.. OOt£ Collaborative study of the determination of total oil in sunflower seed JAMES A. ROBERTSON, Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research Center, 1

Athens, Georgia 30604 A collaborative study was made o f two methods for determining the total oil content o f sunflower seed. The seed o f three sunflower varieties o f low, medium, and high oil content were analyzed on different days by 12 collaborators. In one method, the sunflower seeds were ground with an equivalent wt o f diatomaceous earth. In the second method, the seeds were ground with a high-speed grinder without diatomaceous earth. The method using diatomaceous earth in the grinding o f the seed gave a significantly higher oil content for all three varieties. It was reeommended that total oil on a per cent dry wt basis be calculated f r o m the moisture determination o f the whole seed and not from the moisture o f ground sample, which was too variable.

INTRODUCTION Because of the recent development of sunflowers as a commercial crop in the U.S. (1,2), the Sunflower Seed and Meal Analysis Subcommittee of AOCS has been concerned with developing a uniform method for determining the oil content of sunflower seed. Existing official AOCS methods for oilseeds (3) are inapplicable to sunflower seed. A large proportion of the sunflower seed is a fibrous hull which has only a small amount of oil. The large seed sunflower varieties, used for confections and birdseed, contain 40-50% hull, whereas the new oilseed varieties contain ca. 25% hull. The kernels of both types of sunflowers are high in oil, ranging from ca. 50-65%

(4). The tough seed coat and the high oil kernel present problems in sample preparation. The conventional laboratory mills are not satisfactory for grinding sunflower seed, particularly the oilseed type. A simple solution to the problem is to grind the sunflower 1ARS, USDA.

seed with an inert absorbent, such as diatomaceous earth. This reduces substantially the oil loss during grinding and results in a more uniform grind and representative sample.

C O L L A B O R A T I V E STUDY The collaborative study presented here compares two methods patterned after the AOCS Method Ab 3-49 for oil in peanuts and the National Institute of Oilseed Product's method for oil in safflower seed in which sunflower seeds are ground with and without diatomaceous earth. Twelve collaborators in 11 laboratories were sent 60 and 80 g samples of seeds of three sunflower varieties of low, medium, and high oil content for analysis by methods one and two, respectively. By the use of random numbers, each variety was analyzed on two different days by the two methods.

METHODS Method One Apparatus: 1. Butt type extraction apparatus, assembled as in~ticated in the illustration in AOCS Method Aa 4-38. 2. Filter paper, S&S no. 597, Reeve Angel no. 211, Whatman no. 2, or equivalent, 150 mm. 3. Absorbent cotton, free of petroleum ether extract. 4. High-speed grinder, Mikro-Samplmill, rated at 12,000 rpm and equipped with 0.035 x 1/2 in. herringbone screen (Mikro-Pul, 10 Chatham Road, Summit, N.J.) Other high-speed grinders, such as Stein Laboratory Mill or Blendex grinder, can be used but may not give as uniform grinding or mixing as the Mikro mill. Reagents: 1. Petroleum ether (AOCS, Specifi-

J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)

cation H 2-41). 2. Johns Manville Hyflo Super Cel, Fisher H-333 Super Cel, or equivalent. The Super Cel diatomaceous earth should be dried at 130 C overnight before use. The Official AOCS diatomaceous earth or Johns Manville Filter Cel are unsatisfactory, because they seem to absorb the oil too strongly for the petroleum ether to recover under practical extraction conditions. Procedure: 1. Weigh ca. 50 g sunflower seed to the nearest 0.1 g into a large beaker. Add an equal wt Hyflo Super Cel. Mix well with a large spatula. 2. Grind the mixture immediately with Mikro-Samplmill into a 1-qt. container. After grinding is complete, remove the container from the mill and place a large rubber stopper (no. 7 or 8) into the container to aid in mixing. Cap and allow the sample to equilibrate at room temperature. This sample is used to determine oil and moisture in ground sample. Both weighings should be made at the same time. Mikro-Samplmill should be cleaned thoroughly between samples. Removal of feed screw for cleanout of lodged, heterogeneous material is necessary. 3. Thoroughly mix sample by inverting the container several times. The rubber stopper will dislodge any of the ground sample which may cake on the sides of the container. 4. Weigh accurately 4 g ground mixture to the nearest 0.001 g into a filter paper and enclose in a second filter paper folded in such a fashion to prevent escape of the meal (see illustration in AOCS Method Aa 4-38). The second paper is left open at the top like a thimble. A piece of absorbent cotton is placed in the top of the thimble to distribute the solvent as it drops on the sample. 5. Place in butt tube and extract with petroleum ether as directed in AOCS Method Aa 4-38, Section D, for 6 hr without interruption for grind with mortar and pestle. 223A

TABLE I Collaborative Results for the Determination of Total Oil in Sunflower Seed a Peredovik

INRA 6501

Method

Method

1

Collaborators 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(% dry wt basis) 50.74 50.44 51.63 51.72 50.73 50.85 51.72 49.52 51.05 50.07 50.27 50.04

± 0.37 b +- 1.51 + 0.22 b + 0.92 ± 0.16 +- 0.30 ± 0.33 +- 0.11 b ± 0.07 ± 0.30 + 0.11 ± 0.26 b

Mean + standard deviation 50.73 ± 0.71 Coefficient of variance, % 1.40

2 (% dry wt basis)

1 (% dry vet basis)

49.77 -+ 0.08 b 50.25 + 0.16 --50.33'+ 0.21 ----49.33 + 0.78 49.83 + 0.05 b 49.90 + 0.57 49.50 + 0.33 49.53 -+ 1.80 ---

44.25 44.56 44.53 45.83 44.73 44.89 45.65 44.54 45.20 44.83 44.68 44.46

+ 0.80 c ± 1.29 -+ 0.45 b + 0.35 + 0.57 + 0.12 -+ 0.32 + 0.08 b + 0.57 ± 0.16 +- 0.24 + 0.32 b

49.81 ± 0.35 0.71

44.85 +- 0.48 1.08

Dahlgren 694 Method

2 (% dry vet basis)

1 (% dry wt basis)

43.70 + 0.83 c 44.04 + 0.60 --44.01 -+ 0.53 ----43.49 + 0.75 44.30 + 0.05 b 4.5.45 ± 0.07 44.24 + 0.65 44.11 ± 0.57 ---

30.78 31.37 31.10 31.43 30.59 32.04 31.50 31.01 31.50 31.52 30.62 30.63

+ 0.39 b ± 1.22 + 0.46 b -+ 0.47 ± 0.69 +- 1.10 + 0.70 +- 0.21 b + 0.00 +- 0.35 + 0.53 ± 0.05 b

44.17 --- 0.58 1.32

31.17 -+ 0.46 1.47

2 (% dry vet basis) 31.10 +- 0.23 b 30.67 +- 0.06 --31.29 +- 0.27 ----30.93 -+ 0.16 30.47 + 0.07 b 30.75 +- 0.64 30.83 + 1.56 30.41 +- 0.81 --30.81 ± 0.30 0.97

aMean of two determinations unless otherwise noted. bMean of four determinations. CMean of six determinations. 6. C o o l a n d d i s c o n n e c t t h e e x t r a c t i o n flask. E v a p o r a t e t h e e t h e r o n a stream or water bath until no odor of ether remains. A gentle s t r e a m o f n i t r o g e n m a y be u s e d t o facilitate removal of the solvent. Cool to room temperature, caref u l l y r e m o v e a n y m o i s t u r e o r dirt from outside of flask and weigh. Repeat heating until constant wt is o b t a i n e d . 7. D e t e r m i n e t h e m o i s t u r e in t h e g r o u n d s a m p l e as f o l l o w s : a. Weigh 4 g to the nearest 0.001 g into a tared AOCS m o i s t u r e dish. b. Slip t h e c o v e r o n t h e b o t t o m of the dish and place the dish i n a v a c u u m o v e n . D r y at 1 0 0 C f o r 1 h r at 3 0 in. m e r c u r y . c.

Remove the dish from the oven and cover immediately. C o o l in a d e s i c c a t o r c o n t a i n i n g an e f f i c i e n t d e s i c c a n t t o room temperature and weigh. M o i s t u r e in g r o u n d s a m p l e , % =

o n d d e c i m a l place.

Method Two Apparatus: 1.

2.

3. 4.

I.

1.

wt of sample

2.

Calculations: 3.

Oil in g r o u n d s a m p l e , % = wt of sample T h e p e r c e n t a g e o f oil is c a l c u l a t e d to dry wt basis with the following formula: Oil, % d r y w t b a s i s =

4.

(% oil in g r o u n d s a m p l e ) 1 0 0 100 -

% m o i s t u r e in g r o u n d

sample

R e c o r d t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d t o t h e sec224A

6.

Petroleum ether AOCS Specification H 2-41. 7.

Procedure:

Record the values obtained to t h e s e c o n d d e c i m a l place.

w t o f oil x 2 0 0

5.

R eage n ts:

L o s s in w t x 2 0 0 d.

Butt type extraction apparatus, a s s e m b l e d as i n d i c a t e d in t h e illust r a t i o n in A O C S M e t h o d A a 4 - 3 8 . F i l t e r p a p e r , S&S n o . 5 9 7 , R e e v e A n g l e n o . 21 1, W h a t m a n n o . 2, o r equivalent, 150 mm. Absorbent cotton, free of petroleum ether extract. High-speed grinder, Stein Laborat o r y Mill, r a t e d a t 1 7 , 5 0 0 r p m (Fred Stein Laboratory, Inc., Atchinson, Kansas); Blendex h i g h - s p e e d g r i n d e r ( B l e n d e x , Division of Cyclo-Science, Inc., 434 B e r g e n Blvd., P a l i s a d e s P a r k , N . J . ) o r e q u i v a l e n t mill.

G r i n d ca. 25 g s e e d in mill f o r ca. 3 0 sec, d i s c a r d , a n d b r u s h o u t cup. This coats inside of cup with a t h i n l a y e r o f oil w h i c h p r o v i d e s a more accurate analysis. W e i g h ca. 5 0 g s u n f l o w e r s e e d i n t o S t e i n mill c u p . Connect cup securely to grinder a n d g r i n d 1 5 - 2 0 sec. U s i n g a s m a l l spatula, redistribute the contents of the grinder, and grind for an additional 1 5 - 2 0 sec. G r i n d i n g s h o u l d be t i m e d s o t h a t t h e r e is little c a k i n g o f s a m p l e in b o t t o m of cup. Thoroughly mix sample and weight accurately 2 g ground sample to the nearest 0.001 g into a filter p a p e r a n d e n c l o s e i n a second filter paper folded in such a fashion to prevent escape of the

m e a l (see i l l u s t r a t i o n i n A O C S Method Aa-38). The second paper is l e f t o p e n at t h e t o p like a thimble. A piece of absorbent c o t t o n is p l a c e d i n t h e t o p o f t h e thimble to distribute the solvent as it d r o p s o n t h e s a m p l e . Place in b u t t t u b e a n d e x t r a c t w i t h p e t r o l e u m e t h e r as d i r e c t e d in A O C S M e t h o d A a 4-38 S e c t i o n D, f o r 3 h r , r e m o v e , a d d 0.5 g pumice, grind with mortar and p e s t l e , a n d e x t r a c t an a d d i t i o n a l 2 hr. Cool and disconnect the extract i o n flask. E v a p o r a t e t h e e t h e r o n a stream or water bath until no odor of ether remains. A gentle s t e a m o f n i t r o g e n m a y be u s e d t o facilitate removal of the solvent. Cool to room temperature, caref u l l y r e m o v e a n y m o i s t u r e or d i r t from outside of flask, and weigh. R e p e a t h e a t i n g u n t i l c o n s t a n t wl is o b t a i n e d . D e t e r m i n e t h e m o i s t u r e in t h e g r o u n d s a m p l e as f o l l o w s : a. Weigh 2 g to the nearest 0.001 g into a tared AOCS m o i s t u r e dish. b. Slip t h e c o v e r o n t h e b o t t o m of the dish and place the dish i n a v a c u u m o v e n . D r y at 1 0 0 Cfor 1 hrat30in. Hg. c. Remove the dish from the oven and cover immediately. C o o l in a d e s i c c a t o r c o n t a i n ing an efficient desiccant to room temperature and weigh. M o i s t u r e in g r o u n d s a m p l e , % = L o s s in w t x 2 0 0 wt of sample d.

Record the values obtained to t h e s e c o n d d e c i m a l place.

Calculations: Oil in g r o u n d s a m p l e ,

J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)

TABLE II

% = wt o f oil x 200 wt o f Sample The p e r c e n t a g e o f oil is calculated to dry wt basis w i t h the f o l l o w i n g formula: Oil, % dry wt basis = (% oil in ground s a m p l e ) 1 0 0 100 -

% m o i s t u r e in g r o u n d sample

R e c o r d t h e values o b t a i n e d to the seco n d d e c i m a l place. R E S U LTS A N D D I S C U S S I O N S

Results f r o m the c o l l a b o r a t o r s are given in Table I. F o u r c o l l a b o r a t o r s did n o t s u b m i t results for m e t h o d t w o because t h e y did n o t have the specified h i g h - s p e e d grinder. The overall m e a n and s t a n d a r d deviation for the total oil c o n t e n t of Peredovik, I N R A 6501, a n d Dahlgren 694 for m e t h o d one was 50.73 + 0.71, 44.85 + 0.48, and 31.17 + 0.46, respectively, and f o r m e t h o d t w o , 49.81 + 0.35, 44.17 -+ 0.58, and 30.81 -+ 0.30, respectively. The c o e f f i c i e n t of variation f o r the results f r o m the 12 c o l l a b o r a t o r s f o r m e t h o d one was 1.40%, 1.08%, and 1.47%, respectively, for Peredovik, I N R A 6501, and Dahlgren 694 s u n f l o w e r varieties. The c o e f f i c i e n t o f variation for the results f r o m the eight c o l l a b o r a t o r s for m e t h o d t w o was 0.71%, 1.32%, and 0.97%, respectively, for the three sunflower varieties. The s o m e w h a t high deviations within the l a b o r a t o r i e s were e x p e c t e d w i t h s u n f l o w e r seed, due to the great difficulty in o b t a i n i n g a h o m o g e n e o u s sample. This s a m p l i n g p r o b l e m was recognized by Wolff, et al., (5) who rep o r t e d t h a t the repeatibility o f the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f oil in s u n f l o w e r seed

Analysis of Variance of the Determination of Total Oil in Sunflower Seed Source of variation

Degrees of freedom

Laboratory Method Variety Laboratory x method Laboratory x variety Method x variety Laboratory x method x variety Error

7 1 2 7 14 2 14 48

Total

95

by NMR was only +0.60, whereas t h a t o f rapeseed, a h o m o g e n e o u s oilseed, was +.225. The results o f the analysis o f variance o f the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the t o t a l oil in s u n f l o w e r seed by eight collaborators, using the t w o m e t h o d s , are s h o w n in Table II. There was a significant d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r y , m e t h o d , a n d variety. These d i f f e r e n c e s were i n d e p e n d e n t o f each o t h e r , since there was n o significant variance interactions. M e t h o d one, w h i c h used H y f l o Super Cel in the grinding o f the seed, gave a significantly higher oil c o n t e n t for all t h r e e varieties. The varieties were c h o s e n , because t h e y were k n o w n to have d i f f e r e n t oil c o n t e n t s ; thus, t h e y w o u l d be exp e c t e d to be significantly d i f f e r e n t . Another factor which contributed to the d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n l a b o r a t o r i e s was t h e difficulty the c o l l a b o r a t o r s had w i t h b o t h m e t h o d s in the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the m o i s t u r e o f the g r o u n d samples. Five o f the l a b o r a t o r i e s did n o t have a v a c u u m oven and deter-

Determination of Moisture of Sunflower Seed a Peredovik

INRA 6501

Method

Method 2

Mean Standard deviations c.v. c

Dahlgren 694 Method

1

Collaborators 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Mean squares

F value

8.238 11.613 6249.971 4.993 4.062 1.015 5.101 18.681

1.176 11.613 3124.985 .713 .290 .507 .364 .389

3.023 29.839 8029.362 1.833 .745 1.304 .936

Significant ~a ,~*b ** +c + + +

a*=significant at the 5% level. b* *=significant at the 1% level. C+=not significant at the 5% level.

TABLE III

1

Sum of squares

2

1

2

Per cent 5.80 6.08 7.31 b 7.05 b 5.17 b 6.10 b 5.78 5.26 5.55 5.12 6.82 b 5.23

5.59 4.23 --5.60 ----6.02 5.08 4.95 5.83 --6.05

4.54 4.37 5.51 b 4.85 3.28 4.20 4.46 4.40 4.00 4.61 5.16 4.35

4.44 3.94 --3.85 ----4.28 4.10 6.10 4.97 --4.64

6.55 6.80 6.93 b 6.00 5.93 6.15 6.75 6.23 6.30 6.58 6.88 6.25

6.76 5.77 --6.70 ----6.51 6.28 4.25 6.81 --6.36

5.94 0.760 12.80

5.42 0.626 11.54

4.44 0.553 12.46

4.54 0.731 16.09

6.45 0.347 5.39

6.18 0.849 13.74

aAverage of two determinations. bMoisture determined by air oven at 130 C for 2 hr. CCoefficient of variation. J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)

m i n e d the m o i s t u r e w i t h an air oven at 130 C for 2 hr. F o u r o f t h e s e same laboratories did n o t analyze the samples by m e t h o d two. It has b e e n the e x p e r i e n c e o f o u r l a b o r a t o r y t h a t accurate m o i s t u r e det e r m i n a t i o n s c a n n o t be o b t a i n e d on g r o u n d s u n f l o w e r seed using a f o r c e d draft oven at 130 C, because o f deterio r a t i o n o f oil in the sample. Results o b t a i n e d w i t h the v a c u u m oven also have been quite variable. Since the s u n f l o w e r seed samples were n o t sent to the c o l l a b o r a t o r s in m o i s t u r e p r o o f containers, s o m e variation in m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t was t o be e x p e c t e d ; h o w e v e r , n o t as great as was o b t a i n e d by the c o l l a b o r a t o r s (Table III). Table III shows t h a t the coefficient o f variation ranged from 11.54-16.09% for the d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m o i s t u r e o f s u n f l o w e r seed b y the two m e t h o d s , e x c e p t for m e t h o d one o f the Dahlgren sample w h i c h had variation o f 5.39%. In view o f these results, it was the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f the S u n f l o w e r Seed and Meal Analysis S u b c o m m i t t e e t h a t a m o i s t u r e determ i n a t i o n s h o u l d n o t be m a d e on g r o u n d s u n f l o w e r seed. Total oil on a per c e n t dry basis w o u l d be calculated f r o m the m o i s t u r e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f the w h o l e seed. These analyses w o u l d be c o n d u c t e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h the oil d e t e r m i n a t i o n . In a d d i t i o n , the S u b c o m m i t t e e reco m m e n d e d t h a t a n o t h e r collaborative s t u d y be c o n d u c t e d on s u n f l o w e r seed using m e t h o d one f o r oil d e t e r m i n a tion, b u t also including d e t e r m i n a t i o n s for m o i s t u r e o f w h o l e seed a n d p r o t e i n content. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The chairman of the Sunflower Seed and Meal Analysis Subcommittee acknowledges the following collaborators: L.V. Anderson, Minnesota Linseed Oil Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; C.M. Cater, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; D.L. Henry, Law and Co., Atlants, Ga.; W.J. Johnson, The Buckeye Cellulose Corp., Memphis, Tenn.; H. Keith, Paymaster Oil Mill, Lubbock, Texas; A.J. Kuutti, Cargill, Inc., Minneapo(Continued on page 232A) 225A

ery was satisfactory, evidently because of difficulties in quantification of the extraction procedure. Several of the collaborating teams a t t e m p t e d preliminary tests involving an alternate approach to greatly increased sensitivities through the use of a graphite furnace with carbon rods or a carbon tube atomizer. Since these techniques do not involve extraction, they are more precise and rapid. If a sufficient n u m b e r of collaborators possessing the required graphite furnace with carbon rods or a carbon tube atomizer can be found, a collaborative investigation of this t e c h n i q u e will be conducted.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY S U BCOMIVII TTE E S.F. Herb, S u b c o m m i t t e e chairman, has resigned, since his n e w work assignment will n o t be c o n c e r n e d with fat, oil, or lipid research. Also resigning were J.L. Iverson, chairman of a task group to investigate a procedure involving programed t e m p e r a t u r e analysis of fatty acid c o m p o s i t i o n designed to m o d i f y or augment AOCS Tentative Method Ce 1-62 Rev. 1970, and B.D. Thomas who had taken over activities to investigate and evaluate gas liquid c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c (GLC) m e t h o d s for determining resin acid in rosin and of turpentine. These resignations will require an almost c o m p l e t e reorganization and restructuring of the Gas C h r o m a t o g r a p h y S u b c o m m i t t e e if the objectives (as outlined in the previous report (5), all involving collaborative effort, are to be achieved. See Table I. Major activities within this Subcommittee during the c o m i n g year will probably be confined to this reorganization and will include the appointment of a n e w S u b c o m m i t t e e chairman and n e w collaborative investigation or task group leaders.

NIVIR SPECTROSCOPY SU BCOMMI TTE E AOCS has n o t f o u n d a m e m b e r willing to accept a p p o i n t m e n t as chairman of the NMR S p e c t r o s c o p y Subc o m m i t t e e . This vacancy has handi-

capped the progress of this group, particularly in establishing a collaborative task group to investigate published m e t h o d s and select a preferred technique for the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of total oil in oilseeds by wide-line NMR spectroscopy. A.J. Haighton, Unilever Research, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands, has served as chairman of a task group established to study a m e t h o d for the determination of solid/fat index by NMR. Despite the handicap of distance, he has made considerable progress with the task group. (See " R e p o r t of the Instrumental Techniques Comm i t t e e 1971-72" for a s u m m a r y of earlier collaborative tests [51). This collaborative testing has been international with 2 collaborative teams from the USA, 3 f r o m the UK, and 1 each from Sweden, Holland, Canada, and Switzerland. In a report of latest collaborative investigation, Haighton stated that the instrumental precision was satisfactory and that the m e t h o d could readily include procedures permitting the use of wide-line or pulsed-source instruments. A collaborator pointed out one "great advantage of the NMR instrument, n a m e l y that m e a s u r e m e n t can be made on t e x t u f i z e d fat w i t h o u t altering the sample's crystalline state." These collaborative studies have demonstrated that the NMR procedures have advantages over the dilatometric techniques (AOCS tentative m e t h o d Cd 10-57) in precision, scope, and time of analysis. However, the studies are revealing that precision is related to the m e t h o d of tempering. Since tempering affects the solid/fat index, precision can be obtained a m o n g collaborators if, and only if, the m e t h o d includes a precise, detailed description of a r e c o m m e n d e d m e t h o d of tempering. Thus far there has been little, or no, agreement regarding the preferred method. An additional collaborative e f f o r t is being organized to test the m e t h o d when a specific tempering procedure is followed. Collaborators will be asked to follow the m e t h o d whether or n o t the t e m p e r i n g proce-

Call for Papers

dure agrees with that customarily used in their respective laboratories. Hopefully this m e t h o d will reveal agreement among collaborators and can be reco m m e n d e d to the U n i f o r m Methods C o m m i t t e e for inclusion as a standard or official m e t h o d of the Society. R.T. O ' C O N N O R , chairman R.R. A L L E N , s u b c o m m i t t e e chairman K.M. BROBST, s u b c o m m i t t e e chairman S.F. H E R B , s u b c o m m i t t e e chairman REFERENCES 1. "Official and Tentative Methods of the American Oil Chemists' Society," Third edition, AOCS, 1972. 2. Allen, R.R., JAOCS 46:552 (1969). 3. Haung, A., and D. Firestone, J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem. 54:47 (1971). 4. Piccolo, B., and R.T. O'Connor, JAOCS 45:789 (1968). 5. O'Connor, R.T., R.R. Allen, W.A. Bosin, K.M. Brobst and S.F. Herb, Ibid. 48:412A, 413A, 422A (1971). [ R e c e i v e d August 6, 1973]

•

J A O C S News F e a t u r e . . .

(Continued from page 225A) lis, Minn.; P.L. Maiers, Doty-Wilhoit Labs, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.; P.L. Maiers, DotyWilboit Labs, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn.; D.C. Melear, Jr., Southwestern Labs, Fort Worth, Texasi J. Ridlehuber, Plains Cooperative Oil Mill, Lubbock, Texas; J.K. Thomas, USDA, ARS, Russell Research Center, Athens, Ga.; and B.D. Deacon, USDA, ARS, AMRI, Beltsville, Md. REFERENCES 1. Robertson, J.A. JAOCS 49:239 (1972). 2. Trotter, W.K., H.O. Doty, W.D. Givan and J.V. Lawler, "Potential for Oilseed Sunflowers in the United States," U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, AER-237, February 1973. 3. "Official and Tentative Methods of the American Oil Chemists' Society," Vol. I, Third edition, AOCS, Champaign, I11., 1971. 4. Earle, F.R., C.H. Vanetten, T.F. Clark and I.A. Wolff, JAOCS 45:876 (1968). 5. Wolff, J.P., A. Karlesking and G. Valmalle. Rev. Corps Gras. 17:165 (1970).

AOCS 48TH ANNUAL

[Received August 24, 1973]

FALL MEETING

DEADLINE: MAY 3, 1974

The Technical Program Committee has issued a call for papers to be presented at the AOCS Fall Meeting, September 29-October 2, 1974, in the Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Papers on lipids, fats, and oils and aH retated areas are welcome. Submit three copies of a 100-300 word abstract with title, authors, and speaker to: Gerhard Maerker, Eastern Regional Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19118. •

232A

J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)