ISSN 0013-8738, Entomological Review, 2011, Vol. 91, No. 3, pp. 306–311. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2011. Original Russian Text © M.A. Klepikov, 2011, published in Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie, 2011, Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 28–35.

Lepidopteran Pests in the Upper Volga Area (Lepidoptera) M. A. Klepikov Yaroslavl State Historical and Artistic Culture Preserve, Yaroslavl, Russia Received November 10, 2010

Abstract—Data on 154 species of lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga region, of which 9 are considered as principal, 29 as minor, and 116 as potential pests are summarized. Most of harmful species belong to the families Tortricidae (27), Noctuidae (24), Gelechiidae (11), Gracillariidae (9), Geometridae (8), and Lymantriidae (6). The pests of forest trees and shrubs are most numerous, followed by the pests of fruit trees and berry shrubs, pests of ornamental trees and shrubs, etc. There is no lepidopteran pest of field and forage crops in the region. On the whole, the economic importance of Lepidoptera in the Upper Volga region is lower than that of the other insect orders. DOI: 10.1134/S0013873811030043

The Upper Volga region constitutes a special physiographic province (Physiographic Subdivision…, 1963, 1968), whose characteristic was given by me in an earlier communication devoted to the taxonomic analysis of the regional lepidopteran fauna (Klepikov, 2008). Until now, there have been no summary reviews on lepidopteran pests in the region. There are only scattered data on individual pest species (Nikitina and Shcherbinina, 1968, 1970; Zagulajev, 1988) and reports of some pests mentioned in regional faunistic reviews (Pospelov, 1989; Insects and Mites ..., 1994, 1999). In this connection it seems expedient to summarize data on species which are or may be of economic importance and analyze their harmfulness in the territory of the province. MATERIALS AND METHODS Based on the complete list of Lepidoptera in the Upper Volga fauna, a preliminary list of species which had been recorded as pests was compiled, taking into account original direct observations and published data (Key to Insects…, 1978, 1981, 1986; Insects and Mites ..., 1994, 1999). Further, this list was limited to the species which do or may do harm in the Upper Volga Area. Correspondingly, species damaging, for example, sweet potatoes or cotton plants, as well as those damaging plants that occur in the Upper Volga region but are not specially cultivated there (for example, sage and thyme) were excluded from further consideration. Species included into the final list were divided into three large groups. (1) Principal pests which really do considerable damage to some objects in the study area.

(2) Minor pests which regularly damage some objects without doing any noticeable harm. (3) Potential pests whose damage was not recorded in the Upper Volga Area though it was recorded in other regions. Eight main types of the pests’ food substrates were distinguished: (1) fodder cultures, including those in pastures; (2) field (grain and technical) crops; (3) truck crops (mainly vegetables); (4) fruit and berry (mainly tree and shrub) cultures; (5) garden and park trees and shrubs, both ornamental and those used for settlement gardening; (6) forest trees and shrubs; (7) stores of corn, hay, chaff, and food supplies; (8) things made of fur, wool, and leather, and also zoological collections. Some types of damageable substrates may overlap in this classification. For example, the same plant species may be counted among forest and park trees, or among fodder and field cultures. In this case, the lepidopteran species damaging them were considered in both groups, according to the level of damage inflicted. A more extensive subdivision of pests (based on their distribution on organs of plants, the type of damage, the ecological types of larvae, etc.) is beyond the scope of the present communication. The names and taxonomic position of lepidopteran species are given in accordance with the Russian reference book Insects and Mites—Pests of Agricultural Plants (1994, 1999). RESULTS The lepidopteran fauna of the Upper Volga Area has been studied by the author since the 1990s. The

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According to the types of damaged substrates, the lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga fauna could be arranged in the following way.

salicis L. All of them may become quite abundant in the Upper Volga Area but do not kill or noticeably weaken their food plants. Most of the above species are trophically associated with small-leaved trees or shrubs: the birch, willow, and different poplar species, including the aspen; Lymantria monacha develops on coniferous and leaved species, including planted pine and spruce stands, whereas Yponomeuta plumbella may cause considerable defoliation of the spindle (Euonymus). There are 40 potential pests: Tischeria ekebladella Bjerk., Caloptilia betulicola Hering and C. stigmatella F., Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata, Ocnerostoma piniariella Zell., Ypsolopha vittella L., Lyonetia clerkella L., Batrachedra praeangusta Hw., B. pinicoletta Zell., Exoeleia dodecella L., Teleiodes alburnella Zell., T. proximella Hbn., T. paripunctella Thnb., Chionodes electella Zell., Sesia apiformis Cl., Cossus cossus L., Tortrix viridana L., Exapate congelatella Cl., Archips rosana L., Pandemis corylana F., P. cerasana Hbn., P. heparana Den. et Schiff., Epinotia brunnichiana L., E. nanana Tr., E. pygmaeana Hbn., E. tedella Cl., Zeiraphera ratzeburgiana Sax., Notocelia roborana Den. et Schiff., Blastesthia posticana L., B. turionella L., Retinia resinella L., Rhyacionia pinicolana Dbld., Malacosoma neustria L., Dendrolimus pini L., Bupalus piniaria L., Phalera bucephala L., Panolis flammea Esp., Lymantria dispar L., Orgyia antiqua L., and Euproctis similis Fuessly. As for such well-known pests of leaved trees as Malacosoma neustria and Lymantria dispar or those of conifers, such as Dendrolimus pini, Bupalus piniarius and Panolis flammea, all of them are rare in the territory and no damage caused by them has been registered up till this time. Still, the abundance of these and other potentially dangerous pests should be monitored. It should be noted that xylobiont lepidopteran species capable of damaging wood were also not recorded as principal or minor forest pests in the Upper Volga Area.

Most of the pests (50 species or 32.47% of all the pests) were recorded on forest trees and shrubs. Only one species, the bird-cherry ermine Yponomeuta evonymella L. can be regarded as a principal pest, causing extensive (up to 100%) defoliation of wild and ornamental bird cherry stands approximately every 7–8 years (Klepikov, 2007). The group of minor pests includes 9 species: Eriocrania cicatricella Zett., E. semipurpurella Stph., Argyresthia retinella Zell., Yponomeuta plumbella Den. et Schiff., Anacampsis populella Cl., A. blattariella Hbn., Hypatima rhomboidella L., Lymantria monacha L., and Leucoma

The second place in the number of species is held by pests of fruit and berry trees and shrubs (39 species or 25.32% of all the pests). The only principal pest in this group is the codling moth Cydia pomonella L. The group of minor pests includes 4 species: Yponomeuta malinella Zell. and Argyresthia conjugella Zell. developing on apple trees, and also Zophodia grossulariella Hbn. and Abraxas grossulariata L. developing on gooseberry. Although the above species may inflict damage in some years, their outbreaks occur irregularly (unlike those of Yponomeuta evonymella) only once every several years. For example, in 1993 and

complete list of lepidopterans found in the region comprises 1380 species (Klepikov, 2008). Of these, 389 species were reported to do some kind of damage in European Russia. The final list of actual or potential lepidopteran pests of the Upper Volga province includes 154 species, which is 11.16% of the whole lepidopteran fauna of the region. These data agree with other similar studies. In particular, 151 actual or potential pests were listed for the Upper Oka basin (Shmytova, 2000), 303 species for the Middle Volga area (Sachkov, 1996), 165 species for the Lower Volga area (Anikin, 1995), and 181 species for the Northwest Caucasus (Shchurov, 2005). Among the 154 species in the final list, only 9 turned out to be principal pests, which is 5.84% of all the pests or 0.65% of the entire regional fauna of lepidopterans. There are 29 species of minor pests, comprising 18.83% of all the pests or 2.1% of the entire fauna. Potential pests constituted the majority in the regional list, which is 116 species or 75.32% of all the pests and 8.4% of the entire fauna. Most of the actual pests were recorded in the families Tortricidae (27 species or 14.83% of all the species of the family known from the Upper Volga, and 17.53% of all the pests) and Noctuidae (24 species or 8.39% of all the species of the family, and 15.58% of all the pests in the region). They were followed, with a considerable margin, by the families Gelechiidae (11 species or 19.3 and 0.8%, respectively), Gracillariidae (9 species or 28.12 and 0.65%, respectively), Geometridae (8 species or 3.43 and 0.58%, respectively), and Lymantriidae (6 species or 60 and 0.43%, respectively). The remaining families included not more than 5 pest species each.

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2000, noticeable harm to the apple crop was done by Argyresthia conjugella, earlier unobserved in the territory (Klepikov, 2007); in 2005–2006, a considerable increase in the abundance of Yponomeuta malinella earlier known from the Upper Volga region only by individual findings, was suddenly observed (Klepikov, 2007). The remaining 34 species are infrequent there and may be regarded as potential pests: Stigmella sorbi Stt., Lampronia capitella Cl., Callisto denticulella Thnbg., Phyllonorycter sorbi Frey, Argyresthia semifusca Hw., A. pruniella Cl., Ypsolopha asperella L., Lyonetia clerkella L., Gelechia rhombella Den. et Schiff., Synanthedon tipuliformis Cl., Acteris laterana F., Exapate congelatella Cl., Archips rosana L., Pandemis cerasana Hbn., P. heparana Den et Schiff., Celypha lacunana Den. et Schiff., Rhopobota naevana Hbn., Notocelia roborana Den. et Schiff., Enarmonia formosana Scop., Choreutis pariana Cl., Trichiura crataegi L., Malacosoma neustria L., Aporia crataegi L., Diloba caeruleocephala L., Angerona prunaria L., Apocheima pilosaria Den. et Schiff., Erannis defoliaria Cl., Eulithis prunata L., Operophtera brumata L., Acronicta rumicis L., Cosmia trapezina L., Lymantria dispar L., Calliteara pudibunda L., and Arctia caja L. However, their abundance should be also monitored since in some favorable years they may reach great numbers and even do harm. For example, Leche’s twist moth Ptycholoma lecheana L., previously only occasionally observed in the Upper Volga Area, caused considerable defoliation of some plum and apple trees in the gardens of Semibratovo (Rostov District, Yaroslavl Prov.) in 2001. The third place in the number of species is occupied by pests of garden and park trees and shrubs (35 species or 22.72% of all the pests, including 2 principal, 6 minor, and 27 potential pests). Besides Yponomeuta evonymella L. mentioned above, a primary pest is Phyllonorycter populifoliella, which in the mid-1990s caused considerable defoliation of poplar plantations in settlements that resulted in dying off of many scaffold branches and even whole trees (Klepikov, 2005a). The group of minor pests includes 6 species: Micrurapteryx gradatella H.S., extensively mining leaves of the Siberian pea shrub in urban plantations; Phyllonorycter issikii Kumata, which is more abundant in settlements than in natural lime stands; Gelechia turpella Den. et Schiff. and Phyllocnistis extrematrix Martynova, which damage poplars in settlements together with Phyllonorycter populifoliella; the ermine moth Yponomeuta malinella Zell., damag-

ing ornamental rowan and apple plantations in parks and public gardens; and Celypha siderana Tr. which develops every year and in great numbers on spirea shrubs planted in parks, public gardens, and also as hedges. Until now, the damage caused by these lepidopterans in the Upper Volga Area has not resulted in death or noticeable weakening of food plants. The group of potential pests of garden trees and shrubs includes 27 species: Gracillaria syringella F., Phyllonorycter sorbi Frey, Phyllocnistis unipuctella Stph., Lyonetia clerkella L.,, Batrachedra praeangusta Hw., Anacampsis populella Cl., A. blattariella Hb., Acleris bergmanniana L., A. laterana F., Exapate congelatella Cl., Archips rosana L., Pandemis corylana F., P. cerasana Hbn., P. heparana Den. et Schiff., Celypha lacunana Den. et Schiff., C. rivulana Scop., Rhopobota naevana Hbn., Epinotia solandriana L., Notocella roborana Den. et Schiff., Malacosoma neustria L., Apocheima pilosaria Den. et Schiff., Operophtera brumata L., Phalera bucephala L., Lymantria dispar L., Calliteara pudibunda L., Orgyia antiqua L., and Euproctis similis Fuessly. The fourth place in the number of species is occupied by pests of vegetable truck cultures (27 species or 17.53% of all the pests). The principal pests of crucifers (mostly cabbage) are the whites Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L. Considerably smaller is the damage caused by the green-veined white P. napi L., so that this species, together with the diamond-back moth Plutella xylostella L., may be regarded as minor pests. All the remaining 23 species occurring on vegetable cultures (umbellates, crucifers, nightshades, cucurbits, etc.) do not cause any noticeable harm and may be regarded as potential pests: Hepialus humuli L., Agonopterix heracliana L., Depressaria depressana F., D. rubricella Den. et Schiff., Evergestis forficalis L., E. extimalis Scop., Loxostege sticticalis L., Sitochroa verticalis L., Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn., Papilio machaon L., Acronicta rumicis L., Macdunnoughia confusa Stph., Autographa gamma L., Hydracea micacea Esp., Anarta trifolii Hfn., Lacanobia oleracea L., Melanchra persicariae L., Mamestra brassicae L., Euxoa tritici L., Agrotis ipsilon Hfn., A. exclamationis L., A. segetum Den. et Schiff., and Arctia caja L. No increase in their abundance similar to that observed in potential pests of fruit and berry trees has so far been observed in the Upper Volga Area. The pests of fodder cultures count 19 species (12.34% of all the lepidopteran pests). This group ENTOMOLOGICAL REVIEW Vol. 91 No. 3 2011

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includes no species which could be considered as principal pests by the extent of damage done in the Upper Volga Area. The only minor pest is the leafroller Cydia compositella F. developing on clover, which may reach a considerable abundance in the region. However, there are no data testifying to the decrease of clover crop due to this pest. The remaining 18 species developing on fodder herbs, in spite of being widely spread in the region under study never reach the abundance at which the damage done by them becomes noticeable; all of them are referred to as potential pests. These species are Phyllonorycter insignitella Zell., Damophila mayrella Hbn., D. deauratella Lienig et Zell., D. alcyonipennella Kollar, D. trifolii Curt., Bryotropha terrella Den. et Schiff., Cydia nigricana F., Oncocera semirubella Scop., Chiasmia clathrata L., Euclidia glyphica L., Macdunnoughia confusa Stph., Autographa gamma L., Schinia scutosa Den. et Schiff., Heliothis viriplaca Hfn., Helicoverpa armigera Hbn., Apamea monoglypha Hfn., Anarta trifolii Hfn., and Cerapteryx graminis L. The group of pests of stored corn, hay, chaff, and food supplies includes 11 species (7.14% of all the pests), mostly synanthropic ones. The principal pests are the common meal moths Plodia interpunctella Hbn. and Ephestia elutella Hbn. The damage inflicted by 7 other species: Nemapogon cloacella Hw., N. variatella Clemens, Endrosis sarcitrella L., Aphomia sociella L., Pyralis farinalis L., Aglossa pinguinalis L., and Ephestia kuehniella Zell. is less significant, so that they may be regarded as minor pests. Finally, the pyralid moths Hypsopygia costalis F. and Orthopygia glaucinalis L. very rarely occur in the study area (Klepikov, 2005b) and may therefore be considered to be potential pests. The pests of field (grain and technical) crops in the region are not numerous (9 species or 5.84% of all the pests), all of them being potential pests. The only exception could be Ochsenheimeria taurella Den. et Schiff., since there are reports of white ear disease caused by this species in Yaroslavl Province in 1925 (Zagulajev, 1988). However at present, this species was not found at all in the region, whereas a similar species O. vacculella F. v. R. never reaches great abundance there (Klepikov, 2003). Other potential pests are the noctuid moths Apamea lateritia Hfn., A. sordens Hfn., Mesapamea secalis L., Amphipoea fucosa Frey, Euxoa tritici L., Agrotis exclamationis L., and A. segetum Den. et Schiff. ENTOMOLOGICAL REVIEW Vol. 91 No. 3 2011

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There are only five specialized lepidopteran pests of keratinous substrates (wool, feathers, fur and leather articles, and zoological collections) in the region (3.25% of all the pests), all of them belonging to the family Tineidae. Of these, only Tineola bisselliella Hummel and T. furciferella Zag. may be regarded as principal pests (the status of the latter species is doubted; see Provorova, 1995). Tinea columbariella Wocke inflicts damage less frequently and may be considered a minor pest. The moths Tinea bothniella Svensson and T. steueri G. Petersen are rare in the region (Klepikov, 2006), so that they may be regarded as potential pests only. DISCUSSION As can be seen from the above review, the most abundant pests in the Upper Volga Area are those of forest trees and shrubs. The second place in the number of species is held by pests of fruit and berry cultures most of which are also represented by trees and shrubs (with few exceptions, such as garden strawberry). In the third place are pests of ornamental trees and shrubs used in landscape gardening (parks, public gardens, yards, and streets). Since the Upper Volga Province lies entirely within the forest zone, the prevalence of pests associated with trees and shrubs is quite natural. It is remarkable that no lepidopteran species have been recorded in the region among primary or secondary pests of field cultures, first of all grain crops. The damage done by field crop pests is most considerable in the steppe zone (Insects and Mites …, 1999); most of such pests, for example, the garden pebble Ostrinia nubilalis and the noctuid moths Apamea sordens, Euxoa tritici, and Agrotis segetum are rare in the Upper Volga Area (Sviridov and Klepikov, 1997; Sviridov and Tikhomirov, 2000; Klepikov, 2005b). However, these species should be monitored, since their outbreaks were recorded in the past (for example, that of Ochsenheimeria taurella mentioned above). The diversity of species associated with vegetable and fodder truck cultures is somewhat higher but most of the potential pests (for example, Loxostege sticticalis; see Klepikov, 2005b) are rare in the region, except for the widespread species of whites. As for pests of provisions, corn, and cereals, and also wool, fur and other soft goods, they mostly include synanthropic species which do not greatly de-

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pend upon the natural conditions of the region. Consequently, the species composition of these pests is more or less the same for the whole territory of Russia. Thus, the climatic conditions of the Upper Volga physiographic province are conducive to the manifestation of harmfulness of boreal forest lepidopterans, most of which are dendro-thamnobiotic or chamaebiotic. On the contrary, most of the hortobiotic lepidopteran pests are typical of more southern steppe and forest-steppe regions where they inflict considerable damage. On the whole, one may conclude that the economic significance of lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga physiographic province is relatively small. In the taiga zone it is lower than in representatives of other insect orders, such as beetles, dipterans, or aphids. For example, periodical pandemic outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus L. occur in mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests and the border areas of the southern taiga subzone, whereas the potential outbreak areas of such dangerous lepidopteran pests as Tortrix viridana, Archips crataegana, Apocheima hispidaria, Lymantria dispar, and Euproctis chrysorrhoea lie in broad-leaved forests within the foreststeppe subzone of European Russia (Lyamtsev, 2004). The group of pests damaging provisions and crude drugs includes 23 species of beetles within the city area of Yaroslavl (Vlasov, 2006) and 11 species of moths and butterflies in the whole region. A similar picture can be observed in pests damaging keratinous materials. According to V.I. Shchurov (Center of Forest Protection, Krasnodar Territory), the total damage caused by lepidopterans decreases northwards. Lepidopteran pests cause the greatest damage to agriculture, forestry, and urban forestry in the south regions of European Russia, whereas as one moves northwards, from the steppes to the forest zone, the economic significance of coleopteran pests grows while that of lepidopterans decreases. REFERENCES 1. Anikin, V.V., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (St. Petersburg, 1995). 2. Insects and Mites— Pests of Agricultural Plants. Vol. 3. Lepidoptera. Part 1 (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 1994) [in Russian]. 3. Insects and Mites— Pests of Agricultural Plants. Vol. 3. Lepidoptera. Part 2 (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 1999) [in Russian].

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LEPIDOPTERAN PESTS 19. Provorova, I.N., “The Webbing Clothes Moth Tineola bisselliella (Humm.) (Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Tineinae) as a Polymorphic Species,” Actias 2 (1–2), 53–62 (1995). 20. Sachkov, S.A., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (St. Petersburg, 1996). 21. Shchurov, V.I., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (Krasnodar, 2005). 22. Shmytova, I.V., Candidate’s Dissertation in Biology (St. Petersburg, 2000). 23. Sviridov, A.V. and Klepikov, M.A., “Noctuid Moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) of Yaroslavl Province,”

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Russk. Entomol. Zh. 6 (1–2), 141–152 (1997). 24. Sviridov, A.V. and Tikhomirov, A.M., “Noctuid Moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) of Ivanovo Province,” Russk. Entomol. Zh. 9 (4), 366–374 (2000) 25. Vlasov, D.V., “Synanthropic Beetle Fauna of Yaroslavl,” in Topical Problems of Yaroslavl Province. Proceedings of the 4th Scientific Conference, Vol. 1 (Yaroslavl, 2008), pp. 253–257. 26. Zagulajev, A.K., “Cereal Stem Moths: Families Ochsenheimeriidae and Eriocottidae,” in Fauna of the USSR. Insecta, Lepidoptera, Vol. 4, Issue 7 (Nauka, Leningrad, 1988), pp. 1–302 [in Russian].