National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India Psychological Psychological Studies Studies (December (December 2009) 2009) 54:267–309

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ABSTRACTS

Oral Presentations Attitudes and Social Perception A-15 Gender Perceptions about Occupations among Female Japanese Students: Is that Job Masculine, Feminine or Gender Neutral Tomoko Adachi (Osaka University of Education, Japan) This study addressed the questions: Do students with traditional gender role attitudes tend to consider female dominated occupations to be rather feminine and male dominated occupations to be rather masculine? Are gender role attitudes related to occupational selfefficacy through the mediation of gender perceptions? A survey was conducted with woman college and university students in Japan (N=565), using a three-part questioner that consisted of Egalitarian Sex Role Attitudes (SESRA-S) by Suzuki (1994), the M-F scale of the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI). Results indicated that the main effect of gender role attitudes was significant for male as well as female dominated occupations. The participants with low egalitarian gender role attitudes considered male dominated occupations to be more masculine than those with medium or high egalitarian gender role attitudes. Similarly in female dominated occupations, the participants with low egalitarian gender role attitudes considered female dominated occupations to be more feminine than those with medium or high egalitarian gender role attitudes. Gender perceptions about male dominated occupations mediated the relationship between gender role attitudes and occupational self-efficacy. It is concluded that interventions focusing on gender role attitudes and gender perceptions would be useful for guiding career decisions of female students.

A-47 The Stereotype about People with HIV/AIDS in China Li Liu and Yu Deng (Beijing Normal University, China) In the modern day world the knowledge on HIV/ AIDS still suffers stereotype and there is a strong need to study its causes for appropriate interventions. The present study aims for its hence the present study aimed about investigating people’s knowledge on HIV/AIDS on their stereotype. In the preliminary study 325 and in the main study, 578 participants were asked to rate the extent to which people with HIV/AIDS possessed range of attributes identified in the preliminary study using a 5-point scale. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three subtypes the stereotype, namely depression, nervosity and concealment. Regression analysis showed that the subtype depression was influenced both by HIV/AIDS general knowledge and by the HIV transmission knowledge, and that the subtype concealment was

influence by HIV/AIDS general knowledge. The implications of the results were discussed with regards the strategies of anti-HIV/ AIDS stigma campaign.

B-193 Consuming Thai Product behavior in Thai Undergraduate Students Shuttawwee Sitsira (Srinakharinvirot University, Thailand) The present study is a correlational comparative study aimed at investigating important psychological and situational predictors of consuming Thai product behavior, as well as, finding at-risk groups. The sample of 371 Thai undergraduate students in junior and senior levels was obtained. The sample consisted of 101 male and 269 female students. Multiple regression analysis indicated that social support from peer was an important predictor of this behavior, followed by nationalism, and future orientation and self control with the accuracy of 26.6%. The highest predictive percentage of 32.4% was found in senior students with the same important predictors as in total group. Furthermore, the results showed that male students, junior students in faculty of humanities, and senior students in faculty of social science were the at-risk groups.

Clinical and Neuroscience Issues in Social Psychology A-109 Lunatic Asylums in Kerala: Emergence of A Science over the Indigenous Observances of Insanity Baiju Gopal, T. Sasaidharan and Tissy Mariam Thomas (India) The mainstream psychiatric practices in Kerala modeled on the westernized concept and classification of mental illness, largely address the mental aberrations as diseases/disorders. Keeping social constructivist ontological and epistemological position, the present study is pitched in to the complex cultural psyche of people of Kerala. Qualitative exploratory method used in the study delves into a search of a new meanings about madness in the milieu of Kerala. Through analysis of the Archival documents (from 1868 to 1937), field observation and interviews about the Asylum practices in Kerala, the present study looks into the transformation from indigenous healing tradition to the modern psychiatric practices. The research takes a step to explore the crisis of psychiatry and its cultural unspecificities in historical frame, the indigenous healing traditions and the asylums practices in Kerala.

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B-137 The Effective Teachers: Clients' Contributions to the Learning Psychotherapy Process Naveen Grover, Gauri Shanker Kaloiya and Tej Bahadur Singh (Institute of Human Behavior and Allied Sciences, India) Learning psychotherapy is a complex process and interaction among various factors, such as supervisory relationship, theoretical understanding of psychology, supervisee's characteristics, client's characteristics, impacts its learning. The present paper describes these client's contributions through brief case presentations. These contributions have been observed over a period of a decade, involving individual adult psychotherapies broadly following a cognitive behavioral approach. The client's contribution to the psychotherapy process and outcome was found to be critical. The client contribution is necessary but not sufficient condition for learning psychotherapy. To appreciate the role of clients as teachers it is necessary that one has the access to the formal teacher and adequate knowledge of theories of psychology.

B-123 Psychosocial Stress and Conversion Disorder in Indian Children Prahbhjot Malhi, C. Mahesh Kumar and Pratibha Singhi (PGIMER, India) The study examines the relationship between psychosocial stressors, adverse life events, and development of conversion symptoms in Indian children. 29 children (Mean = 10.31 years, SD = 1.89) with a clinical diagnosis of conversion disorder, as per the DSM IV criteria, were studied. Results indicated that non-epileptic seizures (69%) were the most common and majority were from rural areas (69%) and low SES families (66%). Psychosocial stressor could be elicited in 83% of the children with conversion disorder reported significantly higher number of life events in the last one year as compared to the previous year. The stress score associated with the life events faced in the last one year was also significantly higher than the previous year for the children with conversion disorder. Thus conversion symptoms are common in poor, rural households and in families where expression of emotional distress is generally discouraged.

A-37 A Psychological assessment of Anxiety in Overweight and Obese Adults Kamayani Mathur and Taranjit Muker (Gujarat University, India) For Indian-Asians, WHO (2000) defines Body Mass Index for normal individuals as 18.5–22.9 kg/m2, for overweight as 23– 24.9 kg/m2 and ≥ 25 kg/m2 as obese. A random sample of 200 adults aged 21–60 years both male and females were selected. Of these 50 were clinically diagnosed as overweight and 50 obese comprising the experimental group and 100 normals comprised the control group. Results showed that for obese males and females, high waist and hip circumference, weighed more, took

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less physical exercise, calorie intake was between 2050 to 2450 Kcal compared to overweight and normal groups. High levels of insecurity-loneliness, depression, guilt-proneness, ergic tension, emotional instability, inferiority, self-consciousness, paranoid, suspiciousness were observed in the obese group compared to others. It may be concluded that obese subjects had highest level of anxiety compared to others

B-514 Counselling and Family Therapy: Manifestations of the Applied Aspect of Social Psychology Amiteshwar Ratra (IGNOU, India) This paper brings out the interface of counselling and family therapy with social psychology, emphasizing that the former are virtually a manifestation of the applied aspect of the latter. Counselling and family therapy draw from the domain of social psychology to enable individuals develop their potential to solve problems and increase their resilience and positive adaptation capabilities. For greater effectiveness, it is vital for counsellors and family therapists to learn about the social influences on individuals and groups from social research. Social influence, social relations, attitude, motivation, obedience, conformity, conflict resolution, are some areas where people mutually each other. Though, efforts are being made by the experts in the area of counselling and family therapy to utilize the theorization and research in social psychology in dealing with varied situations and issues, this interface needs to be strengthened.

A-96 Exploring Neighborhood Contexts, Ethnic Density and Social Capital in the Development of Schizophrenia and other Psychosis in Guam: A Three Year Incidence Study. Rita Sharma Setpaul (Guam) Higher incidence of schizophrenia and psychosis is reported for ethnic minority groups and immigrant populations. Researchers have turned to environmental and social risk factors in understanding the etiology of psychosis. The current research is a three-year incidence study examining the effects of neighborhood contexts such as ethnic density, social capital including crime rates and voter turnout, urbanization, and marginalization on the incidence of psychosis. Guam’s ethnically diverse population, its rapid development in the last half century, its strategic role in the U.S. militarism, and its socio-political status as an unincorporated territory of the U.S. creates a tapestry of complex social variables that have yet to be examined in the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. A multilevel nested model is tested using the Poisson multiple regression analysis in the STATA 9.

B-472 Understanding Coping Pattern of Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Qualitative Investigation Rajbala Singh1 and Shikha Dixit2 (1LNM Institute of Information Technology India, 2IIT Kanpur, India) The main objective of the present paper is to examine the coping

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pattern of myocardial infarction (MI) patients in an in-depth manner. Open ended interviews with 12 male MI patients were conducted in this regard. Various coping strategies emerged from participants’ verbatim reports, which included both general coping like problem focused coping, support based coping etc. and culture specific coping strategies such as, religious/ spiritual coping, belief in traditional healing system etc. Differences were observed in terms of selection of coping strategy between participants who experienced the disease for the first time and who experienced the disease more than once and initially used the coping of wait and watch. However, participants who experienced the disease for the second time were more inclined to use problem focused coping. All participants expressed their strong faith in God and engaged in various religious activities which provided strength to fight with adverse illness condition. Participants also expressed their belief in the effectiveness of traditional healing systems such as, yoga and ayurveda for their illness condition.

B-411 Are Attempted Hand Switchers at Risk of Accidents? A Social-Neurosciences Perspective Damodar Suar1, Manas K. Mandal2, Indiwar Misra3 and Shanti Suman4 (1IIT Kharagpur, India, 2Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India, 3BR Ambedakar College, India, 4MITS, India) The study examines whether attempted hand switchers commit accidents. The sample comprised of 304 hand switchers. Hand switchers' age, sex, hand preference, and accident frequency were assessed. Supporting the modification hypothesis, hand switching has occurred during early childhood and females are found to be more influenced to switch hands compared to males. Contradicting the elimination hypothesis, hand switchers are found among old adults and a sizeable proportion of hand switchers among middleaged and old adults and they have reported to perform culturally unpressured and skilled activities in left hand. Hand switchers performing more activities in the right hand are found to commit more accidents. Findings suggest for awareness creation so that significant societal members should not influence the left handers to switch hands.

A-23 Normal and Abnormal Personality Trait Models as Markers of Personality Disorders among Filipinos: The Case of the MPQ and the DAPP-BQ John Hermes C. Untalan1 and Ryan S. Coroña2 (1De La Salle, Araneta University, Philippines, 2New Era University, Philippines) With the increased evidence that the categorical approach to personality disorders (PDs) is weak, there is a strong equivocal consensus in using the dimensional approach to PDs. This study investigates the comparative structure of two competing models of personality as assessed by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, in press) and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPPBQ; Livesley, 1991) in predicting the PDs in a sample of 188

college students. Descriptive analysis reveals significant gender differences on normal, abnormal, and disordered personality scales. Analysis reveals significant trait predictors of PDs independently from the normal and abnormal models of personality with one model adding incremental validity to the prediction. Overall, the results reveal the strength of viewing PDs within the dimensional continuum revealing cross-cultural replicability.

B-129 Somatization: A Culturally Approved Psychological Suffering Wang Xinjian and Xiaokang Lu (Nankai University, China) Somatization is a modern terminology based on biomedical model originating from the western mind-body dualism, which differentiates mind and body and emphasizes the priority of mind to body. Traditional Chinese philosophy states different preposition of mind body relationship sees no essential difference between psychological and physiological functions which centers on the internal organs. Excessive expression of emotions and internal psychological states could result in the dysfunction of organs and result into pathogenic symptoms. These beliefs are preserved and reinforced by folk stories, ordinary experiences and especially traditional Chinese medical theories. Thus, when a Chinese suffers from psychological problems, he would probably narrates it in an physical way and ask for physiological and pharmacological interventions, while there are actually no organic lesion. In other words, somatic expression of psychological suffering is a culturally approved disease-manifesting and help-seeking behavior in China, which continues to exert influence on modern Chinese

B-358 Collaborative Remembering and Spirituality Rising Through an Art Exhibition Featuring the Posthumous Photographs Taken by a Childhood Cancer Patient at the 3rd Anniversary of his Death Hironori Yamaguchi1 and Etsuko NakagamiYamaguchi2 (1Doshisha University, Japan, 2Osaka University, Japan) This study is a report and discussion about an action research in a buddhist temple. One of the thoughts in Buddism, Life and death are the two faces of the same coin. In our collaborative practice, we make an opportunity to face the continuousness of an own life and the death through the art works. The works are the photographs taken by a patient of childhood cancer who was died at 17 years old. In his struggling against the disease of 12 years, he worked on joint production with the artist aggressively in the hospital and the school. The study featured an exhibition not a retrospective show but dear and brilliant footprints to remember him. Narratives found at the exhibition place are presented in the temple. We make sense of remembering the dead person through their left works (e.g. photographs, drawings), and clarify how to decide the way for memorial service may hold a service with their bereaved family.

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Contemporary Social Issues B-222 The Impact of 2008 Financial Crisis on People's Loss Aversion and Time Discounting Huan Liu, Zhu Yuan Liang and Shu Li (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) The present study is an attempt to explore the influence of financial crises people's psychological features. Using growth hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), the effect of financial crisis on people's loss aversion and time discounting was explored. A total of 2373participants provided their responses. Results indicated that time discounting rate and loss aversion tendency were strongly predicted by the stages of crisis and Consumer Sentiment Index (CSI). For loss aversion, the predictable variable were gender, lower education level and the vocation of civil servants, while for time discounting, the predictable variable were age and lower education level. With the proceeding of financial crisis, people exhibited more aversion to loss and more discount to delayed rewards. The result is helpful for further understanding of how people cope with the uncertain social economic environment.

A-110 Identity of Global Jihadist on Convicted Indonesian Bali Bombing Terrorist Mirra Noor Milla and Faturochman (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) The present research aimed to obtain the understanding of psychological dynamism of terrorism behaviors and related identity issues. This research was conducted using phenomenological-based ethnographic-narrative approach. Narrative analysis of convicts of Indonesian Bali bombing were conducted upon interview result, documentation (manuscript, personal mail, audio record, audiovisual record and published autobiography) as well as research note on ground observation. Results indicated that they subordinized their personal identity into group identity, based on their religious group. Strengthening process of identity explained when any threat exist toward their group. In addition, ideologization of jihad occurs in their group, collective jihad is perceived as an obligation for all moslem. The ingroup mobility differs the terrorist choosing the conventional way and the one choosing terror strategy to reach jihad fi sabilillah goal.

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Currently, state like Iran and the ousted Taliban governance in Afghanistan is considered as in line with their concept of an ideal government.

B-444 Masked Identity in the Virtual World of Online Blogging and Social Networking Neelam Rathee (Government College of Girls Chandigarh, India) The concept of ‘masking’ identity was used by Dorian Wiszniewski and Richard Coyne in the exploration of online identities in the virtual world of the internet. The online world of the social networking such as Facebook, Orkut, Twitter, and blogging offer the strategies allowing the users to control the level of disclosure of their personal information. Hence users usually mask their identities using pseudo names and information due to various emotional, social and psychological dynamics. The present paper studies large number of user accounts on the online social network communities – Facebook, Orkut and Bloggers, and did a comparative analysis of users having real (personal) or masked (social) identities. It attempts to discover the reasons for which a person chooses to hide behind a totally false identity and tries to probe the pro and cons of the virtual identities.

B-470 Terrorism in the Developing Parts of the World: Psychological Perspectives Jitendra K. Singh and N. P. Singh (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) For the last three decades terrorism has become one of the biggest challenges in South Asian region. The damage and destruction inflicted by terrorists have forced the people of this region to live in a state of psychological turmoil characterized by insecurity, uncertainty and mistrust leading to intensification of religious, cultural and ethnic divide. Nevertheless efforts are being made from various quarters to resolve terrorism emanated conflict between India and Pakistan but the resolution strategies followed yield little tangible outcomes in the absence of psychological inputs. Against this background the paper tries to explore the feasibility of people centric conflict resolution strategies to overcome terrorism in South Asia in general and in India in particular. The need for a psychological strength mechanism is suggested.

B-116 The Conception of Religious Terrorist Group Members in Indonesia Idhamsyah eka Putra and Afindra Primaldhi (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia)

B-216 Scapegoat Process in the Internet Communication about H1N1 Flu Zentaro Uemura (Fukuoka University of Education, Japan)

This study aims to understand convicted religious terrorist conception about al-Qur'an and its implementation. The study also investigates the ideal role model, state, and law which correspond with their conception of the holy Qur'an. The result shows that convicted religious terrorists believe that their action is in accordance or in line with al-Qur'an. 2). Additionally they only take Muslim figures as role models (Muhammad, Abu Bakar, and Umar Bin Khattab, and the prototype of the ideal Islamic state is the governance in Madina during the prophet Muhammad's era.

The present study aims to reveal the scapegoat process in naive people's communications. The study analyzed messages on the Japanese online bulletin board service “2 channel” to investigate people’s reactions towards outbreak of H1N1 Flu. In the comprehensive thread about H1N1 Flu, messages submitted from 24th of April 2009 to second of May 2009 were analyzed by computer based text analysis. The mass communication's reports about H1N1 Flu showed a marked increase the amount of messages especially after the announcement of "Phase 4" and starting of

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quarantine at the airports in Japan, which expressed anxiety, fear and anger. However the messages about counter measures against H1N1 Flu virus also showed gradual increase. Probably almost every contributor felt that H1N1 Flu close about and they started to look for persons or organizations responsible for safety.

B-9 Social Involvement, Stress and Self Esteem in Relation to Information Technology Orientation Alpana Vaidya (Symbiosis College, India) The present study investigated the role of social involvement, stress and self-esteem in relation to IT orientation (IT). 470 participants in this study consisted of third year B.Sc. computer science students with 215 girls and 255 boys. Statistical tools were applied and results significant interactions across gender and IT orientation in social involvement, stress, and self-esteem.

B-495 Mobile and Identification of Young Girls in Iran Mohammad-Reza Javadi-Yeganeh (University of Tehran, Iran) There is an attempt in the article to discuss some of the social effects of the mobile phone on young girls through a survey in Tehran. Some of the effects can be self-expression, self-extension, virtual identity, temporary identity, multiple identities, identity materialization, fluidization/liquidity of the border between private and public spheres, an increase in the level of personal autonomy/ independence and a consequent decrease in the level of parents’ social control, more efficient peer group communication, a greater access to information, security and insecurity, and creation of a different lifestyle. These identifiable aspects of mobile phone may not be necessarily positive.

Social Psychology Across Cultures B-68 Workplace Trust in Three Cultures (India, Cameroon and Finland) Anna-Maija Pirttilä Backman, Jyoti Verma, B. Raul Kassea, Antero Olakivi and Tuija Seppala (University of Helsinki, Finland) The aim of our cross-cultural project is to build a new model on workplace trust. Schools have been selected as workplace contexts due to school system's relative similar function throughout the world. After the detailed analysis of six pilot focus groups among teachers we have reformulated the interview schemes and just finished gathering the following data in each country: six individual interviews with teachers, six individual interviews with principals and six focus groups interviews with the teachers. The focus groups elicited lively discussion in each country; certain trust related phenomena (e.g. corruption) were not easily discussed in groups thus individual interviews were also taken. Results of the core similarities and differences in the trust related conceptions and justifications in the three countries and their

significance in constructing a global understanding of workplace trust is discussed.

A-48 Sexism around the World Julia Becker1, Janet K. Swim2, Elizabeth Lee2 and Eden Renne Pruitt2 (1University of Marburg, Germany, 2 Pennsylvania State University, USA) The present research compares endorsement of sexist beliefs around the world. We examine whether the endorsement of sexist beliefs varies by country allowing us to understand how women in different countries may differentially experience sexism. We present data from International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) that represents an international comparison of endorsement of traditional gender roles across 36 different countries including countries from Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America and Australia. Moreover, we present data from the United Nations (UN) that allows us to compare the enactment of traditional gender roles across many different countries at an aggregate level. Finally, we compare the relation between country level endorsement of traditional gender (from the ISSP) and enactment of traditional gender roles (from the UN).

B-255 Defining a Worthy Life in Canada, China, India, and Japan: How does Culture Influence the Manner in which a Good Life is Conceived? Gregory Bonn and Romin Tafarodi (University of Toronto, Canada) The present study used an open-ended format to assess the manner in which participants in four countries: Canada, China, India, and Japan described a worthy life, or life well-lived.700 respondents participated and there was a high degree of overlap in the types of responses received. A 35-point coding system developed with a grounded-theory approach was applied with over 95% reliability to each of the four samples. Results indicated that participants from all four countries stated relationships with family and/or friends were of primary importance, but the types of relationships cited as most important varied significantly between the various samples. For example, individuals from these four countries were concerned to much different degrees, or placed different levels of importance upon relations with friends/peers, romantic partners, parents, and children.

B-306 Graduate Women in India, Jamaica and Canada: Conflicts between Graduate Education and Traditional Role Expectations Rosemary Frey (University of Technology, Jamaica) Utilizing a case studies approach, 72 in-depth interviews were conducted to explore the conflict between the pursuit of graduate education and the traditional role expectations for women in three distinct cultures. Examining the experience of graduate students in Jamaica, India and Canada, the research explores the perceived stresses incurred by female graduate students, while trying to maintain a balance between gender and academic role requirements, looking both at the effect on self-concept and in

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terms of the effect on a woman's relationship to others (partner and/or children). At the level of culture, the study results include the finding that Caribbean and East Asian female students (to a lesser extent) tended to compartmentalize the different aspects of their lives while the North American female students reported 'spillover' from one role to another.

A-54 Behaviors Expected by Japanese Students of International Friends: Analysis from Cross-Cultural Social Skills Perspective Kaori Hatanaka, Yuki Hasegawa and Tomoko Tanaka (Okayama University, Japan) If visitors followed the cultural behaviors of host societies, how much could the difficulties of cross-cultural relationship formation be reduced? To investigate this question, three kinds of questionnaire surveys with Japanese university students were conducted. 93 Japanese students evaluated the expectations of the acculturative behaviors of internationals students who were assumed to be taking the same seminar class. They expected courtesy and group behaviors that are necessary to accomplish their group assignments. Another 93 Japanese students evaluated the expectations of cross-cultural social skills performance of international students who joined their close groups of friends. Additionally 94 Japanese students evaluated their cognitive and behavioral responses to international students who followed (or did not) Japanese cultural norms, were assumed to be members of the same club that expects identical social pressure. They positively recognized not the behavior but attitudes to understand culture.

B-302 Comparing Fairness Perception across Cultural Contexts: Distributive Justice Maps in India, Taiwan, Japan, Estonia, Turkey Lawrence Alfred Powell (University of the West Indies, Jamaica) As experienced in the context of everyday life, the "fairness" judgements that people make within any human culture are multidimensional social constructions, which involve rather complex interactive combinations of individual perception, cultural context, social norms, and the dynamics of exchange transactions and power relationships. Employing a generalized mapping technique for measuring and spatially portraying these distributive fairness perception patterns (Powell, 2005), the "fairness maps" people use in making contextual judgements about the relative "societal contributions" and "societal rewards" of various class, age, and occupational groups within their society are compared across samples of university undergraduates taken from five diverse cultures. The cultural fairness configurations are compared, using plots of perceptual judgement data from India (n = 202), Taiwan (n = 396), Japan (n = 301), Estonia (n = 252), and Turkey (n = 294).

B-105 From Europe to China. Perceiving Cultural Differences Laura De Pretto (East China Normal University, China)

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The present study aims to investigate the perceived cultural differences with the host culture, the consequent interaction problems with locals and the intrapsychological consequences in a sample of European people living in Shanghai. The present study hypothesized that the perceived differences would correspond to a higher adherence of Chinese people to some traditional Asian values regardless to the fact that the subjects live in a modern metropolitan area. The participants were interviewed using a semistructured interview. Results that most of the traditional Asian values indicated in the literature were spontaneously mentioned by the subjects when asked to describe "the differences between Chinese and European people".European people living in major Chinese cities represents nowadays a big phenomenon, but such kind of population has not been widely studied by now.

B-50 Using Tenets of Social Psychology to Decode the Behavioral Patterns of Migrants in the Three Novels of Bapsi Sidhwa, Kiran Desai and Monica Ali Purnendu Chatterjee (Rabindra Bharati University, India) In a world of growing Diaspora and perpetually changing ethnoscapes, social psychology provides important tools in interpreting the complex, but overlapping domains, of multiculturalism and identity. This paper seeks to explore the interface of Western and Indian Sub-continental cultures in three novels: Pakistani Bapsi Sidhwa's An American Brat, Indian Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss and Bangladeshi Monica Ali's Brick Lane. The cultural interface is created by the hiatus between the "independent self-concept" of the West and the "interdependent self-concept" (Markus and Kitayama, 1991) of the Indian Subcontinent. Moreover, the paper attempts to highlight that the behaviors of the migrants who undergo regenerative experiences in the West and of those who remain as "metonymies of presences" (Bhabha, 1983) and "in-between" (Boehmer, 2005) are rooted in the concepts of anchoring and adjustment.

B-175 National Identification and Narratives of National History: A Cross-National Comparison Between Korea and Australia Shang-hui Shin1, Yoshihisa Kashima1, Simon M. Laham1, Junseong Park2 and Jaisun Koo3 (1University of Melbourne, Australia, 2Chung-Ang University, South Korea 3Chungbuk National University, South Korea) A country has its history and people have stories about it. These narratives of national history may be related to national identity. We conducted a study to explore people’s national identities and their perceptions about historical changes and continuities in Korea and Australia. Results revealed that there are national differences and similarities in historical narratives. Also examined was the relationship between people’s evaluation of perceived historical changes and national identification as a function of historical narratives. When historical changes were evaluated more positively, Australians identified more with the current state of their country, whereas this relationship was moderated by endorsement of different historical narratives in Korea. The

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introduction of a temporal dimension to national identity may broaden the research area.

B-146 A Comparative Study of Representations of Family in R.K.Narayan's Swami and Friends and Enid Blyton's Famous Five: A Cultural Perspective Vineet Kaur Sodhi (IIT Delhi, India) Every culture has its own distinct peculiarities which are reflected in literature that not only helps us to value our own cultural heritage but also understand the culture of others. Children's Literature, being part of the larger world literature, helps in examining problems, themes, concerns and concepts of childhood from the perspective of different cultural groups in the world. The paper attempts to compare the representation of family in R.K Narayan's 'Swami and Friends' and Enid Blyton's 'Famous Five'. Through this paper I have put forth children's mindset and behavioral pattern as young adolescents The identity of an individual child varies in eastern and western families but whatever culture he/she may belong to it is through literature that he/she gets connected to one another through his/her emotions, needs, desires and experiences.

B-131 The Bases of having and Losing Trust Jyoti Verma1, Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman2, Antero Olakivi2 and Tuija Seppala2 (1Patna University, India, 2 University of Helsinki, Finland) The paper is based on studies of 3 countries (Finland, Cameroon and India) on 'trust' but shall be dealing with the Finnish and Indian data. 12 focus groups (6 in each country) of school teachers and individual interviews of 12 teachers and 12 principals (each country) participated in the study. The participants of both the countries emphasized the professional and personal qualities of the teacher and the principal as the ground for trusting them besides their having certain values. In the Finnish school system trust was perceived as grounded on meeting the professional obligations and having qualities of openness, fairness, reliability and honesty and maintaining confidentiality. The Indian participants perceived trust as grounded on helpful and supportive behaviour of colleagues and for the principal, having the values of honesty, fairness and equality besides being sympathetic and having good character. In both the countries prominent reasons for loss of trust was coming across unexpected behaviour, disobedience and letting confidential matters out.

B-152 Defending or Resignation? An Exploration of how Asians Cope with Death Anxiety Chih-Long Yen (National Defense University, Taiwan) Terror management theory proposes that people who are reminded of their mortality should be motivated to defend their cultural worldview. However, recent experiments using Taiwanese as subjects and a meta-analysis by Yen and Cheng (in press) failed to find evidence supporting the fact that Asians in Taiwan may utilize mechanisms other than worldview defense, to copy with their death anxiety. Based on Asians' philosophical traditions of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, the present study proposed

that Asians may use some culture-related ways to defend their death-threatening thoughts, including 'harmony with nature' 'orientation of resigning to fate', and 'belief in karma'. Experiments were conducted to test the above hypotheses. Our preliminary results support the view that Asians may use unique approaches different from westerners in coping with threat of death.

B-324 Discovering Variables of Acculturation for Sojourners – An Explorative Study of Indonesian Students Living in Germany Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Sojourning students have to adapt to a different culture and experience stresses due to acculturation. This study focuses on Indonesian Students as sojourners in Germany, aiming to discover variables contributing significantly in the acculturative transition of their stay in foreign country. In-depth interviews was used to undertake this study started by having self-reported analysis. Respondents were selected due on their gender identity, length of stay, and marital statues. Results showed that the initial variables were nature, social life, personal life and some more significant others, and the more comphrehensive variables turn out to be as the following: (1) seasons and weathers, (2) living place, (3) current social relationship, (4) togetherness with Indonesians in Germany, (5) Language, (6) the roles of work or academic environment, and (7) Freedom.

Cultural and Indigenous Issues in Social Psychology B-263 Challenges of Multiculturalism for Pakistani Society: A Psychosocial Perspective and New Era of Research of Social Psychologists Nyla Anjum (University of Punjab, Pakistan) Pakistan is one of those Asian countries facing challenges of multiculturalism. Four provinces of Pakistan have their own cultures within subcultures having different languages, customs and traditions. This rich cultural and ethnic background going back to 2800 BC - 1800 BC and has been influenced by cultures of surrounding countries, such as Turkish, Persian, Afghan, Indians of South Asia, Central Asia, Middle East, Tibet and Nepal. This study has three objectives: First, to highlight different cultures in Pakistan; secondly, positive and negative effects of Multicultrisum in Pakistan and third, the role of social psychologist to resolve the conflicts at both scales, macro scale including political policies for organization such as a school, business, neighborhood, nation and at micro scale, social counseling for individuals, families and sometimes within small group when conflict arises.

B-242 What it Means to be Human in China And Australia Paul Bain1, Jeroen Vaes2, Nick Haslam3, Yoshihisa

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Kashima3 and Yanjun Guan4 (1Murdoch University, Australia 2University of Padova, Australia 3The University of Melbourne, Australia 4Chinese University of Hong Kong, China) Folk psychologies of humanness have received little empirical investigation which was examined as folk beliefs about two senses of humanness i.e. what is distinctive of humans as a species (human uniqueness, HU)and what is core and fundamental to humans (human nature, HN). Beliefs about these senses of humanness were examined in Australian and Chinese samples (N = 222). Participants generated human characteristics and rated them on HU and HN and rated characteristics like emotions, traits, values, and mental states. Results showed greater cultural difference than similarity in the characteristics considered human, the emphasis placed on HU and HN, and ratings of the same characteristics on HU and HN. Australians perceived humanness mostly in terms of emotions, personality and HN, and Chinese placed more emphasis on culture and language and HU.

B-96 Striding Through Cultures: Gulzar's Experiments with Language in Poetry and Cinema Saba M. Bashir (IIT Delhi, India) Gulzar's creative world manifests itself in his poetry and cinema, reflecting his involvement with different cultures and issues of language. He effectively represents the multicultural fabric of the country through different genres. This is achieved with the help of a number of factors, one being language. This paper focuses on the manner in which the poet gives richness and depth to his poetry borrowing words from various languages - Punjabi, Bengali, Hindi and English. Without any qualms, he even throws in colloquial words, giving the poem a local flavor and has combed societies, attractively blending them with his use of language. Taking examples from his poetry and a few select films, this paper attempts to establish the literary unity that Gulzar achieves thereby establishing a new poetic norm to the multicultural milieu of Indian society.

B-34 Capitalism as a Framework for Cultural Meaning David Berry (Southampton Solent University, UK) Theodor Adorno argued that the culture industry as a product of capitalism framed the meaning of life in terms of social psychological processes and Herbert Marcuse argued that capitalism limits the horizons of humans reducing them to consumers of products shaping culture and identity. The Marxist writer Georg Lukács argued along similar lines whereby false consciousness is indeed a product of such limitations. David Giles in his book Media Psychology details the issue of 'media effects' and in that context this paper critically evaluates these perspectives and assess whether they still hold today in the context of a larger integration of societies into a capitalist based world-system, furthered by the collapse of communism in Russia, Eastern/Central Europe in 1989 and the economic turn to market conditions in China. The paper will also discuss alternative views with respect to consumption,

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normally a disparaging term, when considered as commodity production.

A-18 Integrative Bargaining and Chinese Culture: A Theoretical Analysis O. Bedford1 and C. Huang2 (Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) Given the globalized business economy and the proliferation of international trade agreements, understanding cross-cultural differences in conflict management style is essential. Integrative bargaining is a strategy that allows parties to go beyond compromise to consider joint benefits. The study focuses on integrative bargaining, the conflict resolution strategy preferred by Westerners in most negotiation contexts that fits with Chinese culture. Inherent conflict issues were identified and predominant paradigm of individualism-collectivism in cross-cultural psychology to set forth a relational perspective of Chinese conflict resolution based on Chinese indigenous psychological concepts such as guanxi (interpersonal relationships), mianzi (face), and renqing (favors) was studied with respect to Chinese cultural characteristics. Analysis suggested integrative bargaining is appropriate in some contexts, particularly among in-group members. Use of mediators, and consideration of renqing and mianzi, central resources in Chinese interpersonal interactions, is likely to contribute to an integrative conflict solution.

A-27 Transnational Filial Practices of Vietnamese Marriage Migrants in Taiwan Heidi Fung, Chi Han Liang and Trần Thị Hoàng Phượng (Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) Joining the trend of intra-Asian cross-border marriages, Taiwan has received an influx of female marriage migrants from Southeast Asia. By adopting a transnational intersectionality perspective (Mahalingam, 2006, 2009), the study examines how these women continue to fulfill filial obligations as idealized Vietnamese daughters from afar. The fieldwork in Taipei, Taiwan and the Mekong Delta in southern Vietnam reveals that, since they married with a purpose—to better their natal families’ lives—in addition to quickly acquiring the new language, culture and roles, their affective ties to and care for their parents have never ceased. Due to financial strain and conflict of interests, they have to strategically make and save money and secretly send sizable remittances back home. Also unbeknownst to their in-laws and husbands, they often tell their parents that these filial thoughts and deeds are from their husbands.

B-75 The Semiological Meanings of Coffee Fortune in Turkey Kazim Tolga Gurel (Seluk University, Turkey) Fortunetellers and fortune-telling by looking a glass of coffee are very important sociological concept in Turkey. It has lots of semiological meanings about sociological changes, local anthropological findings and the psychology of person who is told

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fortunes. In this study, the history of fortune and a most popular Turkish cultural style about fortune are stated. It will be showed coffee fortune's symbols and sociological meanings of them. Lastly the reasons for changes of capitalism and modernism on their meanings and these changes and their functions of society are discussed.

B-513 Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Diversity and Multiculturalism in Australia: A Community Perspective Mir R Islam (Charles Sturt University, Australia) The present study argues the success of an integrated Australia and its dependence on the broad community’s genuine, mutual understanding rather than simply a tokenistic appreciation of diversity and multiculturalism. This research reports on the views and beliefs of a cross-section of the general public, with respect to “ethnic diversity” and “multiculturalism” in contemporary Australia. The research employed a structured questionnaire survey involving over 300 respondents from the state of New South Wales, focusing on their understanding of, attitudes towards and beliefs about multicultural ideology, their attitudes towards government sponsored multicultural programs, perceptions of intergroup threat, tolerance and perceived economic competitions were also examined, along with the perceived consequences of multiculturalism and views on assimilation, acculturation and adaptation strategies are examined. The findings suggest that cultural diversity brought about by emerging ethnic migrant communities needs careful balancing with existing Australian cultures.

B-49 Cultural Scripts of Death: A Study in Iran Morteza Karimi1 and Mohammad Amin Ghanei Rad2 (1Art and Culture Research Center, Iran, 2Scientific Policy Research Center, Iran) The aim of this study is to study how the suffering malignant patient’s live with their religiosity and making their dying more meaningful for themselves. Grounded theory was used and the method of observational and interviewing technique was performed with patients, physicians, nurses and social workers. 32 patients were interviewed. Results indicate that having a '' high attitude '' and "moral belief" are important factors for making the processes of death more meaningful. Low hospital facilities, lack of moral belief in physicians and lack of a near relationship between doctors and patients, and also the destructive nature of cancer, can cause a kind of ''low attitude'', and consequently, may cause patients discontinue struggling with their disease. Thus the meaning of death is different for people in various parts of the world, and even in different conditions.

has become less warm and more competent now than in the past, and it has been shown to affect people's stereotypes about various countries as a function of their perceptions of economic development and their preferences for social policies. A crossnational study of FTSC in Australia, China and Japan showed that Australians and Japanese showed a similar belief about their country's developmental trajectories, replicating the earlier Australian study. However, China showed a somewhat different pattern. Chinese believe that, although their society has become less warm and more competent from the past to the present, it will retain the current level of warmth in the future while its competence level will continue to rise. Chinese also believed that their society has greater vitality than their Australian and Japanese counterparts.

B-43 Folk-Conceptual Analysis of Death with Sample of Chinese University Students before and after the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake Zhao Xu Li and Bin-Xue Gao (Qufu Normal University, China) The present study was partly conducted before the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, employing a method of word-association to find out the folk concept of death. Based on Spreading Activation Model, the word of "Si" (the Chinese word which equals death/die in English) was presented as a stimulus to which 548 participants were asked to respond with at least 15 words/phrases that came to mind. These data were collected pre-earthquake. Post earthquake a sample of 561participant were collected in May for the purpose of comparison. The words/phrases totaled 19 268, with 9 497 before the earthquake and 9 771 after the earthquake. Results indicated that Chinese college students' folk concepts of death are strongly influenced by the cultural backgrounds, especially shaped by folk tales of Chinese Funeral Culture, Chinese Hell Culture, and Chinese Ghost Culture.

B-413 Culture, Gender and Science Neelam Kumar (NISTADS, India) Gender bias in science is observed all over the world including Asia. This paper tries to explore whether the similarities and differences in the scientific careers of female scientists can be explained in terms of certain socio-psychological factors. The paper is based on empirical data on women scientists in India and other Asian countries. The move from early research on gender differences in scientific abilities to gender as process and interaction, as a situational variable has important implications for the cross-cultural psychology of gender differences. Another important reason for a cultural comparison stems from the fact that gender discrimination in science has been found to be universal.

B-59 Comparing Folk Theories of Social Change in Australia Yoshihisa Kashima1, Junqi Shi2, Koji Tsuchiya3 and Simon Laham1 (1The University of Melbourne, Australia, 2 Beijing University, China, 3Nagoya University, Japan)

B-288 The Slogan of Globalization and its Challenges: A Concept of Multi Cultural Management Sabiha Majeed1 and Tariq Ali Sed2 (1University of Punjab, Pakistan, 2Bahuddin University, Pakistan)

Past research in Australia found that people believe their country

The world has become a Global Village but it is true that we just

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not have to visit this Village by roaming here and there ,instead of that we have to move around to learn and compete for the sack of our own identity and individuality.One pays against this acceptability either in the shape of, less marks, excessive exercise of mouth articulators or even psychological problems. The feelings alone in multicultural and interpersonal variation that can only be felt when one faces the actual situation. No doubt its need of modern age and stack holders from all aspects of life must do their efforts to facilitate them by meeting these challenges with good Multicultural Management.

B-70 Experience of Gender Awareness and Practices of Kalahi-Cidss Stakeholders of IP Communities in Talaingod Teresita C. Mirafuentes (Holy Cross of Davao College, Philippines) The present study was conducted in 12 clusters of Indigenous Peoples (IP) communities in Talaingod, Davao del Norte on gender awareness and practices of the KALAHI-CIDSS stakeholders revealed that stakeholders of the KALAHI-CIDSS communities in Talaingod responded to the challenges of gender equality. Gendersensitive indicators like the general profile on gender awareness and the moderate level of gender awareness and gender-fair practice were obtained. Results showed that females were more aware and those who are more gender-fair are middle and late adults, females, Roman Catholics, elementary level of education and those who are affiliated with religious organizations. Stakeholders expressed their needs to intensify advocacy programs on gender concerns. The study finds out that stakeholders are eager to advance gender awareness and gender-fair practice which will be a step forward to the vision of gender equality.

B 491 Cultural Change and Identity of the Kharwar R. C. Mishra (Banaras Hindu University, India) Like native, indigenous or aboriginal people living in other parts of the world, the tribal people represent about 8 per cent of the total Indian population. A number of programs of change and development in the life of these people have been initiated by Central and state governments in order to integration them with the main-stream society. The present paper reports a study of cultural identity of the “Kharwar” tribal group. The analysis attempted at the symbolic and behavioral levels of identity revealed cultural identity to be stronger among adults than adolescents. Some positive and negative predictors of identity are examined and discussed in the paper.

B-327 Indigenous Perspective of Happiness in Indonesia Moordiningsih, Haidar Buldan, Mohammad Abdul Hakim and Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Happiness is a concept of which is differently defined according to various cultures. The objective of the study was to understand how Indonesians perceived the concept of happiness by using an

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indigenous psychological approach. Open ended questionnaires were distributed to 591 respondents comprising of senior high school and university students in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to learn the understanding and the concept of happiness according to the local perspective. Results of the study demonstrated that Indonesian students viewed living together in a family, achievement and elements of spirituality as important factors of their happiness.

B-240 Decoding the Meaning of Multiculturalism: A Study of Malaysia Vijayan P. Munusamy1 and Bhawuk P.S. Dharm2 (1Center for Creative Leadership, Malaysia and 2 University of Hawaii, Hawaii) The study through multiple methods (focus group, grounded theory, historical analyses) and multiple data sources (letters to the editor, historical documents and interdisciplinary perspectives from crosscultural researchers) examined the meaning, the antecedents and the consequences of the construct 'multiculturalism' in Malaysia. This study shows that ecological factors are distal antecedents for multiculturalism in Malaysia, which contributed to colonialization, which led to the rise of nationalism in the 1950s, when people regardless of their ethnic affiliations were united. The spirit of nationalism however, faded away gradually after independence and regressed quickly to narrow nationalism. Result shows that by cultivating a sense of community, this situation can be reversed and this reversal is needed for having meaningful dialogues. In contrary to the conventional belief, openness, respectfulness, cultural sensitivity, reciprocity and tolerance serve as facilitators but they themselves do not result in having meaningful dialogues.

B-447 Attribution Meaning of 'Ibu' ( Mother ) in Indonesia's Women's Life Nani Nurrachman, and Unika Atmajaya (Indonesia) The practices and cultural representation of the attribution of 'Ibu' (Mother) in Indonesia's women's life are strongly affected, and often taken to epitomize, prevailing norms of feminity. As mothers, women are regarded as the centre of family life through the concept of matrifocal. This may direct to overinvest on their role as mothers. In the social domain, the authority and symbolic value based on their attribution as 'Ibu' may lead women adopting its dual meaning. First, 'ibuism' has a social meaning in elevating their status in society. Secondly, 'state ibuism' ideology where the attribution of 'Ibu' is a media of the existing power holder .The attribution of 'Ibu' should be given a realistic meaning. If mothering is inseparable from the condition of being female, it is only one dimension aside from being a wife, owning a profession and a citizen.

B-66 Chinese Culture and Foreign Students Francois Patrick Nze and Bin Zuo (Huazhong Normal University, China) The present study focused on the social Representation of Foreign Students on Chinese Culture in Wuhan. Various studies were done. In the first study15 students from Africa, Asia and Europe

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described the objects that might represent Chinese Culture in which Chinese language emerged prominently. In the second study 360 foreign students verified the results of first study. The third study explored psychosocial factors are important in social adaptation. The population consisted of 120 per group and showed that the group of European students (male and female) adapted rapidly in Chinese culture and indicated that girls face greater difficulties with regard to their adaptation in Chinese society. The fourth asked 20 students from Language Institute of Central China Normal University to assess the Chinese language and result showed that chinese language is developing and becoming one of the leading language in the world.

B-356 A Valence-Based Taxonomy of Hiniku in Japan: A Difference between Hiniku and Irony Takafumi Sawaumi and Joo Lee (The University of Tokyo, Japan) In the Japanese lexicon, hiniku has frequently been considered a Japanese counterpart of irony in linguistics. In hiniku, however, people can express their negative attitude directly. Proposed hypothesis suggest two requisites for verbal hiniku: the utterer's negative attitude toward the addressee and expressions verbally opposite to the actual valence. Based upon the hypothesis, two ways to make an utterance verbally opposite to the actual valence: to mention a positive matter in a negative tone (insulting hiniku) and vice versa (flattering hiniku). In insulting hiniku, the utterer can express his or her negative attitude directly. Eighty Japanese college students at the University of Tokyo participated in the present research. Expectedly, the result identified the two kinds of hiniku. The usefulness of valence in organizing hiniku is discussed.

B-326 The Cultural Construction of non Epileptic Attack Disorder in India: Conversational Analysis as a Qualitative Assessment Tool Shweta Sharma and Rukmini Bhaya Nair (IIT Delhi, India) Dissociative convulsion, or non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) remains the most difficult of psychiatric cases to diagnose. True epileptic seizure is relatively easy to diagnose but the concept of 'alteration of consciousness levels' is often misapplied by clinicians when it comes to assessing NEAD, commonly known as 'pseudoseizure'. This study highlights the manner in which qualitative analysis can help resolve this problem. Detailed conversational analytic (CA) techniques which focused on the language cues offered in patients' description of their symptoms, allowing us to clearly identify speech patterns unique to this class of patients were studied. Results, showing marked language differences in patterns of speech between epileptic and NEAD patients, indicate that CA may be a powerful assessment tool with great potential to illuminate differences between types of psychological disorder. Another important finding of this research was that a specific socio-demographic profile relating to the gender, class and cultural background of these patients also emerged.

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B-468 Implication of Culture for self Concept, Academic Achievement Goals and Intrinsic Motivation K. N. Tripathi (Barkatullah University, India) Present study explored the variations in self- conception, goal orientation, ethnic identification and academic motivation through self report measures in comparable samples of under graduate students representing three cultural groups namely British White (N = 50), British Indian (N = 35), and Indian Young (N = 100) adults. The male and female participants participated in the study. The British white group displayed significantly stronger relational self than Indian and British Indian counterparts. Similarly British white group showed higher preference towards mastery goal than the other groups and Indian participants displayed significantly stronger performance goal, ethnic orientation toward group and higher intrinsic and extrinsic motivation than the other groups. The British Indian selectively overlapped with its Indian and British counterparts.

B-172 Manufacturers of Traditional Toys and Play Materials in Rajasthan: A Study on Continuity and Change Veenu Wadhwa, Kumud Khanna and Geeta Chopra (Delhi University, India) The objective was to assess the working and demographic conditions of manufacturers of Traditional Toys and Play Materials in Rajasthan. For this, 76 manufacturers from 9 districts of Rajasthan were approached. Methods and materials were studied and 100 toys were collected, compiled and documented. The possibility of continuity/saving this art from extinction was in focus. Results indicated that though the manufacturers did not want this traditional art to face extinction, they wanted to move on to more lucrative jobs. Unavailability of raw material, low profits and a discrepancy in the effort involved in toy manufacture in comparison to the returns received were problems. Traditional toys had ceased to be toys and were now being projected as decorative items so that artisans could sustain their livelihood. However positive change was documented in cases where manufacturers received NGO intervention.

B-322 Acculturation, Mental Health, and Well being: The Experience of Indonesian Students in Germany Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Being sojourners in Germany may cause Indonesian students stress due to acculturation. The study identified symptoms of general mental health status related to acculturation. The acculturation orientation and the general mental health status were measured using standardized psychometric instruments. A survey of 201 Indonesian students in Germany was conducted. Results were then compared to Indonesian students in Indonesia. It shows that more than a half of the sojourners kept their Asian values and behaviors. Significant different was observed on some aspects of psychological well-being, partly moderated by length of sojourning. "Hostility" was maximal in the first 2 months of sojourning and declining thereafter.

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Life Span Development in Social Context B-331 Non-Verbal Communication in Indian Culture: Tactile Expressions of Emotion in Early Childhood Priyanka Agarwal and Rukmini Bhaya Nair (IIT Delhi, India Non-verbal expression fulfils basic physical and emotional needs in infancy, playing a particularly salient role before the emergence of language. Tactile communication, one of the nonverbal communication modes, serves as the primary mode of communication between the child and the mother straight after birth. Recent studies underline the importance of tactile communication in infancy in the West. Our research follows this emergent trend in the context of South Asia. It reports on changes in the affective role of touch from the central position it occupies in infancy to the supporting role it plays once language becomes the primary means of expression. Our data-base consisted of longitudinal video-tapes of 20 Indian mother-child dyads. Based on these, a detailed coding system for touch behaviour was developed. Our preliminary findings indicate remarkable continuities as well as changes in the way mother-child dyads in specialised cultural environments engage in tactile behaviour across age-groups.

B-26 Effect of Stressful Experiences upon Elderly Behavior and Adjustment Renu Agarwal (India) The objectives of the study were to find the causes, signs and symptoms of stress and coping strategies used by elders. For this purpose, the normative survey method (400 samples) was used for collect information regarding sex, age, living area and different areas of adjustment e.g. social, emotional, health etc. The study revealed that women have better overall adjustment in stressed condition as compared to men. There were no major differences in causes of stress among elder men and women. Women exhibit behavior symptoms while men show mental, physical and emotional symptoms in stressful situations. Hence, men use problem-focused coping strategies and other side women use emotional-focused coping response to face stress.

B-36 Perceived Self-Efficacy and Body Image of Children Abdulqawi Salim Alzubaidi and Ali Mehdi Kazem (Sultan Qaboos University, Oman) The present research tried out to identify the variables that were associated with children's physical activity including age, grade, perceived physical efficacy and body image. The sample was consisted of 362 (169 males and 193 females of Ages 13-16 years), were selected randomly from two basic schools in Muscat Educational District in Muscat. Body image and the perceived selfefficacy questionnaire were applied. Results show that there were no gender differences in the body image but there was a difference in the perceived physical efficacy in favor of boys. The findings

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also reveal that for boys age is positively correlated with body image and perceived physical self-efficacy. However, for girls, no correlation was found between age and body image and perceived physical self-efficacy.

B-83 Parenting Adolescents of Divorce: An Intervention Programme W. J. Basson (University of Limpopo, South Africa) The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate a group intervention programme on parenting adolescents after parental divorce. Participants included six divorced custodial parents of adolescents. The parents attended a four-week programme. Themes that emerged from the qualitative analysis of data were; 1. Group experience: Participants indicated that the group helped them to normalise their children's behavior; 2. Co-parenting: Participants did not seem to relate to the guidelines provided to resolve parental conflict; 3. Former spouses: Parents expressed continuous negative attitudes towards their former spouses: 4. Adolescent behaviour: Parents reported more open communication regarding divorce related issues and improved stress handling by their children; 5. General evaluation: Participants assessed the programme as helpful and indicated that their expectations were met.

B-460 Happiness: A Lifespan Perspective from India Nivedita Bansal, Girishwar Misra and Preeti Kapur (University of Delhi, India) The present study discusses the meaning of happiness of successful male professionals at different stages of life. Data set was analyzed using grounded theory method. The emergent themes are happiness of form, happiness of function and happiness across life span. Happiness of form describes happiness as a “state of the moment” and happiness of function describes happiness as a “state of mind”. These themes indicate that the sources of happiness may be located in the external world or located within an individual. Further, the meaning and sources of happiness are transient and change across life span in an observable pattern. Models describing the evolution of happiness at the three life stages have been proposed revealing the developmental patterns of happiness. Finally, a model of happiness for professionally successful males not contingent upon age.

B-161 Predictors of Childbearing Behaviour in OECD Countries and Chinese Polities Mandy Boehnke (University of Bremen, Germany) Utilizing a multi-level analytic approach (HLM), the present study analyzed reasons for variations in the number of children among 25- to 34-year-old women in OECD countries as compared to PRC, Taiwan, and Singapore, surveyed in the World Value Survey. Educational attainment, household income, age, and pro-child attitudes were included as individual-level predictors, whereas on the society-level, individualism and masculinity, GDP, median age of society, marriages rates, female employment rates, and preprimary education enrolment were included. For the individuallevel predictors hypotheses were confirmed for all variables

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but household income. In addition to being an overall negative predictor of fertility, the impact of education on fertility varied significantly between polities. Of the macro-level indicators, the degree of cultural masculinity covaried positively with number of children, whereas a polity's median age covaried negatively. The influence mode of predictors in dominantly Chinese polities did not emerge as following a distinctly different pattern.

B-515 Emerging Self and Identity in an Evolving Social Matrix: Perceptions of Teenagers in the Urban Indian Context Neerja Chadha1 and Girishwar Misra2 (1Indira Gandhi National Open University, India, 2University of Delhi, India) This paper focuses on the twin concepts of autonomy and relatedness from the vantage point of teenagers in the contemporary urban Indian context. From an individualistic perspective, “emotional autonomy” from parents constitutes an important aspect of individuation, which in turn, is deemed to be a significant phase of healthy development. Extrapolation of this perspective to the Indian context, however, is fraught with errors; as borne out by the present study. 218 teenagers from metropolitan urban India participated in this endeavour to explore facets of emerging self and identity during adolescence. Through their responses to open ended probes and scenarios, the factors and processes influencing particularly the independenceinterdependence dimension and the aspects thereof, including the manifestations of autonomy and relatedness, have been analyzed with reference to socialization and the prevailing processes of social change. It is argued that perceptions and perspectives enunciated by adolescents with reference to their self construal and identity are informed by the dynamics of their socio-cultural milieu, with relatedness and interdependence as well as close ties with parents continuing to be salient even in the midst of growing agency and autonomy.

B-484 Ego Identiy Status in Different Groups of Late Adolescents Anjali Ghosh (Indian Statistical Institute, India) Adolescence is a critical period in the life of an individual to construct a unique sense of self with respect to ideological belief and interpersonal relations. The present study explores the pattern of ego- identity statuses and its relation with one’s personal values and self-esteem in different groups of late adolescents selected from two different regions of India. Findings of the study indicate that identity achievement status has positive and significant relationship with self-transcendence and openness to change values and also with self-esteem. MANOVA results depict the significant effect of region, location and gender on different types of identity achievement statuses. Overall, the findings indicate the impact of values and self –esteem in determining identity achievement status of late adolescents.

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B-463 Patterns of Delinquency and Personality Traits of Adolescents in Child Labor Anila Kamal and Irum Naqvi (Quaid-i-Azam University, Pakistan) The present research was aimed to find out the relationship between self-reported delinquency, informant reported delinquency, and personality traits of adolescents in child labor and to see whether individuals with different demographic variables are differing on the self-reported delinquency (SRD) and Informant-reported delinquency (IRD) scales (Naqvi and Kamal, 2008) and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-Junior) (Naqvi, 2008). The study was carried out on a sample of 250 laborer adolescents. The adolescents were working in workshops, general stores, restaurants, beggars and trash collectors. Findings revealed significant positive correlation between self-reported delinquency and informantreported delinquency, and personality traits. Multiple Linear Regression analysis results revealed high predictability of personality traits i.e., extraversion, psychoticism, and neuroticism traits with self-reported delinquency.

B-244 Adolescent is a Time of Turmoil and Understanding and Development of Ones Self Identity Renu Malaviya (University of Delhi, India) The changes in the societal structures as well as the influence of technology have influenced the life styles, values and belief system of the Indian adolescent. The inability of the 'adult experts' such as the parents, teachers, counselors and education administrators to visualize the difference in the adolescents’ perspective to life poses a challenge to the Indian society. It would be expected that they would have an, 'with-in-ness' with reference to the changing needs and perception of the adolescent. This paper attempts to highlight with narrations how at times we the expert adults have a limiting perception into the life of the adolescent.

B-454 Parenting and the Shaping of Self Concept: A Cultural - Developmental Perspective Aradhana Shukla (Kumaun University, India) Recent years have shown increasingly greater interest in examining the role of culture in the structuring of the notion of self. This study explored the developmental changes in the notion of self in different culture of tribal (Bhotia from Kumaun Hills), scheduled caste (SC) and non-tribal group in relation to perceived parenting. The study involved children (n=300) from three age groups (1011, 12-13 and 14-15 yrs). Initially the perceived parenting was assessed and children with predominantly authoritarian and democratic parenting were identified. These children were asked to complete a measure of self concept. The analysis revealed that conceptualization of self became more positive with growing age. The non-tribal group displayed more positive self concept, followed by SC and tribal groups, respectively. Finally, the democratic perception of parenting was found to contribute to positive self concept in children.

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A-98 Multiple Risks and Early Language Development in Indian Children Manjit Sidhu, Prahbhjot Malhi and Jagat Jerath (Panjab University, India) The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between multiple risks and early language development in Indian children. Twelve risk factors, 4 biological and 8 environmental, were studied in 253 children (2 to 35 months). The main outcome measure was the language quotient (LQ) of the child was measured by the Clinical Linguistic Auditory Milestone Scale. Results show there was a significant general downward linear trend in the LQ, as the number of risk factors increased. Each risk factor reduced the LQ of the children by 2.77 points. Regression analysis revealed that 10% of the variance in the LQ of the child was explained by the cumulative risk score and this was higher than the variance explained by any other risk factor.

B-388 Parent-Child Relationship and Self-Definitions in Rural and Urban Indian Settings Shubhra Sinha and Ramesh Chandra Mishra (Banaras Hindu University, India) Besides ethnic, religious, linguistic and other diversities of the groups that contribute to cultural mosaic of the Indian society, rural/urban features of the groups are also equally important. The economic, cultural and social aspects of village life are so different from that of the city that they often present us with a sharp contrast. The problems of relationship between parents and children, especially adolescents, in these settings have appeared as matters of serious concerns. This study examines the expectations and values of adolescents living in rural (n=60) and urban (n=60). Perception of parenting style of mothers and fathers by adolescents, including the quality of their relationship, has also been analyzed. Boys and girls of adolescent age were given scales of parental expectations, parenting goals, parenting style, and quality of parent-child relationship. Analyses reveal that urban adolescents subscribe to the parental expectations and goals more than rural adolescents; they also report receiving greater admiration from their parents as compared to rural participants.

A-88 A Society in Transition: Parental beliefs and Child Development in the Republic of Maldives S. Srinivasan1 and Vinita Bhargava2 (Apollo Medical Centre, India1, University of Delhi, India2) Research on parental beliefs in different cultures has found that prominent cultural ideologies appear to direct the ways parents within that culture think about their children’s development. This paper attempts to investigate parenting issues in a culture caught between an onslaught of western influences and increasing prosperity. Total 44 families were selected from all over the Maldives. All families had children less than 3 years. The mothers and grandmothers were also interviewed. Inter-generational differences were also addressed with mothers and grandparents in their homes. It was apparent that for a society in transition, people needed information to favourably influence the direction of their

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personal lives. Information about dealing with the development of their children was the most important investment for the future. Images from radio and television were powerful influences and when amalgamated with socio-economic changes impacted the knowledge, attitudes and practices in early childcare.

B-2 Teenagers' Perception about Parental Care, Control, Rejection and Autonomy Bino Thomas (National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, India) As part of development of package for parenting skills in families of adolescents, it was planned to focus on the teenagers' perceptions about their parents. A total of 60 teenagers were interviewed using Parent Bonding Instrument. These teenagers were studying in their 7th, 8th and 9th standards in different schools in Bangalore city, India. The researcher participated in the PTA meetings in the schools as a resource person. Through these parents, the 60 adolescents were contacted. It is found that, from teenagers perception point of view, fathers' means score is higher than the mothers’ mean score in respect of autonomy and rejection, whereas the reverse is true in case of care and control. The findings are used to develop package for effective parenting programmes.

B-284 Parent-Child Conflict, Adolescent's Negative Emotional Arousal and Internalizing/Externalizing Problem behaviours: Mediating Mechanisms Kuang Hui Yeh (Academia Sinica, Taiwan) Although research has shown that parent-child conflict is positively related to poor adjustment in adolescents, the underlying processes have been little examined. This study probes some possible mediators (perceive threat, self-blame, rage, and resentment) to clarify how parent-child conflict impacts adolescent psychological maladjustment. A total of 1,107 high school students completed a battery of questionnaires that separated Father from Mother as the focal interaction target. The results showed that (1) the result patterns for Father and Mother targets were similar; (2) parentchild conflict positively related to adolescents' internalizing (psychosomatic complaints and withdrawal) and externalizing (violent aggression and deviant behaviour) problem behaviours; (3) children's resentment over the conflict was the main mediator of the relationships between parent-child conflict and psychosomatic complaint, withdrawal behaviours, or deviant behaviours; (4) children's wrath from the conflict was the main mediator of the relationship between parent-child conflict and violent aggression.

Learning and Education in School Setting B-401 Implicit Theories of Intelligence are Expressed in Linguistic Practices: objectifying and Contextualizing Practices in Descriptions of Good Learners

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Allan B I Bernardo (De La Salle University, Philippines) The study proposes that people express their implicit theories through linguistic practices. Based on the linguistic categories model (Semin and Fiedler, 1988) the study hypothesized that entity theorists would describe the characteristics of learners as fixed qualities independent of the context, and thus use more nouns and adjectives but fewer contextual references. Incremental theorists focus on specific actions of the learner in particular contexts, and thus use more verbs and contextual references. 100 descriptions of learners written by Filipino students were categorized as exemplifying either incremental or entity theories by two raters. Consistent with the hypothesis, entity theorists used a higher proportion of nouns and adjectives in their descriptions, whereas incremental theorists used a higher proportion of verbs. There was no significant difference in their use of contextualized statements, although incremental theorists had lower objectification index scores.

B-402 The Relationship between Perceptions of Legitimacy of Parental Control over Academics and the Academic Wellbeing of Filipino Adolescents Allan B I Bernardo (De La Salle University, Philippines) Perceptions regarding the legitimacy of parental control over adolescents' academic life were investigated by asking 1088 Filipino adolescents to indicate who they thought should decide on a range of academic issues. Exploratory factor analysis suggested three factors: learning activities, academic participation, and academic options. The respondents generally rejected parental authority on issues related to learning activities, but indicated that issues related to academic participation and options should be decided jointly with their parents. On all domains, older adolescents more strongly rejected parental authority compared to their younger counterparts. The pattern of responses suggest that issues in all domains of academic behaviors are being treated as personal issues, but those in the last two domains may also have overlapping features with prudential/conventional issues. There were also distinct relationships between legitimacy perceptions and student wellbeing: wellbeing was positively associated with rejection of parental authority over learning activities, but negatively associated with rejection of parental authority over academic participation.

B-132 Gender, Subject and Identity: The Gender Aspect of College Student Learning in Taiwan Hsieh Hsiao Chin (National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan) The phenomenon of gender segregation by fields of study, i.e. women concentrate in humanities and men in science and technology, however, remains unchanged. The gender gap in humanities becomes closer from undergraduate to doctoral level, whereas low representation of woman in science and technology exists. The higher education process might operate differentially for men and women due to college experiences functioning in opposite directions for the gender minorities in departments of unbalanced gender composition. What are the college experiences of these gender minorities in departments of unbalanced gender

composition? Are these experiences different for men and women as gender minority in their departments? And how such college experience may affect students' self as well as social identities and their learning outcome? The study analyzes data of the 2005 junior sample from the Taiwan Higher Education Data System to gain partial answer to these questions.

B-76 Unwrapping Middle-School Teachers' Socialization Process Ma Huawei1 and Yuan Xue2 (1Tianjin Normal University, China, 2Imperial College, London, UK) This study of 345 teachers from 6 middle schools demonstrated the process of teacher socialization. Putting contextual and personal factors into the same model and integrating three analytical levels (task, group and organization), this study explored how antecedents of teacher socialization (organizational tactics, proactive tactics, coworkers and parents), proximal socialization outcomes (role clarity, school understanding, task mastery, and school politics) and distal socialization outcomes (job satisfaction, work performance, and organizational commitment) work in tandem. Results showed that organizational tactics had positive influences on distal organizational outcomes directly and indirectly through school understanding, task mastery, and school politics; the effects of teachers' proactive tactics on distal socialization outcomes totally through the mediations of proximal outcomes; school understanding mediated the relations between help and support from coworkers and distal socialization outcomes; cooperation from students' parents had direct positive effect on work performance, and role clarity mediated the relations between cooperation from students' parents and distal outcomes.

B-384 Contextual Influences on Academic Emotions: A Study of Indian Adolescents Anjum Sibia (NCERT, India) Adopting a qualitative mode of inquiry, the present research examined the emotions experienced by students on diverse occasions i.e. class room, examination, evaluations, interaction with teachers/ principal and other students. Using critical incident technique and open-ended questions, the emotional experiences of school students (N= 1061) in Delhi were analyzed. It was noted that students' experiences with teachers are a major source of their emotions, both positive and negative. Negative emotions experienced were voiced more than positive emotions in context of behavior of teachers. Also their relationship with peers and academic (Success/failure) were prominent in students' narratives. Positive emotions were reported more often than the negative ones. The process of learning was also related to positive experiences. Anger was the most frequently expressed negative emotion besides other feelings associating unpleasant emotions.

B-157 Locating Childhood Identities: Addressing Challenges within the Paradigm of Schooling for all Asha Singh (University of Delhi, India) This paper will explore the ways in which the challenges of forging

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local identity despite multiplicity and coexisting pluralities can be confronted as a central issue in the care and education of young children. It provides examples of ways in which the homogenized world of universal education can be energized through artistic traditions, modern media for children to be socialized. While it may be an important goal to strive towards academic excellence and dream, it is not to merely aspire for “smart occupations over hard jobs” subtly negating dignity of labour and regard for communities. Young minds are either unable to comprehend social disjuncture or they accept it as social reality. Social realities tend to influence childhood thinking in forming attitudes of, empathy or indifference, regard or apathy for social differences. Folk and modern media may well have answers for peace education and value education.

B-32 Learning about Learning through Interactive Participation Tipawan Sutin (Walialak University, Thailand) The study identifies teaching methods that incorporates learning management, teaching and curriculum management to promote students' thinking skills, developing 46 teachers, 9 school directors for better understanding of the principle and the process of a studentcentered curriculum and encouraging these schools to develop PBL curricula. Data was collected using in-depth interviews, focus groups, participatory observations and survey questionnaires. The activities for the target groups consisted of PBL workshops, learning from best practices, learning by doing, coaching and knowledge sharing through networking. Variables studied were teachers' knowledge and understanding of PBL, ability for PBL curriculum design, classroom management, attitude and behaviour of the teachers and students. Findings revealed that the teachers could produce the Facilitator Guide, the Student Guide and PBL problems. The teachers believed that PBL stimulated analytical thinking skills and reported change in the students' behaviour and attitude.

A-24 Perceived Parenting Styles as Predictors of Self-Esteem and Academic Strategies among high School Adolescents John Hermes C. Untalan (De La Salle Araneta University, Philippines) Recent studies indicate the significant effect of perceived parenting style on children and adolescents. This study investigated Darling’s (Darling and Steinberg, 1993) and Baumrind’s (1971) model of parenting styles as predictors of self-esteem and academic strategies. Three hundred high school adolescents from a private and public academic institution participated in this study answering the Parental Authority Questionnaire, Parenting Style Inventory, Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Inventory, and the Goal Orientation and Learning Strategy Survey. Using path analysis, results reveal that authoritative and autonomy-granting mothers have an effect on their child’s self-esteem. Adolescents with positive self-esteem increase mastery and performance academic goals. Findings support the mother-child relationship hypothesis in terms of personal and academic aspects while father-child relationship is not.

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

A-92 Developing Wisdom through Learning Acquired from Leadership Experiences Shih Ying Yang (National Chi Nan University, Taiwan) This study adopts a mixed methodology to explore whether learning acquired from educational leadership experience can facilitate the development of wisdom. Eight educational leaders were chosen through a nomination process and a series of interviews were held over a three year period. The results of analyses were then submitted to groups of raters. The results show that leaders in higher education can gain rich and unique learning. They expand their knowledge, acquire skill needed to create cohesive teams, learn to take more responsibilities, reflect and examine themselves more deeply, and form clearer visions and life-plans for the future. Learning processes that involve integration, embodiment, and positive effects were found to be related to wisdom.

Emotions and Social Behaviour B-35 Who and how Can Manage a Conflict Positively Rachel Ben-ari and Hadar Behrendt (Bar-Ilan University, Israel) The study examines the contribution of emotions to the conflict process, with particular attention to emotions of guilt and shame. The study also assessed the contribution of two personality resources, sense of coherence and attachment style, which have been related to peoples' ability to cope with stress and change. Investigation of the effects of two situational variables in eliciting guilt and shame and in determining the choice of conflict coping style: closeness of the relationship between the two sides in the conflict, and response of the other party to the conflict was done. Additionally the extent to which the feelings of guilt and shame intermediate the relationship between these variables and conflict coping styles was done. Clarifying the function of these emotions in choosing a conflict coping style will allow for a better understanding of the conditions that enable more constructive conflict management.

B-225 Cognitive Emotional Regulation Strategies as Moderator of the Relationship between Emotional Labour and Stress Kanika T. Bhal and Tuheena Mukherjee (IIT Delhi, India) Service organisations like call centres have recently raised the issue of emotional labour (EL) and its consequent stress on the employees. Despite its significance research on the issue is sparse and the cognitive mechanisms involved in this process are relatively less explored. The present study attempts to explore moderating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) on the relationship of emotional labour and employee stress. Positive CERS would lower stress levels caused by EL and negative CERS would increase the stress level was hypothesized. 2 X 2 within-

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subjects experimental study using 102 technology students was done. Results showed that positive CERS significantly lowered the stress level whereas use of negative regulation strategies significantly increased stress levels thus revealing theoretical underpinnings of EL.

B-45 Emotional Intelligence of Fathers and Fathers' Affective Response to Children's Behaviors Mojgan Mirza and Rohani Abdullah (University Putra Malaysia, Malaysia) The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between fathers' emotional intelligence (EI) and their pleasureanger responses to children's behaviors. The present study was carried out in the Iranian primary school in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, Malaysia. 107 Students were clustered in three age groups (8-9, 9-10, 10-11 years). Data was collected using the emotional quotient inventory (EQ-i) adult version (Bar- on EQ-i -1997) and Parent Affect Test (Linehan and Egen, 1983). Pearson's correlation indicated that fathers with high EI displayed more positive responses to children's behaviors, compared to fathers with low EI. In addition, fathers with low EI displayed more anger responses to children's behaviors, compared to fathers with high EI.

B-173 Mothers' Construal of Self and their Goals Related to Children's Emotional Competence Chan Siu Mui (Hong Kong Institute of Education, Hong Kong) This study postulated that in a society in which interdependent construal of self is nurtured, parents would value emotional interdependency and aim to teach children emotion display rules which nurture harmonious interpersonal relationship while in a society in which independent construal of self is dominant, parents would value emotion independency and set emotion understanding and emotion expression as their parental goals. Based on the relations between construal of self and emotion as suggested by Markus and Kitayama (1991), a scale was developed to measure parents' goals of their children's emotional competence, A study was conducted with 189 Hong Kong-Chinese mothers. It was found that mothers' independent construal of self predicted the adoption of individualistic emotional competence goals but not the adoption of relational emotional competence goals. Mothers' interdependent construal of self predicted the adoption of both individualistic construal of self and relational emotional competence goals.

B-480 Does Culture Influence Emotional Intelligence Vinod K Shanwal1, Sudeep K. Ghosh2 and Shuchi Mathur2 (1Gautham Buddha University, 2Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, India) Culture is an integral part of human behavior and as such, people’s emotions are shaped differently across cultures, sub-cultures, within societies or families. Most people adopt the traditions, rules, manners, and biases of their culture through enculturation. Studies have ascertained that these factors come from heredity and social environment. It is usual that an individual’s personality is

influenced by one’s own culture. Thus, we may say that culture and emotional intelligence both play a crucial role in shaping personality of an individual. In other words, emotional intelligence is a learned ability that can be nurtured through enculturation. The more an individual learns from one’s own experiences of life and the culture of one’s community the more the person will be emotional intelligent and successful in life.

Environment and social behaviour B-33 Road Rage: Implementation Plan for Mitigation measures in an Indian Scenario Neelima Chakrabarty and Anuradha Shukla (Transport Planning and Environment Division Central Road Research Institute, India) Road rage is a phenomenon which indicates that society is on edge. Increasingly, aggression and violence has appeared to drift further into mainstream Indian society. Road rage has recently been cited as equalling alcohol-impaired driving in the number of resultant motor vehicle accident related injuries and fatalities. In the last three years in the capital of India sudden provocation prompted people to kill or physically assault each other. In 20052006 it topped the list of murder motives, in 2007 it was the second highest cause in murder list. This paper discusses results of opinion survey of experts as well as of the drivers/ commuters, detailed analyses of the causes and time-wise, vehicle-wise, location-wise aggressive behavior among drivers.

B-505 Individualism- Collectivism and SelfConstruals as Predictors of Environmental Concern Taciano L. Milfont (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) Few studies have assessed whether individualistic/collectivistic orientations and independent/interdependent self-construals are related to people’s environmental concerns. In line with recent developments in the area, the present study uses a fourfold typology of individualism/collectivism and a six fold typology of self-construals to assess whether these variables would predict environmental concern measures. A sample of 329 New Zealandborn participants (mean age = 21.56; 63.2% female) took part in the study. Regression analyses show that humanity-bond selfconstrual positively predicted all environmental concern measures (environmental identity, pro-environmental attitudes, inclusion of nature in self, and being a member of an environmental organization). This indicates that those who have a universal representation of self as belonging to the human species are more likely to protect the environment.

B-239 Disaster Mental Health: A Case Study Atasi Mohanty (IIT Kharagpur, India) This study was an attempt to assess the mental health status of landslide victims of Darjeeling district of West Bengal in North-east

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India. A sample of 20 families, 10 victims and 10 non-victims were taken for an in-depth study. A culture-fair mental health checklist and observation and interview schedules were administered on the samples. The findings revealed that the victims and nonvictims didn't differ significantly on physiological symptoms (like headache, tiredness etc.). The victims differed significantly from the non-victims with regard to their psychological symptoms such as anxiety, tension, restlessness, nervousness, loneliness, hopelessness, anger etc. The analysis of cases showed that the victims were suffering from this traumatic stress due to many socio-economic factors like death of closed ones and children, loss of home and property, loss of jobs, improper rehabilitation and relief, financial as well as emotional insecurities etc.

B-110 Scenario workshop on the Environmental Development Motohiko Nagata (Kyoto University, Japan) The present study is aiming at developing and executing a participatory conference method utilizing expert knowledge, based on Scenario Workshop method. The workshop was held on 13th July, 2008 in Hokkaido. Twelve residents and four experts participated in the workshop. The workshop consisted of two phases; the critical analysis phase in which the participants do a critical analysis of the current situation, and the visionary phase in which the critical analysis is used to create future vision. From questionnaires and interviews, most participants felt that experts knowledge was helpful to comprehend the present situation of the watershed and plausibility of 4 scenarios in the first phase, but not so useful in the second phase. Experts' knowledge contributed to create common understanding of the environment and concrete image of the future environment, based on which participants collectively delineated the future visions of the watershed.

B-19 Displaced Women Disaster Survivors: Survival Qualities Marylendra A. Penetrante (Divine Word College, Philippines) In this study, the researcher investigated the survival qualities that aided the one-hundred eighty (180) women survivors of Typhoon Reming (International Code Name: Durian) and their long-term coping strategies. The top ten characteristics that the women survivors perceived as qualities that helped them cope are the following (arranged from highest to lowest): religious, persuasive, accepting, cheerful, trusting, giving, wise, patient, ambitious and sociable. In terms of the long-term coping mechanisms employed by the women survivors, within the first two weeks after the disaster, the respondents resorted to failed coping. From the third week to around 6 months, the respondents adopted the erosive coping strategy. After 6 months, the survivors adopted the nonerosive coping. This study gave way for the conceptualization of the Coping Mechanism Diagram: The Albay Experience.

B-512 Social Construction of Human-Environment Relationship Facilitating Disaster Management and

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Healing: Insights from Natural Disasters in India Kumar Ravi Priya (IIT Kanpur, India) This paper highlights the constructions of human-environment relationships in disaster management with the help of two qualitative studies conducted among the survivors of an earthquake in Kachchh, Gujarat and the floods that affected several districts of Bihar in 2008. One salient theme that emerges from the narratives of those survivors who lost their near and dear ones in these disasters is that nurturing environment or ecology is construed as the integral element of their wellbeing. Themes about their sociomoral self, wellbeing and healing are indicative of transcendental nature of self-environmental relationship and its implications for wellbeing and healing as mentioned in the ancient Indian philosophical traditions. Also, evidence of the existence of such a nature of self-environment relationship has important bearing on planning or policy making about mitigation or preparedness for environmental disasters in India.

B-181 The Prosocial Behavior in the Wenchuan Earthquake Li- Lin Rao, Shu Li, Ru Han and Rui Zheng (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) In 2008, an earthquake of 8.0 magnitude on the Richter scale occurred in China. The massive earthquake put residents in devastated areas in an inferior position. We conducted three sequential surveys to assess whether the residential devastation would emit more prosocial behavior in the devastated areas. Residents in non-devastated and devastated areas were asked to play the dictator game. The results revealed that the amount of money allocated to anonymous counterparts increased associated with increased residential devastation level; and respondents offered more money in the first survey than in the second and third surveys, with no significant difference between the latter two surveys. Our finding will help to better understand the basic premise of prosocial behavior.

B-511 People-Environment Relationship in Indian Context: Lessons for Sustaining the Environment Nachiketa Tripathi, (IIT Guwahati, India) This article is an attempt to analyze some of the contemporary models of People-Environment Relationship (PER). Parallel to the core cultural attitudes, economic necessity forces the Indian people too have tried extracting benefits from the natural resources, as other cultures. All of these possibilities taken together may give rise to a paradoxical PER view. Therefore an empirical study is conducted to find issues related to PER in the Indian society. Economic necessities of life have forced the people to use the environment for their benefits and survival. Unless economic needs of people’s life are addressed properly, implementing schemes related to sustainable environment protection may not be very successful. However the contributions of Veer Bhadra Mishra on individuals taking both engineering inputs and religious approach to educate the mass for environmental protection is studied in the form of case study and lessons derived.

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A-65 Tsunami in Kerala: Psychological Consequences and Protective Factors Johanna Sophie Von Lieres und Wilkau (University of Leipzig, Germany) In the present study, the long-term psychological consequences and protective factors after the 2004 tsunami in Kerala have been investigated. The sample consists of 407 inhabitants of the fishing villages along the coastline of Alappad, Kerala (233 affected by the tsunami and 174 not affected). The two groups were compared regarding their level of traumatization and their general psychological impairment, with the tsunami group showing significantly higher levels. In addition, it was assessed to which extent protective factors such as perceived social support, sense of coherence, and specific coping strategies could have mitigated the effect of the disaster. Social support, in particular, decreases the level of traumatization and a strong sense of coherence prevents psychological impairment.

Social and Societal changes and Identity A-38 Identity Construction among Iraya Mangyans of Baco, Oriental Mindoro Aleli B. Bawagan (University of the Philippines, Philippines) The Iraya Mangyans are the indigenous people in the uplands of Northern Mindoro, Philippines who have a distinct culture – language, farming practices, spiritual beliefs, and customary laws. The study looks into the identity construction of three generations of Iraya Mangyans, using both the primordial and transactional approaches. The Iraya Mangyan identity can be grouped into the following layers: 1) fundamental inner core; 2) supplemental middle layer; and 3) survival outer cover. The fundamental inner core consists of these elements: knowledge of their ancestors; territory; and emotional ties attached to being an Iraya Mangyan. The supplemental middle layer, composed of their indigenous arts, language and traditional practices, remain important elements of their identity. Lastly, the survival outer cover involves adoption of survival strategies as they fight for their rights, become beneficiaries in social action programs and adopt certain aspects of lowland culture.

A-89 Masculine Role/Identity and the Self Reporting of Height Anthony Bogaert (Brock University, Canada) The present study examined the role of masculine gender role/ identity to predict the distortion of self-reported body size. Canadian university men reported their height and weight, along with completing scales measuring masculine, gender-related characteristics (e.g., Agency, Unmitigated Agency, gendertyped Occupational Preferences) and the height and weight of the participants were measured using standardized scales.

Men over-reported their height and underreported their weight relative to (objective) measured height and weight and masculine, gender-related characteristics (Unmitigated Agency, masculine Occupational Preferences) predicted an over-reporting of height. Results suggest that men higher in some stereotypically masculine gender role characteristics have an elevated need to achieve socially desirable masculine physical characteristics, and do so to such a degree that they are prone to distorting this important aspect of their body size.

A-45 National, Ethnic and Religion Identity for Multicultural facing Globalization and Changing Society in Indonesia Tutut Chusniyah (University of Malang, Indonesia) The present study tested a theoretical model to predict for multiculturalism, in which ethnic identity, religion identity; national identity served as exogenous variables. 600 subjects from various ethnic and religious groups in Indonesia, from nine universities in three cities participated in this study. Overall, the findings supported the proposed model. Both ethnic and religion identity predicts in-group confidence and out-group acceptance concerning multiculturalism. The study also revealed interesting finding presented in theoretical argument about social identity. The argument of in-group favouritism leads to out-group derogation (Tajfel and Turner, 1979) versus in-group confidence leads to out-group acceptance (Moghaddam, 2008) is the prominent concern in this multicultural study. Implication of these findings to multiculturalism theory and social identity theory were discussed.

B-343 Veiled Dentities- Unveiled Multiculturalisms, A New Paradox for Social Psychology Aydan Gulerce (Bogazici University, Turkey) Social psychology played an important role in the (social) constructions of the modern notion of identity as an autonomous, self-regulating and compliant citizen in homogeneous society. These unexamined premises have been confronted by critical scholarship, international migration, politics, business and terrorism. I find three of those wrong assumptions more relevant to this presentation as they concern; universalism and homogeneity, public/private dichotomy, and the rupture between the secular/modern and the religious/traditional. The study discusses the coverings of Muslim and South Asian woman in western(ized) societies which poses strong challenges by knotting these three complex issues on itself. The civility limits of various multiculturalism discourses that have been put in work together with identity politics in civilized societies have been tested ways out of this new paradox and opportunities have been seeked.

B-134 Voices of Minorities from Japan Tin Tin Htun (Temple University, Japan) The present study examines the role of individuals from different minority groups on perception of their minority identity and discrimination in a historical and socio-political context in Japan.13 participants were interviewed from the three main minority groups

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in Japan - Ainu, Buraku, and Zainichi Koreans. Voice-centered relational method was used developed by Brown and Gilligan (Mauthner and Doucet, 1998) to analyze the interviews. The results in the light of discourses which emerged from the interviews, the theme of agency in the voices of the participants, patterns of dealing with ascribed minority identity, influential factors on the development and acceptance of minority identity, and how discrimination works in a society like Japan where minorities are physically and linguistically indistinguishable.

B-459 Who are We? Representation of Indianess amongst the Indian youth Preeti Kapur and Grishwar Misra (University of Delhi, India) The study evaluates the importance of collective Indian identity amongst the Indian youth. The study raises the question of the existence of a distinct Indian national and cultural identity as experienced and described by its youth. Adopting a mixed method of approach, Indian participants in the age range of 19-25 years expressed their beliefs about Indians as a collective. Content analysis on the semi-structure sentence stems help identify the conceptual and relational themes. The predominant themes were Culture and Religion lying at the core of Indianess, along with Family Orientation, We-feeling, Pride and Prejudice, Human Capira. Submission to Givens and Drawbacks. Further, the youth are aware that notion of Indianess includes both positive and negative aspects. The building blocks of Indian entity were identified as connection with others, hardworking, resilience, tolerance, and the strength to adapt to new situations.

B-383 Identification of Elements of Workplace Identity Manish Kumar and Shailendra Singh (IIM Lucknow, India) The objective of this paper is to outline a framework for conceptualizing workplace identity. In an attempt to overcome still nascent stage of development of organizational identity literature for framing our construct, we have borrowed liberally from psychology and social psychology literature. Building from earlier works on referent selection (Kulik and Ambrose, 1992), multidimensionality of identity (Ashmore, Deaux, McLaughlinVolpe, 2004)), and social comparison process in organizational context (Goodman and Haisley, 2007), we have identified the antecedents and consequences of workplace identity. Research implications for both practitioners and academicians are discussed.

A-16 Changing boundaries of Ethnic Identity and feelings toward Ingroup/Outgroup: Examining Taiwan Residents from a Psycho-Historical Perspective I Ching Lee and Felicia Pratto (Taiwan) Subjective group identification may not always be based on common biological origins or group salience, but rather, due to changes in group power. The present cross-temporal meta-analysis

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documents the transformation of Taiwan residents’ identification as both Taiwanese and Chinese during recent decades, in which the legitimacy of Chinese power over Taiwan was changed. The relations between identification and feelings toward Taiwanese and Chinese were also examined. Results suggest that historical memories and the political ascendancy of Taiwanese culture, rather than relative size of groups, increased identification with Taiwanese over Chinese. Historical and ethnic differences are compared to address ingroup favoritism, outgroup derogation, and other issues in social identity theory.

B-94 Transnational Identities: Twice Migrated South Asians in Canada Tania Das Gupta (York University, Canada) Based on a small sample of in-depth interviews conducted on South Asian diaspora members in Canada who have arrived via Gulf countries, the paper will sociologically explore questions of identity within the larger economic, political and social context. Individual narratives will be examined in the transnational context between 3 countries, including a South Asian country, a Gulf country and Canada. The country of current residence - Canadahas well entrenched policies of multiculturalism since the 1970's which is significant in the analysis as is the current world economy which is marked by globalization and transnationalism. Issues of class, race, gender and generation will be touched on. Preliminary research findings suggest multiple and shifting identities among these transnational subjects with nuances of age, gender, ethnicity, race and class.

B-396 Society, Culture, and Self-Identity in Southeast Asia: Traditional, Westernized, or Hybrid? A Comparison of Values and beliefs among Singaporean, Philippine, and American College Students Leslie Minor (Central Oregon Community College, USA) Societal promotion of cultural values, behaviors, and beliefs has much to do with internal aspects of self-identity. The study examines the changing values changing along with the spread of technology and the shrinking global community and the impact of westernization on young adults. In a comparison survey study, 400 Southeast Asian college students in Singapore and Philippines were queried as to their views on quality of life (subjective well being), self-esteem, and religiosity, connection to community, ethnic identity, and gender norms. Results were compared with those of 400 college students in the United States. Results indicated culturally, the Southeast Asian sample was divergent, but in the aggregate these students responded as holding more "hybridized values" or more "co-existent cultural values" - not distinctly "Asian heritage values". American students were also divergent in values and beliefs, but somewhat more individualist as predicted.

B-94 Transnational Identities: Twice Migrated South Asians in Canada Tania Das Gupta (York University, Canada) Based on a small sample of in-depth interviews conducted on South Asian diaspora members in Canada who have arrived via

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

Gulf countries, the paper will sociologically explore questions of identity within the larger economic, political and social context Individual narratives will be examined in the transnational context between 3 countries, including a South Asian country, a Gulf country and Canada. The country of current residence - Canada has well entrenched policies of multiculturalism since the 1970's which is significant in the analysis as is the current world economy which is marked by globalization and transnationalism. Issues of class, race, gender and generation will be touched on. Preliminary research findings suggest multiple and shifting identities among these transnational subjects with nuances of age, gender, ethnicity, race and class.

B-262 Identity Construction and Adaptation of Indian Migrants in New Zealand Shachi Phadke (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) The present study intended to understand whether the subgroups feel similar to each other, inherently 'Indian'; or if they have moulded their identities differently in order to move upwards in social hierarchies. The present study attempts to juxtapose the wish for a status change and the wish of cultural continuity within Indian subculture in New Zealand. In-depth interviews have been used and the analysis uses Grounded Theory inclusive of demographic information. Preliminary trends contribute to the literature on longterm immigrants, by understanding the importance of 'Indian-ness' and effect of encountering other cultures on various levels of social status, along with preference-change linked to status enjoyed in previous Indian subculture.

A-40 Comparing Social Identity Content across four Asian Countries Malini Ratnsingam (University of Malaya, Malaysia) This paper presents the results of a study designed to identify the contents of social identity among youth in four Asian countries. The objectives of this study were to identify the categories and contents used to describe social identity, to identify salience in terms of how the elicited categories were ranked in importance and to determine the effect of media exposure on social identity. The sample consisted of approximately equal male and female university students from Malaysia, Singapore, Japan and Korea. Results indicate that Malaysian students gave the highest value of importance to the category of religion, Singaporean and Japanese to gender while Korean students ranked citizenship most highly. Only Japanese and Korean students ranked small group activity highly while only Japanese students mentioned blood type as a defining social characteristic. Early analysis indicates that media exposure did not have significant influence on the content of social identity.

B-379 The Integration and Adaptation of South Asian second Generation Youth in Scotland Lena Robinson (University of the West of Scotland, UK) The study explored the integration and adaptation of second generation South Asian youth into the host society. Two of the major

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ethnic minority groups living in Scotland, Indian and Pakistani adolescents were targeted. The outcome variables were defined as: socio-cultural adaptation and psychological adaptation. Results showed that self-esteem, life satisfaction and mastery among the Indian adolescents was fairly high. Pakistani youth had significantly lower self-esteem scores than the Indian youth. The Indian youth were significantly more satisfied with life than the Pakistani youth. The Pakistani youth had significantly more psychological problems than the Indian youth. Personal factors including identity, acculturation attitudes and perceived discrimination differed significantly between the groups. Ethnic identity was more important than national identity for Pakistani adolescents, who also perceived more discrimination than Indian youth.

B-464 Re-assessing Identity and Multiculturalism in the Wake of Globalization: A Philosophical Perspective Alka Saharan (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) Identity assumes significance in the process of globalization because it impacts upon social, cultural and economic life of people in different societies. The present agony about identity and deployment of identity are not the innovations of multiculturalism. It has an extensive philosophical history. It acquired the centre of concern since 1960’s. My article discusses, Philosophical analysis of Identity, with regard to the basic questions about identities which are of major concern that is, what identities are? How are they formed? How can they be transformed? Are they imposed on individual from external forces? What is Multiculturalism? What is Globalization? How has the era of Globalization affected these link and what are the possible aspects to strengthen the identity and cultural pluralism in the era of globalization?

B-44 Identity, Multiculturalism and Changing societies: Challenges for Social Psychology in and about Asia Kwanchit Sasiwongsaroj (Mahidol University, Thailand) The current study investigated levels of assimilation in terms of economic, cultural and civic assimilation among 5 ethnic minorities in Thailand using the 2000 national census. Principal component analysis was employed to construct an index of assimilation. The analysis reveals great variety in the degree of assimilation among minority groups. Khmers were almost indistinguishable from mainstream Thais. They presented themselves as the most culturally assimilated with a high degree of economic and civic assimilation. The Chinese displayed the highest degree of assimilation into the economic fabric of Thailand but ranked lower in civic assimilation, while the hill tribes and Burmese showed low degrees of assimilation in all dimensions. It is unsurprisingly, despite relatively high levels of economic and civic assimilation, ethnic Malay were the least culturally assimilated of any groups.

A-35 Being Muslim: A Study of Muslim Youth in Delhi Sujata Sriram and Smriti Vaid (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India)

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This paper is drawn from a study on identity of Muslim youth in the age group of 18-25 years, residing in Delhi. In depth interviews of 29 Muslim youth was conducted to explore what it meant to be Muslim, the role of religion in shaping identity, the influence of family and wider community networks, and perceptions of the majority community. The findings revealed the integral role of religion in the shaping of identity; being Muslim was the primary definition for the youth. Religion was more than just a faith; it was a way of life, and the focal point around which life revolved.. The role of the family in defining identity was very important, especially in the case of girls who observed purdah. The family, the peer group and the educational institutions all reinforced the religious values and beliefs among the youth.

B-287 Rethinking Colonial Identity: A Psychological Perspective on William Dalrymple’s “The White Mughals” Suman and Vandana Saxena (IIT Delhi, India) This paper explores such identity formation through a detailed study of William Dalrymple's "The White Mughals", taking into account the concepts of race, class, gender, stereotyping and nationalism. This paper looks at the way identity of the erstwhile colonizer is forged by the colonial experience, and the way it continues to inform his/her interactions decades after the empire ended officially. The fixation on the past has a direct bearing on his attempt at being an objective author/historian, and the text reflects these conflicts. Dalrymple's fixation can be read as a response to the anxieties of identity faced by an erstwhile colonizer in the world changing power relations and earlier racial equations. The return to imperial history therefore seems to provide a sense of security and comfort and instates an anachronistic sense of self in the contemporary post-empire, globalized world order.

B-125 The Influence of Negative Auto-Stereotype on the Collective Identity of the Individual Bagus Takwin, and Alfindra Primadhi (University of Indonesia, Indonesia) The present study looks at the influence of negative auto stereotype on the collective identity of the individual. With stereotype threat stemming from negative aspect of group identity as mediator, negative auto stereotype can lead people to a confusion of their collective identity, as well as their individual identity. There are three possible responses to the confusion of identity: (1) explore other collective identities, (2) ignore their collective identity; and (3) maintain the collective identity by adding new elements. A total of 210 university student participated in this study. A series of vignettes were used to prime stereotype threat and the resulting influence on negative auto stereotype, and collective identity was measured. Further, the influence of stereotype threat to the efforts by individuals to overcome identity confusion was also measured.

A-85 Examining Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem Among Sundaness, Javaness and Batakness Adolescents

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Irene Tarakanita and Ka Yan, (Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia) This study examined ethnic identity and self-esteem among Sundaness, Javaness and Batakness adolescents at West-Java. Sundaness, Javaness and Batakness college students were compared on ethnic identity (measured by the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure) and self-esteem (measured by Culture Free Self Esteem Inventory). Significant differences emerged between the three culture-group adolescents on both measure of self-esteem and a measure of ethnic identity. Specifically, Javaness adolescent showed significantly higher levels of self-esteem than Sundaness and Batakness adolescents.

A-56 Chinese National Identity: Through the Prism of Olympic Games Yinyin Yang, Manqi Chen, Wuqing Chen, Xiaoping Ying, Bing Wang, Junxiu Wang and Kastade Arnulf (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China) The purpose of the study was to explore the relationship among participation in Beijing Olympic Games (BOG) and national identity. 962 participants (409 males and 972 females) were recruited before the BOG and 972 participants (402 males and 557 females) were recruited after BOG. The results indicated that BOG enhanced the national identity. Regression analysis revealed significant national identity × confusion between public and private on BOG national focus and BOG participation. Further the participants with high confusion between public and private identity, their BOG national focus and BOG participation became more positive as national identification increased; for participants with low confusion between public and private, their BOG national focus became more positive as national identification increased. Discussion is concerned about Chinese public-private construal and self-construal, public participation and civic participation.

A-44 Exploring the Chinese-Filipino Social Identity: A Social Representational Framework Angela A. Yu, (University of the Philippines, Philippines) The research explores self-perceptions and social identity representations of the Chinese in the Philippines using the social representations framework. It investigates the influence of various communication processes (education, linguistic ability, social interactions and adherence to customs and traditions) as well as individual (age and gender) and environmental attributes (migration status and parents’ cultural background) in self- and social identity development. It will likewise explore subgroup social representations of the Chinese in the Philippines. In-depth interviews of ethnic Chinese respondents was done in Study 1 to elicit social representations of the social identity as well as sub-group classifications; survey questionnaires was fielded in Study 2 with the aim of understanding the variances in the social representations of the subgroups, as well as the attitudinal link between self- and social identity.

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Intergroup Relations B-498 Relational Orientations of Muslim and Hindu Adolescents in Traditional and Modern Schools Shabana Bano1 and R. C. Mishra2 (1Government P.G. College Gyanpur, India, 2Banaras Hindu University, India) This study examines the relational orientations of Muslim and Hindu adolescents attending Traditional Urdu, Traditional Sanskrit, and Modern schools adolescents in Varanasi. Using a scale of relational orientations the analyses revealed that Co-existence was the strongest relational orientation of the groups, followed by Integration and Separation. Marginalization orientation was very weakly represented. While Assimilation was emphasized mainly by the Muslim boys, Coexistence and Integration were emphasized mainly by boys attending a modern school. Separation and Assimilation were the dominant relational orientations of Muslim adolescents, especially in the Traditional Urdu schools.

B-112 Is Ethnocentrism Conceptually Distinct from Outgroup Negativity and Ingroup Positivity? Boris Bizumic (The Australian National University, Australia) This presentation argues that ethnocentrism is conceptually distinct from as outgroup negativity and ingroup positivity. Following Sumner (1911), ethnocentrism should be seen as ethnic group self-centredness, involving the beliefs that one's ethnic group is more important than other groups and other ingroup members. Our findings from New Zealand, USA, Serbia and France (N = 1049) showed that ethnocentrism consisted of the four facets indicating that one's group is more important than others (intergroup ethnocentrism: preference, superiority, exploitativeness and purity) and two facets indicating that one's group is more important than ingroup members (intragroup ethnocentrism: group cohesion and devotion). Confirmatory factor analyses showed that intragroup and intergroup ethnocentrism are distinct from outgroup negativity and ingroup positivity, and regression analyses indicated that ethnocentrism could predict related criteria over and above outgroup negativity and ingroup positivity, further confirming conceptual distinctiveness.

A-20 Stereotype Content Model Explains Prejudice for A Pitied Outgroup: Rural to Urban Migrants in P.R. China Jian Guan (Nankai University, China) The present research, consisting of four correlational studies offering convergent support for the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes Map framework. Study 1 (N=81) and study 2 (N=121) began with model of stereotype content (SCM) questionnaire to explore Chinese participants. The results indicated that two primary dimensions of SCM are competence and warmth which combined high warmth with low competence or high competence with low warmth; status predicts high competence, and competition failed to predict low warmth. Thus the stereotype content model in China

defines two fundamental dimensions of social perception, warmth and competence, predicted respectively by perceived competition and status. Study 3 (N=121) tested behaviors from inter-group affect and stereotype. From various inter-groups the behavior from inter-group affect and stereotypes map predicts distinct behaviors: active and passive, facilitative and harmful in the field of Chinese groups. All studies showed rural-to-urban migrants stereotypes differentiating two dimensions: competence and sociability. Study 4 showed when the subjects were involvement; two models of inter-group bias, SCM and BIAS map are changed. And rural-tourban migrants are changed a contemptible out-group.

B-90 Positioning Theory in Understanding Intergroup Conflict Judith M. de Guzman (Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines) Given the interactional nature of conflict based on incompatible positions, this paper proposes the use of Positioning Theory as an alternative approach for the study of intergroup conflict. Using positioning analysis in examining public documents in a local case of intergroup conflict between a group of indigenous farmers and a multinational company, two contested storylines were established. Within each major storyline, the positions of the conflicting groups were analyzed. The results were discussed in light of the two important characteristics of positioning in intergroup conflict, namely temporal situatedness and active contestation of positions and storylines. Implications on the role of power in intergroup conflict and the use of positioning theory for conflict resolution and social change are also discussed.

B-168 Group Justice Dilemma and Intergroup Conflict: Does Intragroup Justice Engender Third Party Aggression? Tomohiro Kumagai (Tohoku University, Japan) This study examined the relationship between the intragroup justice and intergroup aggression. Half of the participants were equally allocated lottery tickets by a fellow ingroup member, while the others were unequally allocated them. Then they observed that a fellow ingroup member or an outgroup member are made unfair distribution by another outgroup member. After that participants were given a chance to retaliate against the unfair allocator. The results was that among the participants who were fairly treated, those who observed a fellow ingroup member being unfairly treated from an outgroup were more aggressive than those who observed the other outgroup member being unfairly treated. These results suggest that intragroup justice and intergroup justice are in a dilemma about which we should take into account.

A-21 Social Comparison in Inter Ethnic and CoEthnic Friendship Barry Schneider (University of Ottawa, Canada) Earlier research suggested that inter-ethnic friendships were not as frequent or as close as friendships within one own ethnic group. We explored this phenomenon in very multicultural neighbourhoods

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of Toronto and Montreal, where Anglo-Canadian students come into regular contact with classmates from East Asia and South Asia. Participants were 390 adolescents. Friendship dyads were identified on the basis of reciprocal nomination. We conducted direct observation of the interactions of friends and administered questionnaires. Co-ethnic friendships were characterized by greater closeness and more conflict than interethnic friendships. Co-ethnic friendships were more likely than inter-ethnic friendships to survive after 6 months. Inter-ethnic friendships that survived after 6 months tended to increase in conflict. Regardless of sex composition, friendships characterized by conflict and lacking in overall positive quality were more likely than others to dissolve later in the school year. During a structured observation task, there was greater observation of friends’ work within co-ethnic friendships.

B-162 Ethnic Conflict and National Identity in India Sushma Suri (Jamia Millia Islamia University, India) The research highlighted the different trends of internal conflicts in India using large sample data which depicted that the real root causes of maladjusted behavior such as communalism, casteism, terrorism, regionalism and ethnic uprising are the tranquility of the society. The rises in aspiration and political consciousness among the politically disadvantage group, economic equality, demand for social justice etc. are the important contributing factors for social tensions in India. The demand of state autonomy and the linguistic reorganization of states accentuated and made permanent the regional factor in the Indian states. Analyzing the role of economic, geographic and demographic factors, I find that poorer areas have significantly higher levels of conflict intensity. However, the causes of national identity and integration would be better served if we recognize and nourish the environment of socio-cultural and political pluralism.

B-88 The Irony of Harmony: Intergroup Contact and Social Change Nicole Tausch1, Tamar Saguy2, John F Dovidio2, Felicia Pratto3 and Purnima Singh4 (1Cardiff University, UK, 2 Yale University, USA, 3University of Connecticut, USA,4IIT Delhi, India) Intergroup contact improves out-group attitudes and increases perceptions of cross-group commonalities. We propose that these outcomes could undermine recognition of inequality and support for actions promoting egalitarian social change among socially disadvantaged groups. Study 1 (N = 210) demonstrates experimentally that commonality-focused contact results in unrealistic expectations for equal treatment among disadvantaged groups and that this is due to improved out-group attitudes and decreased attention to inequality. Study 2 (N = 169) replicates this finding conceptually in the context of Indian Muslims' contact with Hindus. Results indicate that positive out-group contact was associated not just with positive outgroup attitudes but also reduced awareness of inequality and increased expectations that the out-group would treat the ingroup fairly. These variables were related to reduced tendencies to act collectively to improve ingroup status. Study 3 (N = 175) was conducted in Israel and

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again showed that positive contact of Israeli Arabs with Jews was associated with increased expectations for fair treatment and greater perceived legitimacy of intergroup inequality, which, in turn, predict decreased support for measures that would promote egalitarian social change

B-330 Is "Japanese" A Natural Category?: The Influence of Essentialist beliefs on Perceptions of Intergroup Differences Saori Tsukamoto and Minoru Karasawa (Nagoya University, Japan) The present study examined the role that essentialist beliefs play when estimating prevalence of perceptual style. Past research revealed a tendency among lay people to perceive natural entities in social categories. We investigated whether beliefs in core essence of “Japanese” have an impact on perceived ethnic differences. The results revealed participants’ tendency to understand “Japanese” through natural entities when they were paired with an international student. Especially, the strength of the belief in exclusive characteristic of “Japanese” significantly correlated with estimated perceptual discrepancy between ethnic groups. The role of lay essentialist beliefs in perceiving intergroup differences and its implications for the study of stereotype are discussed.

B-160 Conforming to the Group Norm: The Effects of Group Identity and In-group Audiences Lan Yujuan, Bin Zuo, Junwei Liu and Hongjian Xu (Huazhong Normal University, China) The present study examined the effects of group identity and ingroup audiences on people’s conformity to the group norm. The experiment adopted the minimal group paradigm and 74 subjects were invited to complete two logical reasoning tasks which concealed the real purpose of the study. After the tasks, their behavioral willing to conform to the group norm was tested as the indicator of the dependent variable. The results revealed that high identifiers showed more conformity to the group norm under anonymity conditions than under in-group accountable conditions. However, low identifiers conformed to the group norm in both anonymity and in-group accountable conditions. The results were in accordance with the hypothesis derived from Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effect.

Interpersonal Relations B-348 Pinpoint Decoding Accuracy in the Same-Sex Dyadic Interaction: Can You Really Guess what I'm Thinking and Feeling? Ayane Kikuchi and Ikuo Daibo (Osaka University, Japan) In present study empathic accuracy paradigm was adopted with some modifications in order to investigate whether people would be able to accurately infer others' random thoughts and feelings

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(Pinpoint Decoding Accuracy: PPDA). During the experiment, participants were to engage in a dyadic interaction. Then they reported their own thoughts and feelings as well as those of their dyadic partners at the specific timing as the index for PPDA while they watched their videotaped interaction individually. The results indicated that there was no gender difference in PPDA. Further, participants were divided into high and low PPDA groups, and the comparison between the two showed that those with high PPDA scored higher on emotional intelligence scale than those with low PPDA and that the former reported they felt more anxious before the interaction than the latter.

B-456 Interpersonal Relationships of Adolescents from Intact and non -Intact Families Nalini Malhotra (Punjabi University, India) Present study examined the dimensions of interpersonal relationships of adolescents from intact and non- intact families. Adolescents’ social network with three domains were studiedsocial, academic and family with focus on patterns showing a relationship orientation with parents(mother relation and father relation) and extra-familial relationships (male peer relation, female peer relation and teacher relation). The sample comprised 120 (60 males and 60 females) adolescents, of which 60 were from intact families and 60 from non intact families. A 2x2 factorial designed was used to observe the two levels each of family structure (intact and non-intact) and gender (males and females) on the scores of interpersonal relationships for each of the five dimensions. The results suggest that family structure and gender has significant effect on interpersonal relationships.

B-215 Understanding Relationship Building V. Vijaya and Prof Ajit Chakravarty (T A Pai. Management Institute, India) Social relationship is an important area of applied research in social psychology. There are many associated dimensions of relationships like expectations and obligations, norms, communication flow, intended outcomes etc. This paper tries to examine the various dimensions of relationship building in the health sector gathering inferences based on a case study of a successful hospital. The framework used to understand relationship building is expectations and obligations, communication/information flow, norms or expected codes of conduct and the intended and actual outcomes of the parties involved. Insights are also shared on the operationalisation of the construct of relationship building. The paper concludes with a synthesis of some insights from established frameworks of social capital and the inferences from this study.

B-158 Harmony but not Sameness: The Impact Mechanism about Interpersonal Complementarity Versus Similarity on the Interpersonal Interactive Harmony Zuobin1 and Zhao Ju2 (1Psychology School in Centrol China of Norma University, China, 2Hubei University of Economics, China)

The study attempts to explore interpersonal variations in terms of a single circular array with two dimensions that form this interpersonal space are generally dominance and love and similarity matching and complementarity matching jointly influences interpersonal interactive harmony. Three relationship types are designed for examining its effects in different relationship types, that is, longtime intimate relation as husband and wife, love affair as lovers, and same-gender friendship relationship by the way of self-value and self-valuing-other to check theory hypothesis. Result showed that complementarity on the dominant and affiliation can forecast the interactive harmony. Moreover, interpersonal traits intensity can notably forecast interactive harmony, and interpersonal directions can forecast interactive harmony indirectly in mediation of interpersonal traits intensity.

Belief, Norms and Values B-77 Do We Need Different Value Structures at Individual and Cultural Levels? Ronald Fischer1, Melanie C. Vauclair1 and Johnny R.J. Fontaine2 (1Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, 2Gent University, Belgium) Are individual and cultural value structures empirically distinct? However, the proposed differences between levels remains a source of confusion. We present two studies that examine the degree of similarity or isomorphism of values in individual and country-level analyses, using Multidimensional Scaling followed by Generalized Procrustes Analysis. In study 1, using data from the Schwartz Value Survey from 53 and 66 countries, we find substantial similarity in structure across levels, but indices fall somewhat short of structural isomorphism. Number of countries (sample size at country-level) and structural shifts in individual items account for some of the lack of isomorphism. Study 2 examines to what extent ratings of the social values of others can serve as an intermediate structure that helps to determine the degree of isomorphism between individual and culture-level structures. The findings indicate that a single value structure across levels is most parsimonious.

A-19 Does being Modest Oppose to Self-Enhancing? You should Read it from the Perspective of Social Script. Kuei-Hsiang Han (China) By asking participants to write down the conversations between admirers and achievers when one has a success, study 1 constructed the contents of Chinese modest script and got the major conclusion: When an achiever faced an admirer’s compliments, the dominant response for the achiever was to modestly deny his success. On the other hand, when an admirer faced an achiever’s modesty, the dominant response for the admirer was to express compliments more intensively and deny the achiever’s modesty. Study 2 adopted scenario method to examine if modest script did have the function to restrain Chinese behaviors in complimentary situations. The results

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supported the hypotheses that the best reaction for the achiever ‘s response for the admirer’s compliments is to be modest, and the most suitable response for the admirer to respond to achiever’s modesty is to express compliments more intensively. Thus if the achiever would modestly deny his success, he could enhance his self-worth by the compliments expressed by the admirer according to norms of modesty in Confucian societies.

A-83 A Study of the Self-Sustaining Mechanism Behind Japanese Interdependence: The Distinction between Cultural beliefs and Preferences Hirofumi Hashimoto and Toshio Yamagishi (Hokkaido University, Japan) Previous research in cultural psychology has consistently demonstrated that beliefs and behaviors vary dramatically from culture to culture. In this study, we attempted to shed light on the process through which the interdependent view of the self and others is shared and maintained in East Asian societies. To do so, we use the institutional approach, which views culture as self-sustaining equilibria of adaptive behaviors and incentives (Yamagishi, Hashimoto and Schug, 2008). Through a series of studies, we demonstrate that shared beliefs (i.e., beliefs that those who behave independently will be disliked by others, and that behaving interdependently is a smart strategy) create incentives for Japanese to behave independently, regardless of their personal preferences. These beliefs are reinforced through a self-sustaining mechanism, whereby individuals’ incentive-driven behavior further strengthens shared beliefs. In this sense, beliefs common in Japanese society which promote interdependence are propelled by a type of self-fulfilling prophecy.

B 293 Place Attachment at the Magh Mela: The Effects of Role and Religious Belief Neena Kohli1, R. Barry Ruback2 and Janak Pandey3 (1University of Allahabad, India, 2Pennsylvania State University, USA, 3Central University of Bihar, India) The study examined how role and religious beliefs affect perceptions of the environment at the Magh Mela, an annual religious festival at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in North India. We interviewed 311 religious leaders at the Magh Mela. The survey instrument included items relating to evaluation of the mela (place attachment), satisfaction with facilities and supply of foods and religious motivation covering intrinsic religious beliefs, extrinsic religious beliefs and religious social support. Correlational analysis showed that the Overall Mela Evaluation was significantly related to all three measures of religious motivation. Mela facilities were significantly correlated with Intrinsic Religious belief and Extrinsic Religious Belief and that Mela supplies was significantly correlated with Intrinsic Religious Belief. Multiple linear regression showed that religious social support, mela facilities and mela supplies were significant predictors of overall mela evaluation.

B-204 Psychology of the Memorial Service for Dolls: An Analysis from the Viewpoint of Animistic Thinking in Japanese Adults

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Hiromi Ikeuchi (Kansai University, Japan) Many temples and shrines in Japan hold the memorial services to express gratitude for used physical items (chopsticks, rice bowls, needles, glasses, computers, etc.). The most traditional and famous ceremony of them is "a memorial service for dolls," that is, the ceremony for honoring dolls or stuffed animals which we have used for a long time, and can't throw away. The purposes of this study were to develop the animism scale for adults, to investigate the relationship between Japanese animistic thinking and the psychology of such memorial services for dolls, and to examine some determinants of animistic thinking. 395 people who had dedicated their dolls and 204 people who had never dedicated them were examined. The results of the factor analysis indicated that this animism scale consisted of three factors: the apotheosis of natural products, the parts of possessors, and the anthropomorphication of possessions. The participants who dedicated their dolls showed significantly higher rates in all 3 factors than the participants who had never dedicated them. Furthermore, the results of analysis indicated that the female had more animistic thinking than the male, and that animistic thinking positively related to "the religious view" and "intuitive information processing style.

A-77 Filial Piety: Why do We Follow it? I-Ching Lee, Wei-Ju Chang and Yi-Chi Huang (National Chengchi University, Taiwan) Filial piety describes specific rules governing interactions between parents and children. The study examined the differences between the two types of filial piety: Fading filial piety and significant filial piety. Two studies were conducted to test participants’ evaluations of vignette stories on personality traits and parentchild relationship. Results based in mixed models showed that targets were rated more favorably when they behaved according to filial piety, even fading ones, than those who did not. Participants also inferred quality of parent-child relationship from all examined filial piety. Our results suggested that individuals may follow filial piety because of evaluations perceived by others. To be viewed favorably, individuals may be under the pressure of behaving according to the filial piety teaching, even when the filial piety rules are no longer considered significant.

B-101 Spiritualism: Meeting the Challenges of Multiculturalism Bhaswati Patnaik (National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India) With time advancing towards so called modernity, human life, specifically the concept of human identity, has evoked a question mark in all thinking minds. The conflict between self and the cultural self is causing a sort of identity crisis in many when due justice cannot be given to both the selves due to inner struggle involving what one wants and what is expected by others. The dominant culture that is having an impact universally today is a global culture, which so called unites people around the globe. The consumerism wave is taking a toll at the level of individual as well

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as collective consciousness in developed as well as developing societies. Ironically, individuals today live in a state of perpetual darkness rather than enlightenment being oblivious of the need for self-actualization. In this context, spiritualism seems to be the only answer for freedom from darkness. It's not about renunciation or overt religious rituals, but spiritualism has to be a way of life among people whereby there is an insight to the rationale of every act and thought undertaken with self and others. This may pave the way for a safe and sound world-order by easing out the issues and backlashes against multiculturalism.

A-71 The Research on Psychological Harmony of Chinese Common People Xiao-peng Ren, Rui Zheng and Xin-wen Bai (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) Psychological harmony is one of the key components of constructing a harmonious society. The current study has employed the method of combining qualitative research and quantitative research in order to make clear the connotation and structure of psychological harmony and to independently develop the measuring tool satisfying the demands of psychometrics. The results show that psychological harmony could be divided into 4 parts: self- harmony, family- harmony, interpersonal- harmony and social- harmony. Furthermore, this study has conducted a large-scale sampling survey (4,795 participants in 2007 and 9, 280 participants in 2008) in P. R. China which has preliminarily revealed the current state of psychological harmony of the Chinese common people. Some suggestions have been proposed based on the study results.

B-22 Cultural and Developmental Differences in Norm and Meta-Norm Enforcement: Does Collective Blame Compensate for Individual blame? Ramadhar Singh1, William T. Self2, Philip E. Tetlock2, Paul A. Bell3, Joseph J. P. Simons1, Pamela Ong1, and Susheel Kaur1 (1National University of Singapore, Singapore, 2University of California,USA, 3Colorado State University, USA) The authors tested the hypothesis that intuitive prosecutors pressure people to behave normatively (norm enforcement) and also pressure groups to make members behave normatively (meta-norm enforcement). In two studies, one with American and Singaporean adults and the other with Singaporean children aged 8 through 16, participants assigned blame to an offender and to his family, friends, school, organization, and country. As predicted, participants assigned more blame to the offender than to associated groups; Americans, relative to Singaporeans, blamed the offender more but associated groups less; and family and friends were blamed more by older than by younger Singaporeans. Cultural and developmental differences in collective blame did not mediate corresponding differences in individual blame, suggesting that norm and meta-norm enforcement are independent strategies for upholding social order.

B-492 Patterns of Value Preferences Under Cultural Transformation: The Indian Experience Sujit R. Tripathi and Girishwar Misra (University of Delhi, India) In recent years interest in values has increased in terms of motivational dispositions that direct behavior in various settings. Also, value-conceptualizations are frequently deployed to make sense of cultural diversities. In the pre contextual analysis of value preferences was examined using Schwartz’s value survey. The sample (n= 200) was equally drawn from different ecologies (predominantly rural Gorakhpur city and metropolitan Delhi), developmental stages (young adults and adults), and gender groups (male and female). The results showed that the most sought after single values included success, self respect, and ambition, choosing one’s goal, freedom, politeness, honest, honoring parents, national security, obedient, and social justice. The females emphasized conformity, tradition, benevolence and security more than males and males stressed on universalism, self direction, achievement and power more than females. The participants from the rural region emphasized conformity, tradition, benevolence, universalism, and security and Delhi participants emphasized self direction, achievement and power. The adults preferred conformity, tradition, benevolence and universalism and young adults emphasized self direction, stimulation, hedonism, power and security. Gender also interacted with developmental stage and ecological setting. The findings are interpreted and implications have been indicated for a better understanding of relationship between culture and social processes.

A-42 Values as Force Behind development Jyoti Verma (Patna University, India) Social scientists agree that values act as a force behind the various forms of manifestation of development. For the present purpose development has been treated as an overarching expression. It is contended that self interest based individualist values often show disregard for ‘moral quality’ in human activity and are not a guarantee for economic development and human welfare. The point is made by referring to values for human development proposed by some Indian personalities such as welfare economist, philosopher and social scientists. It is added that India has examples of saints, and monks who became selfless social workers, reformers and change agents showing how spiritual and humanitarian values can convert religious and spiritual sects into full fledged institutions of social service and development. Contributions of psychologists who tried to relate the dimensions of cultural variation (i.e., individualism and collectivism) with development are recalled and collectivist value of ‘familism’ is examined with the note that the need is to understand how familism values may get extended beyond the boundaries of the family. Furthermore, indigenous values like austerity, simplicity, satisfaction, and humility are brought into focus with the argument that these have the potential and integrity to stand against the market driven consumerist values with the explanation as to why they are likely to be effective. It is brought to notice that when the business world is impressed by the

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indigenous values of duty, obligation and paying back of debt to the society, it practices ‘corporate social responsibility’ and at the leadership front there is conceptualization of enlightened leader which is self evolving and empowering.

B-130 A Cultural Psychological Perspective on Covert Rules Lu Xiaokang and Xinjian Wang (Nankai University China) Covert rules refer to the undiscovered or illegitimate rules or behavior patterns. It is a newly coined word which has gained its popularity among Chinese society since the late 20th century. The prevailing of covert rules creates the discrepancy between the name and the reality that becomes a normal status of social order in Chinese society. This problem derives from the cultural psychological structure of Chinese nation. This deep structure configures the habitus of traditional Chinese that would never encourage a strictly logical manner of actions. Besides, on the specific way of constructing social order, the ancient Chinese chose the individual's heart as the origin: only those who had been adequately educated could qualify themselves as an eligible member of society. However, with the reconstruction of Chinese society prompted by western modernity which declares the illegitimacy of traditional habitus and tries to replace them with modern rules, the contradiction and readapting between the two constitutes one of the major tensions that manifests itself as different kinds of coverts rule. Hence, the cultural psychological force underlying the prevailing of covert rules should be systematically investigated and further explored.

Social Psychology of Organizations A-118 Educational Leadership in Higher Education: Implications for Organizational Commitment Shadma Absar (National University of Educational Planning and Administration, India) The present study investigated leadership styles of the head of the departments as perceived by their subordinates. The study also explored the relationship and impact of perceived leadership styles on the work outcomes and organizational commitment of the subordinates. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference between the associate and assistant professors on perceived leadership style, work outcomes and Organizational commitment. The results also revealed that perceived leadership style was found to correlate significantly with work outcomes of the subordinates but not with their organizational commitment. The regression analysis exemplified that the transformational leadership had greater impact on the work outcomes (83%), than transactional (57%) and laissez-faire leadership (30%).

B-197 Organisational Culture and Team Effectiveness in Indian Universities: Road Ahead

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Priyanka Banerjee and Vineeta Sirohi (National University of Educational Planning and Administration, India) The present study examines the organisational culture and team effectiveness of a central and a state university in Delhi. The study was conducted on a sample of 100 university teachers by employing purposive sampling method. Results revealed that there was a significant difference between organisational culture of central and state university. The bureaucratic and autocratic culture was prevalent in central university as compared to the technocratic and entrepreneurial culture in state university. There was also evidence of positive relationship between organisational culture and team effectiveness in both the universities. The findings of the study have implications for policy makers, educationists and practitioners.

B-467 An Assessment of the Multiple Dimensions of Stress and its Management in Women Professionals for Quality Living Anjali Dewan (St. Bede’s College Shimla, India) The present study is an attempt to provide a practical and a positive approach for supporting women professionals experiencing stress at their workplace and at home. The survey method was chosen to obtain information for the study. It was administered to the respondents before counselling and then again two months after counselling. The results of the study showed that lower the age of the women professionals, the greater the amount of stress was faced by them and their coping strategies were not effective. It was observed that the doctors, lawyers and bank employees had to face more stress as was evident from their mean stress scores. The mean stress scores of all women professionals improved after counselling.

B-268 If the Subordinates were Unlike Subordinates, then Their Subordinates were Unlike Subordinates? Li-Li Huang, Chi Shih Hsu (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) This study used an "obligation-based" perspective taken by subordinates to explore supervisors-subordinates conflict events and their relation. Study 1 showed clear indication of three kinds of conflict events, "fulfill positive obligation", "violate uncompulsory obligation" and "violate compulsory obligation" which were best predictors of their relation after conflict. Study 2 showed supervisors-subordinates relationship prior to the conflict, described as a genuine or a superficial harmony, was found to moderate their relationship, job motivation, possibilities of Ren, and turnover intention after conflict. When supervisors fulfilled positive obligation, their relation, subordinates 'job motivation and turnover intention after conflict was better for those in a genuine harmony than the ones in a superficial harmony. Those in a genuine harmony would even remain a positive relation and job motivation after conflict, and even subordinates would not Ren after conflict. Contrarily, when supervisors violated compulsory obligation, their relation, subordinates' job motivation and turnover intention

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after conflict became negative regardless of whether the prior relationship was genuine or superficial, and the two showed no significant difference.

B-493 Well Being in Contemporary Indian Women Managers. Pooja Jaggi (University of Delhi, India) The proposed paper presents qualitative exploration of the notion of well being in contemporary Indian women managers. Research was conducted on women managers (N=50) in the metropolitan city of Delhi and Gurgaon at the middle and senior management levels. The interviews were conducted and analyzed, keeping in view the principles of active qualitative interviewing and grounded theory methodology. The findings revealed that the notion of well being was characterized by heterogeneous and kaleidoscopic images and patterns. The predominant themes, which emerged were related to life balance, relationship centrality and volitional self.

B-135 An Ideal Organizational Citizen Ajay K. Jain1 and Arvind K Sinha2 (1Management Develpoment Institute Gurgaon, India, 2IIT Kanpur, India) The present study explores the behavioral attributes of an ideally suited organizational citizen on a group 126 middle level managers working in two-wheeler-manufacturing organizations. They were asked to describe the attributes of an ideally suited organizational citizen. The results based on content analysis have identified 26 behavioral attributes of an ideal citizen which were further compacted into four a priori categories by the panel of experts. The categories were as follows: (a) Organizational Citizenship Behavior (47%), (b) Managerial Skills (30%), (c) In-Role Behavior (17%), and (d) Emotional Intelligence Skills (7%). The results indicate that importance of social motives like altruism, loyalty, sincerity, integrity etc. over organizationally conditioned behavior in a good citizen.

B-133 CEO's Leadership Behavior and Organizational Culture Ajay K. Jain, Pritam Singh, Asha Bhandarkar and Sumita Rai (Management Development Institute Gurgaon, India) Case studies of great organizations like British Airways, General Electric, IBM, Mckinsey, Ritz-Carlton, 3M, Johnson and Johnson etc, have empirically demonstrated the significant role played by top leaders (CEO) in developing and maintaining the culture of excellence, high performance, innovation, market focus, and people development. In the context of past studies and recent global economic crisis, a study has been designed to map CEO's leadership behaviour, type of culture nurtured by them in the organization and impact of CEO's leadership behaviour on organizational culture. Data were collected from 487 senior and top management executives through structured interview schedule. The participants were belonging to five organizations from Auto, Telecom, Manufacturing and Steel sector. CEO's leadership behaviour factors have been named: Talent Architect,

Visionary, Exemplary General, Excellence Seeker, and Entrepreneurial Strategist; and organizational culture factors have been titled: Performance Excellence, Ethical, Empowering, Equity and Fairness, and Seamless Communication. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis shows significant positive impact of CEO's behaviour on the (perceived) organizational culture .

B- 471 Psychological and Structural Factors of Employee Engagement: A Study in Technical Testing Organization Sumi Jha (National Institute of Industrial Enginerring, India) Employee engagement refers to the concept that employees who are mentally and emotionally involved in their work and contributing to their employer's success, know that what they do at work contributes to their company's success. The present study is an exploratory study which captures the perception of employees of technical testing organization about different factors of employee engagement (psychological and structural). A data set of 100 employees was analyzed. The findings suggested that the perception of employees about critical factors like organization culture and relationship with managers and co-workers are favourable. Organization needs to work on rewards, salary, benefits, performance management and learning and development. Employees have rated these factors of employee engagement relatively low.

B-373 Readiness for Change in the Workforce: A Study on 10 State Companies in Jakarta Wilman Dahlan Mansoer and Jelpa Periantalo (University of Indonesia, Indonesia) The aim of this study is to look at the effect of organizational fairness, organizational support, organizational commitment, and psychological climate on employee readiness for change. A total sample of 327 (male = 221, female = 106) employees from 10 state companies in Jakarta participated in the study. Analysis using multiple regression showed that organizational fairness, organizational support, and psychological climate, contributed significantly to employee readiness for change within the organization. However, organizational commitment did not have a significant effect on employee readiness for change.

A-86 Implications of Culture and Personality for Harmonious Vs. Conflict in Management Behaviors. Chinese Hosts and European Expatriates in the Multicultural Work Setting. Karolina Mazurowska (Poland) The present study examines the role of culture and personality and their implications for harmony vs. conflict in the multicultural work setting in China. It focuses mainly on conflict resolution styles implemented by German and Chinese managers working together. The research question centers also on whether and to what extent do differences in personality predispose people to

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respond differently on situations of inter-cultural and intra-cultural conflict. The role of personality as a predicament for difficulties/ problems in communication/cooperation of people in one culture and how personality mediates inter - cultural relations were investigated. The study was conducted among German expats (n=95) working with the Chinese hosts (n=80) in the international or Chinese companies in Mainland China. The Harmony vs Misunderstandings Questionnaire developed by the author was distributed. The research findings of handling inter-cultural vs. intra-cultural conflict will be discussed in terms of their theoretical implications for a model of effective intercultural communication and for challenges for trainings delivered for European/ Chinese managers cooperating with each other.

A-49 Raised in Asia – Corporate Leader in Scandinavia Paul Moxnes (Norwegian School of Management, Norway) Little is known about the psychological processes that constitute Asian-raised leaders in Scandinavian work groups. The purpose of this paper is to investigate some similarities and differences in core values among Asian-raised and native Scandinavian managers in Norwegian firms. For both groups of managers the three Naikan self-reflective questions were reiterated (1 What have you received from. 2 What have you given to. 3 What troubles and difficulties have you caused. your mother/your subordinates). In addition, managers envisaged three wishes for their workplace in the context of a fairy tale analysis. Results show that Asian-raised and native Scandinavian managers' work behavior is motivated out of slightly different core self-values. The author argues that it is important for leaders to develop better awareness of core selfvalues and ultimately to change professional behavior in favor of more intercultural sensitive behavior.

B-16 Cultural Aspects of the Indian Army: An Identity Perspective Swati Mukherjee (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) Indian army is a multicultural organisation aptly reflecting the multicultural nature of the nation it defends. Portraying the clichéd notion of unity in diversity it functions as a unified organisation in most circumstances, though the subtle undercurrents remain buoyant beneath. Present paper discusses the dynamics of cultural change and stability in the organisation and explores the transformations through the years. Relying on the social identity perspective, it analyses the cultural aspects of the Indian Army at individual, interpersonal and organisational levels. It also enquires into the processes that form the organisational culture by accommodating and assimilating the diverse cultures and identities the individuals carry with them. It is argued that the resultant organisational culture of the Indian Army is reflective of the adaptation processes as well as the resistances encountered. Collating the organisational history with identity perspective an attempt is made to derive and define a 'national character' that would apply to the Indian soldier.

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B-100 Barriers to Reverse Mentoring in Organizations: A Study of Gender Differences in a NonWestern Culture Govind Swaroop Pathak (Indian School of Mines University, India) The opening up of the market to the forces of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization has forced organization in India to have a seriously relook their practices.To answer the needs of this dynamic environment, to survive and prosper, Organizations must adopt strategies that realistically reflect their ability to manage future scenarios. Drucker (1996) argued that an increasingly awinning strategy will require information about events and conditions outside the organization. Only with this information can a business to prepare for new changes and challenges arising from sudden shifts in the world economy and in the nature and context of knowledge itself. In the information economy of today, knowledge may the king but it is the sharing that takes place between the young and old that is essential. Such knowledge can be generated by many ways. One of them is ‘Reverse Mentoring’. The present research endeavour attempts to study the differences on the issue of barriers to reverse mentoring, as perceived by prospective male and female executives. On the basis of the findings of the study, contribution of the study and implication for further research are discussed.

A-43 Towards a Global Understanding of Trust in Workplace Contexts Anna-Maija Pirttilä-Backman, Jyoti Verma, Raul Kassea, Antero Olakivi, Tuija Seppälä and Jukka Lipponen (Finland) The aim of our cross-cultural project is to build a new model on workplace trust. Schools have been selected as workplace contexts due to school system's relative similar function throughout the world. After the detailed analysis of six pilot focus groups among teachers we have reformulated the interview schemes and just finished gathering the following data in each country: six individual interviews with teachers, six individual interviews with principals and six focus groups interviews with the teachers. Even though focus groups elicit lively discussion in each country, certain trust related phenomena (e.g. corruption) are not easily discussed in groups, so also individual interviews are needed. The core similarities and differences in the trust related conceptions and justifications in the three countries and their significance in constructing a global understanding of workplace trust will be discussed. B-38 Efficacy of an Integrated Intensive Counsellor Training I. Dewaram Francis Raj and Subramanian S. (Bharathiar University, India) The present paper explored the efficacy of Organizational

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Development (OD) interventions aiming at enhancing the personal and interpersonal relations, values, beliefs, emotional intelligence etc. The study was conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of Integrated Intensive Counsellor Training Programme (IICTP) incorporating a three-stage helping model proposed by Gerard Egan. A repeated testing (pre-post) design was used and data on these three measures such as Emotional Intelligence, Life Values and Social Intelligence were collected from 54 school teachers before and after skills training intervention (IICTP). The results revealed that the intervention enhanced significantly on self awareness, self regulation, motivation, social awareness and social skill of emotional intelligence. The respondents show remarkable change on achievement, belongingness, concern for environment and for others, creativity, financial prosperity, health, humility, independence, privacy, responsibility, scientific understanding, and spirituality. The implications of results were discussed.

B-360 Organizational Culture Differences and Electronic Mail Usage Neila Ramdhani (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) This study aims to test a theoretical model that predicts the use of email system in different organizational cultures. Technology Acceptance Model is considered to be the most parsimonious model in explaining IT at the individual level. However, since employees are conditioned by their organizational culture, this research proposed to extend TAM with power distance and low context/high context values. Four hundred and eighty employees from three different organizational cultures participated in this research. Structural Equation Modelling was applied to analyze the data. It was found that individuals with low context values have a significantly stronger perception of usefulness than those holding low context values. Individuals in low power distance cultures accept more the email use than individuals in high power distance cultures. Meanwhile, power distance moderates the relationship between attitude and intention to use the email system.

A-26 Life Satisfaction Revisited: Intimate Partnership Between work and Family? Nikita Sachan and Dr. Kanika Aggarwal Khandelwal (University of Delhi, India) Factors influencing life satisfaction, from amongst work-family conflict (WFC), family-work conflict (FWC), perceived spousal support, and family structure (nuclear/joint) were examined on a sample of 100 white-collar married male employees in a private construction company. Analysis revealed a significant effect of spousal support on life satisfaction, but no significant effect of WFC, FWC and family structure on life satisfaction. Results are at odds with most of the prevailing research, conducted in the West. Possible reasons could be cultural factors, gender roles favouring men (vis-à-vis distribution of work at home), sample characteristics (only males, largely non-working status of spouse), presence of domestic helpers, effective coping, etc. It is argued that conflicts between work and family are not associated with life dissatisfaction because despite family being the central unit of

Indian society, engagement with work is viewed as instrumental to family well-being

A-33 Psychological Experiences which Bring Intrinsic Work Value in Japanese Workers Keiko Sakai (Chuo University, Japan) This study was of work value in Japanese young adult workers. An interview survey was held in 2007. Participants were 36 young adult workers (18 males and 18 females; age 25-39) who engage in their work more than 40 hours a week. There were 42 episodes in 24 persons who had experiences intrinsic work value had brought or reconfirmed. The episodes were classified into 9 categories, additionally; they were integrated into 3 meta categories: positive, negative, or neutral experiences. Positive experiences include 4 sub categories: ‘satisfaction and achievement’ (7 episodes), ‘good relationship within one’s work place’ (11 episodes), ‘conquest of difficulties’ (5 episodes), and ‘improvement of one’s abilities’ (3 episodes). Negative experiences include 2 sub categories: ‘regret faults of oneself’ (4 episodes), and ‘dissatisfaction and stressor’ (4 episodes). Neutral experiences include 3 sub categories: ‘inclusive experiment’ (6 episodes), ‘more commitment with one’s work’ (1 episode), and ‘change of one’s work’ (1 episode). There were 26 episodes of positive experiences, 8 episodes of negative experiences, and 8 episodes of neutral experiences. Result suggested that intrinsic work value tend to be brought or reconfirmed through positive experiences

A-81 Relationship between Culture, Job Satisfaction and Self Esteem Saeid Samiee, Mahdieh Rahmanian and Elham Abedy Tameh (Delhi University, India) Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. The language that people speak can have amazing effects on how they interpret the world around them. English is far more used world wide than all other spoken languages. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction, self esteem and ability to speak English as cultural factor. To do so, ninety university staff (45 spoken English and 45 non spoken English) were selected randomly from several universities and colleges in Delhi. The results indicated that there were significant differences in job satisfaction and self esteem between spoken English and non spoken English individuals. In addition, there was a high positive correlation between job satisfaction and self esteem. These findings support this idea that language as a cultural factor influence employee’s job satisfaction, self esteem and over all organization’s wellbeing.

B-451 Establishing Healthy Organizations in a Harmonious Society of P.R. China Kan Shi and Nan Jiang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China)

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The authors take the opinion that establishing healthy organizations is essential to the building a harmonious society in the transitional period from planned economy to market economy. Moreover, the authors put forward to the concept that good health (both mental and physical), excellent competencies, innovative and organizational culture are three essential indexes of a healthy organization. This paper depicts its theme through theories and practices including to help the people facing SARS and Sichuan earthquake, EAP (Employee Assistance Program) application in Chinese enterprises; research in competency model and leadership style of the senior managers; Innovation and organizational culture in academic institution etc

A-90 Fairness Perception of Diverse Group Employees: Contribution from Nature of Training, Informal Activities and Psychological Contract Surendra Kumar Sia1 and Anand Prakash2 (1Punjabi University Patiala, India, 2University of Delhi, India) In the present study an attempt has been made to examine the perception of organizational fairness among diverse group employees. The study was conducted on 207 lower and middle managerial level employees of two reputed public sector units situated at Orissa (India). The total sample was spread over five different social groups, namely – Oriya Hindu Male (OHM), Oriya Hindu Female (OHF), Oriya Reserved Category (ORC), Non Oriya Hindu Male (NOHM) and Oriya Non-Hindu Male (ONH). Multiple stepwise regression analyses were conducted to explicate the contribution from Nature of Training, Informal Activities and Psychological Contract towards perception of organizational fairness. The analyses were conducted separately for each social group and the overall sample. The results indicate that, Perceived Relevance of Interpersonal Training (PRIT) and Accommodativity of Technical Training (ATT) were stronger predictors in case of all the groups, whereas level of participation in informal activities (LPIA) is not a significant contributor except that for reserved category group. The findings have been discussed in light with relevant literature along with future implications.

B-72 Anxiety, Stress and Satisfaction among Professionals Manjari Srivastava (School of Business Management, NMIMS University, India) The present study explored the relationship between anxiety and stress among professionals and challenging job conditions as demanded by competitive environment among corporate. Another important outcome variable includes satisfaction among executives in relation to self, career and family. Results reflect both positive and negative relationship between independent and outcome variables, suggesting that individuals' values and beliefs and work values in the organizations are reflecting the changing values in the society at large which encourage competition.

B-410 Do Personal Values and Value Congruence Determine Unethical Practices and Work Behavior?

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Damodar Suar1 and Rooplekha Khuntia2 (1IIT Kharagpur, India, 2Amrita Vishwa Vidwapeetham Combitore, India) The study examines whether (a) personal values and organizational values differ in private and public sectors, and (b) personal values and value congruence influence unethical practices and work behavior. Three hundred forty middle-level managers from two private and two public sector companies rated the 22-values as guiding principles identifying for them the personal values. Top-level managers of the same organizations were asked to rate how important such values were to the organization that indexed organizational values. The extent of value congruence was the degree in which personal values matched with organizational values. The important shared values among managers are product quality and customer service in both the sectors. Value congruency is found more in private than in public sector. Irrespective of sector and age of managers, personal values describing virtues have inhibited unethical practices more than value congruence. Personal values depicting corporate excellence and virtues have more enhanced work behavior compared to value congruence. Fine-tuning the personal virtues and desire for corporate excellence can increase the employees' work behavior and decrease their unethical practices.

A-107 Life Values and Perceived Occupational Stress among Cosmopolitan (Scientific) and Local (Administrative) Oriented Scientists in R and D Organizations. S. Subramanian (Bharathiar University, India) The present study examined the extent to which scientificcosmopolitan oriented scientists differ from administrative-local oriented scientist with respect to personal values and perceived occupational stress and to lay a proper ground for their career development. Data obtained from 329 scientists employed in the R and D division of the eight Research and Development organizations located in Southern part of India were screened to obtain two criterion groups – (i) Scientific – Cosmopolitan scientists ( N=48) and (ii) Administrative – Local oriented scientists (N=45). These two groups of scientists (cosmopolitan and local scientists) provided data on personal life values and perceived occupational stress. Comparison between these two criterion groups revealed that cosmopolitan scientists tend to have high levels of life values on achievement, creativity, independence, responsibility and scientific understanding and likely to have more scientific output than the administrative-local oriented scientists. Similarly, cosmopolitan scientists tend to have lesser levels of role conflict, unreasonable group and political pressure, powerlessness and intrinsic impoverishment.

B-354 Blaming Leaders for Organizational Harm: Perspectives of the Blamer and the Blamed Organizational Members Yuriko Zemba (Waseda University, Japan) The present study investigates whether the blamer’s intention is correctly understood by the blamed organizational members

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in the context of organizational harm. Participants read and evaluated an organizational harm scenario from the perspective of either a blamer (who blames for the harm) or a blame receiver (an organizational member sharing group membership with the individual who caused the harm). In the scenario, the blamer’s blaming behavior was directed either to the organizational leader or to the direct causer of the harm. Results indicated that when the blamer blamed the leader, the receiver correctly understood the blamer’s intention —the blamer intends to blame the whole organization. In contrast, when the blamer blamed the direct causer, the receiver misinterpreted that the blamer does not blame the other members.

B-147 Psychological Needs, Perceived Threats to Safety and Assault: Implications for Nursing Staff in a Psychiatric Hospital Urvashi Anand and Tej Bahadur Singh (Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, India) This study examined perceived threats to safety and assault experienced by the nursing staff delivering services to indoor psychiatric patients. Sample of the study was 42 qualified female nurses drawn from a psychiatric hospital. Results indicate that increased sense of autonomy and competence predicted lower perception of threat, controlling attitudes towards patients, stress and intrinsic job satisfaction. Perception of threat was reported to be lower with the progression of age and high intrinsic job satisfaction. The total number of assault incidents that occurred over the one year period were 36.Out of these 76% were aware of a reporting system, however, only 28% nurses reported the incident to their supervisors. The risk factors most frequently reported were patient diagnosis, under staffing, work overload, patient boredom, loneliness, and asking for discharge.

Self and Society B-220 Self and Marital Adjustment of Newlyweds: A Test of the Four-Component Theory of Chinese Self Szu-Chia Chang1, Shih-Hsin Kuo2 and Chiu-Zyun Hiew1 (1Shig-Hsin University, Taiwan, 2Chinese Culture University, Taiwan) This study aims to explore the role that self plays in the marital adjustment processes of Taiwanese newlyweds. The fourcomponent theory of Chinese self, proposed by Kuo-Shu Yang (2004), served as the base from which theoretical propositions were derived and tested. In Chinese society, newlyweds face many challenges which include adjustment between themselves and members of their family of origin, adjustment between the marital partners, and balancing the roles between work and family. We investigate how different aspects of the self are related to adjustment difficulty in different domains. One hundred and ten (n = 110) newlywed couples participated in the study. Husbands with high individual-oriented self perceived more difficulty on spousal adjustment while wives' level of individual-oriented self was

found to positively correlate with difficulty adjusting to spouse's family of origin. High level of relationship-oriented self, both for husbands and wives, was related to low adjustment difficulty in all domains. We finally explore possible mechanisms linking aspects of self and marital adjustment.

B-266 Research on the Relationships between Aggression, Implicit Self-Esteem and Explicit SelfEsteem Dia Jianlin and Li Zhang (Public Administration School of South China Normal University, China) Aggressive behavior problem of university students, and aggressive behavior and self-esteem are closely related. This study was conducted on 102 students from Guangdong region. Results show that Implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem are low which supports the dual separation of the self-esteem theory. When explicit self-esteem is high, the implicit self-esteem is negatively correlated with verbal attacks, anger, hostility; the high explicit / high implicit group is significantly lower than the high explicit/ low implicit group; and is lower than low explicit/low implicit group on the four factors, which shows the different combination of implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem has on different relationship with aggressive behavior.

B-458 Social Representation of Sikh Self: A Historical Analysis Preeti Kapur and Girishwar Misra (University of Delhi, India) The study highlights the functional role of history as a powerful tool for construction of collective identity. Analysis of secondary sources consisting of historical and cultural writings identifies four salient periods in Sikh history, ranging from the 15th century to the 21st century. These four historical periods reveal the emergence, struggles for differentiation and consolidation of Sikh identity. The Sikh historical narrative reveals that cultures and societies adapt to changing internal and external contexts, with new situations calling for different and new strategies that define, transform and reinvent identity. Further, groups claim their history, cultural memories, differentiate from others in the environment, emphasize upon their achievements and accomplishments, beliefs and value systems. These cultural processes create specific social representations and propel a given community to assimilate its historical experience and find meaning in its existence.

B-60 Rediscovering the Public Self in Three Cultures Emiko Kashima (La Trobe University, Australia) Recent research on culture and the self highlighted a tripartite model of the self, comprised of the individual, relational, and collective dimensions (e.g., Brewer and Chen, 2007). Yet, an earlier model also emphasized the importance of the public self along with the individual and collective self-aspects (e.g., Triandis, 1989). The present research thus explored the relationship between these two

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tripartite models, through analysis of 16 self scales completed by 294 university students from Australia, India, and Japan. Factor analysis identified four orthogonal dimensions of the self: the relational, public, individual, and collective. Using these four selfdimensions, the Australian self was characterized as being high on the individual and low on the collective self-aspects; the Indian self low on the individual self and high on the collective self; the Japanese self high on the public self; and women's (vs. men's) self high on the relational self. It is argued that the strong concerns for others' view, which is central to the public self, may have a link to high uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 1980).

A-25 Self-Humanizing in Close-other Relationships Joonha Park (Australia) Previous Australian research has suggested that people humanize themselves, by attributing traits that they see as parts of human nature to themselves more than to others (Haslam et al., 2005). This effect is independent of the tendency to attribute more desirable attributes to the self, and may be moderated by the perceived importance and concreteness of the other. The present study tested the self-humanizing effect in South Korea. Ninetyeight Korean undergraduates were asked to judge themselves on a set of 56 personality traits compared with a non-significant other and with a significant other. They also rated to what extent each trait was a part of human nature, uniquely human, deep-seated, and desirable. Consistent with the previous findings, participants tended to attribute high human nature characteristics more to themselves than to others, regardless of the desirability of the traits. The effect was higher when they compared themselves with significant others than with non-significant others. Uniquely human traits were also attributed to the self more than to non-significant others. This study implies both consistent and culture-specific forms of selfhumanizing across cultures.

B-121 Discerning Whispers: Reflections on Self and Identity Sujata Sharma (India) The present paper attempts to explore issues around Self and identity vis-à-vis lived experiences of urban Indian women.The study follows an eclectic approach in terms of the theoretical perspectives as well as the methodology used. There are no hypotheses at the outset, rather there are explorations with respect to the subjective accounts of women through in-depth, unstructured interviews (with one based on a collaborative interview style) ranging across a period of two years. Collated narratives of only three women are documented and discussed in this paper on the themes of change and continuity; consistency, commitment and crisis; frailty and well being. The average age of the participants was 25 years; born and living in Delhi. Through analysis and discussion of the narratives, the developmental pathways for urban Indian women are explored along with an acknowledgement of the challenges and outcomes in their negotiations of issues around self and identity.

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B-289 After Marriage: Self-Regulation Processes of the Newlyweds Kuo Shih-Hsien (Shin-Hsin University, Taiwan) The purpose of this study is to explore the self-regulation process after marriage. Through in-depth interviews with six Taiwanese newlywed couples, qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory approach. A preliminary model is founded that the self-regulation process in marital relation is influenced by "Zhong-yong". In order to achieve relational harmony, various self-regulatory strategies were used depending on the situations confronted. In order to keep a harmonic relation with their families of origin, different strategies such as "depending on situations", "changing him/herself", "adapting a traditional role" were used. Strategies used to reach marital harmony were mutually influenced between husbands and wives. Partner's support can increase the self-regulatory efficacy. About adjustment between family and work, the self-regulation process of partner is determined by the deeply rooted tradition rule: "men are breadwinners; women are homemakers", so that men focus on work and women pay attention on the family. Gender differences of self-regulation were found both in goals and in strategies.

Social Cognition B-427 The Effects of Expected Success/ Failure, Actual Success/Failure, and Task Ease/Difficulty on Reactions to Success/ Failure: A Scenario study Qazi Tabassum Aziz and Lilavati Krishnan (IIT Kanpur, India) The study examined the effects of two cognitive-situational variables, namely, Expected Success/ Failure, Actual Success/ Failure, a Task related variable, namely, Ease/Medium/Difficulty task, and attribution-related information variable, namely Causal Factors. In the context of a hypothetical quiz contest, the two major dependent variable were examined (1) Attribution of Success and Failure, (2) Subsequent Choice of Task difficulty level. In addition other dependent variable were included, namely, Happiness, Reasons for Subsequent choice of task /Subsequent choice of Playing Alone/ Playing as a pair, Motivation for winning the contest, Assessment of General Ability (required for winning), and Postperformance Assessment of Ability, State Self-Esteem, and Selfevaluation, were examined as predictors/correlates of Attribution. Sample consisted of 191 school students (females) recruited in graduation in a North Indian city. The findings supported some of the anticipated effects of Expected Success/Failure and of Actual Success/Failure, and provided evidence of the significant effects of Confirmation/ Disconfirmation of expectation. Controllable/ Uncontrollable Causes emerged as a significant variable. Finally, neither Self-esteem nor Self-evaluation was found to be a significant predictor of Attribution rating. It was suggested that the relationship should be re-examined with a changed approach and technique.

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B-387 An Examination of Implicit Theories of Creativity among Chinese Di Cao, In-Soo Choe and Chae-Ho Lee (Sungkyunkwan University, Korea) This study presents the first examination of implicit theories of creativity among Chinese teens, twenties, thirties, forties and fifties. Based on an open-ended survey, 98 traits, characterized people with high creativity were selected, which cover two kinds of traits: cognitive ability (Logical Expression, Fluency, Originality, Elaboration, Openness) or styles and personality traits (Positive Mind, Abnormal Behavior, passionate trait, appropriate response). In the second stage, 109 Chinese completed a survey to rate the extent to which each of the 98 traits can be applied to people with high creativity. The results showed that 1) roughly, Chinese attached greater importance to fluent, logical expression, openness, and 2) significant global and specific differences were found between teens, twenties, thirties, forties and fifties; teens high in logical expression, fluency, twenties high in appropriate response , independence, thirties high in openness, passionate trait, forties high in fluency, logical expression, fifties high in openness, logical expression, between males and females along with nonsignificant interactions, indicating that implicit theories have important implications in cultivating creativity among Chinese.

B-231 They Not Me! Exploring Attributions for Violation of Civic Sense Nivida Chandra, Aparna Gupta and Girishwar Misra (University of Delhi, India) An important prerequisite of a civic society is the endorsement of certain norms. Notwithstanding the fact that violation of these norms causes anger, the same people when engaged in such violations do often tend to justify their actions. This study investigated the role of personal and situational factors in explaining norm-violation across four real life situations (garden, metro, movie hall, traffic signal) on a sample of adults (n=162) who were violators or bystanders/ observers of violation. There was a strong tendency to attribute personal factors as causes of norm violation. ANOVA revealed that these factors were significantly moderated by the setting, gender and one's status as observer or violator. An analysis of open ended responses yielded the following themes: law enforcement, shirking of personal responsibility, blame, and an acute unawareness of the violation. Implications of the findings for theory and social policy formulation are discussed.

B-65 Intrapersonal Processes in Interpersonal Communication Hideji Enokizu (Shibaura Institute of Technology, Japan) In order to explore the intrapersonal processes of communication, the manner of the storyteller's talking in reading to children was examined. While listening to the sound of talking the story text, the listener constructs a mental microworld that is referred to as the situation model in the discourse psychology. Unlike the reader who can read the text at his own pace, however, the listener's construction of the situation model should be influenced by the manner of the

storyteller's talking. Because the event-indexing model indicated that comprehending time of a sentence in the story is progressively longer to the extent that there are continuity breaks on more dimensions (e.g., space, time, characters and objects), we focused on the relationship between the number of the mental operations to construct the situation model and the time length of pause at a period in talking each sentence. It was assumed that the situation model is the knowledge representation with multilayer frame and estimate the mental operations required to construct it. The results indicated that the vastly-experienced storyteller controls the time length of pause according to the number of the mental operations so as to help the listener to construct the situation model.

B-99 Fairness Perception in India: The Effect of Rule Combinations Lilavati Krishnan (IIT Kanpur, India) Two scenario studies are reported that highlight the effects of situational variables, namely, Rule combination, Nature of allocation, and Allocator/ Recipient role, on fairness perception of reward allocation among Indian subjects. Rule combination consisted of Promise, along with Merit, Need and Equality. Promise (agreement or contract) was included because it has been insufficiently investigated as a basis of justice in contemporary social psychological research, although it is mentioned in both Western and traditional Indian thought. Study 2 also included recipient seniority as an independent variable. In both studies, Rule combination was found to interact significantly with Nature of Allocation, and with Allocator/ Recipient Role. Perceived fairness was highest for Equal allocation, and lowest for Promise allocation. Contrary to some earlier Indian findings, Perceived fairness of Merit allocation was as fair as, or higher than, Need allocation. Recipient seniority had a non-significant effect. The salient Equality preference was interpreted as a possible cognitive resultant of the integration of the available information, rather than egalitarianism. The weak Promise preference could be due to lack of details regarding the basis of Promise. The findings suggested that fairness perception in a cultural context may be governed by both processing of situational information and cultural dimensions such as collectivism.

A-46 Belief in a Just World and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas Chang-Jiang Liu and Fang Hao (China) Studies have suggested that the distinction between personal versus general belief in a just world is significant to psychological well-being. The authors suggested that it could be applied to positive behavioral outcomes as well. In this study, a social dilemma game was used as a measure of cooperative behavior. The authors manipulated the way that participants got their endowment in terms of distributive justice, and consequently the amount of initial resources (in tokens) that they were endowed. As predicted, the general belief in a just world motivated people to contribute to collective interests in social dilemmas in general; whereas the effect of the personal belief in a just world on cooperation was moderated by how resources were endowed.

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A-111 Group Climate and Decision Making Performance: Social Identity and Indigenous Psychology Perspectives Moordiningsih (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Groups of psychology Indonesian students participated in an group decision-making experiment. An experiment process showed that group climate have a direct effect to group decision making performance, especially efficiency. Groups with consider supervisor, had an autonomy and had no pressure showed the best performance. The main finding of this study is supervisor or leader consideration is the best predictor for group decision making performance. Results also discussed in Social Identity and Indigenous Psychology perspectives.

B-502 Retribution as Reaction to Offense Namita Pande and Kavita Pandey (University of Allahabad, India) This study examined the effect of severity of offence on preference for retribution as reaction. 60 University students of Allahabad city of India responded to eight hypothetical scenarios of offense. These scenarios depicted acts that varied in terms of severity of offense and also in terms of offender’s relationship (stranger /a relative or a known person) with the victim. Participants were required to imagine themselves as victims and indicate their preference for retribution along with other kinds of reactions such as forgiveness, withdrawal or seeking help from authorities/ police for legal action. In addition, as participants responded to these reaction alternatives, their reaction time was also measured. Results showed that preference for retribution and reaction time varied with severity of offense.

B-163 Desirable Outcome Determines the Nature of Counterfactual Thinking Nishant Saxena, Narayanan Srinivasan and Janak Pandey (CBCS Allahabad, India) Counterfactual thinking is thought of what might have been, of how the past might have turned out differently. Previous studies have focused mostly on the outcome but have conflated the nature of outcome and the desired change in the outcome. Current study (N=40) investigates the role of two variables "outcome" (better or worse) and "change in outcome" (positive - making the situation better or negative - making the situation worse) respectively on the nature (additive or subtractive) of counterfactual thinking. Each participant was presented two hypothetical scenarios from four different domains (academic performance, economy, health and interpersonal relationships) and was asked to choose between additive or subtractive counterfactual answers. The percentage of additive responses as a function of "outcome" and "change in outcome" was computed and analyzed. Across all the domains there is a bias toward additive thinking for desirable change in outcome and this bias is not present for undesirable change in outcome. Unlike the previous research, the findings indicate that it is the change in outcome and not the outcome per se that determines the nature of counterfactual thinking.

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B-247 Collective Remembering Targeted at Community Development Koichi Suwa (Osaka University, Japan) Past events can sometimes be supportive and sometimes restrictive. The Japanese society focuses on the near past in the context of community development. For example, modern buildings built in the era of Japan's modernization and monuments built in the era of Japan's rapid economic growth are given due importance. The term "retro" is now considered as a fashionable tag. Certain aspects of these activities merely evoke nostalgia, but some of them truly vitalize the local communities. Wertsch (2002) argues that collective remembering can be characterized as active, social, and dynamic. His discussion is closely related to the many other arguments in social construction through narratives such as self as narrative and the nation as an imagined community. We will discuss collective remembering targeted at community development by investigating some cases in Osaka, Japan. We will also focus on the current Japanese movement of collective remembering in the Asian context.

B-461 From Causes to Claims: Legal Recourse to Psychological Perceptions of Justice Violations Kshitija Wason (IIT Delhi, India) Not every sense of injustice is voiced or manifest as a protest. The present research examines instances where a sense of injustice is voiced at the level of the highest appellate authority. The aim is to delineate points of ‘when’ is a ‘cause’ [sense of injustice’] raised as a litigation [claim]. The Legal System offers insight into forms of conflicts that have escalated to their acme and recourse to justice is sought at the highest justice dispensing forum after intra-organizational mechanisms of justice restoration have failed. Supreme Court Judgments of 20 resolved Cases of Services Matters of Wage, Appointments, Transfers and Promotions were analyzed, viewing them for the four functions of Justice Perceptions specified by Mikula and Wenzel (2000) namely; as Triggers, Arguments; Resolution and Acceptance. A fifth role of ‘justice perceptions as ‘precursors’ is discussed.

B-209 Facial Prominence Effect and Its Connections to Occupation Fangfang Wen and Bin Zuo (Huazhong Normal University, China) This paper through two researches examined the relationship between facial prominence and the different occupations, and investigated further the effect of facial prominence to the social perception. The results showed that (1) facial prominence of the people who engaged in the high-prestige job was significantly higher than the low ones; (2) Facial prominence of the people who engaged in the traditionally male professions was significantly higher than the female ones; (3) The photographs which were of high and medium level of facial prominence were evaluated significantly higher on the "ambitious", "smart", "dominant" and "enthusiastic" and other characteristic words than the low level ones; (4) The photographs of male objects were evaluated

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significantly higher on the "ambitious", "smart", "dominant" than the female ones, while the photographs of female objects were evaluated significantly higher on the "physical attractiveness", "lovely", "understanding" than the male ones.

B-205 Individuating and Relating Autonomy: The Domain Superiority on Objective Criterion Variables. Chih-Wen Wu1 and Kuang-Hui Yeh2 (1National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 2Academia Sinica Taiwan, Taiwan) Although the domain-superiority hypothesis of Dual Autonomy Model has been verified, the present article further test the processing mechanism of domain-superiority on intrapersonal and/ or interpersonal situation condition and use message discernment as objective criterion for preventing the common method variance bias. Study One found individuating-autonomy was greater associated with message discernment of intrapersonal domain under intrapersonal situation condition but relating-autonomy was greatly associated with message discernment of interpersonal domain under interpersonal situation condition. Study Two showed High Dual Autonomyers have better message discernments over both intrapersonal and interpersonal domains than do Low Dual Autonomyers. The subjects on congruous condition produced greater message discernments only on High Dual Autonomyers but not for Low Dual Autonomyers. The contribution and limitations are discussed.

B-31 Success Expectations, Motivations and Performances Qi Yao and Yue Guo An (Nankai University, China) Applying regulatory focus theory, this research focus was directed to "when" and "how" questions-when were these relations most likely to occur and what self-regulatory principles underlie their occurrence. Study 1 measured the level of expectations and manipulated temporary regulatory focus with task framing techniques; Study 2 manipulated expectations through the difficulty of tasks and measured chronic regulatory focus. The findings showed that: cRegulatory focus moderated the relationship between expectations and performance-for promotion focus individuals, success expectations correlated positively with performance, which was consistent with classic motivational theories; For prevention focus individuals, the correlation was not significant. Motivation mediated the interactions-high success expectations raised the motivational strength of promotion focus individuals, thus resulting in enhanced performance; While it made no significant motivational impacts on prevention focus individuals.

A-36 Impression Formation of Chinese Students through Cellphone Communication: Comparing Text and Voice Messages Shao Yu Ye, Akiyo Shoun, Mari Aita and Akira Sakamoto (Ochanomizu University, Japan) The present research examined the perseverance of stereotypes in impression formation of foreign students when using cell phone text message and cell phone call. 40 Japanese students and 40

Chinese students from Ochanomizu University and The University of Tokyo participated in the present experiment. The result revealed that the stereotypes influence in cell phone text message was much stronger than cell phone call when Japanese students formed impressions of Chinese students. Follow-up analysis showed that Japanese students’ final impressions were mediated by the greater ambiguity of cell phone text message versus cell phone call. A model chart on impression formation over cell phone text message and cell phone call has been constructed based on the results.

Social Issues B-52 National Unity and Leadership Discourse of a Malaysian Maya Khemlani David (University of Malaya, Malaysia) The impact of a leader's public discourse might lead to national unity or disunity among the various ethnic groups depending on how individual members understand and perceive the leader's message. Macionis (2001) posits that discourse by people in power can cause competition and negative perceptions of the other. Language has an important role in constructing and deconstructing ideologies. In this study, the public discourses of a former Malaysian Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad (TDM) will be analyzed in connection to politics, power, and ideology. A Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) will be used for this analysis. Did the discourse of TDM help in creating national unity or did it have divisive effects on Malaysia's multiethnic populace?

B-443 The Lay Meaning of Democracy among Indian Youth: A Qualitative Study Shikha Dixit (IIT Kanpur, India) The identity of an Indian in modern times is closely defined by the experiences in public life. The present paper reports a qualitative study conducted to explore the social representations of democracy. The sample comprised of engineering undergraduate students. Qualitative content analysis was done to extract the meaning categories that formed the content of the social representation of democracy. The content of the social representations was further analyzed to make an inquiry into issues pertaining to sense-making based on social representation, interaction between cognitive and social elements and operation of anchoring and objectification. Finally, the results were analyzed to understand the relationship between identity of youth and their democratic notions.

A-55 Living on the Edge: A Review of Effect of Empathy on Associated Stigma in Marginalized Groups Sonal Mathur and Sonal Srivastava (University of Delhi, India) The stigma towards marginalized groups continues to grow and minorities have been affected at a disproportionate rate. Previous researches have attempted to study the role of empathy in improving attitude of outgroup towards the stigmatized groups.

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The study examines whether or not empathy for a member of a stigmatized group leads to more positive feelings and concern for the group as a whole. The study is an attempt to review the effects of empathy towards marginalized groups in improving attitudes of stigma specifically in Asian socio- cultural context.

B-92 The Influence of Community Entitativity on Political Trust Takamasa Shiotani, Shoji Tsuchida and Norifumi Tsujikawa (Kansai University, Japan) Previous researches argue that there are positive correlation between trust in government and social connectedness. However, little is known about how and why the social connectedness improve the trust in government from psychological viewpoint. We predicted that community entitativity is the perception evoked by citizen's social connectedness, and higher community entitativity would lead higher political efficacy. We analyzed the nationwide social survey data collected through internet(1,663 samples). Main findings were (1) participants who had intimate neighborly relations (social connectedness) perceived higher community entitativity, (2) participants who perceived high community entitativity had higher political efficacy and trust in government than participants who perceived low community entitativity. (3) We tested the validity of the process model of trust in government by Structural Equation Modeling, and found significant indirect pass between community entitativity and trust in government by political efficacy, and the influence of the indirect pass was stronger than the direct pass.

B-516 How to Facilitate Women's Participation in Local Self Governance Manju Agrawal (Amity University, India) A study was carried out on Panchayats of Varanasi and Nainital, in Northern region of India. Two types of Panchayats were studied in both the districts: one where strong groups of women mobilized by feminist organization existed and the other where such groups did not exist. Major differences were observed in the functioning of elected women in both types of Panchayats with positive results in Panchayats where feminist organizations had their presence. A comparative qualitative study brought forth a number of issues that can be focused upon to facilitate women's participation at Panchayats and bring a social change.

Issues Related to Social Theory and Research A-7 Prediction Value of Suez Faculty of Education Aptitude Test Fawzy Abd El Azem (Suez Canal University, Egypt) The purpose of this study was to confirm the validity of Suez faculty of education personality aptitude test. In the present study, the researcher administered the aptitude test which consisted of five factors or variables; social intelligence, initiation, taking decision,

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sense of humor and attitude towards teaching profession to 474 students for admission in the year 2006/2007, they regulated in the first grade in Suez faculty of education. Randomly, the researcher selected 135 students to follow up their academic achievement for final exam at the first grade 2006/2007 and the second grade 2007/2008. The results indicated that; (1) only social intelligence was significantly related with academic achievement in the first grade and contributed to 8.2 percent in students' in the academic year achievement. (2) There were significant relations between the variables: social intelligence, initiation and sense of humor included in the aptitude test and the students' academic achievement at the second grade in the academic year 2007/2008. The three variables contributed to roughly 11.8 percent in students' achievement. (3) No significant relationships were found with the other two variables: taking decision and attitude towards teaching.

B-53 Psychometric Characteristics of the Adolescent Coping Scale. Ferlis Bahari, Rosnah Binti Ismail, Vincent Pang, Balan Rathakrishnan, Lailawati Madlan (University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia) The aim of the study is to assess the psychometric characteristics of the Adolescent Coping Scale (ACS) that involve internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and item-scale correlation for Short Form items. To assess the degree to which each of the items in the Short-Form adequately measured its respective coping strategy, the correlation of the item with the scale of which it was a part was computed. The research subjects consist of 201 adolescents aged between 13 to 19 and were selected using purposive sampling. Research finding for ACS specific and ACS general long form instrument both have a high internal consistency value which were 0.928 and 0.922. The finding shows that ACS instrument in Bahasa Malaysia version is suitable to be used as an objective tool.

B-213 A Validation Study of Political Efficacy Scale in Chinese Community Chiew-Siang (Bryan) Ho and Kin Sun Chan, (University of Macau, China) This study reports evidence on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of Chinese Political Efficacy Scale (C-PES), an instrument developed to assess political efficacy, including internal efficacy, external efficacy, and collective efficacy. A convenience sample of 281 university students completed the C-PES questionnaires, which take into account political participation, general self-efficacy, a sense of community, political trust, and their socio-economic status. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that the three types of political efficacy are abstracted from the scale. The results also show that the C-PES is internally consistent and the scores, including overall scales and its subscales, are moderately correlated with political participation and the corresponding scales for criteria validity, including general self-efficacy, a sense of community, and political trust. In conjunction with the pervious findings, the present study suggests that C-PES can be used to objectively assess political efficacy in Chinese community.

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B-57 Use of Oral History Methodology in Studying Communities/Individuals Mani Kakkar (Concordia University, Canada) The goal of the present research is to compare how South Asians identify themselves to how they are represented. The parameters of these questions are defined/contained by particular contexts, such as the politics of representation within a particular community centre or at the level of the federal parliament. As important as some of the information gained, is the method used, amongst which oral history interviewing has been key. Oral history interviewing as a method remains controversial, considering its subjective nature, focus on the individual, and so on. Yet it is a remarkably powerful tool when addressing questions of identity as would be elucidated through the research. Through oral history the researcher has been able to break down or provide points of reference for larger terms like globalization, the immigrant experience, culture, traditions, etc.

A-9 What are our Students’ Developments in Research? An Archival Study of Psychological Undergraduate Research in an all-Women’s College. J. Enrique G. Saplala (Miriam College, Philippines) Eighty-seven theses abstracts and 27 published researches were reviewed to critically examine the state of undergraduate research in psychology in an all-women’s college from 1996-2007. The study included assessing the students’ methodology, the participants’ profile, the instruments used and the brief findings from these studies. The analysis also tried to hypothesize the motivation of students in behavioral sciences and psychology to study or choose the topics for their theses. Results show that student preferred topics related to the different fields in psychology, which are related to their mentors’ research interests. Other observations include changes in methodological rigor, a shift from sociological and psychological issues to more psychological issues, an increase in recognition and participation in undergraduate research conventions and a strong tendency to choose topics related to female adolescence and emerging adulthood issues.

B-114 Development of a Measure of Work Value in Indian Context: Challenges and Promises Rasmita Das Swain (National University of Educational Planning and Administration, India) This paper aimed at developing and standardizing a measure of work value in Indian context. The conceptualization of work value was based on the assumption that the cultural norms affect individual work behavior in general and work values in particular. The present study used rational model, a combination of theory and empirical work for item construction and retention. The items were based on five cultural dimensions given by Hofstede (1980,1991,2001) and others given by Sinha (1990). The procedures of scale constructions and standardization were followed to develop work value scale. The reliability, validity and factor analysis were done on police professionals.

B-203 Comparing global versus relational self measures across Japanese, Chinese, American, and Canadian samples Jiro Takai1, Koji Fuse2, Greg Bonn3 and Yuko Matsumoto4 (1Nagoya University, Japan, 2University of North Texas, USA, 3University of Toronto, Canada, 4 University of Macau, China) This study compared global measures of some popular self scales against relational specific measures across two individualistic, and two collectivistic cultures. We contended that there was greater relational reference in Asian responses relative to North American, so we investigated whether relational priming would affect the manner in which Japanese, Chinese, American, and Canadian subjects would respond to some self, and self-other orientation scales, including self-construals, self-monitoring. private versus public self consciousness. Self ratings were done in three target conditions: global, close friend, mere acquaintance. In consistency with the hypotheses, it was discovered that Americans and Canadians have a relatively more consistent self across the three targets, while Japanese and Chinese make more distinction between them. Implications to interpersonal communication styles were discussed.

B-213 A Validation Study of Political Efficacy Scale in Chinese Community Chiew-Siang (Bryan) Ho and Kin Sun Chan (University of Macau, China) This study reports evidence on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of Chinese Political Efficacy Scale (C-PES), an instrument developed to assess political efficacy, including internal efficacy, external efficacy, and collective efficacy. A convenience sample of 281 university students completed the C-PES questionnaires, which take into account political participation, general self-efficacy, a sense of community, political trust, and their socio-economic status. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses show that the three types of political efficacy are abstracted from the scale. The current finding is similar to those reported in previous studies. The results also show that the C-PES is internally consistent and the scores, including overall scales and its subscales, are moderately correlated with political participation and the corresponding scales for criteria validity, including general self-efficacy, a sense of community, and political trust. Finally, in known group validity, students with richer knowledge of government have had higher political efficacy scores than students from other disciplines (e.g. business, psychology).

Health and Subjective Well-Being B-440 Psychological Factors Influencing Subjective Well-being of Japanese College Students: With Particular Emphasis on Self-efficacy

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Yukari Ariizumi, Uichol Kim and Young-shin Park (Inha University, South Korea) Self-efficacy helps people overcome difficulties in their early lives and eventually lead to success and satisfaction with their lives (Bandura, 1997). The purpose of the study is to investigate how self-efficacy in different domains contributes to subjective wellbeing of Japanese college students. 213 students participated in the survey (57 men and 156 women). We measured self-efficacy in the five domains—self-regulation, interpersonal relationships, social harmony, parent-child relationship, and resiliency—along with subjective well-being, social support, trust, stress, and academic achievement. It was found that self-efficacy was positively correlated with subjective well-being, but the relationships were somewhat different depending on the domains of self-efficacy and in relation with the other factors.

B-148 Spiritual Health Correlates of Personality Traits and Depression among College Students in Taiwan Mei Ching Chen (Fu Jen Catholic University, Taiwan) The objective of this research was to investigate the spiritual health, personality traits and depression among college students in Taiwan. A sample of 640 Taiwanese College students responded. Personality traits of students tends to be positive. The highest score is Agreeableness. The lowest score is Neuroticism. In general, the spiritual health of students is positive. A positive correlation was shown between Spiritual health and personality domains of Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. A negative correlation was shown between Neuroticism and Spiritual health. A positive correlation was shown between Depression and Neuroticism. A negative correlation was shown between Depression and Extraversion, Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. About 30% of students tends to be emotionally low. It indicates presence of a stressful life style among students.

B-295 Awareness about Reproductive Health amongst School Going Adolescent Girls Renu Gulati1, Kumud Khanna1, Adarsh Sharma2 (1University of Delhi, India, 2NIPCCD, India) A study was done to explore the awareness regarding reproductive health among adolescent girls. The sample constituted 200 adolescent girls in the age range of 13-17 years from 2 different types of co-educational schools namely- public and central schools representing 2 different socio-economic classes. A subsample of 100 mothers of these adolescent girls was also part of the sample. The various aspects explored were the physical and nutritional health status, role of socio-psychological factors and the influence of environmental factors such as media, peers and mothers was studied and the awareness about reproductive health. Further, an attempt was made to establish the socio-economic and age differences on all the variables under study for adolescents belonging to 2 different socio-economic classes. The major findings that emerged were that the knowledge about reproductive health was low among adolescents in both types of schools but

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there were significant differences i.e. public school girls scored higher than the central school girls. The interaction of mothers with daughters emerged as an important aspect impacting on the reproductive knowledge of adolescents.

B-485 Cultural Representations of Influenza A (H1N1) in Malaysia Shamsul Haque (Monash University, Malaysia) Community dwellers and university students (N=302; age range: 18-70, M=26.78, 53% female) took part in a study investigating initial cultural representations and public perceptions of Influenza A (H1N1) in Malaysia. The results revealed that 52% of the respondents saw the virus as arising from gene or viral mutations and 25% from pig farms. Newspapers, TV and Radio were reported as the first common sources of news about H1N1. The most frequent responses for how H1N1 spread was ‘in the air’ (40%), and from person to person contact (24%). Washing hands and maintaining good hygiene were indicated by 25% of the respondents as the way to protect themselves, while 24% mentioned wearing face masks. People from US, Mexico, or recent travelers (20%), those who look ill (18%), and infected (16%) were mentioned to be avoided. 50% reported reduced public transport usage and 58% indicated that they might delay or cancel flights. Pig farmers (37%), immune compromised individuals (37%), prostitutes (26%), the homeless (25%), homosexuals (17%), and elderly (17%) were reported as “high risk” groups. Those respondents who were the most anxious evaluated particular societal ‘out-groups’ (homosexuals, homeless, and prostitutes) as at higher infection risk, potentially leading to increased prejudice during a pandemic.

A-100 The Effects of Positive Writing on Emotional Intelligence and Life Satisfaction among Youth Maria Hassan and Zeenat Ismail (Institute of Business Administration, Pakistan) It was hypothesized that positive writing with emotional regulation cues will result in higher emotional intelligence and greater life satisfaction. The participants (n=79) were divided into three groups; control group (n=25) wrote for three sessions on their daily routine, experimental group 1wrote on positive experiences without emotional regulation cues and experimental group 2 wrote on positive experiences with emotional regulation cues. The comparison of pre writing and post writing interventions of all the groups shows that writing about positive experiences with emotional regulation cues led to increase in both emotional intelligence and life satisfaction. There was no significant difference in the reported levels of increase in emotional intelligence of experimental group 1 and experimental group 2. Life satisfaction level of those who reflected on positive experiences with emotional regulation cues was reported to be significantly higher than the other two groups.

A-99 Role of Positive Experiences in Teachers’ Reflective Engagement: A Case Study of Three Individual Teachers Zeenat Ismail and Rabail Qayyum (Institute of Business Administration, Pakistan)

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This small-scale exploratory study examined how positive experiences influence teachers’ reflective engagement. Previous research suggests that positive emotions signal personal wellbeing, influence further learning and lead to an increase in thinking. However, there is a need to further investigate the role of positive emotions in the realm of teachers’ reflective engagement. There are very few researches that investigate how positive experiences affect teachers’ perceptions of their teaching practices and their functioning. Three teachers’ reflections focussing on positive experiences were qualitatively analysed to explore instances of positive emotions. The results indicate that positive emotions reaffirm self-concepts of teaching, banish negative feelings, and encourage high work engagement and deeper understanding among the teachers. The findings shed light on the role of positive emotions in positive psychology and also hold implications for methods of writing reflections in teacher education.

A-17 Coming Out of the Shadows: Husbands Speak about Abuse Jerry Jurisprudencia (Philippines) Using a phenomenological-clinical approach the study is a pioneering work that explored the experiences of six Filipino husbands who were abused in the context of an intimate relationship, how abuse affected their perception, and the possible risk factors that contributed to their being abuse. At the time the study was conducted, two out of the six men have their marriages annulled, while one was in the process of annulment and three were still planning to file for annulment. The men were between 27 to 57 years of age, Catholic, and all were professionals. They were interviewed and clinically assessed using several instruments namely: a clinical interview questionnaire designed by the researcher, the Edwards Personality Preference Schedule (EPPS), Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Sack’s Sentence Completion Test (SSCT). In addition, Genogram was also used to provide a visual representation of the abused husbands’ nuclear family and family of origin. A conceptual framework was developed for the purpose of capturing the abused husbands’ experiences of abuse and the trauma that consequently followed it.

B-473 Prevalence of Depressionby Gender and Grade among Omani Children Ali Mahdi Kazem and Abdulqawi Salim Alzubaidi (Sultan Qaboos University, Iraq) The aim of the present study is to explore prevalence rate of depression among Omani Children as well as to find out whether there is a difference according to gender and grade. The Arabic translated version of multidimensional child and adolescent depression scale was given to 1385 boys and girls, 849 boys, 536 girls, ranging in age from 9 to 19 years old (Mean=14.05, SD=2.18) drawn randomly from 10 schools representing different areas in Muscat educational district in Oman. The results show the prevalence rate is 5.70% (boys 5.06%, girls 6.16%) showing a low rate of depression. In general, there is no gender difference in the total scores of the scale, but there is a difference in the scores of the four dimensions of the scale. While boys scored high in

Weak Concentration, Loneliness dimensions, girls scored high in Sleep Problems, Anhedonia. Concerning age, there were positive correlations for boys in five dimensions (Pessimism, Weak Concentration, Fatigue, Anhedonia), while the correlation was positive in only one (Fatigue), and negative in two (Loneliness, Low Self-esteem) for girls.

B-294 Why are some Students Happy and others Not?: Investigating the Role of Academic and Social Goals in Well-Being Ronnel King and David Watkins (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) Much research has investigated the influence of various factors on well-being. However, there is a lack of research on how the academic and social goals pursued by students in class can affect their well-being. In addition, research on well-being seems to have an implicit individualist assumption because most measures of well-being only focus on its intrapersonal dimension (e.g. self-esteem, positive affect) neglecting its more interpersonal aspects (e.g. collective self-esteem, relationship harmony, etc.). This research investigated the role of different academic (mastery, performance) and social goals (social affiliation, social approval, social concern, social responsibility, and social status) in influencing both individual and interpersonal dimensions of wellbeing in the Philippines. Results indicated the salience of some academic and social goals in influencing well-being. Implications for future research and recommendations for improving student well-being are discussed.

B-179 The “Psychological Typhoon Eye” Effect in the Wenchuan Earthquake over One Year Shu Li, Li-Lin Rao, Xiao-Peng Ren, Xin-Wen Bai, Rui Zheng, Jin-Zhen Li, Zuo-Jun Wang, Huan Liu and Kan Zhang (Chinese Academy Of Sciences, China) On 12 May 2008, the devastating magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck Wenchuan, China. The catastrophic earthquake dramatically heightened people’s concern about safety and health. We have observed an effect of “Psychological Typhoon Eye”: the closer to the center of the devastated areas, the less the concern about safety and health a resident felt. To investigate the proceeding of this effect, we conducted two sequential surveys. Residents in non-devastated and devastated areas responded to 5 questions on their concern about safety and health. The results showed that the respondents’ concern decreased significantly with the increase of the residential devastation level. Additionally, respondents’ concern decreased as the relational distance between a respondent and victims who suffered physical/economic damage increased. Together, the results showed a robust “Psychological Typhoon Eye” effect. Our findings may have implications for Chinese government to put ‘‘psychological comfort’’ into effect.

B-51 Stress and Coping: Comparison Urban and Rural Lailawati Bte Madlan, Ferlis Hj. Bahari, Naimah Hj.

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Yusof and Balan Ratakrishnan (University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia)

Medicine, Japan, 2Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan)

This paper presents a comparison study of stress and coping strategy between secondary teachers in the rural and urban area. The research conducted in the Northern part (rural area) and kota Kinabalu city (Urban area) in Sabah. Altogether 623 teachers from fifteen urban and rural schools participated in this research. The researchers first modified survey instruments used in this research, which includes index of Teaching Stress (ITS) 73 items, Stress Index 10 items and Coping Strategy 15 items. The result shows that out of six sources of stress subscales, three subscales were found to be significantly differences between sources of stress of urban and rural schools teachers. These subscales were intrinsic, school management role and relationship with others. In addition, out of 25 coping strategies, only eight factors found to be frequentlyn used by both teachers from urban and rural schools.

Authors had a chance to analyze the incident reports by onlinebased collection of a medical center in Osaka. In this center, there are around 1000 beds and 1500 staffs are working. The information technology system has been introduced to a whole information system of medical care since 2007. Over 4000 incidents were reported every year since 2006 when online-based collection system of incident reports had started. In this study, we examine the qualitative aspects of these incident reports to identify the characteristics of recognition and norm of safety among Japanese medical staffs. Then, we attempt to investigate the developmental stage of safety culture and to search the factors to cause the retardation of development in hospital organization. Finally, from the view point of Group dynamics, we try to discuss the effective approach of a report system for education and cultivation of patient’s safety.

B-42 Role of Psychologist in End-of-Life Care Yash Manchanda (Lanterman Development Centre Pomona, USA)

A-97 Javanese Concept of Psychological Well-Being Listyati Setyo Palupi (Airlangga University, Indonesia)

Culturally diverse and the aging population requires new skills for the psychologists. This presentation is based upon ELNEC (City of Hope) and American Psychological Association Training, provides an overview of the role of psychologist in End-Of-Life care. The topics include: Principles of Palliative Care, Pain/ non-pain Management, vignettes on cultural/ethical issues and bereavement.

Psychological well-being is refers to a diverse set of measures that include: life satisfaction, environmental mastery, self-efficacy, hope, happiness, and quality of life. Javanese is one of Indonesian tribe which has their own concept on how to achieve psychological well being which known as pangawikan pribadi (mawas diri) and rasa bebas. Those two concepts are associated with Javanese psychological wellbeing.

B-399 Subjective Well-Being and its Correlates Among Singaporean University Students Leslie Minor (Central Oregon Community College Oregon, USA)

Aim of this research is to investigate the relationship between Javanese concept which is pangawikan pribadi (mawas diri) and rasa bebas with their psychological well being. Method used in this research is survey research. The samples studied included Javanese people in Indonesia. The sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling.

In the past few years social scientists have begun to examine whether indicators of SWB are qualitatively analogous across cultures, and whether life experiences in different parts of the world can be equated, given differences in cultural values and world views. In the current study, 310 university students in Singapore (described as a Confucian and collectivist society) were surveyed using standard measures of life satisfaction, community and ethnic identity, religious preference, and self-esteem, to determine whether cultural factors predicted self-esteem. Results were not as expected: Self-esteem best predicted SWB, while ethnic identity did not; feeling connected to one's community predicted SWB to a lesser extent. Implications for cross-national SWB research in the modern Singapore and larger Southeast Asian context of hybrid values are discussed.

A-82 Qualitative Analysis of the Incident Reports of Japanese Medical Center: What is the Effective Report System to Promote Patient’s Safety Culture? Etsuko Nakagami-Yamaguchi1, Kunshik Park1, Kumiko Fujinaga2, Kazunori Nakamura2 and Testuo Arakawa1 (1Osaka City University Graduate School of

B-187 Marital Intimacy and Psychological Well-Being in Urban, Indian Husbands and Wives Shaifali Sandhya (The Adler School of Professional Psychology, USA) This research investigates how middle-class Indian husbands and wives negotiate two different discourses- self and marriage in their globalizing world. In contrast to prevalent cultural theories of happiness, the findings show that beliefs are central not only to the well-being of relationship of Indian couples but predicts depression in wives. As couples branch off from their extended families and marriage assumes a seminal role; furthermore, as young Indians increasingly start to make critical decisions around marital partners their perceptions of their partners as supportive, intimate and trustworthy have begun to change their notions of marital happiness. In this study, it was investigated: whether Indian husbands and wives appraised themselves, each other and their marital situation; if the nature, frequency and valence of their self and partner perceptions affected their marital quality. For instance, do positive appraisals of one's partner such as understanding, trust, support, empathy, and validation considered

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

critical for American marriages, affect the happiness of Hindu husbands and wives, three, if such appraisals of husbands and wives affected their psychological well being. The processes by which sociocultural factors such as gender and family living arrangements affect happiness and well-being in Indian families. Using two methodologies, self-reports and narrative analyses, in this study valence, and frequency of appraisals in 182 husbands and wives predicting their happiness and psychological well-being was ascertained.

B-474 Social and Psychological Well being: Antecedents and consequences Kailash B. L. Sriavastava (IIT Kharagpur, India) Social and Psychological well-being of individuals has assumed significance in the context of changing social, cultural, and economic environment, which has affected individuals mental health, happiness, and performance. This study has examined the social and psychological well being and its consequent impact on social involvement, work family balance, and mental health, of managers in work organizations. The data were collected from 200 executives belonging to 4 organizations using structured interview schedule. The efficacy of the proposed conceptual model on various determinants and consequences of well being was examined. The results indicted social factors like family life satisfaction and social relationship significantly predicted social well being of the employees. The results showed the Individual factors mainly personality, resilience and optimism, and job enrichment and culture of the organization significantly predicted psychological wellbeing. The results also showed the interaction of these factors had significant impact on social and psychological wellbeing.The mediating affect of social and psychological well being was also examined and it was found that it has significantly mediated the relationship between individual and social factors with mental health, happiness quotient, and social involvement.

A-105 Mental Health Literacy among Surabaya Inhabitants Endang R. Surjaningrum (Indonesia) The research aimed to explore mental health literacy of inhabitants in Surabaya. This term refers to the understanding of mental health, the ability to describe behaviors of mental and

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psychological disorders, the ability to identify a disorder, and the help-seeking strategy to attain mentally healthy state. There were 118 participants who provided their response to the questionnaire. Results indicated that the community in Surabaya has a low ability in identifying mental and psychological disorders. In general, the participants recommended psychiatrists or psychologists as professionals for help-seeking target. On the other hand, they also recommended people who suffer mental disorders to share their problems with friends or family members, or to pray. The results also indicated the possibility of a high prevalence of depression in the community. Based on the results, it is suggested to design mental health promotion strategy by disseminating information targeting on depression and other symptoms that were known in the community.

B-428 The Many Faces of Identity: Ethnic and Religious Identity as Buffers of Discrimination and Predictors of Psychological Well-being in Muslim Youth in New Zealand Colleen Ward and Jaimee Stuart (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand) Survey methods were used to examine identity, discrimination and psychological well-being in 188 Muslim youth of Asian (65%), African (24%) and Middle Eastern (9%) descent in New Zealand. The major research questions were: 1) What are the relative strengths of religious and ethnic identity in minority youth? 2) Which group membership is perceived to be the source of greater discrimination? and 3) How do identities and discrimination impact on psychological well-being (life satisfaction and ethno-cultural identity conflict)? The findings indicated that: ethnic and religious identity were positively correlated, but Islamic identity was stronger than ethnic identity in all ethnic groups; and discrimination was perceived to occur more frequently on the basis of religion than ethnicity. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed a positive main effect of ethnic identity and an interaction effect of discrimination x Islamic identity on life satisfaction, with stronger Islamic identity buffering the negative consequences of discrimination. Hierarchical regression also demonstrated that strong ethnic identity and Islamic practices predicted decrements in ethno-cultural identity conflict (EIC); perceived discrimination was associated with an increase in EIC; and the negative consequences of perceived discrimination on EIC were buffered by Islamic identity.