! !"#
! " # $%&'( σ )* + ,
σ #
τ = 0σ − σ / . - = τ 0σ ≥ σ ≥ σ /
0%/
σ σ σ
)* + 0%/ " % 1 + = + ∆ =
0-/
! "#$ %# & # # ' & ()*' $#$ + & ) + )$, &$-,,./0- #$*%,-1123!# & # & 20-111 21.-*02412401-*12516-11-112+ &+ $!,
τ τ 1 = 2 τ = 3 2 = 3 2 ≤ ≤ 2 = 2 τ = 3 2 = 2 3 ≤ ≤
4 1 σ = τ = 32 + = 2 σ τ 2 ! ) + 1 0%/ = < % ν = 356 )+)+78 2 ν 9 8 ) +
σ = σ 0 ε / 2 = 33% :) + 0-/
0%/ = = 3% = 356 1 = -; <92ν = 3- 2 => " - # 0/ 0/ 0/ ) + τ 0" '/ σ
" 5 " > σ , # 0%/
! " σ # ± ± ± ±
τ = σ − σ
"
$
? $'5( ε − ε = ε . - 0'/ ε 0'/
τ = ε . -0% + ν / " @ 0=%3A/ 0=%A/ 0/ 0/ τ 2 " @
2 7% 8"$989& ) 8 9+$$ : $ # & #&, ; -<2=> - +8? 8 :3# & # & ; =<20> 7 % 8 "$ 8 8 : & # & #$& # & & #&, & ,)*,# & $; 0<2> = 7 % : ,$ # # & #$#; <2>
#