General), M. Sideris (IAG Vice President), J. A´da´m (IAG COB Chairman, as host). Participants of the IAG Bureau Meeting (Budapest, 1 February, 2005)

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simultaneously 21 computers could run the software. The computer exercises on FFT techniques and terrain effects were assisted by Post Doctoral Fellows Georgia Fotopoulos (Calgary, Canada) respectively Vassilios Grigoriadis (Thessaloniki, Greece). 49 participants arrived to the school from the following 19 countries: Canada (3), Croatia (3), Czech Republic (1), Denmark (3), France (3), Germany (3), Greece (1), Hungary (5), Italy (3), Malaysia (1), Pakistan (8), Poland (4), Portugal (1), Saudi Arabia (3), Slovakia (1), Slovenia (1), Spain (2), Turkey (2) and Ukraine (1) (see photo of the school students and teachers). The number of participants from Developing Countries as well as from the countries of Central- and Eastern-Europe is quite significant. The largest group of 8 participants arrived from Pakistan. Most of the school participants are being involved since several years in geodetic, geophysical, cartographic or surveying jobs. A welcome speech was also delivered to the School participants by the IAG President, Gerhard Beutler who arrived in Budapest only for one day for the IAG Bureau Meeting (BUTE, 1 February, 2005) (see photo of the IAG Bureau meeting participants). Since the International Geoid School had a full-week intensive program, therefore it was counted as an external full graduate course. A few doctorate (PhD) students took a written exam to accomplish this school as a graduate course. For this purpose school teachers provided exam questions. The students took this exam at the end of each lecture day. The questions were theoretical and for a small numerical exercise. Finally IGeS President prepares a document on the exam assessment which will be delivered to these students and their graduate schools. In the closing ceremony I. N. Tziavos (Vice President of IAG Commission 2 – Gravity Field) kindly delivered an evaluation of the school, and finally each student received a Certificate signed by M. G. Sideris (IAG Vice President) and J. A´da´m (LOC Chairman) that certifies the participation in the International School on ‘‘The Determination and Use of the Geoid’’. This training course provided a good opportunity to familiarize with the latest developments in geoid determination, as well as to enhance the international collaboration in gravity field modeling by building contacts to the professionals dealing with geoid determination in various countries. We hope that the successful format and atmosphere established by the previous geoid schools continued in Budapest, and the school will be continued in next years. Jo´zsef A´da´m and Szabolcs Ro´zsa Obituary Prof. Dr. Ir. Willem Baarda (1917–2005) On 2nd January 2005 the honorary member of the Netherlands Geodetic Commission Prof. Dr. Ir. Willem

Prof. Baarda in 1982 (A. Smits)

Baarda passed away in Delft, the Netherlands. Prof. Baarda was from 1952 up to 1996 member of the Commission and as from 1996 honorary member. From 1957 up to 1980 he was Secretary and from 1980 up to 1987 President of the Commission. Career Willem Baarda was born on 20th July 1917 at Leeuwarden, the capital of the province of Friesland. After having completed high school in 1935 – after contact with a land-surveyor of the Cadastre – Baarda went to the course for ‘Civil land-surveyor’ which had just been established at the Delft University of Technology. In 1939 he was awarded the Diploma cum laude! After his demobilisation in 1940, Baarda found work as a land-surveyor for the Cadastre. He would continue this work to the end of 1946, among other things charged with surveying in the North East polder, i.e. the north-eastern part of the Zuiderzee land reclamation project, which became dry land in 1942. In 1946, Baarda was transferred to the National Triangulation Maintenance department in Delft, where also the training for Civil land-surveyor was housed. In 1947, following a proposal by Prof. J.M. Tienstra, Baarda was appointed Reader in Land-surveying, levelling and geodesy. In 1948, the diploma of Geodetic engineer was established. Those in the possession of a Landsurveyor’s diploma of the Delft and Wageningen courses were given the opportunity to qualify as a Geodetic engineer by writing a thesis. Baarda made use of this possibility and so the remarkable event took place that a candidate who had been a university Reader for four years, got his engineering diploma. The title of Baarda’s thesis was ‘Reconnaissance of a Snellius point’ (i.e. a resection point). In 1951 Prof. Tienstra died and on his wish Baarda succeeded him. In 1958, Baarda established the Geodetic Computing Center (LGR). In cooperation with Prof. Roelofs, Baarda was involved in the whole process by which the LGR of the Department of Civil Engineering became an independent Department of Geodesy with its own complete engineering degree. In the years following he contributed to educational and

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organisational commissions, both at the department and university level. In 1982 he received his honourable resignation as a Professor. Scientific work In the period 1940 – 1945 Baarda laid the foundation for his later scientific thoughts. ‘‘Living in a small room at Zwolle, Baarda began to reconstruct the theory he had learned from Tienstra. He had to do this from memory and by his own wits, because he did not have the lecture notes with him and the war situation – it was 1944 – made travelling impossible.’’ (H.C. van der Hoek in ‘Forty years of thought’, Delft 1982). After this period of self-study Baarda saw sharper than ever what was wrong with the classical theory of survey control. Now a start could be made with the development of a new theory. Already the Manual for the technical surveying activities of the Cadastre (HTW-56), published in 1956 and also of the hand of Baarda, shows clearly characteristics of what later would become Baarda’s famous Precision and Reliability theory. Baarda’s contribution to the HTW was honoured as he received the Royal distinction of becoming an Officer in the Order of Oranje Nassau. In 1954 the Netherlands Geodetic Commission published a paper by Baarda, titled ‘Some Remarks on the Computation and Adjustment of Large Systems of Geodetic Triangulations’. The paper was presented to the IAG Congress in Rome. In it, Baarda made a critical investigation of the classical theory of geodetic computations. Especially the use of the ellipsoidal computational model with its tangle of correction terms was not acceptable to Baarda. It was a computational model that produced misclosure terms which could not be attributed to the random variations in the observational material, but instead were rather a consequence of the fact that the choice of model did not permit the use of invariant form variates. In the period following, Baarda developed his own two- and three-dimensional theory of geodetic networks. A theory in which a sharp distinction was made between estimable and non-estimable quan-

Prof. Baarda in the studio of the sculptor Josine Croin, 2003 (F.H. Schro¨der)

tities, between form variates and datum parameters, and between free networks and the higher order network connections. The linking and unlinking of models, together with the consistent use of form variates, runs like a continuous thread through Baarda’s work. It also stands at the basis of his famous theory of S-transformations. From a historical perspective it is interesting to note that in developing his theory of S-transformations, Baarda also had found a way of solving non-invertible linear systems. The theory of S-transformations can therefore be considered an alternative to the theory of generalised inverses. Significance Baarda’s Delft Geodetic Computing Center (LGR) played an important role in making his ideas accepted and operational, both at the national level and at the international level. Also the long term chairmanship of the Special Study Group ‘Specifications for fundamental geodetic networks’ (1963–1979), entrusted to Baarda by the International Association or Geodesy (IAG), was significant in this respect. His theories were tested nationally and internationally, and rigorous, but practical solutions were formulated for use in geodetic practice. Baarda has always had very good personal contacts with his international peers. In the initial period there were the contacts, among others, with Levallois, Dupuis and Bjerhammar, in the later period, among others, with Krarup, Grafarend and Rummel. In that later period Baarda also tried to extend his ideas so as to eliminate the artificial separation between geometrical geodesy on the one hand and physical geodesy on the other hand. His publication ‘A Connection between Geometric and Gravimetric Geodesy’ published in 1979 by the Netherlands Geodetic Commission is a prime example. With his consequent use of form variates Baarda obtained surprising results. But already in his 1963 publication ‘Modeleffecten in de Geodesie’ (report for the Netherlands Geodetic Commission), Baarda addressed issues

The bust of Prof. Baarda by Josine Croin, 2003 (F.H. Schro¨der)

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and problems which are still relevant today for modern geodesy. With his scientific contributions, Baarda has left an imperishable legacy to contemporary Geodesy. He has been a teacher and master of many of us. With his work, often referred to as the ‘Delft School’, Baarda has also enriched the geodetic vocabulary. Terms such as ‘data snooping’, ‘w-test’, ‘inner and outer reliability’, ‘S-systems’, and ‘criterion matrices’ are commonly used. And his computing methods are nowadays a regular part of geodetic software systems as used for cadastral, geodynamic, or earth observation applications. It typifies Baarda that he continued, even at a progressed age, to follow the developments in the field and contributed to it. At the end of 2004 he was still active in developing his ideas further. As a result of discussions in the Netherlands Geodetic Commission concerning the revision of the National Triangulation System (RD) and the Amsterdam Height Datum (NAP), he expressed his doubts about how the geoid-concept was made operational and about the accuracies with which heights could be determined with GPS. As a result of this, meetings have been held where scientific notes of his hand were discussed. Baarda has been granted various honours. Beside several honorary memberships, Prof. Baarda is Knight in the Order of the Dutch Lion, Officer in the Order of Oranje Nassau, Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), honorary doctor of the Universita¨t Stuttgart and recipient of the Levallois Medal of the International Association or Geodesy. And during the symposium ‘The Earth to Measure’, which was held on the occasion of the 125th anniversary of the Netherlands Geodetic Commission on 24 February 2004, the Prof. Baarda Lecture was established and a bust of Baarda (see photograph) was revealed. With the demise of Prof. Baarda, we have lost one of the greatest geodesists of our time, a unique personality and an important innovator of our profession. Had Baarda, with his broad field of interest, become a biologist or an econometrist, he undoubtedly would have been a pioneer in those fields as well. Accidental circumstances determined that he became a geodesist. This we are very grateful for. Peter Teunissen Acknowledgement: H.C. van der Hoek in ‘Forty years of thought’, Delft 1982.

Book Review B. Hofmann-Wellenhof, K. Legat, M. Wieser: Navigation Title: Authors: Publisher: ISBN:

Navigation Principles of Positioning and Guidance Hofmann-Wellenhof, B., Legat, K., Wieser, M. Springer Verlag, Wien New York 3-211-00828-4

Year: 2003 Price: EUR 54,00 Pages: xxix, 427 pages. 99 figures Details: softcover When thinking casually about navigation, one might imagine the adventures of historic seafaring explorers or the modern routing of commercial aircraft and ships, or even the newest recreational novelties in fishing and hiking. This book covers these and much, much more, opening a panorama of navigation not readily envisioned by the ordinary layman. Even the navigationsavvy engineers and practitioners doubtlessly will learn something from this book. The authors describe it best, as ‘‘encyclopedic’’, touching on every aspect of navigation, from its historical beginnings and current conventional sensor technologies to the complexities of route planning, image-based methods, and traffic management. By reading this book, one obtains an aweinspiring appreciation for the breadth of techniques and applications that navigation encompasses today. The authors apologize for presenting the material from a ‘‘geodetic viewpoint’’, being themselves well-known geodesists, but this reviewer (also a geodesist) sees a clear advantage of the this perspective since it enables and permits a blending of geodetic principles and techniques in positioning with modern sensor technologies that broadens the field of navigation beyond the classical treatments. Indeed, with the newest imaging

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sensors and integrated sensor suites, navigation in the past decade has taken an evolutionary leap comparable to the advancements during and immediately after World War II with the invention of accurate gyroscopes and accelerometers, or radio navigation techniques later on. The book with 16 chapters may be viewed as comprising four relatively distinct navigation parts. The first includes an introduction followed by a review of historical navigation techniques, mathematical background material, and electromagnetic waves. The second concentrates on classical navigation methods using celestial observations and radio systems. A complete review of instrumentation for ranging and direction finding and developed systems (such as Loran-C and aircraft instrument landing systems) precedes a fairly extensive review of GPS and other satellite navigation systems (the Russian GLONASS and the upcoming European Galileo system). Autonomous navigation is also covered with a much more mathematical treatment of inertial navigation using accelerometers and gyros. The third distinguishable part of the book concerns image-based navigation. Unfortunately, the actual navigation aspects of optical and multi-spectral imaging are treated only briefly while image analysis, such as photogrammetry, and feature extraction, computer vision, and sensor technology form the core of this well-written chapter. The fourth essential part deals with the fairly complex topic of routing and guidance. Though classically considered distinct from navigation, the authors define guidance as a subset of navigation because its applications have extended far beyond the military connotations of the past. In particular, routing is intimately connected with graph theory and the traveling salesman problem where trajectories are constrained by specific connected paths (roads, as opposed to open ocean or skies). Interspersed among these four areas of emphasis are chapters and sections on maps with an emphasis on digital mapping processes, Kalman filtering, augmented and integrated systems, and traffic and vehicle management. The last chapter of the book contains many additional examples, which might have found a better home in the preceding chapters, but nevertheless underscore the breadth of applications that navigation systems have expanded into and the complexity of the systems that provide the answer to the questions ‘‘where am I?’’ and ‘‘how do I get from here to there?’’ in an ever increasing spectrum of scales and environments. On the whole the book is replete with facts, definitions, classifications, methodologies, system descriptions, and concepts all related to navigation, attesting to its encyclopedic characterization – one would be challenged to find a missing element. It suffers a bit from this factuality for the reader who is interested in a more analytical development from first principles or a deeper exposition beyond mere descriptive informational content. As presented, facts and descriptions sometimes presume some basic specialized knowledge (for example, the Doppler effect, often invoked, is never fundamentally explained using physical principles), and the text relies heavily on references to other literature where the mathematical or

analytical details are more fully developed. The prose, by authors whose native tongue is not English, generally lapses into the passive voice, which makes the reading less engaging than it might otherwise be. But for the novice who would like to obtain a solid appreciation for the modern field of navigation and the expert who needs to be reminded of the vastness and the new opportunities in this rapidly evolving discipline, this book is definitely worth adding to their respective libraries. Chris Jekeli Wolfgang Kresse and Kian Fadaie: ISO Standards for Geographic Information Title: ISO Standards for Geographic Information Authors: Wolfgang Kresse and Kian Fadaie Publisher: Springer - Berlin/Heidelberg/New York ISBN: 3-540-20130-0 Year: 2004 Price: 129.00 USD (approx. 97 EUR) Pages: xi + 322 Size: 16 cm x 24 cm Details: hard cover Everybody recognizes that standards have become more and more essential in our life and the way led from traditional fields over the information technologies to the world of geographic information. The Technical Committee 211 Geographic information / Geomatics (TC211) of the International Standardization Organisation (ISO) is developing the ISO 19100

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family of geographic information standards (more than 40 standards or technical reports). This book serves as compact introduction to the geographic information standardization and mainly addresses technical Geographic Information Systems (GIS) experts implementers of standardized GIS solutions and a better understanding of GIS backgrounds. The book gives an overview of this standard family. The authors Dr. Wolfgang Kresse (Professor for GIS and photogrammetry at the University of Applied Sciences in Neubrandenburg, Germany) and Dr. Kian Fadaie (Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada) are intensively involved in the ISO/TC211 standardization process. The book is well structured both in chapters and in text completed by significant tables and figures. After a short introduction the authors review in chapter 1 (24 pages) the basics of standards. An overview of standards with more relevance for geographic information and of the work of ISO/TC211 follows in chapter 2 (28 pages). The main chapters 3 (70 pages) and 4 (60 pages) deal with the specific standards - the non-geometry and geometry standards. Chapter 3 starts with explanations of information technology background and is followed by a description of the non-geometry standards (infrastructure standards, basic standards, imagery standards, catalogue standards, implementation standards). Chapter 4 explains details of the geometry-oriented ISO 19100 standards (relations between the geometry standards, positions, spatial schema, simple features, schema for coverage geometry and functions, Geography Markup Language - GML). The remaining chapter 5 (28 pages) and chapter 6 (4 pages) are devoted to the so called liaison members (e.g. the Open Geospatial Consortium - OGC) and to a short description of two applications (Canadian GIS industry and the German cadastral and topographic information systems). Annexes (bibliography, terms and definitions of the ISO 19100 standards, ISO 19115 Metadata package data dictionaries, Extensible Markup Language (XML), abbreviations, class names, past and planned meetings) and an index complete the book. Because GIS are related to the Earth an exact modelling of the referencing by (geodetic) coordinates and there transformations are very important. From the geodetic point of view the standard ISO 19111 Spatial referencing by coordinates and the technical report ISO 19127 Geodetic codes and parameters are the most interesting ones. The ISO 19111 Spatial referencing by coordinates models coordinate reference systems (CRS) and coordinate transformations for the ISO geographic information standards. For a better understanding some CRS phrases from the ISO 19111 are cited:

A coordinate reference system is defined by one [geodetic, vertical or engineering] datum and by one [mathematical] coordinate system. A geodetic datum gives the relationship of a coordinate system to the Earth and is used as the basis for two- or three-dimensional systems. In most cases it shall require an ellipsoid definition. A vertical datum gives the relationship of gravity-related heights to a surface known as the geoid. The geoid is a surface close to mean sea level. A coordinate system defines the name, the units, the direction and sequence of the axes. Coordinates in a set are listed according to this sequence. The horizontal and vertical components of a description of position in three dimensions may sometimes come from different coordinate reference systems rather than through a single 3D coordinate reference system. This is always the case for positions where vertical coordinates are related to sea level. This shall be handled through a compound coordinate reference system (CCRS) which identifies the two coordinate reference systems utilized, ... Examples for CRS (like World Geodetic System 84), projected CRS (NAD83/Alabama East) or compound CRS (European Vertical Reference Network EUVN: European Terrestrial Reference System ETRS89 + European Vertical Reference System EVRS) are listed. The two different kinds of changing the coordinates from a source CRS into a target CRS (with the same or with different datums) are presented. The ISO 19127 Geodetic codes and parameters bridges the gap between the abstract frame of ISO 19111 (it doesn’t standardize a specific CRS) and a practical GIS usage. This practical description will be managed by a so-called register (in correspondence to ISO 19135 Procedures for registration of geographical information items - section 3.4.1). This book fills a existing gap in the GIS standardization literature and leads to a better understanding of these boring seeming topics and it’s a good introduction into this closed standardization world. Erhard Pross Bundesamt fu¨r Kartographie und Geoda¨sie Leipzig, Germany

Art Stolz: An Introduction to Geodesy, 2nd Edition Title: An Introduction to Geodesy, 2nd Edition Author: Art Stolz Publisher: School of Surveying and Spatial Information Systems, The University of New South Wales, UNSW SYDNEY NSW 2052, Australia ISBN: 0-7334-1736-1 Year: 2001 Price: Australia AUS $24.50 (incl. GST), overseas AUS $22.00 plus AUS $11.00 for handling and postage (per order) Pages: 142 Size : 18 x 26 cm Details: soft cover

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As indicated in the title, the booklet gives an introduction to Geodesy. This requires a careful selection of topics and a restriction to the basic principles of Geodesy. As mentioned in the preface, the book is designed for First Year students who know nothing about the subject and should get a first impression of the task of Geodesy and its various applications. The book is divided in seven main sections. Each section is concluded by a list of references to the specific topic and some exercises. The first section gives a short introduction to the definition of geodesy and its historical development, its relation to other sciences and to its various applications. The situation of geodesy in Australia is sketched in a separate paragraph. The second section gives an 7introduction to the Earth’s gravity field and its fundamental concepts as Newton’s law of attraction and the representation of the gravity field by level surfaces and plumb-lines. The normal gravity is introduced as an approximation of the gravity field. Then the concepts of geoid undulations and its computation by the Stokes’ formula are explained as well as the deflections of the vertical and its determination based on the disturbing potential. A section follows with the variation of the gravity field with height and position on the Earth. The mathematical approximation by spherical harmonics is shortly illustrated. The third section is dedicated to the topic of time. Time keeping and time scales are treated in rather detail on more than ten pages. The motion of artificial satellites is explained in detail in the fourths section. The section starts with Kepler’s famous three laws followed by a short discussion of the two-body problem. The motion along an ellipsoidal orbit is derived in detail as well as the motion of the satellite in space. The section concludes with an introduction of the perturbation theory with a detailed explanation of the secular perturbations caused by the second zonal harmonic. In the fifths section coordinates and coordinate systems are discussed. The section starts with an overview of the relevant curvilinear coordinate types such as cylindrical and spherical coordinates. The ellipsoidal or geodetic coordinates are dealt with in some details. The natural coordinates, here identified also as geographical coordinates, are mentioned in this context as well. After explaining the basic constituents of reference systems such as origin, fundamental plane and principal direction, the two fundamental reference coordinate systems, the space-fixed and Earth-fixed reference systems and their relations to a geodetic datum are treated. A subsection contains the transformations between space- and Earth-fixed reference systems as well as the transformation between different Earth-fixed reference systems. The sixth chapter covers the terrestrial geodetic methods, subdivided in horizontal and vertical control surveys, as well as a short introduction into the measurement of gravity. In the first sub-section on horizontal networks the concepts of triangulation, trilateration and traverse surveys are introduced with the important local and global astronomical coordinates and in a second sub-section the concepts of geopotential heights, height systems and vertical datum systems. This chapter is concluded by some remarks on terrestrial

geodetic computations. The seventh and last chapter is dedicated to the space geodetic methods, with an overview on satellite laser ranging, very long baseline interferometry, satellite radar altimetry and a short introduction into the global positioning system with some remarks on three-dimensional geodesy and the modern techniques of GPS-levelling. The booklet is a nice introduction into the subject of geodesy; it is well organized with a list of references after every main chapter and a selection of questions and exercises where the students can control themselves. It is a very helpful introduction for those who just want to get a quick impression on the main aspects of geodesy. It is a natural fact that these introductory texts are very subjective with respect to the selection of topics and details but also with respect to the choice of references for further studies. Some topics of the booklet seem to be unbalanced: while the chapter on time is treated in rather details, some important facts of physical geodesy are missing at all or treated very shortly. The lists of references are not up to date, some of them refer to older editions and do not seem to be properly selected because of restricted accessibility. The references in the introductory section 1.6 include important text books as those by Torge (but again as an old edition) and Vanicek/Krakiwsky but those by Kaula, a classical booklet on satellite geodesy, or the standard text book by Moritz/Heiskanen on Physical Geodesy is missing in this first list of references. Furthermore, it would be helpful, especially for the beginner, if the references were classified as introductory texts and more advanced ones. The lack of timeliness is the main point of criticism: modern concepts such as the new gravity satellite missions CHAMP and GRACE and their amazing results achieved so far, including the possibility to derive the temporal variations of the gravity field are not mentioned at all. Nevertheless, the booklet on ‘‘An Introduction to Geodesy’’ by A. Stolz can be recommended for those who want to get a very first impression on the various aspects of geodesy. It remains to be hoped that this nice booklet will be updated to the modern state-of-the-art in the next edition. Karl Heinz Ilk University of Bonn, Germany

Fast Bibliography The fast bibliography consists of a listing of papers relevant to Geodesy, that has been collected by the IAG Bibliographic Service (IBS) since previous issue of the fast bibliography (IAG Newsletter September 2004 and Journal of Geodesy 78/4–5). The IBS is based on the literary data bank GEOPHOKA, which is maintained by BKG (Budensamt fu¨r Kartographie und Geoda¨sie) at the Branch Office Leipzig, Leipzig Zentrale technisch – wissenschaftliche Angelegenheiten, Bibliothek, KarlRothe Strasse 10–14, 0415 Leipzig, Germany. The IBS can be reached at the following Internet address: http:// www.leipzig.ifag.de. The bibliographic services are

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furthermore reachable through the homepage of IAG: http://www.iag-aig.org. Ahrens, Burckhardt: Ein Algorithmus zur Restklaffenverteilung mit der Natural Neighbour Interpolation, Vermessungsingenieur, Wiesbaden 55(2004)4. – pp. 286–290, 2004 Bogusz, Janusz: Investigation of tidal gravity changes in Astrogeodetic Observatory in Jozefoslaw, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 195–203, 2004 Bohle, Hans-Georg: Geographien von Gewalt – Kulturgeographische Interpretationen des Buergerkrieges auf Sri Lanka, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 22–29, 2004 Born, Andreas;Borowy, Carsten;Venzke, Joerg-Friedhelm: Nordseekueste: Untere Ems, Dollart und Borkum, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 38–43, 2004 Carlson, Christopher R.;Gerdes, J. Christian;Powell, J. David: Error sources when land vehicle dead reckoning with differential wheelspeeds, Navigation : j. Inst. Navig., Alexandria, Virginia 51(Fruehjahr 2004)1. – pp. 13–27, 2004 Dahl Omang, Ove Christian: Nye globale satellittbaserte tyngdemodeller, Kart plan, Oslo 96(2003)4. – pp. 199–203, 2003 Dahlke, Christine;Bork, Hans-Rudolf: Der ‘Grosse Sprung nach Vorne’ – Chinas verschwiegene Gesellschafts- und Umweltkrise, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 54–63, 2004 Dailidiene, Inga;Stankevicius, Algirdas;Tilickis, Benediktas: Kursiu mariu ir pietrytines Baltijos juros dalies vandens lygio daugiamecius syvravimu analizes metodologiniai ypatumai, Geod. kartogr., Vilnius 30(2004)2. – pp. 58–64, 2004 Delsole, Timothy: Stochastic models of quasigeostrophic turbulence, Surveys geophys., Dordrecht 25(2004)2. – pp. 107–149, 2004 Demhardt, Imre J.: Inseln: In den ‘bruellenden Vierzigern’ des Suedens, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 72– 73, 2004 Dittmann, Andreas: Das ‘New Great Game’ der Aufbauhilfe in Afghanistan, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 66–71, 2004 Doi, Koichiro;Imae, Naoya;Iwanta, Naoyosi;Seo, Noritsune: GPS observations on the Antarctic ice sheet conducted during JARE41, Antarctic rec., Tokio 48(2004)1. – pp. 7–18, 2004 Dost, Kurt: Corporate profiles 2004, GPS World, Eugene, Oregon 15(2004)6. – pp. 39–56, 2004 Dost, Kurt: Going the distance : a GPS solution for TSD ralllies, GPS World, Eugene, Oregon 15(2004)6. – pp. 30–38, 2004 El-Gelil, Mahmoud Abd;El-Rabbany, Ahmed: Where’s my bus? Radio signposts, dead reckoning, and GPS, GPS World, Eugene, Oregon 15(2004)6. – pp. 68–72, 2004 Engen, Oevind: Fast fjell – et flytende grunnlag, Kart plan, Oslo 97(2004)1. – pp. 6–9, 2004 Forcher-Mayr, Matthias;Pranger, Ingrid: Ethnische Heterogenitaet und Konflikte in Kenia, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 82–87, 2004 Forman, Oldrich: Optimilaziace navrhu mereni GPS, Geod. kartogr. obzor, Praha 50(2004)6. – pp. 126–129, 2004 Forman, Oldrich;Skorepa, Zdenek: Pouziti genetickych algoritmu pri vyrovani, Geod. kartogr. obzor, Praha 49(2003)9. – pp. 183– 187, 2003 Gabor, Michael J.;Nerem, R. Steven: Characteristics of satellitesatellite single-difference widelane fractional carrier-phase biases, Navigation : j. Inst. Navig., Alexandria, Virginia 51(Fruehjahr 2004)1. – pp. 77–92, 2004 Gredel, Roland: OPTICON : Ein europaeisches Netzwerk fuer die astronomische Forschung, Sterne Weltraum, Muenchen 43(2004)6. – pp. 19–20, 2004 Harsson, Bjoern Geirr: Om den nye standarden Koordinatbasert referansesystem (KRS), Kart plan, Oslo 97(2004)1. – pp. 57–60, 2004 Hoepfner, Joachim: Low-frequency variations, Chandler and annual wobbles of polar motion as observed over one century, Surveys geophys., Dordrecht 25(2004)1. – pp. 1–54, 2004

Huber, Georg: Der Geoinformationsdienst der Bundeswehr, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 20–21, 2004 Ifadis, Ivannis M.;Mavrichis, Abraham P.: Beginn einer neuen Aera in der Vermessung : Interview mit Johannes Schwarz, Heerbrugg, Vermessungsingenieur, Wiesbaden 55(2004)4. – pp. 264–266, 2004 Ifadis, Ivannis M.;Mavrichis, Abraham P.: Organic agriculture : a GIS approach, Geod., kartogr., zemeustrojjstvo, Sofija 44(2004)3–4. – pp. 21–25, 2004 Kaczorowski, Marek: Water-tube tiltmeter in Low Silesian Geophysical Observatory : preliminary results of observations, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 147–154, 2004 Kager, Helmut: Simultaneous Georeferencing of Aerial Laser Scanner Strips, Oesterr. Z. Vermess. Geoinf., Wien 91(2003)4. – pp. 235–242, 2003 Kalarus, Maciej;Kosek, Wieslaw: Prediction of polar motion by artificial neural networks, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 175–184, 2004 Kobayashi, Akio;Yoshida, Akio: Crustal defomation in an extended area after the 1946 Nankai earthquake deduced from tide gauge records, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, Tsukuba 50(2004)1. – pp. 39–42, 2004 Kobayashi, Yuki;Iwano, Sachiko;Fukuda, Yoichi: Detailed coastline data around Syowa Station, Antarctica, and calculation of the oceanic tidal loading effects, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, Tsukuba 50(2004)1. – pp. 17–26, 2004 Kolaczek, Barbara: Landmark of the history of investigations of polar motion, nutation and time, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)1. – pp. 7–38, 2004 Kontny, Bernard;Bosy, Jaroslaw;Borkowski, Andrzej: Correlation between EPN station velocities and the tectonics of Europe, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 165– 173, 2004 Kopp, Horst: Geographische Gesellschaften – Vermittler von geographischem Wissen, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 91–93, 2004 Kosek, Wieslaw: Possible excitation of the Chandler wobble by variable geophysical annual cycle, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 135–145, 2004 Kostelecky, Jan;Tochackova, Vlasta: Software pro primou transformaci mezi ETRS89 a S-JTSK – testovani presnosti, Geod. kartogr. obzor, Praha 50(2004)1. – pp. 3–8, 2004 Kraas, Frauke: Globales Konfliktpanorama 2003, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 52–53, 2004 Kraas, Frauke: Konfliktpotentiale und Konfliktbewaeltigung in der ASEAN : Hernn Prof. Dr. Hermann Hambloch zum 75. Geburtstag, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 44–51, 2004 Krankowski, Andrzej: Variability of Total Electron Content at European latitudes, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 205–213, 2004 Kraszewska, K.;Rutkowska, M.: Estimation of shift of station position from the SLR data, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 185–193, 2004 Kreft, Heinrich: Die USA – Stabilitaetsanker fuer Asien?, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 32–37, 2004 Lachapelle, G.;Kuusniemi, H.;Dao, D.T.H.;MacGougan, G.;Cannon, M.E.: HSGPS signal analysis and performance under various indoor conditions, Navigation : j. Inst. Navig., Alexandria, Virginia 51(Fruehjahr 2004)1. – pp. 29–43, 2004 Lastovicka, Jan;Bremer, Juergen: An overview of long-term trends in the lower ionosphere below 120 km, Surveys geophys., Dordrecht 25(2004)1. – pp. 69–99, 2004 Marincic, Dalibor;Bilopavlovic, Vinko: Geoinformacijski sustav bunarskih busotina, Geod. list, Zagreb 58(2004)2. – pp. 143– 151, 2004 Marti, Urs: Aufbau der neuen Landesvermessung der Schweiz ‘LV95’. Teil 10. Das Geoid der Schweiz 1998 ‘CHGEO98’, swisstopo-Doku, Wabern, 2002, Nr. 16. – 69 pp. : Abb., Tab., Lit., 2002

507 Matsuoka, Masayoshi;Rock, Stephen M.;Bualat, Maria G.: Rover, go your own way : self-calibrating pseudolite array, GPS World, Eugene, Oregon 15(2004)6. – pp. 14–16, 18–20, 22, 2004 Mioc, Vasile;Stavinschi, Magda: Stability of satellite orbits around nonspherical planets, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 129–133, 2004 Mischuk, Georg: Piraterie in Suedostasien, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 74–79, 2004 Moritz, Helmut: Relativity and geodesy, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 113–119, 2004 Nahavandchi, Hossein: The quest for a precise geoidal height model, Kart plan, Oslo 97(2004)1. – pp. 46–56, 2004 Nastula, Jolanta;Kolaczek, Barbara: Analysis of seasonal and subseasonal variations of polar motion in the Earth’s Rotation Division of the Space Research Center, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)1. – pp. 75–108, 2004 Niel, Kimberly van;Laffan, Shawn W.: Berlin’s changing geography, Erde, Berlin 134(2003)3. – pp. 219–342, 2003 Niel, Kimberly van;Laffan, Shawn W.: Gambling with randomness: the use of pseudo-random number generators in GIS, Int. j. geogr. inf. sci., London 17(2003)1. – pp. 49–68, 2003 Nogales Galan, Jose Manuel;Polo Garcia, Maria Eugenia;Cortes Ruiz, Tomas: Estimacion del error en la determinacion de la superficie de una parcela, Topogr. cartogr., Madrid Vol. 21, 2004, Nr. 121. – pp. 3–4, 6–8, 2004 O’Keefe, Kyle;Lachapelle, Gerard;Skone, Susan: GPS goes Martian : Nav/Com for a red planet, GPS World, Eugene, Oregon 15(2004)6. – pp. 24–28, 2004 Oevstedal, Ola;Ofstad, Arne Edmund: Desimeter noeyaktighet ved kinematisk punktbestemmelse med en GPS-mottaker, Kart plan, Oslo 97(2004)1. – pp. 10–19, 2004 Panza, G.F. (Hrsg.);Varga, P. (Hrsg.): First International Conference ‘Science and Technology for Safe Development of Lifeline Systems’ Sofia, 4–5 November 2003, Bulgaria, Acta geod. geophys. Hung., Budapest 39(2004)2–3. – pp. 135–337, 2004 Pedersen, Laust B.;Oskooi, Behrooz: Airborne VLF measurements and variations of ground conductivity : a tutorial, Surveys geophys., Dordrecht 25(2004)2. – pp. 151–181, 2004 Petovello, M.G.;Cannon, M.E.;Lachapelle, G.: Benefits of using a tactical-grade IMU for high-accuracy positioning, Navigation : j. Inst. Navig., Alexandria, Virginia 51(Fruehjahr 2004)1. – pp. 1–12, 2004 Pfetsch, Frank R.: Geopolitische Implikationen der ‘Neuen Weltordnung’, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 6– 11, 2004 Reuber, Paul;Wolkersdoefer, Guenter: Auf der Suche nach der Weltordnung? Geopolitische Leitbilder und ihre Rolle in den Krisen und Konflikten des neuen Jahrtausends, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 12–19, 2004 Rodrigues, Fabiano S.;Aquino, Marcio H.O.;Dodson, Alan;Moore, Terry;Waugh, Sam: Statistical analysis of GPS ionospheric scientillation and short-time TEC variations over Northern Europe, Navigation : j. Inst. Navig., Alexandria, Virginia 51(Fruehjahr 2004)1. – pp. 59–75, 2004 Rogowski, Jerzy B.: Determination of deformation parameters at Jozefoslaw Astrogeodetic Observatory, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)1. – pp. 57–74, 2004 Roth, Achim;Hoffmann, Joern: Die dreidimensionale Kartierung der Erde, Kartogr. Nachr., Bonn 54(2004)3. – pp. 123–129, 2004 Sanjose Blasco, Jose Juan de: Estimacion de la Dinamica de los Glaciares Rocosos mediante Modelizacion Ambiental y Tecnicas Fotogrametricas Automaticas (II), Topogr. cartogr., Madrid Vol. 21, 2004, Nr. 121. – pp. 22–24, 26–27, 2004 Schallhorn, Eberhard: Geowissenschaften und Globalisierung – geographische Bildung und Erziehung in Deutschland, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 88–90, 2004 Schuh, Harald;Boehm, Johannes: Tropospheric parameters over two decades determined by VLBI as a contribution to clima-

tological studies, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 121–128, 2004 Schultz, Hans-Dietrich: Nach 100 Jahren noch immer im Gespraech: Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904), Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 94–95, 2004 Segonds, A.;Lerner, M.-P.;Debarbat, S.: En hommage a Barbara Kolaczek : Quelques beaux livres d’astronomie d’astronomes polonais de la Bibliotheque de l’Observatoire de Paris (XVIe et XVIIe siecles), Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)1. – pp. 39–55, 2004 Shi, Wenzhong;Cheung, Chiu Kwan;Zhu, Changqing: Modelling error propagation in vector-based buffer analysis, Int. j. geogr. inf. sci., London 17(2003)3. – pp. 251–271, 2003 Shively, Curtis A.;Hsiao, Thomas T.: Availability enhancements for CAT IIIB LAAS, Navigation : j. Inst. Navig., Alexandria, Virginia 51(Fruehjahr 2004)1. – pp. 45–57, 2004 Sledzinski, Janusz: Second phase of the European Project CERGOP-2/Environment (Central Europe Regional Geodynamics Project), Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 155–164, 2004 Solheim, Dag: Statens kartverks hoeydereferanseflater HREF og VREF, Kart plan, Oslo 97(2004)2. – pp. 97–103, 2004 Takata, Morimasa;Iizuka, Yoshinori;Shoji, Hitoshi;Miyamoto, Atsushi;Kipfstuhl, Sepp;Hondoh, Takeo;Fujita, Shuji;Fujii, Yoshiyuki: Development of an optical scanner for Dome Fuji II ice core project, Antarctic rec., Tokio 47(2003)3. – pp. 328–337, 2003 Ullrich, Andreas ;Schwarz, Roland;Kager, Helmut: Multistationsausgleichung fuer ein Laserscanner-System mit aufgesetzter Kamera, Oesterr. Z. Vermess. Geoinf., Wien 91(2003)4. – pp. 281–287, 2003 Vestoel, Olav: Innfoering an nytt hoeydesystem in Norge, Kart plan, Oslo 97(2004)2. – pp. 91–96, 2004 Vitelli, Enrico: I primissimi Padri della Geografia, Riv. agenzia territ., Roma 4(2004)2. – pp. 13–32, 2004 Votrubec, Jan: Test, Geod. kartogr. obzor, Praha 50(2004)2. – pp. 21–25, 2000 Votrubec, Jan: Urceni polohy mobilniho telefonu v sitich GSM, Geod. kartogr. obzor, Praha 50(2004)2. – pp. 21–25, 2004 Wagner, Horst-Guenter: Mittelmeerraum: Problemfelder juengeren Strukturwandels, Petermanns geogr. Mitt., Gotha 148(2004)2. – pp. 80–81, 2004 Wiget, Adrian;Signer, Thomas;Vogel, Bruno;Wild, Urs: Aufbau der neuen Landesvermessung der Schweiz ‘LV95’. Teil 7. GPSLandesnetz: Auswertung der GPS-Messungen 1988–94: Bezugsrahmen ‘CHTRF95’ und ‘LV95’’, swisstopo-Doku, Wabern, 2003, Nr. 13. – 67 pp. : Tab., Lit., 5 Anh., 2003 Xinhua, Wu;Nishi, Shujiro;Imakiire, Tetsuro;Tanaka, Minoru: GPS height coordinate and tropospheric delay : comparing with the precise leveling in Omaezaki, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, Tsukuba 50(2004)1. – pp. 43–46, 2004 Xu, Peiliang: Random tensors with applications in the Earth sciences, J. Geod. Soc. Japan, Tsukuba 50(2004)1. – pp. 1–15, 2004 Zakarevicius, Algimantas;Stanionis, Arminas: Horizontaliuju Temes plutos poslinkiu ir deformaciju modeloavimo baigtiniu elementu metodu, Geod. kartogr., Vilnius 30(2004)2. – pp. 35–40, 2004 Zielinski, Janusz B. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the seminar ‘Earth Rotation and Satellite Geodesy from Astrometry to GNSS’ Warsaw, September, 18–19, 2003. Part I: Special Session in honour to Barbara Kolaczek on the occasion of 50 years of her scientific activity, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)1. – 108 pp., 2004 Zielinski, Janusz B. (Hrsg.): Proceedings of the seminar ‘Earth Rotation and Satellite Geodesy from Astrometry to GNSS’ Warsaw, September, 18–19, 2003. Part II: Earth rotation, geodynamics, and dynamics of the satellite motion, Artif. satell. : j. planet. geod., Warszawa 39(2004)2. – pp. 113–213, 2004