Wireless Pers Commun (2014) 78:1965–1980 DOI 10.1007/s11277-014-2056-9

Orchestration in Distributed Web-of-Objects for Creation of User-Centered IoT Service Capability Youngjun Kim · Sanghum Lee · Ilyoung Chong

Published online: 12 September 2014 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Abstract Enhancing the service provisioning capability in IoT, it has been considered essential to support user-centric service feature. A semantic ontology model representing device, resource and service is proposed to make the knowledge based relationship to denote applications on WoO platform. Virtual object (VO) is introduced to represent a logical object in reference with physical thing including device profiles. The composite virtual object are formed with the combination of multiple VOs and the physical location and neutral things are defined as Non-ICT entities, they are also transformed into virtual object to provide much detailed information and services. The paper includes the implementation results obtained after evaluation of the developed testbed from the WoO platform with their performance. Keywords

IoT/WoT · WoO service platform · Smart gateway · User-centered IoT service

1 Introduction The WoO refers to objects that are connected to the internet, and objects could be seen as services that are reachable through the web based environment which is not just considered as physical things. The related projects consist of SENSEI and IoT-A that are completed with their project progression, and currently processing project of iCore, BUTLER. Especially, the different kinds of objects that are provided by IoT service have a relation with problems that are issued with big data. A quite important matter that we have to consider reflects how we modify the raw data to be an informative matter and connecting the relation of information to provide intelligence to a society. Hence, in IoT project for the provision of knowledge based service the Semantic Ontology is applied.

Y. Kim · Sanghum Lee · I. Chong (B) Department of Information and Communications Engineering, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, 81, Oedae-ro, Mohyeon-myeon, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea e-mail: [email protected] Y. Kim e-mail: [email protected]

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This paper focuses on the studies to provide service structure that supports information of the user demands. And based on the data gathered from various objects, knowledge based service will be created using semantic ontology for such services based on WoO platform. To provide WoO based user-centered IoT service the WoO service platform and smart gateway structure took its place to make it happened. Especially, in order to connect the relation of service and variety of objects the property of objects (device and resource) in network and computer is related with the IoT service features. In this sense, this paper proposes of providing new service features in relation with various objects and interconnections of IoT service. In chapter 2, the paper consists of related studies and projects on comparative analysis, and chapter 3 the technical model structure with Semantic Ontology of the device, resource and service domain for the construction of IoT environment. In Chapter 4, the detail specification of Smart Gateway and WoO service platform is described that enables to provide IoT service with functional architecture and also to provide orchestration mechanism using WoO service platform to support user-centered IoT service capability. And chapter 5, as an implementation part of user-centric IoT service provision, represents the demonstration of the emergency service provision in smart building on WoO service platform, and provides its related analysis.

2 Related Studies 2.1 IoT Architecture Related Projects SENSEI [1,2] The SENSEI project had designed a system that provides a service of network and information management that enables reliable and efficient context information to be used in the environment with heterogeneous Wireless Sensor and Actor Networks (WSANs) into a global framework. IoT-A [3,4] The European Lighthouse Integrated Project addressing the Internet of Things Architecture, proposing the creation of an architecture reference model together with the definition of an initial set of key building blocks. In order to provide IoT communication service it should be focused to ensure not only level of interoperability solutions but also across various platforms. They proposed the reference model which includes the highest level of abstraction for the description of IoT domain which serves as a basis for the definition of reference architecture and promotes a common understanding of having a business that describes essential building blocks that defines security, privacy, performance, and other similar needs. iCore [5] The development of cognitive management framework and associated functionalities for the Internet of Things has been the objects of iCore project which satisfy to provide virtual object, cognitive management framework, composite virtual object, security, functional blocks, and exploitation activities with standardization. The cognitive management framework that this project proposes for IoT is to further enhance the resilience capability, as well as offering an automated ability to aggregate virtual objects to meet applications requirements. The composite virtual object is serves as the composition objects that are virtually exist in the system and efficiently utilizing the service provided. BUTLER [6] The BUTLER project and its platform provides user?s context to offer new context-aware services and application as their main objective. With the cooperation of leading European projects and their advancing new technologies this project is gathering those matters to build up better service provision to the user in the real world.

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Table 1 Comparative analysis Project

Analysis

SENSEI

Semantic modelling

Semantic ontology model is based on well defined basic standard, Designed in capable to extend

Device

Resource model designed to collect data from node, Effectiveness and flexibility is provided from the resource model used for devices, Human and location is also included in the scope of entity

IoT-A

iCore

BUTLER

Service

Services are to provide with resource model

Semantic modelling

Extended model from SENSEI, Enhanced model using resource and relation of entities through service information model, Uses of search, discovery and creation of IoT service

Device

Well defined relation in resource and entity of SENSEI, Also includes environment as entity, Resource consider ICT device to gather data information, Through resource device as an entity is provided in the structure

Service

Connecting service between resource and entity is defined, It is define in OWL-S form and corresponding service could also be defined with other modelling languages

Semantic modelling

Having similar modelling with IoT-A that includes PO, Vo and CVO, Device object and composition between object that could lender a service efficiently

Device

IoT-A is used as reference for device modelling, VO is defined with Semantic Ontology model that prefers to both ICT and non-ICT device, CVO concept is used to combine VO that could be applied to the Semantic Ontology

Service

VO and CVO as service

Semantic modelling

Refers the semantic ontology model in senser network, smart home, smart space, smart location service, Includes semantic location information of OGC as a reference

Device

Location of device sensor information using semantic

Service

Various IoT related use case are considered to provide services

2.2 IoT Service Platform Related Projects SOCRADES [7,8] Reflecting the service environment of IoT, SOCRADES (ServiceOriented Cross-layer infRAstructure for Distributed smart Embedded devices) will create new methodologies, technologies and tools for the modelling, design, implementation and operation of networked systems made up of smart embedded devices. It provides an important benefits from the composition of devices connected with web server and to leads the automated system for next generation industry, and platform to enhance the execution and the management. SOCRADES SIA (SOCRADES Integration Architecture) [9,10], which is proposed from the concept of SOCRADES, provides a service to integrate embedded devices, and the actions through hardware, software system modelling methods. SIA architecture provides a function for continuous monitoring and management of devices in automated industrial system. WoO [11] The WoO (Web of Objects) has the concept and approach to incorporate virtual objects into the World Wide Web by giving them an interface (e.g., API) and to facilitate the creation of their profiles. It provides a service platform to facilitate an integration of

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Fig. 1 Relation of WoO based service provision structure and knowledge

distributed applications and to support simple development, deployment and operation of distributed applications of IoT infrastructure on the Web. It provides objects as an object with service, resource, various types of things, and human interaction that could be made through existing objects and continuously a new object is created to provide better services compared to the existing one (Table 1). DPWS [12] The Device Profile for Web Services as a next generation version of UPnP (Universal Plug and Play) was developed to enable secure web service capabilities on resource constraint devices. DPWS specification is a set of very general standards that provide interaction between embedded devices and services. Through the DPWS protocol, messaging, discovery, description, event and security provide integrating a variety of web services based on SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol).

3 WoO Service Model using Semantic Ontology 3.1 WoO Service Architecture The contents including knowledge in IoT service are evolved from raw data sensed at gateway, and the data will be transformed to information to denote its meaning. Multiple kinds of Information will go through provision of essential knowledge information in accordance with certain types of relations. Each one will perform its function in order to provide the corresponding services of data, information and knowledge in the design service model. – Data: it is collected through things and especially devices, but data itself doesn’t mean with any speciality. – Information: simply granting the meanings as a metadata to understand the content through information models and also includes extensive explanation about the data collected – Knowledge: from the various information could provide and abstract most suitable information according to users requirements, service requirements and surrounding environment requirements As shown in Fig. 1 smart gateway takes a role in connecting IoT services from former legacy devices, and maps the raw data in physical world into virtual object in virtual domain (e.g., VO). From the basics concept of WoO, the objects will be necessary to set with an

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Fig. 2 IoT service domain model using semantic ontology Table 2 Entities in description of IoT service domain model Entity

Description

Device

Profile and location information of real thing/device

Resource

Resource information(network resource) of physical devices

Virtual Object

Using device model and resource model, creating 1:1 relationship

Non-ICT Entity

Entity that can not be provided without resource information

Composite Virtual Object

Creating with the combination of various VO and Non-ICT entity

IoT Service

IoT service creation using CVO

uniform design to provide various properties of objects to be used in WoO services. And in order to provide knowledge services the relation among virtual objects (VOs) are coordinated with rules and the information occurred through relation are managed, and these information are transmitted to corresponding objects or users that meets the conditions. Thus, knowledge based ontology mechanism is used. The properties of objects and the relations among them are handled by WoO service platform especially including knowledge mechanism, which provides corresponding service to right target. Figure 1 concisely explains the structure that provides IoT service, and through each system core function the gathered data, information and knowledge based information are used to provide IoT service. 3.2 WoO Service Domain Model As shown in Fig. 2 service model in accordance with semantic ontology will be denoted with the logical structure of WoO service platform to be presented in the paper. The entities listed in Table 2 are used to provide control functions for Resources in internal WoO service platform, and the Resource is logically defined as software components. Table 3 indicates the attributes to specify Device property. The reason for separately defining the Resource and Device is to have benefit according to the flexibility of VO creation considering the comprehension of different information in IoT service environment corresponding to the resource model. The Device model remains with fixed value for recording profile information of real physical devices. The CVO (Composite Virtual Object) is created with the combination of multiple VOs and Non-ICT entities, for example specific area with corresponding value of Non-ICT

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Table 3 Attribute category of device model Attribute

Description

Device profile

Peculiar profile information of device

ValueContainer

Data value and the form which device provides

TemporalFeature Location

Defined time of devices action

User

Global and local location info of devices

IoT service

User that is related to the device, defining ownership and service provision for specific user

Fig. 3 Device model

entities and related VOs in that area. Therefore, CVO will be denoted to provide a part of overall IoT service features, e.g., managing capability of service with the related VOs in that specific area. Thus, the IoT service domain model in WoO platform composes of not only logical entities in Table 2, but various IoT Devices and Resources. The properties of Device and Resource are applied to characterize a mechanism for VOs used in IoT service provision. Accordingly, this paper defines the Device and Resource model based on Semantic Ontology. 3.3 WoO Device and Resource Model The Fig. 3 shows the Device model used with Semantic Ontology in accordance with five attributes of IoT service model shown in Table 3. Resource model is figured out in terms of multiple property informations that describe IoT service features in WoO platform as denoted in Table 4. Based on Figs. 3 and 4, the Device and Resource model are implemented to simply abstract physical objects and to control the device in accordance with classified Resource model. The two models, Device and Resource, are collaborated to create VOs in WoO platform.

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Table 4 Attribute category of resource model Attribute

Description

Description

Includes resource ID and description of resource

AccessInterface

Information that is provided to approach resource, Endpoint URL, method and service type is defined

ResourceType

Defines resource of corresponding device, sensor, actuator and tag resource are acknowledge

Location

Defines resource of corresponding device, sensor, actuator and tag resource are acknowledge

Fig. 4 Resource model

According to their relational collaboration among them, its corresponding IoT service domain model will be designed in terms of Semantic Ontology in the WoO platform. Major benefit to abstract device and physical object for virtual object in IoT service enables flexible to perform user-centric IoT service composition collaborating with other non physical objects (e.f., human behaviors and informations, etc.) on the web. This featured functionality is provided by WoO service platform. 4 Orchestration Architecture for User-Centered IoT Service Creation 4.1 Functional Architecture of WoO Platform The existing various projects that provides IoT service appeared to have limits in provision to meet the user-centered service capability. In WoO based approach, its limits is quite expected to provide an orchestration in IoT services, and also appears limited over control scalability, local system actions over devices and external access. In order to solve the limits in provision of orchestration in IoT service, WoO service platform is strongly requested to support a flexibility in service integration and management, location and context management. Web

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Fig. 5 Functional architecture of WoO service platform

service platform contains versatility and scalability which multiple users or basic environment could easily apply. The WoO service platform supports dynamic mechanism to compose the user-centered IoT service in conjunction with Semantic Ontology indicating partial or full relationship among VOs. Thus, the orchestration function for user-centered IoT service in WoO platform could be designed through semantic ontology web service concept [13]. The VO level is connected to Smart Gateway or device, and performs message queue function, message interpretation and then creation of VO. It creates the VO in accordance with VO RDF, and stores its data in the DB server. The VO execution module provides the interface function with CVO layer, and it handles a request from CVO level. The CVO level includes Non-ICT combining with VO and other necessary VO, then controlling of CVO and accessing the VO function the request from the control service is executed. Lastly, in Service level is assigned with access function of CVO for IoT service execution. It also reflects the service policy and rules of IoT services, and includes functions of message interpretation and creation in response to the requested service. Then the management function will be done by the access of each RDF of user and service profiles. The WoO service platform uses the attributes of devices to create VO, and according to the request of user various devices are objectified. In that way, connecting VOs the user expects that WoO based IoT service is created and provided. Moreover, through Semantic Ontology based object management, the relation of IoT service to virtual objects is simply defined according to Service Ontology and service RDF. Accordingly, various physical devices are easily mapped with personal virtual objects through the web and it could have the benefit on creating user’s personal IoT service that is ready to be used. Figure 5 shows the functional structure of WoO service platform. 4.2 Semantic Ontology Based Service Orchestration in WoO Platform Service orchestration provides new IoT service from diversity of service cooperation and combination. However, a ways to provide unified existing web service with services that use

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Fig. 6 Structure of scheduling service using VO and CVO in WoO service platform

Table 5 Description of variable and operation in scheduling service objects structure Elements

Explanation

userID

UserID [int] that uses IoT service

Condition

Conditional for next VO or CVO for IoT service execution

Interval

VO or CVO excution for timer [unsigned int]

nextObject

Next virtual object call operation using VO ID or CVO ID [int]

runObject

Excution of CVO or VO from service excution function using current VO ID or CVO ID [int]

various devices are needed in IoT environment. In this paper, service orchestration mechanism is proposed using semantic ontology based objectification using CVO from service level in WoO service platform. The semantic ontology based service orchestration provides unified IoT service, and by using IoT service through ontology among diverse virtual objects and extracts the virtual objects that are related to the user. Therefore, the user may easily create, configure and control IoT service. Through the smart gateways device objectifying function the generated information of devices objects will be passed to WoO service platform as XML RDF message. The WoO service platform creates a form of virtual object structure that provides IoT service in the use of IoT service model of semantic ontology for object information. Using the semantic ontology, not only creating an object but it also provides formalized form of object creation (VO and CVO creation) using device information such as profile and resource information. And also, in case of using semantic ontology it is easily to create variety of object, and through object ID the object search and service provision are in capable. The semantic ontology configures through user objects using user’s profile and related service object created using VO and CVO through semantic ontology model, and when configuring service schedules the extracted list of user objects related it can provide orchestration service of related VO and CVO. Figure 6 shows the connected structure of scheduled objects list that service scheduling of service execution function in WoO service platform provides. The service scheduling should be configured as a linked list of scheduling objects. The trigger is the methods calling for conditions, interval and next objects. And it also considers the method of calling each of the condition, interval and next object. The explanation of operation and each variable used in scheduling service objects are listed in the following Table 5.

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Fig. 7 Functional model of smart gateway

Table 6 Detail entities and descriptions of Smart Gateway’s application functional blocks Functions

Description

Device management

Includes device discovery, device control, device registration and signage manger function

Device objecting

Provides objectification, object management and metadata integration

Data management

Provides data aggregation and data analysis, and then store the data

Event management

Includes data relay manager, protocol manager, message generator and event handler

4.3 Functional Model of Smart Gateway A large number of devices are connected to the web or internet and most of the sensors are zigbee, and feasible devices of IoT uses Bluetooth for communication. Like-wise, each of the devices needed information in this paper like device profile, location information, time information, and related other information cannot be provided to support the device model structure. Therefore, a system which is capable of transmitting the information to the WoO service platform is required. The Smart Gateway in WoO based IoT service environment creates an information for device, and transmits object profiles in XML to WoO service platform, and forms Web base. Figure 7 shows the functional model of Smart Gateway, which provides device driver and power controller function in kernel mode. And it supports device management, device objecting, data management and event management function that runs in application level. The device driver, which runs in Kernel mode, includes Wi-Fi driver, sensor driver that communicates with sensor and Bluetooth driver. Moreover, it also includes display driver and audio driver, which allows to monitor communications environment in Smart Gateway. And the power controller keeps the function to provide power management. The detailed actions in the application level are listed in Table 6. The Smart Gateway connects various sensors and device modules, and creates the device profiles in accordance with RDF server. And it receives the information to enforce reasoning rule from web application server, and it aheads from the sensors and pass on to WoO service platform. It also takes care the event of device control request from WoO service platform. For the devices with non standard interface, It transmits different form Non-IP of sensor, device data and control information.

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Fig. 8 Service sequence diagram

5 Implementation of User-Centered IoT Service 5.1 Use-Case of User-Centered IoT Service In order to provide IoT service as shown in Fig. 8 the service scenario is constructed. The sequence diagram shows an use-case, which Smart Building senses unusual symptoms and detects fire occurrence through the monitoring sensors. And the user and history information, environment condition, location, and user preference according to season, date, months, weather condition, policy, user behaviour and unexpected situations and etc., are reflected to WoO platform, and the next action and management function are initiated from WoO application server. For user interface, evacuation paths is provided to personal smart phone and other user devices. For unexpected happening, multiple different sensors send its device profiles and resource information through the Smart Gateway to the WoO service platform, and register it to the Semantic Ontology server. The sensor periodically sends the sensing information to the WoO service platform through the Smart Gateway, and when the fire emergency occur the escape route and the situation will be provided to the users and guard. And when unexpected alteration of fire happens, it will provide reconfiguration of the route. Moreover, using signage (advertising service provider) from its location the escape route is also provided. In this situation the devices in the IoT service environment are not simply providing sense information, but also act as an actuator depending to the specific circumstances.

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Fig. 9 Implementation of WoO service platform, smart gateway and application

5.2 Implementation The system implementations are performed for the service use case to be provided in the Smart Building Emergency service. First, the emergency service is provided with the connection of WoO service platform and Smart Gateway with user’s smart phone, as well as two functions are implemented separately for the emergency service management in the building which is classified as Application Server for the connection between user and smart phone and the Emergency Management Service Function for the Server and emergency service management. Left top of the Fig. 9 shows the monitoring of WoO service platform and the current condition of building are shown in the system managing function. Right top of the Fig. 9 shows the smart gateway and sensors used in Smart Gateway, Signage and Emergency Service for emergency service. And in this test environment, the VO are created from the acquired resource information, device signage and sensor using Smart Gateway in WoO service platform, and Smart Gateway sends device and resource information in XML form as shown in Fig. 10. The Smart Gateway is connected with sensors and Signage to transmit the information to WoO service platform, and reversely when emergency situation is occurred the IoT service is requested from actuators like Signage through Smart Gateway. The fire detection will be performed through incoming sensing information with Smart Gateway in WoO service platform. Each of the sensors is specified as temperature, VOC and CO sensors. Left of the Fig. 11 shows the sensed value and graph obtained from WoO service platform, and according to the temperature with 10 s variation, VOCs hazardous level and COs danger level will change into precaution state with those received information. Right of the Fig. 11 is the graph illustrating alteration of sensing information. After verifying the fire, based on the user and signage location the escape route will be provided. Right bottom of the Fig. 9 shows the result of shortest escape route provided to the user’s smart phone.

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Fig. 10 Device XML data information device and resource model based

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Fig. 11 Sample sensing value and graph

6 Conclusion and Further Studies Numerous research and studies on M2M and IoT service implementation are currently in progress. The base studies of WoO platform likewise to expand research of existing IoT. The aim of this research is to connect variety of objects based on Web to provide essential, dynamic IoT service to user, and provision of knowledge based service. The necessary components are identified through the related studies of different projects that are analyzed and explained.

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Therefore, the paper review the architectural point to support knowledge based service creation in accordance with WoO platform to provide needed service in terms of Web to the users. IoT service modelling and its service architecture on WoO platform, which are based on the Semantic Ontology that creates VO and CVO. And as an example to certify the user-centric IoT service, and its orchestration mechanism on the WoO platform are proposed. WoO service platform and Smart Gateway, although the providing of location information of user could be seen as use case, but according to the user’s location the user-centric service provision was verified. And in order to present user-centric IoT service, the WoO service platform and Smart Gateway are used to create VO and CVO, and from the basis of using Semantic Ontology the dynamic user-centered IoT service is feasible to deploy well. Acknowledgments This research was supported by the Knowledge Economy Technology Innovation Programs—International Collaborative R&D Programs, and part of the EU ITEA-2 project 10028 Webof-Objects (WoO) funded by Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE, Korea) and supervised by KIAT.

References 1. Presser, M., Barnaghi, P. M., Eurich, M., & Villalonga, C. (2009). The SENSEI project: Integrating the physical world with the digital world of the network of the future. Global Communications Newsletter. 2. SENSEI project, http://www.ict-sensei.org. 3. De, S., Barnaghi, P., Bauer, M.,& Meissner, S. (2011). Service modelling for the internet of things. In Federated conference on computer science and information systems (FedCSIS) 4. IoT-A project, http://www.iot-a.eu/public. 5. iCore project, http://www.iot-icore.eu. 6. BUTLER project, http://www.iot-butler.eu. 7. de Souza, L. M. S., Spiess, P., Guinard, D., Koehler, M., Karnouskos, S., & Savio D. (2008). Socrades: A web service based shop floor integration infrastructure. In Proceedings of the internet of things (IOT 2008). Springer. 8. SOCRADES project, http://www.socrades.eu/Home/default.html. 9. Cannata, A., Gerosa, M., & Taisch, M. (2008). SOCRADES: A framework for developing intelligent systems in manufacturing, IEEE. 10. Bohn, H., Bobek, A., & Golatowski, F. (2006). SIRENA service infrastructure for real-time embedded networked devices: a service-oriented framework for different domains. In Proceedings of the international conference on network 2006 (ICN 2006), pp. 43–48 11. EU IETA2 EUREKA WoO project, http://www.web-of-objects.com/wiki. 12. DPWS, http://docs.oasis-open.org/ws-dd/ns/dpws/2009/01. 13. Kim, Y. J., Jeon, Y. K., & Chong, I. Y. (2013). Device objectification and orchestration mechanism for IoT intelligent service. Journal of KICS: Convergence Technologies, 38C(1), 19–32.

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Y. Kim et al. Youngjun Kim is a Ph.D candidate in Department of Information Communication Engineering at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He received Master and B.A. degree in Information Communication Engineering from Hankuk University of Foreign Studies in 2004 and 2007, respectively. During Ph.D. program he has sudied on architecure and platform of service overlay network and IPTV, and now is interested in semantic ontology and service platform in IoT.

Sanghum Lee is a Master degree student of Department of Information Communication Engineering at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He received B.S. in Information Engineering from University of Santo Tomas, Philippine in 2007. He is interested in semantic ontology and service platform in IoT.

Ilyoung Chong received his Ph.D. (1993) from the University of Massachusetts, USA. Between 1980 and 1996 he is a principal research member at ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute), Korea. His research interests are communications service platform, service-oriented networking and WoT/IoT (Web of Things/Internet of Things) services. He is taking a leading role for development of Web-of-Objects (WoO), which is a platform approach in terms of web centered IoT. He has 35 patents (including national and international) and develops 7 international standards for the areas of VPN, home network and service overlay networking, and 215 contributions to ITU-T, IEEE and ITEF. He has published 54 paper publications in refereed international journals and conferences, and 87 for national journals and conferences. He was Chief of Editor, LNCS of Springer for 4 years since 2002, Organizing Chair, and General Chair and Steering Board of the ICOIN (International Conference on Information Networking) (2002-2005). He has been nominated Operating Committee Chair of IPTV Forum Korea since 2005, and the Chair of OSIA (Open Standards of Internet Association) in 2008. He was General Chair of KRNet (Korea Internet) Conference (2009-2010), and Steering Committee Board of ICUFN (International Conference and Ubiquitous and Future Network) (2007-2014).

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