National Academy of Psychology (NAOP) India Psychological Studies (December 2009) 54:310–352 310

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Psychological Studies (December 2009)

ABSTRACTS

Poster Presentations Attitudes and Social Perception B-198 The Influence of Multifaceted Attitude of South Korean toward North Korea Joonsung Bae, Min Han, Jinyi Choi and Sungyeul Han (Korea University, Korea) The attitude of the people of South Korea toward North Korea could vary depending on both issues and situations. A scale was developed to measure the South Korean's Multifaceted Attitude toward North Korea (MANK). The scale consisted of nine lower dimensions: (cognitive, emotion, behavior) * (general, objective, individual). It assumed that South Korean's view of unification is affected by multifaceted attitude. MANK scale was administered and 485 participants from South Korea. ANOVA results indicate that that every lower dimension has differences except 'behavior*general' dimension indicating that those who were opposed to unification have higher negative attitude. Further the multifaceted attitude was different according to their attitude toward unification. This research illustrates multiple attitude toward North Korea have more influence upon South Korean.

B-20 MSM and Behavior Change Lekh Nath Bhandari (National Vigilance Centre, Nepal) One of the reasons for growing rate of HIV infections are homosexual contact.Males who have sex with males (MSMs) are mostly young, diverse in their sexual attitudes, behavior and economically disadvantaged. Those who are married in turn impact on the reproductive health of their spouses. Data was based on peer education as government's strategies for national health program has shaded a negative impact among these vulnerable people due to socio-cultural-religious reasons hence these issues remain invisible. Needed information, education and counseling are often at background leading to high risk of HIV/AIDS affecting women caregivers. Thus an urgent need to promote behaviors, enabling to adopt a riskless lifestyle and to provide counseling services, is essential.

A-62 Indian Youth and their Changing Attitude Shalini Choithrani (BSSS Bhopal, India) Today's youth who is techno savvy is influenced by the western culture. The study aims to explore the causes of changing attitudes of the youth as their lifestyle, value systems towards marriage. The results reveal that in the case of youth their idea of modern life has shown a shift. Their perceptions towards most of the issues prevailing in the society has shown immense metamorphosis.

One of the major factors for it is the educational system with little reference to the traditional systems.

B-195 The Effect of a Persuasive Message Endorsing the Multiculturalism or Assimilationism Ideologies on explicit and Implicit Attitude Toward the Southeast Asian Immigrants in Korea Ji-Hyun Hwang, Kim Don Jin and Kim Hai Sook (Korea University, Republic of Korea) This study examined the role of persuasive message endorsing the multiculturalism or assimilation ideologies on explicit and implicit attitude changes toward Southeast Asians in Korea. Participants read one of the three persuasive messages i.e. endorsing multiculturalism, assimilationism or no message. The IAT procedures and explicit measures about the feeling and attitude towards South east Asians in Korea were used. Result indicated that those who read messages on endorsing the multiculturalism tended to agree more with the multicultural policies of the government as well as showed lower implicit prejudice toward Southeast Asians than those who read assimilationism message or no message. Further concern of group interest influenced the attitudes toward the multicultural policy and toward Southeast Asian immigrants.

B-233 Modernization Difference Amongst Mothers and Daughters and its Relationship with Value Conflict in Daughters Sangeeta Khullar and Anjali Bhatia (MKP PG College Dehradun, India) The purpose of the present study is to explore the modernization differences and value conflicts among mothers and daughters. 50 pairs of Mothers and Daughters (daughters' age group 1824) participated in the study. On modernization the mothers and daughters differed significantly only on issues of marriage. The daughters displayed considerable conflict between evasion and fortitude, fear and assertion, tendency towards dependence on Dependency vs. Self- Reliance conflict, towards Probity on the Selfishness vs. Probity conflict and towards Love in the Hate vs. Love conflict. No significant correlation was found with Hate vs. Love and Fear vs. Assertion conflicts. Results are discussed in terms of the role of modernization in the prevalent value conflicts in the modern day young woman.

B-329 A New Favorable Attitude Toward Sexual Minority- Analysis of Factors Affecting Impressions and Favorability on Feminine Men in Japan

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Joo Lee and Kouki Kimura (The University of Tokyo, Japan) "O-neh (an informal expression of an elder sister in Japanese)" men, often characterized as their feminine language use and gestures who are usually experts in a certain fields (e.g., fashion, cosmetics), and often thought to be homosexual. Despite traditional prejudice against feminine men, they have recently won great popularity among Japanese people. To investigate the change in negative stereotype on the sexual minority it was hypothesized that new favorable attitude toward o-neh men was influenced by recent change of Japanese gender role stereotypes. Random sampling was done which revealed that female participants showed more favorability and positive impression on o-neh men, despite stronger egalitarian gender role stereotype. The contacts with o-neh men through media and knowledge about them were positively correlated and that interest in expertise of o-neh men and contacts with o-neh men through media positively affected impression on general interpersonal relationship and gender had effected interpersonal relationship.Thus results suggest that the common interest can change the negative impression or stereotype about minorities positively.

B-261 Attitudes Toward Benevolent-Sexist and Hostile-Sexist Men, and Nonsexist Men Jung WonLee1, Sang Su Ahn2 and Hai Sook Kim1 (1Ajou University, South Korea, 2Korean Women’s Development Institute, South Korea) The present study investigated attitudes toward a benevolentsexist, hostile-sexist and nonsexist man. Experiment 1, examined differences between male and female college students in their attitudes toward the HS, BS or the nonsexist target and found females showed more negative attitudes toward the hostilesexist target than males while their attitudes toward the benevolentsexist target were as positive as males. Both the genders liked the BS man better than the nonsexist. Males least liked the nonsexist target while females least liked the HS. Experiment 2 compared the attitudes toward the HS or BS target among male and female students and students majoring in Women's Studies (i.e., feminist women). Analyses of their attitudes toward the HS and BS target replicated the findings of experiment 1. However, feminist women had a much less favorable attitude toward the benevolent-sexist than male and female students.

B-405 The Relationship Between Social Axioms and Implicit/Explicit Attitude Toward the Disabled Lili Ma, Shuang Cheng and Jianxin Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) In the present study, the relationship of social axioms and implicit/ explicit attitudes toward the disabled was explored. 92 undergraduate students participated from Beijing Normal University. In the research design, implicit attitudes towards the disabled was measured using IAT. SAS participants' explicit attitude toward the disabled. Data analysis showed that social axioms' dimension of fate control was negatively related with implicit attitudes toward

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the disabled, while cynicism was positively related with explicit attitudes toward the disabled.

B-202 Migrate and Mix: An Immigration Simulation Game for Measuring Intercultural Attitude Naoka Maemura, Junzo Kato and Takehiro Fujihara (Ajou University, Republic of Korea) The purpose of this study was to develop a gaming simulation, the Immigration Simulation Game (ISG). ISG uses role-playing and re-creates a situation in which one community accepts immigrants. Participants were divided into two groups with different imaginary languages, and play a simple card game among each other with no prior information about the other group. Halfway through the game, some participants change group and try to interact with other group members after which again the original condition is reinstated till the end of the game. 120 university students participated in the game. Two types of immigration were simulated: with and without a language barrier. Also, participants' empathic ability and attitudes toward their own and the other group's members were measured.

B-232 The Effect of Accurate Prediction about Partners' Attitude on Attraction of Same-Sex Friends. Makiko Nishiura and Ikuo Daibo (Osaka University, Japan) The purpose of this study is to examine how accurate prediction about friends' attitude affects their attraction. In the study, we made participants fall short of prediction about friends' attitudes and this manipulation led to decrease familiarity with friends. 137 undergraduates were paired with their friends and rated their attraction. A questionnaire about their own social attitude and predicted partners' attitude was administered. After one week, participants read the manipulated partners' responses. The responses were under the following circumstances: 90%, 50%, and 10% of the prediction was matched. After reading, participants rated the partners' attraction again and were debriefed. The result showed that, from the first to the second rating, familiarity decreased in the 50% condition and the 10% condition, and that partners' attraction increased in the 90% condition. In sum, when they were able to predict the not-so-close partners' attitude, their attraction increased.

B-84 Attitudinal Modernity of Adolescents in Goa Suhas Shetgovekar and EvelinSouza Eremita (St. Xavier’s College Goa, India) Modernity is a term which signifies a change in mind set of individuals in society which are conductive to individual growth, development and well being. The present study examines the attitudinal modernity of adolescents in Goa. Attitudinal modernity of adolescents refers to examining the set of attitudes, beliefs, behaviours etc. of adolescents. The research also attempted to investigate the influence of gender, SES and area of residence on attitudinal modernity. 180 adolescents participated in the study (90 males and 90 females). Results indicated lack of attitudinal

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modernity amongst the adolescents. No gender difference was found. Significant difference did not exist with regard to SES and area of residence.

A-112 The Analysis about the Public Behavior of Post Olympic Era Liang Xin (Renmin University of China, China) Public behavior is an important aspect of any civil society. Sometimes public behavior becomes unexpected and creates problems for government. Such instances of behavior were seen during Olympic games. This paper tries to examine the social psychological reasons which lead to these uncivilized behaviors especially after the Olympic game. Our analysis showed that pedestrians showed different behaviors when they went through the road and saw the red lights under different situations which did and did not have traffic policemen. The role of authorities is important to control and manage public behavior.

B-383 Effects of Television Charity Shows on Donation Akashi Yamamoto (Chubu University, Japan) Television charity shows highlight the welfare and support activities that take advantage of mass media, which conveys the same message to a large number of people. However, little research has focused on television charity shows. The target of this study is the Japanese television show “24 Hours Television: Love Saves the Earth” and the funds collected through this show are used for welfare, environmental protection, and disaster assistance purposes. An analysis of this program is interesting as a research on media effects. The results of a web survey revealed that 38.5% of the respondents have donated to "24 Hours Television" and that exposure to this show lead to a donation.

B-200 How do we Persuade others? The Amount of Utterance, Hand Movements and Posture of Nonverbal Behavior Hitomi Yokoyama and Ikuo Daibo (Osaka University, Japan) In the present study the role of degree of intended persuasiveness (High Vs Low; within-participant design) would affect persuaders’ nonverbal behavior. Participants in the study communicated the contents of one topic to their listeners’ in a neutral manner then they stated another topic in a persuasive manner. Results revealed that when they tried to persuade others, they talked more about the topic, leaned forward more and used left hand gesture less than when they did not do so. There were no significant differences for right hand gesture and right and/or left self-adaptor in this experimental design. Results suggested that how persuaders encoded their statements using nonverbal behavior. The importance of nonverbal behavior in persuasion and a relationship among various interpersonal communication channels were discussed.

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

B-312 The Counterattacks against Persuasion Strategies of Condom use Dongha Yi, Inkyoung Ryoo and Taekyun Hur (Korea University, Korea) Western researches on condom use have focused intra-personal factors such as intention, control, attitudes, etc. However, using condoms in sexual intercourse must involve an interpersonal negotiation procedure to reach a mutual agreement. College students' preferred strategies of condom negotiation were studied and their cultural variations were proposed. The study focused on dyadic reactions toward the partners in condom negotiation. 91 College students were given the partner's persuasion message to use condom in hypothetical sexual intercourse situation and were asked to write their counterattack response to nullify the partner's attempt. Responses were categorized into 11 strategies through a content analysis. Results revealed that male and female use different counter attack responses in pregnancy risk care for partner, and sex-rejection strategy which partner uses.

Clinical and Neuroscience Issues in Social Psychology B-314

Social Class, Gender, and Mental Illness

Uttara Chari (NIMHANS, India) Contextual factors influence manifestation of all behaviours, normal and abnormal. Mental illness is one such area of influence affected by it. Common cultural factors are those of social class and gender. Studies have recorded differing rates of mental illnesses across socioeconomic levels and gender. The present study presents a review of research and explanatory models accounting for the differing prevalence rates of mental illness across social class and gender. It proposes that adequate idiographic understanding of mental illness in clinical practice mandates consideration of these models and, the heterogeneity and subjective experience of mental illnesses.

B-366 The Effects of Art Therapy Group on Interpersonal Relations and Self-Identity of Children from Foreign Bride Families Hui Chuang Chu and Ling Yu Cheng (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan) The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of art therapy group on interpersonal relations and self-identity of children from foreign bride families. Nine elementary students from foreign bride families were treated by the visual art therapy within a small group. The present study is case study through both interviewing teachers to evaluate these participants' interpersonal relations and self-identity and the analysis of art activity. Analysis of the art work in art therapy group indicated that most of participants showed low self-identity

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

and lacking social skills in interacting with others. From the contents of the paintings affected the influence from different culture background. The art therapy group significantly improved the member's self-identity and interpersonal relations.

B-67 Sleep Disorders, Depression, Education, and Socioeconomic Status: A Path Analysis Maryam Gholami, Fariborz Bagheri and Masoud Aref Nazari (Iran) Sleep disorders and depression are common complains among people living in Iran. This investigation was designed to examine the structural relationship between sleep disorders and depression and the effects of SES and educational level on depression. 180 students participated in the study. Regression analysis, educational level was an independent predictor of depression (β = -0.228), (P ≤ 0.001) also the level of depression had a significant effect (β = 0.209) on sleep disorders (P ≤ 0.001). No statistically significant effect of SES was found on sleep disorders and depression (P>0.05). Thus low education causes higher level of depression that could be due to increase in support resources and the sense of control that people feel in higher educational level.

B-279 Discourse of Antiaging and Subjectivity: Aging, Health and Beauty in Japanese Newspapers Yasuhiro Igarashi (Yamano College of Aesthetics, Japan) The term antiaging was begun to be used among Japanese people with the introduction of antiaging medicine from North America in late 1990s. It is said that how to think about antiaging and what to do to pursue antiaging effects have a serious influence on health and well-being. Analyzing discourses in Japanese newspaper articles that report about antiaging, the study examines how subjectivities of Japanese people are constructed in relation to aging, health, beauty and meaning of life. Discourse of science and medicine and discourse that places a high value of maturity and inner beauty go in parallel in the super-aging society. In many cases, the former is promoted by medical scientists and beauty industry. The latter seems to reflect traditional values.

B-211 A Study of Several Psycho-Social Variables in Hypertension Patient Nidhi Mishra and Sarita Mishra (DAV, College Kanpur, India) The Objective of the present study is to find out the relationship between Lifestyle and Hypertension and the effect of gender. A sample of 72 out door patients of Hypertension was drawn from hospital in Kanpur , a city in Northern India. Results showed that lifestyle and Gender are associated with Hypertension.

B-372 Positive Effect of Training about Psychology on Wardens in the Youth Prisoner Yusti Probowati (University of Surabaya, Indonesia) The youth prisoners in Indonesia are often subject to abuse in rehabilitation houses. A factor influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon is lack of knowledge about psychology among the

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wardens. It is expected that training about psychology can decrease abuse way of warden in treat juvenile delinquency. 22 wardens were trained to acquire knowledge about developmental psychology, emotion management and communication technique to face juvenile delinquency. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods. Results of this study showed that after the training of the wardens, there was improvement towards the positive attitude toward these youth prisoners and variation of communication topics between the warden and children were increased.

B-87 Neural Activation Pattern in Self-Deception Meena Sharma1, Shilpi Modi2, Subhash Khushu2 and 2 Manas K. Mandal3 (1Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, India, 2Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, India, 3Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) Deception is a conscious cognitive effort and self-deception is an unconscious effort of cognitive domain. These efforts probably increase the load on working memory and generate a neural activation pattern in self-deception condition. Little attempt was made to identify activation pattern in self-deception. This study followed a boxcar design and investigated the phenomenon of self-deception by increasing the load on working memory. fMRI revealed more activation in bilateral inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), superior parietal lobule (BA 7), middle frontal gyrus (BA 9), medial frontal gyrus (BA 6), thalamus and cerebellum. Activated areas in frontal and parietal cortex suggest an increase in working memory load during self-deception.

A-22 Self-Report Psychopathy among Filipino Male Prisoners: A Five-Factor Model Approach John Hermes C. Untalan (De De La Salle University, Philippines) Philippines This study examined McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor Model (FFM; McCrae and Costa, 2003) of personality as predictors of self-report psychopathy. A sample of 397 male offenders answered the Filipino versions of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa and McCrae, 1994) and Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised (PPI-R; Lilienfeld, 2005). Using multiple regression, analysis reveals unique and similar patterns of FFM traits predicting psychopathy. At the domain level, psychopathy is associated with emotional instability, extraversion, and antagonism (low agreeableness). Low conscientiousness did not showed significant association with overall psychopathy as Lynam and Widiger (2007) hypothesize. Overall, the FFM traits show cross-cultural replicability in describing psychopathy in a non-Western culture.

B-189 After Effects of Playing Violent Video Games: Data of the Aggression Questionnaire and EventRelated Potentials Test Yoshiyuki Tamamiya and Kazuo Hiraki (The University of Tokyo, Japan) The study examines how long the effects of aggressiveness of male

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participants was increased and peak latency of the P2 event-related potential (ERP) component elicited by photographs of emotional facial expressions last. In the present study EEG recordings were done. Though the increased aggressiveness of male participants who played violent video games was moderated, the delayed P2 peak latency did not change. Result suggested that the effect of playing violent video games on neural systems last at least three months after playing. This study is the first one to show the long term effects of violent video games on neural systems.

B-235 Neural Mechanisms Underlying Gambling Addiction Wei Zhang, Hackjin Kim and Taekyun Hur (Korea University, South Korea) The present study was designed to utilize reward expectation and regret elicited by counterfactual thinking. The study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), both gambling addicts and normal controls performed a simple decision task resembling a card gambling, which was designed to elicit and compare between monetary gain/loss expectations and rejoice/regret following revealed alternatives. Findings suggest a stronger stimulusresponse association for addicted gamblers, which is consistent with the well-known role of the dorsal striatum in the formation and maintenance of habit behavior. Additionally it was found that stronger activation in the prefrontal cortex in the normal compared to the addiction group, especially when experienced outcomes were higher than expectation. Study appears to support the idea that poor prefrontal regulation of addiction-related instrumental association formed in the dorsal striatum leads to maladaptive decision making in gambling addiction.

Contemporary Social Issues B-21 Good Governance through IT: Challenges and Barriers Lekh Nath Bhandari (National Vigilance Centre, Nepal) Out of many more challenges to commence e-governance system, the most burning issue is employee's IT skill in terms of both their language ability and training opportunity. The application of IT in Nepal Government is weighed down by both barriers and challenging outcomes. Investigating measures that are needed to set the scope and pace for a change of this magnitude is the purpose of the study within public organizations in Kathmandu. NVC found the challenges that rationality-reality gaps between departments, lack of human resource management, political and legal barriers and governments need to establish a communicative vision to develop as institutions and hook up technology to the next generation of government operations, programs and services which demands the urgent need to provide IT training to employee in their professional field.

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B-164 The Relationship between Community Commitment for Internet Game and Massive Multiplayer Online-Role Playing Game Addiction of Korean Adolescents Yoon Hee Heo, Sang Yup Choo, Ji Eun Oh, Ji Jun Lim, Sung Moon Lim (Chungbuk National University, South Korea) The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of community commitment for internet game (CC) on massive multiplayer online-role playing game addiction (MMORPGA) as one of internet game addiction. The mediating role of CC in the relationship between the major variables (e.g., alienation, aggression, impulsivity, attitude of friends to internet game, sensation seeking) to predict internet addiction and MMORPGA is also explored. 830 students of seventh to eleventh grade in Korea participated in the study. Results revealed that CC had positive influence on MMORPGA and CC had additional influence on MMORPGA over the influence of the major variables having found to predict internet addiction. Furthermore CC partially mediated the influence of aggression/attitude of friends to internet game on MMORPGA.

B-317 Identity and Internet Behaviours: A MetaAnalysis Nithyanandan D. V. (Periyar University, India) This study reports the results of a meta-analysis of qualitative and quantitative research on Internet behaviors published in academic journals between 1990 and 2009. The study explores the identity and online behaviours conducted in Asian samples. The impact of various internet activities as email, blogging, social networking on various psychosocial phenomena which revealed the identity of the users were assessed. The analysis of 58 journal articles showed that self disclosure, cohort trends, life style, advertisements and attitudes, self concept, personality (introversion, extroversion, neuroticism, loneliness, and narcissism), internet dating and identity, interaction between genders, loyalty in online gaming, trust formation, aging, relationship configuration, language use, nick name, tele presence, religion, intention to use internet. The analysis revealed that the samples mostly consisted adolescents and young adults and provided a comprehensive framework for understanding the internet generation's identity as shaped by internet.

B-509 Call Centers and Social Perception Shelly Tara (IIT Delhi, India) Globalization has resulted in the emergence of new sectors of employment, along with the rise of global outsourcing industry and employment opportunities to thousands of young women in urban locations in India. The luring work opportunities are intersecting with the spatial and temporal construction of gender in Indian society. By focusing on the women employees of call centers in India, the poster aims to depict women’s’ negotiation with the social identity created around them. The unconventional workplace

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temporality and culture of call centers entails with it the formation of stereotypes regarding women employees of call center. These stereotypes render these women to be perceived as “too modern” vis-à-vis the Indian patriarchal standard that consequently imposes a social perception around them.

Multi Culturalism: Implication of Team Diversity on Team Effectiveness among Software Project Teams S. Srividya and A. Velayudhan (India) The objective of the study was to analyze (a) whether Team Diversity influences Teams Effectiveness, (b) whether there exist differences between the members of a Software Project towards Team Effectiveness and (c) to examine the factors of a diversified team that influence Team Effectiveness. Two hundred software professionals consisting of five groups were surveyed using Team Effectiveness Questionnaire (Gopalakrishnan and Velayudhan, 2001) and the Team Diversity questionnaire (Meyers, 1996). The results of the Stepwise Multiple Regression and ANOVA showed that Team Diversity have no bearing on software professionals on matters relating to Team Effectiveness. Three sub dimensions of the questionnaire were found to influence Team Effectiveness namely, Sorting Disagreement within the Teams, Participation and Involvement, and Informality among Team Members.

Social Psychology across Cultures B-250 Cultural Diversity: An Overview Mozhgan Azimi (University of Malaya, Malaysia) An experiential event lead to the present study between Iranian culture and Malaysian culture. As a foreign student, I witnessed some of these differences, but the one, which surprised me more than the others, was the learners' behaviours in class, when lecturer came into the class. In Iran, all the students stand up when the lecturer comes into the class, but, in Malaysia, nobody stands up. The present study reflects some different cultural patterns. Since, there are many Iranian students in Malaysia, understanding these differences seem essential. The sample for this research was selected on availability. The data was gathered through semistructured interviews. It was grouped in a few categories and was compared with Iranian categories. The finding was shown as a report. The results indicated that there is not a big difference between two cultures.

B-207 Conflict between Nationalism and a Migrant Cosmopolitanism in the Shadow Lines by Amitav Ghosh Bhatt Mahesh Bhartakumar (Gujarat Arts and Science College, Ahmedabad, India) The paper explores the elements of post colonialism such as displacement, multiculturalism and Diaspora in the Sahitya Academy Award winner novel ‘The Shadow Lines’ (1988) by Amitav Ghosh. Based on the Hindu-Muslim riots in Dhaka in 1964

and emergence of Bangladesh in 1971, the novel contains the story of two families-Dutta in Calcutta and the Price in London. Through the narrator Tridib, the novel expresses fragility of the idea of nation, the fluidity of identity and absurdities of the partition. It interrogates political consciousness baptized in the crucible of national divides.The novel focuses on the tragic death of Tridib. Ghosh narrates cultural interactions through Tridib, May, Ila, Nick and Tha’mma. This meta-narrative explores the notions of identity, belongingness, multiculturalism and nationalism.

B-11 Couple Similarity of Newlywed Couples in China Hull Chan (Nankai University, China) Evidence of couple similarity was examined in two nationally representative samples (N = 536 and 537 couples) from mainland China. Variable-centered and couple-centered tests provided convergent results suggesting that husbands and wives were considerably similar on characteristics of 3 broad categories: demographic variables, values, and personality. Additional tests suggest that value and personality similarities were not likely to be due to social homogamy, convergence, response biases, or culture-unique characteristics. Whereas the couple similarity on demographics and values largely mirrors what has been observed in Western research, Chinese couples' consistent and strong similarity on personality domains presents a striking contrast to Western couples who share little systematic similarity on personality.

A-2 Perfectionism and Procrastination: Cross Cultural Perspective Harprit Kaur and Jojanjit Kaur (Punjabi University, India) Perfectionism in its normal range, may take the person towards the high levels of success but in its pathological forms it can be very dangerous as it forms a vicious circle around perfectionist and takes him or her to the world of work-holism, depression, fear of failure, low productivity, and procrastination (delaying in work) etc, where any thing less than 100% is considered as a sin. The present study discusses the relationship between perfectionism and procrastination among people of two different cultures i.e. Indians and non resident Indians using perfectionism scale by Frost et. al (1990) and Procrastination scale by Lay (1988). 20 people (10 males and 10 females) within the age range of 20-45 were considered. It was hypothesized that people living in India would be different on their perfectionistic tendencies and procrastination levels as compare to those who are residing in USA.

B-496 Multiculturalism as a Global/Local Cultural Nexus: A Creative Praxis Deepa S. P. Mathur (University of Rajasthan, India) In the face of contemporary cultural aporia “the unpassable path,” I believe that multiculturalism has offered us just such an ethico – political promise of a new paradigm of cultural formation. An otherness –oriented decision “as such” must be made “now” and here. Yet multiculturalism is not an “ism” which goes without

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counter forces. Hence, after the theoretical exploration of the contemporary cultural aporia, my paper attempts to cope with two common misunderstandings of multiculturalism- namely, new racism and separatism, cutting the heart of culture asunder without shared borders. My core attention here is, rather than a utopian cultural integration or racist assimilation, it is a less oppressive, dynamic and dialogical signifying structure of “global” culture that multiculturalism as an effective global/local cultural nexus, sets out to affirmatively produce in the postmodern condition.

B-154 A Comparison of Acculturation among Female Marriage-Based Immigrants from East Asia Living in Korea Soonhyeon Nam1 and Gyuseong Q. Han2 (1Hoanm University, Republic of Korea, 2Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea) With continued trend of globalization, the number of immigrants in Korea is increasing gradually and the countries of origin of such immigrants are becoming increasingly diverse. The purpose of this study is examined the acculturation strategies and psychological adaptation process of female marriage-based immigrants from East Asia residing in Gwangju and Jeonnam regions of Korea. 10 participants from Japanese, Chinese, Korean Chinese, Filipino and Vietnamese were considered and focus group interviews were done. Results indicated that female marriage-based immigrants from East Asia 5 immigration countries show difference in culture shocks, cultural recognitions and cultural differences, and family relations, there is no significant difference in difficulties of living.

B-153 Korea together Day Festival with the Birth Myths in East Asia: Consideration for Establishment of Identification as a World Citizen in Korea Multicultural Society Soonhyeon Nam (Honam University, Republic of Korea) The purpose of the study is to grope plans to utilize the birth myths of each country in East Asia as a festival to raise identification as a world citizen in Korea multicultural society while each ethnic keeps their original identification of culture and integrates other culture. Myths of various ethnics as Korean Dangun Mythology, Chinese Bangu Myth, Japanese Izanagiand Izanami Myth, Vietnamese myth of Lac Long Qun who is a son of Sea God and Au Co princess and Philippine Bamboo myth are assimilated each other in the process of establishment of their countries and their historical development. Korean Dangun Myth is formed in the cultivation society, and the birth myth of Japan and Vietnam in the type and features of land. That is, each country's birth myth keeps each originality and individuality to some degree by political and ideological differences even in the process of being integrated.

B-155 Comparative Cultural Indigenous Approach on Cultural Emotion of Weness among 5 East Asia Nations Soonhyeon Nam1 and Gyuseong Q. Han2 (1Honam University, Republic of Korea, 2Chonnam National University, Republic of Korea)

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This study investigated a cross cultural indigenous analysis on Korean, Japanese, Chinese (Chinese and Korean Chinese), Vietnamese and Filipinos' weness and cheong that represent relational culture. The purpose of this study is to examine cultural aspects of weness and cheong of 5 nations. 54 female marriagebased immigrants living in Korea with some 10 subjects from each of 5 nations were considered who participated in a focus group interviews. Result indicated that weness differed between nations in the degree and cheong in the depth and width. Meaning of Filipinos' weness is Kapwa (human being), Japanese's weness is a self as a part of in-group, Korean a term for “we” and Chinese weness was “I” in English. Korean people's cheong was full of and Chinese's cheong was deep. Thus, the results of this study suggest that weness and cheong are culture-general characteristics shown by relational cultures with differed characteristics.

A-30 Cross-Cultural Comparison of the Developmental Process of Conflict Management Skills in Early Childhood: Variations of Strategies with Situation. Yoshihiro Shima (Japan) Cross-cultural differences in conflict management strategies amongst adults have been well documented, while those of children remain to be thoroughly addressed. The present study compared three seemingly similar Asian cultures: Japan, South Korea, and China. A questionnaire survey was administered to parents of children aged 3 through 9, asking about their children's conflict management behaviors in two situations i.e. difference in preference for play and fighting over a toy/book. The prevalent strategies for were "compromise" and "integrating" for Japan and South Korea, while Chinese children were prone to use "integrating" and "obliging." For second situation Koreans and Chinese showed no differences. Results indicate that Japanese children vary their strategy with situation, that cultures vary in the strategies they use, except for "integrating" which was commonly preferred throughout, and that cultural differences are already apparent at age three.

B-398 Towards Developing some Educational and Social Psychological Strategies to Address Multicultarilism Identity Crisis and Alienation Meenakshi Dutt Singhal1 and Poornima Agarwal2, (1Jagaran College of Arts Science and Commerce Kanpur, India, 2A. N. D. College Kanpur, India) Multiculturalism refers to "acceptance of various cultural divisions for the sake of diversity that applies to the demographic makeup of a specific place, usually at the scale of an organisation, for example school, business, neighbourhood, city or nation". There appears to be a substantial difference between western and eastern multiculturalism. However as one moves from culture to culture there may be dramatic changes in language, institutions, religion which may lead to identity crisis, estrangement, alienation (either from self or society) and other negative effects.In the Indian parlance we have been creating margins- Aryans Vs Dravidians or Brahiminical supremacy. Today we are creating special corridors

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via reservations thus marginalizing the majority. The present work proposes certain integrate the marginalized into the mainstream culture and life with the help of Multiple Intelligence, flow and zone of proximal development.

B-367 Not Happy to Decide by Myself ?: Cultural Differences and Similarities in College Student's Decision-Making with Parents Fumiko Suzuki1 and Esther S Chang2 (1University of Tokyo, Japan, 2Soka University of America, USA) Researches in cross-cultural field insists the unneccesity for autonomy for Asians based on different path for east-west to feel happiness (e.g., Lu, 2006; Markus and Kitayama, 1994; Suh, 2000), or on identical parenting style (Chao, 1994). The current study focuses on college students who are in the age of need for decision making to their future life. During the college year being in the transition to adulthood, issues of autonomy and rearrangement of parents' contribution to older youths' longterm planning are at the forefront (Arnett, 2000). Using a SelfDetermination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 1985, 2000), insisting the universality of autonomy for happiness, as a theoretical framework. This correlational study reexamines the east-west similarities and differences in parents' role and the relation to students' autonomy and happiness level in three samples (Japanese, Asian Americans, and White Americans).

B-477 Individualism-Collectivism change: US-Japan Comparison Takeshi Hamamura (Hong Kong) Individualism-Collectivism (IND-COL) is one of the most researched dimensions of culture in psychology. Despite the field’s heavy reliance on this dimension, however, little is known with regards to the origin of its cultural difference. This question was examined from two theoretical perspectives. One perspective is based on so-called “modernization theory” which pertains that economic development profoundly transforms socio-structural environment, which in turn transforms psychological processes. Another perspective is informed by “heritage theory” which pertains that long-lasting heritages of a society preserve distinct patterns of socio-cultural practices as well as psychological processes within the society. To infer changes in IND-COL over time, data was obtained from two sources: sociostructural variables (e.g., family structure, divorce rate, residential mobility) and survey data (e.g., General Social Survey, World Values Survey). Data for these indices were obtained from the US and Japan for the time period of 1950–2006. The meta-analysis of these indices suggested the following patterns. First of all, society level indices indicated the decline of collectivism in both countries over time, during the time period characterized by steady economic development. In contrast, indices obtained from surveys revealed a more complex pattern. Implications of the findings in the context of two perspectives are discussed.

Cultural and Indigenous Issues in Social Psychology B-431 Multiculturalism in Contemporary India and its Connection with Personal Identity Alka Singh Bhatt (Amity University Lucknow, India) The present study attempts to show that the idea of a multicultural society need not and should not be linked with the question of who we are, at least not in the way it is usually done. It is suggested that openness of a genuinely multicultural society precludes the establishment of such things as ethnic, racial, or cultural "identities." Cultural and racial pluralism have increasingly become a "riveting reality" of contemporary Indian society. The other central question addressed in this paper is how a vast multi-ethnic country in terms of religion, language, community, caste and tribe - has survived as a state in conditions of underdevelopment, mass poverty, illiteracy and extreme regional disparities. India's record of relative political unity and stability seems remarkable indeed. Examples from Asian societies, notably Malaysia, and Pakistan has been dealt.

B-446 Understanding of History among the Santals Shalini Dixit and Ajit K. Mohanty (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) The study explored notions of history and past among the schooled and unschooled Santal (a tribe) adults in the East Singhbhum District of Jharkhand, India. Twenty nine adult respondents- 17 males and 12 females, were interviewed to find out their notions of history, the sources of their knowledge about past, their trust on those sources and their methods of arriving at dates in past. The findings showed that understanding of history was quite different among the unschooled adults compared to those who had studies history for over 5 years and those who had received a college level education. It was found that the unschooled adults knew their rituals, traditions and folk tales. However the respondents who had gone to a college took more positive approach towards 'their own history'.

A-6 Sex Taboos and Changing Worldview of Rural Communities Thomas Janetius, Mini T. C. and Ravishankar (India) The objective of the study was 2 fold. First it identifies the emerging worldview reading sex taboos among rural population and how they differ from the traditional social concept. Secondly it identifies the contributing factors for the emerging world view and the risks faced by rural communities to change. The exploratory study was conducted among rural population in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, two Southern states of India using qualitative techniques. A mixture of ethnographical as well as phenomenological methods, specifically in-depth interview and focus group discussions were used to collect data. A theoretical editing analysis protocol was

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used to develop conceptual themes from data. The implications of the study have significance for changing identity of Indian rural communities regarding sex, taboos.

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their sincerity and sacrifice for their mother. Compassion was the most important reason for respecting grandfather and sacrifice for grandmother. For respect of principals, respondents reported successful management of school and educating students well for teachers. For religious leaders, it was being faithful to their teachings and for politicians is when they sacrifice for their country.

B-280 What do Koreans Expect from others in Interaction?: Conceptualization of Mind Reading Expectation Ildo Kim, Esther Seo and Taekyun Hur (Korea University, Republic of Korea)

A-61 Culture and Innovation: Scenario in India Nupur Sinha (India)

Many previous studies have found the differences of indirectness on communication between collectivistic and individualistic cultures. Specifically, Holtgraves(1997) reported that Korean used more indirectness than American did. The present study focused on Koreans' expectation that their close friend would understand what they really have in mind. 132 participants were asked to write two most common examples of Mind Reading that they would expect. 179 examples were collected and content analyses revealed 11 types of Mind Reading Expectation (ex. Expectation for knowing my negative emotion, even what I did not express, what I expressed indirectly, etc). This research suggests that Mind Reading Expectation might be an important psychological concept in and play a major role to determine communication styles in interpersonal relationship.

The organizations are trying to localize their management practices, and make them more culturally compatible. Culture influences many activities, and broadly, countries differ on various dimensions of culture like United States is high on individualism as opposed to high collectivistic characteristic of Japan. Likewise, it also influences the innovative tendencies of a nation. On the Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, Asian countries are found to have almost similar profile, as indicated in terms of high collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and high on long-term orientation. But, the countries differ in terms of their internal complexities, as is present in India. This article tries to examine the innovative tendencies in the differential complexity of Indian society, and compares it with the effect of culture on innovation as present in the other Asian societies.

B-479 Batik Tanjung Bumi Madura: As Madurese’s Social and Cultural Representation Ekna Satriyati, Citra Nurhayati and Arsasy (Harwida, Trunojoyo University, Indonesia)

Life Span Development in Social Context

“BATIK” is more than just a draw or a motive upon a blank of sheet, but it could be a representation of social life, culture, psychological and sociological impact of the people. Resolving the lack of understanding and belief of the Madurese present generation in term of BATIK the present research aims to enhance people regarding to the early social and cultural representation of Madurese as BATIK Madura. Deep interview technique was used. The respondents of this research are Bangkalan Region’s people from various social stage and professions. The essential aspect was that the preservation of Batik Tanjung Bumi were able to shelter the Madura’s culture heritage as well as developing its community; socio-cultural, characteristics and economic issues in order to have a better condition in many aspects.

B-434 Indigenous Psychological Analysis of Respect: Analysis of Reasons for Respecting Parents, Grandparents, Principals, Teachers, Religious Leaders and Politicians Young Eun Seo, Uichol Kim and Young-shin Shin (Inha University, Republic of Korea) This study examines the concept of respect using indigenous psychological analysis. Specifically, respondents were asked the reasons why their respected the following target persons: parents, grandparents, principals, teachers, religious leaders and politicians. Respondents completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2007). The results are as follows. First, the most important reason for respondents respecting their father is

B-523 Social interest: A nucleus of positive social psychology Dharmendra N. Tiwari and Girishwar Misra (University of Delhi, India) The mainstream social psychology holds the individual as the ultimate reality and reduces all the social processes to it. The advances in technologies of communication and transportation enhance an illusion of self-efficacy. Concomitant to this are the threats to human life due to conflict, war, illness, deforestation, and climate change. Contrary to it Alfred Adler proposed that the communal life of man antedates the individual life of man. His concept of social interest (SI) focuses on the interest in, or feeling with, the community with the striving for a community that must be thought of as everlasting. This paper analyzes the implications of SI for developing a positive social psychology. The individual must be seen in social context since ‘we are the consequence of association, cooperation and interdependence by birth’.

B-475 Irony

Indian Children’s Understanding of Verbal

Upasna Behl and Nandita Chaudhary (University of Delhi, India) Verbal irony refers to the discrepancy between what is said and what is meant. A consequent distinction is made between ironic compliments and ironic criticisms. Studies have shown that

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comprehension of verbal irony emerges around 6 years of age. The present study focuses on the performance of thirty children (4-9 years old) on selected culturally relevant tasks prepared to detect the understanding of verbal irony. Fifteen parents also participated in the study to provide information on adult opinion about children’s understanding. Results showed that comprehension of verbal irony emerges around 5 years, and understanding of its functions appeared between 6-7 years and by 9 years it was fully established. No significant difference emerged in the understanding of ironic criticisms and compliments, which contradicts some existing research. Regarding functions of irony, there was pervasive evidence of teasing, muting and jealousy, a substantial evidence of humor and some evidence of effective communication and disobedience. Adults generally overestimated children’s understanding of meaning and functions of ironic remarks, whereas a lag was found in assessing children’s abilities regarding social appropriateness of ironic remarks. This presentation will attempt to contribute to the field by proposing linkages between social practices and understanding of irony in children.

B-436 Conception of Filial Piety among University Students and Their Parents: Indigenous Psychological Analysis Ja Young Ahn, Young-Shin Park, Uichol Kim and Gyeongran Chai (Inha University, Korea) The study examines indigenous conception of filial piety. A total 205 university students and 410 parents completed a questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2008). As for filial behavior, students reported obedience and their parents reported communicating with parents frequently. As for filial expression, students reported using affectionate expressions, while parents reported expressions that show interest in parents' health. Both students and parents reported that hurting their parents' feeling is a prototype of being unfilial and such an act cause a feeling a sense of indebtedness to their parents. Although students and parents may hold different views about filial behavior and expression, they agree about the importance of filial piety in parent-child relationship and the consequences of not being filial.

B-517 Impact of Socio-Economic Developments on Social Cognition among semi-Urban Children Archana Bhat1 and K. Kiran Kumar2 (Government First Grade College Tirthahalli1, University of Mysore2, India) In the present study an attempt is made to assess the impact of changes in the social environment and exposure to mass media over a period of time, on the social cognition of children of a semi urban population. In 2002, a sample (N = 84) consisting of school children of Thirthalli town were tested. The scores revealed that the semi urban and rural children scored considerably less when compared with their urban counterparts. Since 2002, there has been a significant change in the town in many ways. In order to examine the impact of these changes on the social cognition of children the same test is administered in 2009 to a fresh sample of 42 children from the same schools. The results obtained will be discussed with reference to aspects of social cognition.

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B-499 Shyness and Academic Achievement: A Special Reference on Personality Factors Himani Bhattacharya (Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India) Shyness is a behavioral pattern in which the individual does not express thoughts and feelings. The tendency to avoid social situation or anxiety in social contracts or lack of confidence in social participation is termed as shyness. So keeping this view, in this study, an attempt has been taken to understand the effect of shyness on academic achievement and followed by a personality analysis of extremely shy individuals. This study was conducted on 120 adolescents’ students (60 female and 60 male) from Baranagar Secondary School of North24pgs. Result of this study reveals that shyness has negative impact on academic achievement and it is related with certain personality traits. This study also indicates that shyness level is significantly higher in female students than male students.

B-438 Parental Support, Child-Rearing and Values of Children among Parents of Young Children Woo Giy Chang, Young-shin Park and Uichol Kim (Inha University, Korea) The purpose of this study is to examine parental support, childrearing and values of children among parents of young children, with specific focus on self-efficacy and life-satisfaction. A total of 43 mothers (18 mothers of boy, 25 mothers of girls) completed a questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2008). The results are as follows. Those respondents with higher self-efficacy are more likely to provide social support to their children, sacrifice for their children, and are more broad-minded about their children. Those respondents with positive values of children are less likely to have negative values of children. Those respondents who provide more social support to their children, have positive values of children, and have less negative values of children had higher lifesatisfaction. Finally, those respondents with higher self-efficacy had higher life-satisfaction.

B-144 Child Maltreatment and Poor Relational Representation: A Study of Runaway Children. Ruby Charak1 and Uday Kumar Sinha2 (1University of Jammu, India, 2Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, India) Maltreatment has a pervasive impact on the development of a child. It is cataclysmic and usually ruins the process of securing a safe base. Episodes of child abuse and neglect, can interfere with the child's ability to seek comfort and regulate their own physiological and emotional processes. The present study aims to observe any indicators of poor relational skills in a sample of 10 (5 girls, 5 boys) runaway maltreated children currently residing in a shelter home. Results obtained from Child Behaviour Checklist, Draw A Person Test, and Children Apperception Test indicates emotional and behavioural problems, high dependency needs, hypervigilance, aggression, confusion over identity, succourance and nurturance needs, and intra psychic conflicts. These collectively disrupt the relational and social skills in a child.

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A-64 Characteristics of Parent-Child Boundary of Chinese Late-Teens Yi Jau Chen (Taiwan) This study investigated the parent-child boundary of Chinese late adolescents. 245 college students were asked to indicate: to what extent they recognized parents have legitimate authority to control them on daily life items, and when there were conflicts on these events, to what extent they would yield to parents' decisionmaking. The study revealed that: (1) participants categorised daily matters mainly into personal, prudential and domestic domains on both rating; (2) students viewed all three domains in which they themselves and their parents can co-determine. The result reflected the fusion relationship between Chinese parents and children; (3) domestic domain was treated as more legitimately subject to parental jurisdiction than prudential one, while prudential one than personal one. This result was consistent with the trend of the development of individual autonomy.

B-74 Psychosocial Aspect of Elderly Women: Problems and Coping Archana Dutta (Globsyn Business School Ahmedabad, India) Aging means increasing in number of years; it has got not only biological dimension, but, it is also a process of physical, psychological and social change. Studies advocate the role of family support and care for the better psychological state of elderly women. But this era of industrialization is giving rise to migration, resulting in disintegration of family structure, leading to emotional, physical and social insecurity of elderly women. The main focus of this qualitative study is to look into the physical, psychological and social problem factors in old age women. The author has also discussed about various ways of coping with these problem factors that can help women to accept life as it is, while maintaining their self-identity and by being more adaptive to the environment.

B-61 Behavioural Problems and Developmental Status of Indian School Children Jasleen1, Prahbhjot Malhi2 and Manjit Sidhu1 (1Punjab University, India, 2PGIMER Chandigarh, India) The objective of the study is to prevalence of significant behavioural problems in school going children and its socio-economic and developmental correlates. A sample of 418 children (2 to 8 years) were administered the Childhood Psychopathology Measurement Schedule or the Preschool Behaviour Checklist. A prevalence rate of 9.6% was found for emotional and behavioural difficulties in school going children. In comparison to the control group, children with behavioural problems also had significantly lower overall developmental functioning, lower personal social and adaptive behaviour functioning. Logistic regression analysis revealed that none of the socio-economic and demographic variables were related to failing a behavioural screen. A significant number of children manifest emotional and behavioural problems and need comprehensive developmental and behavioural assessment for

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effective management.

B-143 Community at High Risk: Psychosocial Determinants of Alcohol and Substance used among Adolescent Boys in Bhopal in Central India Jyotsna Joshi1 and Shravanti Joshi2 (1SNGGPG College Bhopal, India, 2Delhi College of Engineering, India) This study aims to focus attention to an exceptional increase in the alcohol and other substance consumption among the adolescent boys in Bhopal. 500 boys, randomly selected from various schools. The data indicates that the percentage of teenage users is 78% and is associated with status symbol, due to high peer influences, great expectations, and unhealthy competition. Poor social support, family conflict, parental alcoholism, low and high economic status appears to create greater risk for alcoholic adolescents. Gender identity and alcohol marketing that targets students tend to increase the use. The result shows that users have poor mental and physical health, low confidence and scholastic achievements, reduced school involvement and social integration.

B-139 The Influence of Birth-Order on Resilience, Emotional Intelligence and Parental Views of Young Adults V. Neelima Kalyani, Nimmi Varghese K and Velayudham A. (Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India) The goal of the present study was to check whether the children's attitude towards their parents has an influence on their resilience level and their emotional intelligence with regards to their different birth-orders. The sample consisted of 103 young adults (20-24 years) living in cities like Delhi, Bangalore. Findings show that resilience and inter-personal relations are being influenced due to birth-order. Results also show that, views about parents are highly correlated with resilience and emotional intelligence of their children, especially their warmth, involvement and autonomy support. Regression shows that the children's views about their parents directly influence their resilience levels. Since birth-order is not in the control of the parents, it is the responsibility of the parents to adopt correct attitude towards the psychological growth of their children.

A-58 Effect of Family Relationship, Academic Climate and SES on Academic Achievement and Personality of High School Students Vikas S. Kamble1, B. B. Kadam2, R. K. Adsul and Pradip R. Pawar3 (1Kasturbai Walchand College Sangli, India, 2Higher Education Department Kohlapur, India, 3 D.D. Shinde Sarkar College Kolhapur, India) The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of family relationship, academic climate and SES on academic achievement and personality of students. Adolescent period is very crucial for the development of personality and prepare for great kind of achievement. Family and school environment are strongly affect

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to it. Hence it was hypothesized that family relationship, academic climate and SES will be significantly affected to academic achievement and personality of high school students. 180 students of Sangli and Kolhapur district were selected by random sampling method. The findings of the study revealed that these three variables were strongly and significantly affected to academic achievement and personality of high school students. Most important finding of this study is that, middle class family emerged as a most significant group post-hoc comparison.

B-267 Emotional Expression among Different Developmental Stages of Javanese in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Aditya Putra Kurniawan and Nida Ul Hasanat (Gadjah Mada University of Indonesia, Indonesia) The objective of this study is to discover whether differences of emotional expression are present among the three developmental stages. Therefore the author hypothesizes that there are differences of emotional expression among the different developmental stages of Javanese. This study uses a quantitative approach, adapting the Display Role Assessment Inventory (DRAI). The result of this research revealed that there is no difference of emotional expression among the different developmental stages of Javanese in Yogyakarta.The DRAI asked for how people consciously handle their emotions. The test situation arouses consciousness, and thus reminds the subjects of the ethics of emotional expression in Javanese culture. Both the adolescents as well as the adults know about the display rules for emotions in Java and it is this knowledge that the DRAI is measuring.

B-437 Conception of Filial Piety Among Parents of Middle School Students: Indigenous Psychological Analysis Yim-soon Lee, Uichol Kim, and Young-shin Park (Inha University, South Korea) The purpose of this study is to examine indigenous conception of filial piety among 520 parents who completed a questionnaire (Park and Kim, 2008). As for filial behavior, it is when they are helpful, take care of parents and are obedient. As for filial expression, it is when they are affectionate, well-mannered and supportive. As for most effective way, it is when they show concern, obedience, sincerity, studious and affectionate. As for unfilial action, it is when they are disobedient, delinquent, hurt parents’ feelings, ignoring parents, failing to meet the expectation, and doing poorly academically. When their children are unfilial, parents reported feeling sad. Respondents reported filial piety as the most important human duty children need to fulfill.

B-484 Stress-Related Growth After Dissolutions of Romantic Relationship in Japanese Adolescents Makoto Nakayama (Nagoya University, Japan) The purpose of this study was to examine stress-related growth following the dissolution of a romantic relationship

by concentrating on adult attachment styles and the position of dissolution. Moreover, the author investigated the process of growth that is followed and the effect on future romantic relationships. Some 184 participants were requested to recount the most impressive experience of dissolution that they had had and the growth that resulted from it. The results showed that a break-up yielded higher growth than an end to unrequited love. The participants who had experienced a break-up without a clear initiator had difficulty growing. Additionally, lower attachmentrelated avoidance was related to higher growth, but there was no significant association between attachment-related anxiety and growth.

B-226 Relationship of Parenting Styles with Family Interconnectedness among South Asian Students in India and USA Prarthana Pant (Syracuse University, USA) The present study examines the relationship of parenting styles with children's family interconnectedness and beliefs regarding value of children. 141 Indian and 20 Asian Indian college students and filled Buri's Parental Authority Questionnaire (1991), Gavazzi et. al's Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scale (1999) and a Value of Children (VOC) measure (Pant and Saraswathi, 2001). Preliminary analyses indicate that sons perceived fathers as permissive. Maternal authoritative parenting was associated with higher family connectedness. The overall value of children was positively associated with authoritarian parenting styles of both parents. It appears that the belief systems that individuals develop from their interactions with family and society, which defines (any possibly re-defines) their values around childbearing and child rearing.

A-3 Body Dissatisfaction in Relation to Parental Bonding, Psychological Problems and Aggression among Adolescent Girls Sunil Saini1 and Neelam Goyal2 (1Panjabi University, India, 2GJUST and T Hisar India) The study examined the relation of parental bonding, social anxiety, loneliness, depression, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility. The sample was comprised of 150 girls in the age range of 16-20 studying at undergraduate level. The authors hypothesized parental bonding as the protective factors and psychological problems viz., social anxiety, loneliness, depression, self-esteem as the risk factors in body dissatisfaction and aggression as the consequence. The results indicated that body dissatisfaction was negatively correlated with parental bonding and positively correlated with verbal aggression, anger and hostility. Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated with loneliness, depression, and self-esteem. The findings have important implications in understanding and prevention of body dissatisfaction among young girls and its related problems like physical and verbal aggression.

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A-11 Understanding Abusive Relationships in Childhood and Violent behavior among Convicted Felons J. Enrique G. Saplala (Miriam College, Philippines) Six male convicted offenders from the maximum security compound of the New Bilibid Prisons were interviewed and administered the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) to test for the presence or absence of child abuse. Results showed that the male offenders were rated to have experienced one or several forms of abuse: neglect (walang nag-aalaga), sexual (ni-rape), physical (binubugbog) and/or emotional (ininsulto). Experiences of abuse as well as how this might have contributed to their violent behavior were confirmed during the in-depth interviews with both the offenders and their relatives. All six offenders rationalized that they were never given choices in life and in difficult circumstances beyond their control.

B-214 Parental Attachment in Relation to Identity Status among Adolescents Daisy Sharma and Suninder Tung (Guru Nanak Dev University, India) This study examines the relationship between the two developmental constructs of identity and attachment. Using the Identity Status Paradigm given by Marcia (1966), hypothesis was tested regarding the relationship of parental attachment and the presence/absence of the process of exploration of identity alternatives and commitment to specific aspects of identity. A sample of 100 school students (14–16 years) and 100 college students (17–19 years) were taken. Along with, gender differences were found using t-ratios regarding attachment of adolescents to mother and father separately and regarding differences in identity statuses. The hypothesis that positive connectedness with parents would distinguish between identity statuses was largely supported. The high score on parental attachment characterized identity reflective of both exploration and commitment. Lesser gender differences were observed for attachment with mother and father among males and females.

A-31 Marked Mother - A Measure of Recognition of “Others” by Children Shashi Shukla,1 Deepa Gupta1 and Nandita Chaudhary2 (1Education Quality Foundation of India, India, 2 University of Delhi, India) Understanding of recognizing self and others' is one of the most crucial milestones. Researches have communicated that children start recognizing themselves in the second year. Since mother is the primary caregiver in our settings, so a study was conducted with the mother and child. In Marked Mother, a small mark is put on mother's face and then she is expected to interact with the child. Child's reactions towards the mark are observed. This whole episode is video recorded and latter is subjected to analysis. It is done twice over a span of six weeks. A total of 110 children, of ages 17 to 20 months and their mother's were the participants in

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the study. The sample belonged from both rural and urban settings in India. The data is under the analysis phase.

B-516 Experience of Shyness in Young Adults Mrigaya Sinha (NIMHANS Bangalore, India) Shyness in the West is viewed as an intrapersonal problem, arising because of excessive self-consciousness, low self-esteem and anticipation of rejection with a host of negative consequences associated with it. However, there are cultural differences in the construal of shyness and its acceptance. The aim of the present study is to explore the conceptual nature of shyness in young adults in the Indian context and to understand the adaptation strategies used to counter shyness. A qualitative understanding of “shyness” was developed from data generated through focus group discussions. (N = 60). Shyness seemed to be commonly experienced in contingent, interpersonal situations. Parenting was reported to play an important role in the internalization of the shy self image. The association of shyness with self consciousness, shame and the strategies used to counter shyness will be presented in detail.

A-34 The Interpersonal Needs of Young Adult Members from Intact Families and Divorced Families: A Comparative Study Tracy K. Syiem (India) The upbringing of children by single parent is fraught with a number of difficulties and does not always match the resources two parents could provide, be it emotional nurturance, cognitive and personality development, or providing value education. The present investigation aimed to study the interpersonal deficits of young adult members from intact families and divorced families. Further the study also attempted to find out the development of personality using the ego structure model of Transactional Analysis. Participants were 60 young adults, 30 from intact families and 30 from divorced families. The result show significant differences between the intact and divorced groups on their Interpersonal needs status. Both groups were found to have the Parent ego state to be predominant, however, a significant difference was found in the mean scores of the Adult ego state.

B-212 Academic Achievement in Moderating Loneliness and Para-Social Interaction among Adolescents toward Their Television Idol Sri Weni Utami (State University of Malang, Indonesia) This research aimed to verify empirically the role of Academic Achievement in moderating between Loneliness and Para-social Interaction among adolescents who idolize television figures. Data were collected by Loneliness Scale, Para-social Interaction Scale, and Academic Achievement Documentation. By purposive cluster sampling, we determine five public senior high schools in class 11, and represent both exact science and social science programs, with 302 students participating. Thus, in line with theories derived, there is no significant correlation between Loneliness and Parasocial Interaction among adolescent students who are relatively low academic achievers. It can conclude that there is no significant

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difference in academic achievement among loner and non-loner adolescents, and so is among adolescents with high and low Parasocial Interaction.

B-380 Internalizing and Externalizing Problems among Tribal and Non-Tribal Adolescents D. V. Venu Gopal and Ashok A. (Andhra University India) This study investigates the influence of gender, medium of instruction, place of stay, number of siblings and birth order on the internalizing and externalizing problems experienced by the Tribal and Non-tribal adolescents. Self-report data of Internalizing and Externalizing problems were used from 452 adolescents. Results indicated that Tribal adolescents were experiencing significantly more internalizing and externalizing problems than the Non-tribal adolescents. Influence of personal variables on the problems was not the same for Tribal and Non-tribal adolescents. While none of the six personal variables predicted internalizing problems for the Non-tribal group place of stay and no. of siblings significantly predicted internalizing scores for the Tribal group. Externalizing problems in the Non-tribal group were significantly predicted by medium, no. of siblings and gender while place of stay and medium significantly predicted externalizing scores in the Tribal group.

Learning and Education in School Setting B-177 Effect of Education and Gender on Shyness and Sociability among Students Archana1, Rajbir Singh2 and K. Ramachandran1 (1Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India, 2MD University, Rohtak, India) The present study was carried out to examine the effect of level of education (school and college) and gender (male and female) on shyness and sociability among Indian students. 387 students were taken from both school and college. Their education level varied from class IX to graduation, with an age range of 13-20 yrs (Mean Age 16.81 yrs). Analysis of Variance was carried out to find out the effect of education, gender and their interactive effect on shyness and sociability among students. Results revealed that Indian females were observed to be more shy as compared to their counter parts. However significant interactive effect was observed for shyness and sociability when education and gender were taken altogether.

B-490 Locus of Control, Self-Efficacy and Job Satisfaction among School Teachers Rituparna Basak andAnjali Ghosh (Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India) The aim of the present study was to find out the relationship of job satisfaction with locus of control and self-efficacy. The study was conducted on 50 higher-secondary school teachers of Kolkata, West Bengal. Rotter’s locus of control scale, Ralf

Schwazer’s teacher self-efficacy scale and Paula Lester’s teacher job satisfaction questionnaire were used in the study. Results found that job satisfaction is significantly correlated with self-efficacy but not with locus of control. Relationship between job satisfaction and certain demographic variables like age and gender have been further discussed in the context of prior research findings. This study highlighted the inner beliefs of teachers which are reflected on their job satisfaction.

B-501 Narcissim and Academic Acheivement Among Girl Students in Mysore City Nahid Zeini Hassanvand and C. G. Venkatesha Murthy (Regional Institute of Education, Mysore, India) The present study has attempted to investigate the relationship between Narcissism and Academic Achievement among girl students in Mysore city of Karnataka. The subjects were 1035 girls representing four geographical areas the North, South, West, and East of Mysore city. They were either 14 or 16 years old. The responses on the measure of narcissism was assessed using Narcissistic Personality Inventory,(NPI) of Raskin and Terry, (1988). Narcissism tendencies and academic achievement among two groups revealed that there are significant differences between narcissistic and non narcissistic girl students on their academic achievement in favor of non-narcissistic students. The results also revealed that there is no significant difference between two age groups in term of narcissistic tendencies.

B-346 The Effect of Education on Feelings of Hopelessness of Life in Taiwanese People Feng Chun Hsiung and Ruey Ling Chu (Taiwan University, Taiwan) This study investigated the influence of education on sense of meaning of life in Taiwanese people, and used personal values and cultural identity as mediators. The data included the answers of the 1,881 participants in the Taiwan Social Change Survey carried out in 2004. The results indicated that: 1. After controlling for age and income, levels of education can still predict sense of meaning of life. 2. People with higher levels of education placed less importance on utilitarian values and expressed more appreciation for their own culture. 3. People placing more importance on utilitarian values felt that life has less meaning; people exhibiting less appreciation for their own culture also felt that life has less meaning. 4. Both utilitarian values and cultural identity partially mediated the effect of education on sense of meaning of life.

B-304 Why are some Students Happy and others not?: Investigating the Role of Academic and Social Goals in Well-Being Ronnel King and David Watkins (The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) Few researches show how the academic and social goals pursued by students in class can affect their well-being. In addition, research on well-being seems to have an implicit individualist

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assumption because most measures of well-being only focus on its intrapersonal dimension (e.g. self-esteem, positive affect) neglecting its more interpersonal aspects (e.g. collective selfesteem, relationship harmony, etc.). This research investigated the role of different academic (mastery, performance) and social goals (social affiliation, social approval, social concern, social responsibility, and social status) in influencing both individual and interpersonal dimensions of well-being in the Philippines. Results indicated the salience of some academic and social goals in influencing well-being. Implications for future research and recommendations for improving student well-being are discussed.

B-391 Sources of Self Efficacy Beliefs: A Comparative Study of Tribal and Non Tribal Teachers in Sundargarh District of Orissa Bimla Kujur (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) This study explored the sources of teachers' efficacy beliefs that mediate their evaluative perceptions of themselves in a stratified society. Semi-structured interview schedule and critical incident technique was used to collect the data from a sample of 60 and analyzed using content analysis technique. Analysis of the data revealed significant differences among Tribal and Non-tribal teachers in the sources of self-efficacy beliefs. Negative efficacy belief factors of tribal teachers were poor language competency in Oriya, poor financial condition, family background, injustice etc. and for Non-tribal teachers the factors were simplicity, scarcity of teachers and books, students’ absenteeism etc. Positive self efficacy factors in Non-tribal teachers were: Language proficiency, family guidance etc and for tribal teachers the factors were: Teachers' appointment, location, better handling of children etc.

A-60 Relationships between Classroom Atmosphere and Bullying Tendencies and Participant Roles Masayuki Kurokawa (Fukuoka University of Education, Japan) The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between classroom atmosphere, and norms related to bullying tendencies and participant roles. 1373 high school students participated in the study. The following scales were employed: (a) classroom atmosphere, (b) norms related to bullying tendencies, (c) participant roles in bullying, and (d) bullying. Participant roles were bully, bully assistant, victim, victim defender, audience, and outsider. It was found that the bully, bully assistant, and audience reported bullying more frequently than the victim, victim defender, and outsider. These results confirmed the construct validity of the participant roles. The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that there were significant more defenders of victims in classrooms with a higher peaceful atmosphere and a higher norm for bullying tendencies.

B-368 Social Assistance and other Student Level Factors Influencing the Mathematics and Biology Academic Achievement in Accelerated Classes for the Gifted and Regular Classes in Indonesian High Schools

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Dianti E. Kusumawardhani (University of Indonesia, Indonesia) This study examined the influence of seeking of social assistance strategies as a part of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) strategies on facilitating students' achievement in Mathematics and Biology. Indonesian students (N = 240) from gifted and regular classes from three different high schools were assigned to either an intervention or a control condition. Students in the intervention groups were given four teaching sessions to foster students' knowledge of SRL strategies. At exploratory stage we examined the pattern of relationships among the latent constructs that form the conceptual model underlying this study. The SRL condition had an indirect effect on students' achievement in Biology but not in Mathematics. Particularly, students' use of social assistance strategies in SRL strategies is influenced dominantly by seeking teachers' assistance compare to two other strategies, namely seeking peers' assistance and seeking adults' assistance.

B-355 Understanding Cultural Variations in Academic Self-Concepts and Peer Reputations Madhavi Menon1 and Louise C. Hazen2 (1Nova Southeastern University, USA, 2Florida Atlantic University, USA) This study explores links between peer-reputations by examining 81 Indians’ and 103 Americans, preadolescent perception of classmates’ academic performance in relation to academic self concept. Our hypotheses were based on the gender-schematheory which proposes that children pay particular attention to stimuli that are "in-group" or own-sex in nature. Results revealed that while peer-reputations in gender-congruent-areas were related to self-perceived-ability in congruent-subjects for the American sample; peer-ability-reputations were related to self-perceived-ability-perceptions in the gender-congruent and incongruent-domains for the Indian sample. The results suggest that preadolescents in India don't appear to subscribe to the American gender-based academic-stereotypes, and are influenced by peer reputations in the traditionally gender-congruent as well as incongruent subject areas.

B-316 The Relationship between Aspects of Creativity and Academic Achievement among Students Habibollah Naderi (Jawaharlal Nehru University, Iran) The objective of this research was to examine could be relationship between creativity and academic achievement especially, to observe if this relation possible different between males and females. Two research questions were (1) what is the relationship between different aspects of creativity and academic achievement? (2) Are there any significant gender differences regarding the relationship between different aspects of creativity and academic achievement? Participants (N= 153, 105 = male and 48= female) completed creativity test. Cumulative grade point average (CGPA) was used to select the participants. Students were given a KhatenaTorrance Creative Perception Inventory. Correlation results show the aspects of creativity were related to academic achievement for both males and females.

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B-378 Inclusion of Socio-Cultural Context in Education: An Ethnography of a Digantar School Shivani Nag (JNU, New Delhi, India) The present study examined how inclusion of socio-cultural resources and experiences of children in the pedagogic practices facilitates concept building. The sensitivity of the school practices towards a child's emotional needs and social identity were also studied. The study was conducted in Ratwali branch of Digantar schools in Rajasthan which are based on an alternative philosophy of education. The data was gathered in form of classroom observations, perusal of Digantar reports and documents, interviews with teachers and parents and analysis of Digantar textbooks. Results show that the pedagogic practices of Digantar were based on the premise that learning can be built on a child's experiences and already developed skills. Multi grade classrooms, spiral curriculum, teacher and peer group mediated learning and active interaction between the school and community provided the right scaffolding for children's learning

B-371 Positive Effect of Training about Psychology on Wardens in the Youth Prisoner, Blitar, East Java, Indonesia Yusti Probowati (University of Surabaya, Indonesia) In the youth prisoner in Indonesia, all too often abuse in rehabilitation processes occur. A factor influencing the occurrence of this phenomenon is lack of knowledge about psychology among the warden. It is expected that training about psychology can decrease abuse way of warden in treat juvenile delinquency. 22 wardens was trained to acquire knowledge about developmental psychology, emotion management and communication technique to face juvenile delinquency. This training was held for a year. The study used quantitative and qualitative methods. Results of this study showed that after the warden being trained, there were improvement in the area of psychology knowledge and positive attitude toward the children. From qualitative data was found that frequency and variation of communication topics between the warden and children were increased.

by teachers and children were higher in children's creativity and leadership than those of ordinary children.

B-361 Cultural Notions of Learning: A Study of Parental Beliefs in Jamuwa-Hariram Prabhat Chandra Rai and Prachi Vashishtha (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) This study explored the parental beliefs about children's learning in a village of Azamgarh District in Uttar Pradesh. The data gathered through interviews of 24 parents and observations of parent-child and child-child interactions in various naturalistic settings; were content analysed to present a rich and vivid picture of the cultural practices. The parents in their interviews explicated their notions about learning and what should be taught to a child. Knowledge of one's family, social structure, family occupation, literacy skills, etiquettes and manners are considered most important part of the children's learning and development. Results show that learning is largely embodied, social and contextual process influenced by the multiple socio-cultural variables, governed by power relations and division of labour in a community.

B-503 Exploring Challenges and Best Practices of Global University Teachers Po-Li Tan (Kings College London, UK) The results of globalisation have seen many Western universities engaging non-local teachers in the universities. Whilst there is a call for developing globally –competent university teachers, (Badley, 2000; Das, 2005; Sanderson, 2006), scant attention has been given to investigate if these non- local university teachers face challenges and if they do, what kinds of issues or concerns do they have? What supports are given to these teachers or what strategies do they use to adapt and integrate their previous experience to cater to the needs of students in Western university. Stage 1 of this study adopts mixed method approach, using semi-structured interviews and Intercultural Development Inventory with a hope to act as springboard to explore these issues.

B-136 Implicit Knowledge about the Creative Leader in Class Jungmin Pyo and In Soo Che (Sungkyunkwan University, Korea)

B-296 Effects of Role Model Types and Strategies Implemented on Academic Motivation: The Moderating Effect of Individual Chronic Regulatory Focus Kuo Tzu Yeng (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)

The purposes of this study are, first, to examine the difference of implicit knowledge on children's leadership between teachers and children; second, to examine the difference of leader and leader's characteristics between teachers and children; finally, to explore perceived creative leadership types. 207 elementary 6th grade students and 13 elementary teachers were asked to fill out open questions of implicit knowledge, leadership test and Creativity Inventory for Young Students. The results show that: the implicit knowledge of children's leadership between teachers and children were different; there also were differences of perceived leaders between teachers and children, the scores of perceived leaders

This study examined the impact of role models and strategies implemented on academic motivation. Participants, 201 college students, read description of a role model described to be reaching success or failure through eagerness or vigilant strategy. Results showed motivational impact were more prominent for negative than positive role models and for implementing eagerness than vigilant strategy. Negative role model with eagerness strategy produces greater motivation increase. When considering individual chronic regulatory focus, negative role models motivate participants with high more than low regulatory focus. Positive, vigilant and positive eager role models motivate participants with

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high and low regulatory focus accordingly. High regulatory focus individuals can process and be affected by vigilant information, but are not motivated by positive, eager role model's redundant information. Low regulatory focus individuals are motivated by eagerness strategy, which require little processing.

B-408 Interthinking and Learning: Guided Construction of Knowledge in a Preschool Classroom Prachi Vashishtha and Prabhat Chandra Rai (Jawaharlal Nehru University, India) The study was undertaken to explore how interthinking is promoted in a preschool classroom and its role in facilitating learning. The focus was to investigate how classroom talks facilitate the process of knowledge construction in the prep classroom in Delhi. The data were collected through observation, interviews techniques. The results show that interthinking which involves using talk to think collectively is vital for shared understanding, thereby promoting learning. Affective involvements, use of motivational strategies, joint attention, joint regard and coordination of resources emerged as the important components of teacher mediating behaviour that generated intersubjective spaces for learning. Language being the most important tool for mediating classroom learning served both asserting (explaining and describing) and non-asserting (enquiring and exploring) functions. In addition, these classroom discussions, involving school-home interface helped children's movement from the everyday concepts to the peripheral aspects of the scientific concepts.

Emotions and social behaviour B-500 Psychodrama: A Technique for Resolving Emotional Blockage Alok Chaubey and Priya Jain (Society for Ideal Global Needs Sagar, India) Psychodrama can highlight the way clients experience their relations in their social networks to resolve their emotional blockage if they feel. In psychodrama, action methods are used to enable past, present and future life events to be explored. Issues or problems and their possible solutions are enacted rather than just talked about. Psychodrama offers the opportunity to practice new roles safely, see oneself from outside, gain insight and change. There is a director, an action area and group members. The director supports groups to explore a new response to a past situation and an adequate response to a future one, group members participate in the drama as significant others and share how they personally relate to and can learn from the presenting issue at the end of the session.

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verbal and non-verbal emotional cues in ourselves and in others. Experiencing, expressing and perceiving the emotion are the three major components of emotional cue. However, understanding of emotion as well as achieving this skill develops with age. The present study aims to investigate whether there is a difference in the understanding of these cues in three age groups of children i.e., 4-, 5- and 6- years. A sample of 60 children 20 from each age group randomly selected from five English medium nursery and primary schools of North Delhi region of Delhi on the basis of their scores in RCPM. The result of the study is discussed based on the quantitative analysis of the data.

B-102 Emotional Intelligence and Personality among Professional and Non-Professional Students: The Influence of Personal Variables G. M. Archana Das (Andhra University, India) This study examines the influence of personal variables on emotional intelligence and personality among professional and non-professional students. 246 students (professional students = 168) from Visakhapatnam city participated in this study. Emotional Intelligence Scale (Sayeed et al. 2006) and MBTI (Form G) was used. No major significant differences were found between professional and non-professional students on emotional intelligence. However, few significant differences were found between the two groups on personality dimensions. It was found that Non-professional students were high on extraversion, sensing and judging dimensions while Professional students were high on introversion and perceiving dimensions. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed between personality and emotional intelligence dimensions.

B-106 Emotion Parenting and Emotion Regulation Chun Ting Huang1 and Ruey Ling Chu2 (1Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, 2Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan) The purpose of this study was to understand the current status quo of emotion parenting for children's use of emotion regulation(ER) strategies such as reappraisal and suppression. Participants were 162 fifth-grade students in Taiwan. Path analyses indicating that parents' emotion parenting leads to increased the use of reappraisal, which then leads to increased well-being and social skills. Nevertheless, using suppression is associated with worse well-being and interpersonal relationships. In addition, children's perceptions of maternal and paternal facial expressions were positively related to the emotion parenting, respectively. These results highlight the contributions of emotion parenting to the emotion regulation of their children. Future should focus on the relation between emotion parenting and children's ER strategies are discussed.

B-319 Young Children's Understanding of Emotion in Self and others Ramakrishna Biswal (University of Delhi, India)

B- 208 The Role of Emotion Regulation in Forgiveness Kai Yun Luo and Ruey Ling Chu (National Taiwan University, Taiwan)

Our interpersonal relationship is based on efficient decoding of the

This study investigated the effect of emotional regulation strategies

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on forgiveness and well-being, as well as examined the mediation effect of social skills between emotional regulation strategies and forgiveness. There were 162 fifth-grade elementary school students who participated in the study. The result showed that "reappraisal" might influence children's attitude of forgiveness. Nevertheless, there were no correlation between "suppression" and forgiveness. Forgiveness could predict well-being of the children. Consequently, students who used "reappraisal" to regulate their emotions might forgive their offenders more easily, and feel happier. However, forgiveness did not mediate the relationship between emotional regulation strategies and well-being. Furthermore, the relationship between emotional regulation strategies and forgiveness was mediated by social skills.

B-424 Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Orientation among Future Techno-Manager in India Papri Nath and Rabindra Kumar Pradhan (IIT Kharagpur, India)

Environment and Social Behaviour B-47 The Environment and Identity (Example: An Iranian Tribe) Daryoosh Akbarzadeh and Maryam Dara (National Museum of Iran, Iran) The paper shows that how Environment can affect people. An Iranian tribe was the focus of the study. This group immigrated to north-west of Iran by force in the time of Karim Khan Zand (Zandieh period) after their revolution. Their villages are located near Qazvin. The environment affected them generation by generation in terms of Dialect, Architect, Food, Cult, Family relations and other aspects. This paper presents some new results and aspects of these people after their immigration.

B-390 Revitalization of Community after Disaster: Functions of Conflicts Tomohide Atsumi (Osaka University, Japan)

The study is designed to examine the relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Entrepreneurial Orientation among the future techno-managers in India. Data was collected on a sample of 300 students (technology and management graduates and post graduates) randomly selected from IIT Kharagpur, India. The measure of Entrepreneurial Orientation includes social and Psychological factors. Social factors comprises of social networking, perceived family support, perception of new venture opportunities and entrepreneurial education. Psychological factors consist of achievement motivation, locus of control, risk taking, innovation, self confidence and extroversion. Emotional Intelligence has been measured by the scale designed by Wong and Law. Result shows that Emotional Intelligence is positively related to Entrepreneurial Orientation. The paper further attempts to explore the extent to which Entrepreneurial Orientation differs among male and female students.

The present study focuses on the possible functions of conflicts. The author has conducted his fieldwork for 5 years in a village severely damaged by the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu Earthquake. Participatory observation in the series of workshop in the village revealed that, although the workshops attempted to reach consensus, conflicts due to disagreement among the residents facilitated the redrawing the boundary and, accordingly, reproduced the pride and identity with the village among the residents. It is because disagreement activates what the residents disagree about. Such activation leads the residents to realize who the members of community are. It is academically suggested that there are positive functions of conflicts, while it is practically suggested that those who facilitate community revitalization should induce not consensus but conflicts among the residents.

B-124 "Pbichim": Korean-Specific Passive Aggression Kyungjae Song, Yoonyoung Kim, Jiyoung Shin, Yulwoo Park and Sungmi Park (Korea University, Republic of Korea)

B-201 Visualization of Disaster Revitalization Processes-Collective Constructions of Survivors' Experiences in the 2004 Niigata Chuetsu EarthquakeTakumi Miyamoto and Tomohide Atsumi (Osaka University, Japan)

In Korea, Pbichim refers to a psychological state caused by emotional damages that can occur within close relationships. This study is aimed to define the term Pbichim as an indigenous psychological concept. In order to examine the representation of Pbichim in Korea, we developed a questionnaire consisting of 15 open-ended questions. The participants were 119 college students of Korea University, and the data was analyzed qualitatively. As a result, four different aspects of Pbichim (unsatisfied expectation, being ignored, being alienated, and power struggle) could be differentiated by the situation in which people are likely to present Pbichim. The personality traits of Pbichim, the way of relieving it, as well as positive and negative functions of Pbichim were also elicited. In addition, it was found that Pbichim has an important function in maintaining and improving an interpersonal relationship in Korea.

The 2004 Chuetsu Earthquake destroyed many villages in Niigata Prefecture, Japan. It accelerated the depopulation and aging of the communities and raised the question, 'What does revitalization mean?'. The present study tries to describe and analyze the processes of revitalization in these communities from the perspective of survivors. Survivors were interviewed and asked to draw their life courses from disaster as curves with their characteristic dips, peaks and plateaus on it. In these curves, there are various points of view on the processes. Some curves include the past and the resent: while the others contain the past and the future. They also suggest that each survivor has different perceptions of not a liner but a living time throughout the revitalization processes. From the interviews, we conceptualized revitalization process models and discussed it as a collective construction of 'living times'.

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B-251 Post- Disaster Continuity and Change: Challenges of Post-Disaster Reconstruction Emmanuel Raju1, Vikas Lakhani2 and Rubal Saroha3, (1Lund University, Sweden, 2Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India, 3Delhi Disaster Management Authority, India) Disaster research has highlighted the influence and role of human factors in disasters. Post-disaster changes in the living patterns of communities, their livelihoods, social networks and access to resources depends on several policy level decisions. This paper highlights aspects of continuity and change in a post-disaster context. The aspects of community participation in decision making and access to information become crucial in post-disaster contexts. In many post-disaster situations, there has been a trend of conflict between the community and the state with respect to policy. It also highlights the interfaces that emerge between communities and policy-makers in post-disaster reconstruction. Risk-reduction strategies, flow of funds at various levels, consensus building, flow of information and co-ordination between stake holders pose major challenges in disaster reconstruction.

B-196 Ethnic Differences in Psychological Performance of Soldiers at High Altitude A. Suresh and Ramachandran K. (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) This field study investigates the ethnic group differences on psychological functioning of soldiers in the northwest high altitude borders of India. Cognitive, psychomotor abilities and emotional status of soldiers of different ethnic groups deployed at different high altitude were assessed. Beck Depression Inventory, Hopelessness Scale, Loneliness Scale, Fear of Death Scale was used to study the emotional status of soldiers. Soldiers (N = 312) representing different ethnic groups (North, South and East) assessed at Base level and different high altitude. Analysis of Variance was used to analyze the data. Results revealed that cognitive performance deterioration in the areas of Vigilance, Eye hand coordination and Memory. There was an increase in negative feeling like Depression, hopelessness and Loneliness due to prolonged stay at high altitude.

B-393 The Structure of Environmental Attitudes: Analysis using a Filipino Sample Marshall N. Valencia (De La Salle University, Philippines) The current study argues that if we consider cultural and social structural implications, a multiple factor second-order structure could be expected. A 3-factor second-order model was tested using confirmatory factor analysis of data coming from a Filipino sample of 213 university students. Milfont and Duckit's (2005) 120-items Environmental Attitudes Inventory was used. The analyses included a series of phases which initially refines the first-order factor structure and used a subsequent analysis to draw out the second-order factors. Results showed significantly better data-model fit for the 3-factor second-order model compared with

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a 1-factor and a 2-factor model. Findings were discussed in the context of social-structural elements that could possibly account for the 3 factor second-order model.

A-73 Primitive Psychological Regression after Natural Disaster Xiaoping Ying Based on the observation about the social psychological reaction people have exhibited in and after the 5.12 earthquake in Sichuan Province of China, together with the evidences from previous studies that investigated how serious natural disaster altered people’s mind and behavior, we proposed that there exist sets of coping patterns to resist the big blow. The core of these coping patterns is the primitive psychological regression, which included not only the increased identity of the social group, the elevated pro-social behaviors and self-devotion, higher deindividuation and conformity, and stronger quest for religion and sense of belonging, but also included quests for scapegoat attribution to make public enemies and to take aggressive behavior.

Social and Societal Changes and Identity B-465 Identity Style, Religion and Gender Hakimeh Aghae andWaheeda Khan (Jamia Millia Islamia University, India) The present study examined identity styles (informational, normative, diffuse-avoidant style) as a function of religion and gender. The sample consisted of 120(60 boys, 60 girls) with equal number of Hindu and Muslim graduate students. The result showed that identity construction is dependent on gender and religion, as normative identity style characteristic of conforming personalities, who acquire values; norms of authorities were dominantly. The informational and diffuse –avoidant identity styles were least represented style in these young students. Gender and religion also explained differences in commitment, indicating that Muslim girls were high on identity commitment. The normative identity style positively influenced the identity commitment that means strength, stability of personality conviction about values, attitudes to itself and society as well.

B-248 The Essence of being a Hijra- A Qualitative Analysis Diana Cherian and Ashok Nagpal (University of Delhi, India) Living at borders of society, Hijras contest the essentialized notions of gender and sexual identity, of normal and abnormality. The study aims to explore the subjective meanings of lives as narrated by a Hijra and discover their unique process of identity construction. We adopt a life story approach using a semi structured interview and purposive sampling to identify three subjects whose

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narratives were analyzed. Themes that emerged include the fluidity of identity that each Hijra constructs and deconstructs; perception of self as transcending dimorphism but as a socially, religiously and historically constituted subject; experience of their feminity as primary and imperishable and perception of their anatomical sex as the source of dissonance; and pervasive sense of being dispossessed and un-possessing of a family, a husband that is not shared, a womb that conceives or of a body that is loved.

B-497 Occupational Identity in Iranian Student Katayoun Daneshvarian and Waheeda Khan (Jamia Milia Islamia University, India) The most important development task in adolescence is the formation of an identity and occupational identity. Marcia’s theory of identity achievement argues that two distinct parts from an adolescent’s identity: crisis and commitment. He defined a crises and commitment. He defined a crisis as a time of upheaval where old values or choices are being reexamined. The end outcome of a crisis leads to a commitment made to a certain role or value. Results revealed a relation between self-concept and occupational identity and between achievement motivation and occupational identity. A relation between achievement motivation and self concept was also obtained. Gender was found to be related to achievement motivation and had relation with occupational identity and self-concept.

B-407 Ethnic Identity: A Psycho-Sociological Reality amongst Manipuri Migrants in Chandigarh Guneet Lehal (Govt. College for Girls, Chandigarh, India) The process of social categorisation leads to the formation of an "in-group" and "out-group". According to the social categorisation theories given by H. Tajfel (1981) as well as J.C. Turner (1982), every social group attempts to achieve an identity in contradiction to the "out-group". A sense of identity is a very natural human tendency but when an ethic identity is consolidated and used as a reference point for mobilisation to share in the power structure, the mobilisation becomes far more effective. Keeping in mind such an explosive and flaring situation, the present research seeks to explore how Manipuri Migrants (N = 100) from different socio-economic levels in Chandigarh regroup themselves as an adaptive strategy in response to the specific demands and challenges faced by them.

B-79 What is the Best Solve for Identity in Changing World? Morteza (Yazd University, Iran) Identity assimilation and identity accommodation which used by Whitbourne (1996) showed that identity processing doesn't limit to adolescent and youth. One person change in his or her lifespan and societies also develop and change, if identities restrict to change what happen? And if identities change always what happen? In Marcia theory the best identity status is achieved identity with combination of research between alternatives and commitment to selected option (1989). In Berzonsky's theory commitment served in well-being in informative and normative identity styles (2003).

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In Iranian students achieved and foreclosure identities predicted mental health (Omidian, 2002, 2004), in another study (Omidian, 2008), the results showed that positive mental health was predicted by informative, commitment and normative styles negative mental health was predicted by confusion style.

A-59 Ethnic Identity and Mental Health among Indian Adolescences and Young Adults Mahdieh Rahmanian, Saeid Samiee and S. P. K. Jena (University of Delhi, India) Ethnic identity is important for person’s view of self and how he/she relates to others. A strong ethnic identity can contribute to people’s happiness and wellbeing. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between ethnic identify and mental health among a sample of Indian adolescences and young adults. Hundred subjects were selected from college and public schools in Delhi. The Multi Group Ethnic Identity Measure and Symptom Checklist90-Revised were used. The results indicated that there were significant differences in ethnic identity and mental health between groups based on their age, gender and cultural group. In addition, there was positive correlation between ethnic identity and mental health. Multivariate regression analyses showed that lower scores on mental health were predicted by weaker levels of ethnic identity.

B-128 Identity Construction and Changes in Advertising Amitava Sengupta and Sonali De (University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India) Identity is embedded in persons' identifications, that is, identity is ultimately tied to something outside in a contingent manner. It is not just a matter of individual 'take' (cognition), an issue of collective behavior as well-as if a 'Fort/Da' between the two. In the changing market-scape it is crucial for producers to create desire for products by producing 'signs' of a product-usage and thus fashioning an identity for the self. The present study aims to study changes that occurred in advertising in post-independent India to see how change in identity is subtly suggested in the advertisements. Altogether 400 advertisements from Bengaliperiodicals of four time-periods, 1947-48, 1971-72, 1991-92 and 2005-06, were content analysed. Findings show how identity underwent changes over time.

B-321 Shifting Identities of Women: Challenges for Women in Pursuit of Professional Education Tushar Singh1 and Sunil Kumar Verma2 (1Amity University Lucknow, India, 2Allahabad University, Allahabad, India) This paper explores the experiences and conflicts being faced by Indian girls. When girls enter into higher education they try to delink themselves from their social structure and network of relationships, they experience fears anxieties and guilt related to abandoning of roles, they feel that they are not performing their roles. Thus guilt and anxiety of altering the traditional arrangement further reinforce the will to maintain the status

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quo and not to explore their own being. 50 previous year undergraduate female students were personally interviewed to understand in-depth aspects of their experiences initially in the beginning of the session followed by a re interview in the end of their academic session. The results reveal the conflicts experienced by these girls and their strategies to cope up with these conflicts.

B-194 Challenges to Social Identity in Changing Societies Jyoti Luxmi Tripathi and Kartiki Mishra (CEPTAM, DRDO, India) Social identity is composed of four elements (Henri et al.): categorization, identification, comparison and psychological distinctiveness. Firstly we categorize ourselves towards a particular group from which we are likely to derive our sense of identity. We also enhance the sense of identity by making comparisons with out - groups. The immediate world brings together people from vastly different backgrounds into an environment where the identity signals are very constrained. People's expression can identify them as members of a foreign culture, providing some basic context for interpreting their actions - for indicating that they exist outside of one's familiar world. Hence the present paper is an attempt to find out what are the various challenges to social identity in changing societies and how to handle these challenges in order to our survival.

Intergroup Relations B-423 A Comparative Study of Modernity and Inferiority Complex Among Upper Caste, Backward Caste and Scheduled Caste Arsi Prasad Jha1, Kalpana Jain2, Kumar Bimlendu Sharma3 and Ravi Kumar Sharma4 (1Anthropological Survey of India, Udaipur, India, 2B.N.P.G Girls College, Udaipur, India, 3L.N.Mithila University, Darbhanga, India, 4 M. L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India) The study investigated the influence of caste on modernity and inferiority. A sample of 180 students studying in 8th-10th grades were selected from three different government secondary schools of Samastipur district (Bihar). Gough's Modernity Scale was used for assessing the modernization level and Pati's Inferiority Scale for inferiority . The results indicated that there was no-significant difference in the level of modernity and inferiority between upper caste and backward caste; backward caste and scheduled caste. But scheduled caste subjects were found to be score significantly high on inferiority and low on modernization in comparison to upper caste. Strategies have been suggested in the paper to enhance modernity and inferiority of upper caste, backward caste and scheduled caste.

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B-301 Happiness and Positive Attitude to Minority Groups Jaisun Koo1, Min-hui Shin1 and Kye-min Yang2 (1Chungbuk National University, Korea, 2National Youth Policy Institute, Korea) This study examined whether happy person also have a more positive attitude toward minority groups such as foreign laborers and children of international married couples. A total of 263 Korean undergraduate students (107 males and 156 females) completed a questionnaire consisting of subjective well-being, psychological well-being, and attitude toward minorities in Korean society. The results showed that subjective well-being (particularly lifesatisfaction and positive affect) and psychological well-being (particularly autonomy, relation with others, and personal growth) were significantly related to positive thinking and feeling toward minority groups. It also showed that happy persons were more willing to accept minorities as their friends or family members. These results suggest that happy person's positive perception of others can be generalized to the minority groups.

A-28 Trust and Trustworthiness between China and Japan Yang Li (Hokkaido University, Japan) This study investigated levels of trust and trustworthiness between Japan and China. We conducted an intercultural trust game by connecting laboratories from the two societies via the internet, in which participants engaged in economic transactions with ingroup and outgroup members using a modified version of the trust game. Japanese showed extremely low levels of both trust and trustworthiness, especially toward ingroup members. On the other hand, Chinese participants demonstrated high levels of both trust and trustworthiness. While Chinese Trusters felt that it was important to show their partners that they trusted, this was not the case in Japan. This suggests the possibility that to Chinese Trusters, trust itself may function as a signal, while this is not the case in Japan.

B-206 Ingroup Audience Effect in Intergroup Vacarious Retribution Kengo Nawata and Hiroyuki Yamaguchi (Kyushu University, Japan) The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of being observed by ingroup members on intergroup vicarious retribution. Thus this study is based on 2 premises: (H1) greater intergroup vicarious retribution would occur on the condition of being observed by ingroup members than not being observed; (H2) Perceived admiration from ingroup members will mediate the relationship between being observed by ingroup members and vicarious retribution. We examined these hypotheses by using one-on-one match gaming situation that a winner imposes a fine on the loser. Sixty five undergraduates and graduates (33 men, 32 women) used in the final analysis. As a result, both H1 and H2 are supported. The

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findings of this study suggest that intra-group process, such as being observed by ingroup members, would escalate intergroup conflict.

B-145 The Black Sheep Effect: Effect of Degree of Deviance and Mediating Effect of Concern for In-Group Image Kyungwon Seo and Haisook Kim (Ajou University, South Korea) This study investigated whether the black sheep effect was observed even after a weak deviant behavior and whether it emerged from the concern for in-group images. The results of Study 1 showed that only the participants with high group identity tended to evaluate the weakly deviant in-group member more positively than the outgroup member. Study 2 attempted to replicate Study1 using a script describing a behavior that was closer to everyday life of students. The results demonstrated that as predicted, in the conditions of a normative or a weakly- deviant behavior the participants displayed the usual in-group favoritism, while the black sheep effect was observed where the participants evaluated the in-group member more negatively than the out-group member in the strongly -deviant behavior condition. As expected, the mediation analyses revealed the concern for in-group images mediated the effect of the degree of deviation on the evaluation of an ingroup member.

Interpersonal Relations B-507 Exploring the Notion of Marital Satisfaction in Urban middle class Couples Richa Ahuja, Girishwar Misra and Preeti Kapur (University of Delhi, India) The present research explores the process of marital satisfaction in the urban middle class. For this purpose 10 couples were interviewed. The analysis of the interviews was guided by grounded theory method. The emergent themes from the analyses are Expectations, Being together, Conflict and Resolution, Understanding and Satisfaction. The results indicate that the experience of satisfaction in marriage is determined by the set of initial expectations from marriage. Thereafter, various stages of married life must be negotiated to reach at an understanding that finally leads to satisfaction. This negotiation of personal space basically involves spending time together which is manifested in communication and involvement in shared activities, and resolving any conflicts that occur in a collaborative manner. Marital satisfaction is thus proposed as a dynamic concept.

B-223 The effects of relational efficacy on shared emotions in romantic relationships Ryosuke Asano (Nagoya University, Japan) This Study Examined how Relational Efficacy Affects Shared Positive and Negative Emotions Between Romantic Partners. Relational Efficacy, Which is a Pair-Level Efficacy, Refers to a Couple’s Belief That They can Mutually Coordinate and Integrate

Their Resources to Prevent and Resolve any Problems; This Concept is Based on the Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura, 2001). One Hundred and Seven Dating Heterosexual Couples Participated in a Questionnaire Survey. The Results of a Multi-Level Structural Equation Modeling Revealed that Relational Efficacy Significantly Predicted Positive Emotions (B = 0.42, P < .001), But not Negative Emotions (B = 0.03, Ns.) In the Between Model. The Results are Discussed in Terms of Relational Efficacy and these Potential Mechanisms.

B-318 Interpersonal Relationship: Does it Matter Anyway? R. K. Biswal1 and Ashis Kumar Srivastava2 (1University of Delhi, Delhi, India 2Anjani Technolopalst Ltd., India) Interpersonal Relationship (IPR) is primarily a social process involving at least two people having some shared interest. However, the nature of IPR varies across situations and contexts, personality styles of individuals involved in the process and the culture where the phenomena occur. This review will address the length and breadth of research done in the area of IPR and their implications in personal and professional lives. We discuss the roles and goals of IPR in social, business, health, counseling and teaching contexts. We also discuss gender differences and similarities in IPR and its implications. The other thrust area of this review is on the impact of technology and the quality of IPR. Finally, we propose the blueprint of an IPR manual for use in diverse settings.

B-364 The Study of the Process on the Unmarried Women in the Affair Hui Chuang Chu (National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan) The purpose of this study was to explore aspects of the unmarried woman in the affair, which including the process, the essential factors, the self-perception and how these experiences possibly influenced their future. The subjects include five unmarried women in affair for this study. The following trend s was noted: First, there are four stages for their love relationships, love relationship building, maintaining the relationship, changing the relationship and now respectively. Second, the private factors of the feeling about his wife, the family's support and attitude, the friend's attitude, and the circumstance. Third, the self-perception of the unmarried women in affair, show that the self-identification is important. Fourth, the impacts of finish this experience it being alone , bring the unmarried women not to believe in men at all, to lack of romantic for love, and worrying repeat in the future.

B-199 The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Social Skills Training Ikuo Diabo1, Yukiko Iso2, Junnichi Taniguchi3 and Hitomi Yokoyama1 (1Osaka University, Japan 2Tokyo Future University, Japan 3Tezukayama University, Japan) This study aimed to develop the measurement of interpersonal

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accuracy of decoding skills in relation to some personal attributes. For this purpose Japanese interaction scenes were collected in natural setting. They were filmed in five interpersonal contexts (intimacy-friend, intimate couple, blood relative, and hierarchical relation). Total 73 video-clips were edited out of each scene and were adopted as decoding trait of relationship task. In order to make the speech contents unintelligible but to retain nonverbal cues in the task. Video-clips were shown to university students and they were asked the kinds of relationship, and lasting periods of the relation. Correct decoding scores were strangers > friends > intimate couples, blood relatives, hierarchical relation (like bosssubordinates). In almost relationships, females were more accurate than males. From these findings, we bring forward the efficient materials in social skills training.

A-101 Reactions to Transgression: Role of VictimTransgressor Relationship, Attribution of Intent and Apology by the Transgressor S. R. Farooqi1 and Purnima Singh2 (1University of Delhi, India, 2IIT Delhi, India) All of us at some point or other in one’s life have felt hurt, let down, betrayed, disappointed, or wronged by another. Such interpersonal transgressions may evoke a variety of reactions from the victim. The present study examines the role of victim- transgressor relationship, attribution of intent and apology by the transgressor in the context of a transgression made by either a friend or an acquaintance. 100 undergraduate respondents were presented with vignettes depicting 8 situations. The present study shows that there is no significant difference between acquaintanceship and friendship on forgiveness, avoidance motivation, and revenge motivation. However, the intent of behaviour by the transgressor has an influence on forgiveness.

B-336 The Interaction of Positive Affect and Social Skill in Dyadic Communication Context Ken Fujiwara and Ikuo Daibo (Osaka University, Japan) This study explained the role of the positive affect in communication context. The study was focused on social skill, because social skill has much effect on interpersonal communication. The High Social Skills (HSS) have a controlled communication style. The positive affect has effect only on the Low Social Skills (LSS). 88 participants viewed a relaxing film for control condition. Then they viewed one of the films that evoked the high-aroused positive affect, the lowaroused positive affect, or neutral affect. After they had a conversation for 6 minutes, they answered about satisfaction with conversation and their partner's impression. The results showed that the more high-aroused positive the LSS felt, the more hand movement was made. These results indicated that the role of the positive affect in communication context was interacted with social skill.

A-84 Are Parents never Wrong? The Influence of Chinese Parents’ Role Obligation on Parent-Child Conflict and Relationship Shih-Chi Hsu (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) This study used an “obligation-based” perspective taken

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by children to explore parent-child conflict events and their relation instead of a western “right-based” one. In study 1, 236 students participated and the results showed that the students could classify their parents’ behaviors into different kinds of obligations. In study 2, 308 parent-child conflict experiences, including conflict events and the relation after the conflict, were collected. Results showed three kinds of conflict events, “fulfill positive obligation”, “violate uncompulsory obligation” and “violate compulsory obligation” were best predictors of parentchild relation after conflict. In study 3, 295 students participated and results showed parent-child relationship prior to the conflict, genuine harmony or superficial harmony, was found to moderate the relationship after conflict.

B-271 Be Honest, Get Better Relationship? –The Influence of Chinese Friends' Role Obligation on Friend Conflict and Relationship Shih Chi Hsu1 and Li Li Huang2 (1National Taiwan University, Taiwan, 2National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan) This study explored the content of obligation between friends and examined their relationship (genuine harmony /superficial harmony) on the moderating effect of conflict event. Study 1 showed that university students could classify their friends' behaviors into different kinds of obligations. In study 2, results showed friend relationship prior to the conflict, described as a genuine harmony or a superficial harmony was found to moderate the relationship after conflict. When friends fulfilled positive obligation, the relationship after conflict was better for those in a genuine harmony than the ones in a superficial harmony. Those in a genuine harmony would even remain a positive friend relation and they would be forgiven after conflict. When friends violated compulsory obligation, the friend relation after conflict became negative regardless of whether the prior relationship was genuine or superficial, and the two showed no significant difference.

B-351 How does the Interactional Quality of Original Family Influence the Self-Concept and Adjustment of Newlyweds Jhih Wei Kao1, Chang Szu Chia1 and Kuo Shih Hsien2 (1Shih Hsin University, Taiwan, 2Chinese Culture University, China) In the Chinese society, parents change and influence their children unobtrusively and imperceptibly. This study explores the relationship between interactional quality of original family, selfconcept, and marital adjustment of newlyweds. One hundred and ten (n = 110) couple participated in the study. In the self-concept aspect, the interactional quality of original family is positively correlated with relational, familial and occupational self-concept. And regarding the adjustment of newlyweds, the more their parents feel satisfied with their relationship, the less adjustment difficulties perceived by the newlyweds. Nevertheless, There were also found gender difference in the newlyweds’ self-concepts and their marital adjustment needs that both affected by the interaction

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quality of original family. Finally, we discuss the implication of these results.

A-29 Antecedents and Outcomes of Work–Family Conflict and Facilitation in Chinese Employees from Dual-Earning Families Yuan Li (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, China) This study examined antecedents and outcomes of a fourfold taxonomy of work–family balance in terms of the direction of influence (work–family vs. family–work) and type of effect (conflict vs. facilitation) in China. Respondents were 283 fulltime employees from dual-earning families. Results suggested that female’s family involvement and equal gender ideology were higher than male’s; male’s work hours and traditional gender ideology were higher than female’s. Work overload and equal gender ideology were related to work-family conflict and facilitation. Family load, youngest kid’s age, family involvement and traditional gender ideology were related to family-work conflict and facilitation. Furthermore, work–family conflict and facilitation were related to job satisfaction. Family-work conflict and facilitation were related to the family satisfaction. Job satisfaction and family satisfaction were further significantly related to general life satisfaction.

B-219 Traditional Norm of Patrilinealism, Affective Connection between Husband and Wife, and Marital Adjustment: Chinese Marriage Under the Shadow of Relationalism Chun Feng Pan and Hwang Kwang Kuo (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) The study aims to explored the of traditional norm of patrilinealism and affective connection between husband and wife on marital adjustment in contemporary Taiwan society. Five measures included "scale of affective connection between husband and wife", "dimensions of marital adjustment", "attitude toward traditional norm of patrilinealism", "conflict-coping strategies", "marital quality scale", and "depression inventory". One hundred and nine Taiwanese newly married couples (n = 218) participated this experiment. Results showed that newlymarried couple's adaptation result is influenced by the traditional norm of patrilinealism and affective connection between husband and wife. A systemic perspective is applied to consider the impact of traditional norm of patrilinealism and affective connection between husband and wife on Chinese family culture on newlywed's marital adjustment.

in both PD game (PDG) and Battle of sex game (BSG), by using a scene assuming method. 219 Japanese students at university participated in the study. Participants were asked to assume two scenes (PDG and BSG) where two characters cooperated and performed a college report assignment. Relationships between two characters were manipulated by closeness and hierarchy. Then participants judged appropriateness of characters' selections. In the results, participants generally judged the situation with high benefit of group to be appropriate than the other situations.

B-397 Tendency to Forgive in Dating and Married Couples: Link with Varied Relationship Facets Akansha Tripathi (Post Graduate Govt. College, Chandigarh, India) Forgiveness is one mechanism that allows close relationships to restore peace and harmony and revive bonding after facing an interpersonal conflict. Therefore, the present study has tried to examine various facets of relationships like fear of relationships, relationship esteem, anxiety, depression, satisfaction and relationship motivation in relation to forgiveness. Tests were administered on 168 people (88 males and 80 females) in the age range of 21-40 with the mean age of 28 yrs. Results showed significant relationships in the total sample as well in the respective genders with tendency to forgive found to have positive correlations with relationship esteem and satisfaction a negative correlation relationship anxiety and fear of relationships.

Beliefs, Norms and Values B-508 Effect of Spiritual-Orientation and Spiritual Transcendence on Gender and Belief Samina Bano (Jamia Milia Islamia University, India) Spirituality has always been considered to be a natural part of being human. The present study was planned and carried out with the objectives to examine the gender and belief differences in the two spheres of spirituality, i.e. spiritual orientation and spiritual transcendence. The sample of the study consisted of 200 males and 200 females, age ranged from 30 to 50 years. Among them there were 40 believers and 40 non-believers and among each group there were 20 males and 20 females making a 2x2 factorial design. No significant differences were found among genders, believers and non-believers on spiritual orientation. On spiritual transcendence significant difference was found between believers and non-believers.

B-150 How do People Judge Appropriateness of Interpersonal behavior? Hirshi Shimizu (Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)

B-169 Religious Orientation and Altruism Deepika Gupta1 and Girishwar Misra2 (1All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India, 2University of Delhi, India)

In this study, we attempted to reveal how people would judge appropriateness of interpersonal behaviors. The study investigated how people would judge appropriateness of selection

This study examines the construction of religiosity by individuals and the relationship between religiosity and altruism across age groups and genders. A sample of 120 individuals (60 males

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and 60 females) from the upper middle social class hailing from Hindu religion participated in the study. It comprised of 60 adolescents (18–21 yrs) and 60 adults (30–55yrs). A twofold approach comprising of qualitative interview and quantitative measures examining religious orientation and altruism was undertaken. Results indicated that the subtypes of religious orientation namely, intrinsic and extrinsic, were perceived as independent of each other across the sample except for females, who found them to be co-existing and complimentary in nature. Also, when religiosity was understood as an intrinsic orientation, it related positively to helping behavior, the trend being highest among males.

B-229 Modernization Difference amongst Mothers and Daughters and its Relationship with Value Conflict in Daughters Sangeeta Khullar (MKP PG College, Dehra Dun, India) 50 pairs of Mothers and Daughters (daughters' age group 18-24) were administered the Modernization Scale (Singh, Tripathi and Lal 1999) and the Daughters were administered the Value Conflict Scale (Tripathi 1998). On the Modernization Scale the Mothers and Daughters differed significantly in the area of Marriage , Socio-religious, Position of women, and Education. The Daughters displayed considerable conflict between Evasion and Fortitude, Fear and Assertion, a tendency towards Dependence on Dependency vs. Self- Reliance conflict, towards Probity on the Selfishness vs. Probity conflict and towards Love in the Hate vs. Love conflict. The differences in Modernization (total score) between mothers and daughters correlated significantly with Evasion vs. Fortitude conflict,; with Dependence Vs Self reliance and with Pragmatism Vs Idealism conflict in Daughters. Results are discussed in terms of the role of modernization in the prevalent value conflicts in the modern day young woman.

B-432 Value of Children among Parents of Infants in Korea Mi-Sook Kim, Uichol Kim and Young-shin Park (Inha University, South Korea) This study examines the values of children in Korea by examining positive and negative reasons for having children. A total 676 parents of infants (fathers = 338, mothers = 338) completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2008). As for the positive values of children, family reasons were reported by 63.3% of the participants. Within this category, harmony in the family was reported by majority of participants. Other positive values of children are personal, relational, social and economic reasons. As for negative values of children, financial and economic constraints were reported by 67.8% of the participants, especially cost of educating children. These results indicate that parents in Korea want to have children to promote harmony in the family. However, the main reason for not having children is financial and economic constraints. Taken together, these results may explain why Korea has the lowest fertility rate of 1.1 in the world.

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B-278 Examination of the change Nature of the Personal Relations by Cause Attribution of a Lie – Relation between Feeling of Trust and Affect Satomi Mikami and Hiroyuki Yamaguchi (Kyusyu University, Japan) The purpose of this study was to examine how lie influences personal relations. The study examined how it is going to affect future relation. Data was collected on 274 students in Japan. The mutual action was not significant when 2 factor analysis of variation was computed The feeling score was the highest about the selfish lie. Significant difference was not obtained when 2-way factor analysis of variation was performed on a sense-of-reliability measure fora false kind and a false intimate feeling.

B-483 Sex Related thought and belief amongst Indian Expeditioners to Antarctica Vinay Mishra and Abhishek Kumar Totawar (The Bhopal School of Social Sciences, Bhopal, India) Several studies have shown the impact of separation on individual’s life. The present study examined the nature of sexual separation as well as thought and belief under Antarctic conditions on the members of the 20th Indian Expedition to Antarctica (N=48). These people stay away from their spouse for a long duration. The results revealed the importance of the Indian value system as regards engaging sexually only with the spouse. As the belief is so engrained in the Indian culture the group of expedition members interviewed reported that they were fairly well adjusted with this basic instinct, and experienced no or little stress.

B-171 Social Norms and Preventation of Alcohol Misuse in College Students Radha Raman Panday and Sarita Misra (DAV College, Kanpur, India) This study is a review of conceptual and empirical studies on the role of social norms in college students alcohol use and in prevention strategies to counter misuse . Norms are fundamental to understanding social order as call as variation in human behaviour. Studies of norms influencing drinking among adolescents have produced a large research literature documenting the influence of social group norms. The purpose of this study is to recast the discussion about norms as a determinant of student drinking in order to develop a prevention framework by considering how and to what extent certain norms can be invoked to reduce alcohol in college context. An intervention programme is discussed.

B-374 Social Representation of Happiness Rostina (Tarumanagara University, Indonesia) The social representation of two religion groups (Islam and Christian) are investigated. Comparison between the two samples allows one to describe social representations of happiness according both religions. 170 persons participated in the investigation conducted in two level (elicitation and validation).

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The result showed the differentiation of social representation of happiness between the two group is not significant. This means that both religious groups share some core elements of happiness such as; positive feeling, make others happy and to be grateful. The peripheral element of happiness according Islam and Christianity are sincere and pleased. From social representation of both, it can be stated that religious and social values are being the dominant values.

A-91 Different Strokes for Different Folks: The Role of Social Expectations in Forming Moral Judgments Sonya Sachdeva and Rumen Iliev (Northwestern University, USA) It is one of the hallmarks of moral values that they do not rely on the customs of a particular society or the conveniences of particular factions (Turiel, Killen, and Helwig, 1987). One of the paradigms used to test moral intuitions of harm has been the trolley car problem. Forty-two (36 men) college students from IIT-Delhi volunteered to participate in the study. We used the switch and footbridge versions of a modified trolley car task (Waldmann and Dieterich, 2007). The participants were asked to evaluate if the actor’s behavior was appropriate on a 6 point scale, ranging from 1 - “No, X shouldn’t have intervened” to 6 - “Yes, X did the right thing”. These results suggest that judgments of moral action depend at least in part on culturally-embedded social expectations. Participants are sensitive to the identity of the person making the decision in deciding whether that decision was right or wrong.

B-89 Exploring Forgiveness in Everyday Life Garima Srivastava1 and Girishwar Misra2 (1All India Institute of Medical Sciences, India, 2University of Delhi, India) This study aims at investigating the readiness with which individuals engage in forgiveness (seeking and granting) in situations encountered in everyday life. A sample of 30 (15 males and 15 females) undergraduate students participated in the study. Their ages ranged between 17-21 years. A multipronged approach comprising of Qualitative interview, Film analysis and Quantitative measures examining readiness to grant and seek forgiveness in everyday life situations was adopted. Results indicated that males and females have almost equal potential to engage in forgiveness related acts. In general there was stronger tendency to seek forgiveness than to grant forgiveness. The relationship between the acts of granting and seeking forgiveness was very week and non significant. Also many overlapping themes from the film and interviews were extracted with the help of Grounded theory analysis (Glaser and Strauss 1967). Themes explored were Forgiveness a journey of many emotions, Forgiveness a sign of strength, Emotional and Motivational reasons for engaging in forgiveness, Forgiveness as a two way process, Forgiveness on reflection and retrospect and Forgiveness and wellbeing.

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B-58 Value Preferences and Sensation Seeking in Youth Kaushlendra Mani Tripathi, Rajinder Kaur Sokhi and Devesh Nath Tripathi (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) The study examines the relationship between value preference and sensation seeking of Indian youth. Sensation seeking has been measured by AISS (Arnet Scale of Sensation Seeking) and value preferences are measured by the Schwartz's scale. The value preference scale of Schwartz(1992) focuses on ten value orientations under four domains. Risk taking behavior is an important contributor to understand the sensation seeking so it was also measured using DOSPERT (Domain Specific Risk Taking) Scale having five domains which are ethical, financial, health/safety, social and recreational and the pattern that how risk taking facilitates the sensation seeking through value preference . It is found that person with high value preferences for openness to change and self-enhancement domain do posses high sensation seeking.

B-325 "Not always Adaptable", The Problem of Conforming and Espousing the Values of Norms Yoriko Uehara and Naoki Kurgihara (Osaka University, Japan) Conforming to norms, and espousing the values to uphold norms (as virtues), may have been considered as one way to ease the "adjustment", but we argue that they can't always have such healthy effects, at times, rather invite tragedy. In order to discuss the problem, we needed a new theory. Therefore, we propose another theory of norm, and then we researched with "promotion norms" and "prevention norms". In line with our past study, we examined how the discrepancy between type of norm and cognition of norm affected assessment of normative situation. We predicted that the discrepant pattern would decrease values, especially, the case "promotion norms with prevent cognition". In addition, we hypothesize that tragedies resulted from excessive conforming and espousing the norms would be caused by heuristic cognition. The relation between the decreasing values and cognitive tendency was examined.

B-441 Conception of Filial Piety among Adolescents and Their Parents in Rural Korea: an Indigenous Psychological Analysis. Mi-ae Yoo, Uichol Kim, Young-shin Park and Daniella Kupor (Inha University, South Korea) The purpose of this study is to examine indigenous conception of filial piety among middle school students and their parents living in rural Korea. A total of 699 participants, consisting of 317 middle school students (male = 101, female = 104) and 380 parents (father = 190, mother=190) completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2008). As for filial expression, respondents reported affectionate, well-mannered

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and caring expressions. As for most effective way of being filial, respondents reported showing concern, obedience, sincerity, being studious, and affectionate expressions. As for unfilial action, parents reported disobedience, engaging in problem behaviors, hurting or ignoring parents, failing to meet the expectation, and doing poorly academically. When their children are unfilial, parents reported feeling sad. Respondents reported filial piety as the most important human duty. The results indicate that although students and parents may hold different views about filial behavior and expression, they agree about the importance of filial piety in parent-child relationship and the consequences of not being filial.

B-98 Luck Resource Belief in Muslims Koshi Murakami (Kobe Yamate University, Japan) Our research indicates that Luck Resource Belief (Murakami, 2004) , which is the tendency to perceive luck as like resources, is believed popular in Japan. In order to survey Luck Resource Belief, research was conducted in several Islamic countries. These research results indicated that some Muslims have never heard about Luck Resource Belief even though in Islamic or nonIslamic countries few people believe in it. We assumed that in those societies where people are not able to grasp success with effort such as more social class have more belief in the influence on aspects of "luck" than religion factor.

Social Psychology of Organizations B-521 A qualitative analysis of motivation and job experiences of Korean-Chinese women working in Korea Junseong Park, Miyoun Jun, Sungho Hu, Na Li, & Taeyun Jung (Inha University, Korea) The present study explores the motivation of Korean-Chinese women to immigrate to Korea and their adaptation in the workplace. Intensive systematic interviews were conducted with 11 Korean-Chinese women who came to Korea to work. The results are as follows. First, most interviewees considered Korea as a country of opportunity and dream, although they confronted numerous difficulties. Since they are ethnically Korean, they believed that Korea is their homeland and that they would be accepted as a Korean. After starting work, however, they realized that they were not accepted as a Korean but were discriminated as a foreigner. As a result, Korean-Chinese women experienced numerous adaptational difficulties and severe emotional stress. Many reported that they were treated with much less respect than other foreigners. The present study suggests that Korea needs to examine and revise its social system in which ingroup and close personal relation dominates social life and to develop a system in which people from cultures can live and work in Korea with dignity.

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A-95 Social Exchange Framework among Service Firm Employees Arpita Chakraborty (India) The present study investigates the prevalence of Social Exchange phenomena in the employer-employee relationship at workplace. The relationship of Perceived organization support (POS), work attitudes of Job Satisfaction and Affective commitment and Employee age with Organization Citizenship Behavior (OCB) was examined using a sample of 104 service firm employees from India. Results revealed that the relationship between POS and OCB is not statistically significant; the findings are suggestive of the impact of culture on the relationship. Further, results revealed the positive relation between work attitudes and OCB; validating Social exchange in Indian framework.

A-80 To be or not to be: Tolerance of Ambiguity in it Pros S. Chaturvedula R.K. Murthy and A. Narayanamoorthi (India) The economic recession resulted in ambiguity about the career and work of many software professionals and has a direct bearing on their job performance and creative ability in their day-to- day sustenance. This study examines the influence of tolerance of ambiguity on job performance and creativity levels of software professionals. Software professionals (N = 120) working in software companies in Hyderabad voluntarily participated in the study. Software professionals with moderate tolerance and high tolerance of ambiguity manifested high levels of job performance. Software professionals with high tolerance of ambiguity show high levels of job performance. There is a need for training the employees to reorient themselves to the changes of the IT sector in a manner that reduces their anxiety and makes them efficient.

B-243 The Contents of Supervisor's behavior Promoting Trust of Expertness and Trustworthiness whom Subordinates have to Supervisors Isamu Fujiwara and Osamu Takagi (Kansai University, Japan) In the workplace, the improvement of productivity is important. It is indispensable that supervisors can give precise instructions to subordinates, subordinates can also show them that they can respond to their instructions by their maximum ability, and both can trust each other so that the instructions system may function well in such workplace. However, there are the power gaps caused by differences of positions or authorities between supervisors and subordinates. So, the power gaps influence the process that supervisors and subordinates create in the relationships that both can trust each other. In the present research, we examine the contents of supervisor's behavior promoting trust whom subordinates have to respect so that there is mutual trust.

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B-73 Multicultural Challenges in Multinational Companies Sudhanshu Garg (India)

B-385 The Effect of Role Conflict and Performance Monitoring on Stress and Job Satisfaction in Indian Call-Centre Agents

This paper talks about an ecosystem that exists in today's multinational companies and the challenges it presents to the participating individuals. Purely from a common man's point of view, there are two kinds of interactions. In one kind, individuals from different ethnicities from within a country interact in this environment. In the other kind, these very individuals make adjustments to their habits and beliefs as they interact with people from foreign countries. In addition to these two kinds of interactions, it is of interest to understand how these multicultural interactions affect the atmosphere within a household (spouse and children). Next, an analysis is made on the impact such interactions have on individuals and the society at large.

Narsingh Kumar and Nachiketa Tripathi (IIT Guwahati, India)

B-359 Social Environment and Personal Factors Related to Job Satisfaction, Work Morale and Work Performance of Government Officials in Risky Areas Tippawan Kittivibul (National Institute of Development Administration Bangkok, Thailand) Four hundred and fifty Thai government officials in three different risky areas were participants in the study. It was found that those in low– risk area performed better than those in highrisk area. There was no difference in job satisfaction and morale among these groups. Both social environment and personal factors were important. Predictors of performance which accounted for about 40 percent, were achievement motivation, social support, work area, professional type, religiousness, and justice. Satisfaction predictors which accounted for 55 percent, were justice, support, profession, achievement motivation, stress, future orientation, and internal locus of control. Morale predictors which accounted for 48 percent, were achievement motivation, justice, profession, future orientation, experience, and support. Application for recruiting and developing government officials were suggested.

B-191 Big Five Personality Traits as a Psychological Correlates of Quality of Work Life Kruthika J. and Shama Rao Ashok (Bangalore University, India) This study was conducted to examine Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN) as a Psychological correlate of Quality of Work Life (QWL) of IT employees. Five dimensions of personality and six dimensions of QWL were measured, using NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and QWL Scale. Three dimensions of Personality are correlated with QWL, Extraversion is positively related to Task Related Interaction, Neuroticism is negatively related to Task Related Interaction and Openness to Experience is negatively related to Autonomy. Further analysis was carried out to understand the difference in QWL among employees with less than five years and those with above five years of work experience. The implications of the study are discussed.

This study investigated the effect of Role Conflict and Performance Monitoring on Stress and Job Satisfaction of call-centre agents. The sample included 269 call-centre agents of seven call-centres from National Capital Region. Results indicated that (a) only one dimension of Role Conflict (i.e. Role Ambiguity) was positively related with Perceived Stress, however both the dimensions of Role Conflict (i.e., Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity) were negatively related with Job Satisfaction, (b) Intensity dimension of Performance Monitoring was positively related with Perceived Stress, whereas it was negatively related with Job Satisfaction, and (c) Purpose dimension of Performance Monitoring was positively related with only Job Satisfaction. Further, stepwise regression analysis revealed that (a) in the case of Perceived Stress, Intensity dimension of Performance Monitoring and Role Ambiguity dimension of Role Conflict were the significant predictors (β = .26, p < .00 and β = .14, p < .05, respectively), and (b) Intensity dimension of Performance Monitoring and both the dimensions of Role Conflict were the significant predictors for Job Satisfaction and the relationships were negative.

B-429 Re-Conceptualization of Psychological Capital in Indian Context Saurabh Maheshwari (IIT Delhi, India) The concept of Psychological Capital (PsyCap) (Luthans and Youssef, 2004) focuses on positive psychological state of development, characterized by self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resiliency. We propose that dimensions of PsyCap may be culture specific and what is strength in one culture may not necessarily be considered strength in another culture. Further Luthans and Youssef have used a top down approach which gives a limited view. In the present study using a bottom up approach, in-depth interviews of 30 employees from different business organizations in the NCR region of India were taken to identify salient dimensions of PsyCap. Results revealed that optimism, self efficacy, emotional intelligence, practical orientation, and relationship managementdevelopment are important dimensions in the Indian context.

B-81 Impact of Socio Economic Changes on Group Dynamics Mitu Mandal and Rajinder Kaur Sokhi (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) The present study aims to investigate the impact of socio economic changes on group dynamics amongst senior, middle and junior management of an organized sector. The study was accomplished in two phases. In phase one, socio - economic scale was developed. This was done through indepth interview of 100 managers, and applying Factor Analysis on their responses. Eleven factors were extracted. In phase two, socio - economic

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change scale and group dynamics measures were administered on a sample of 450 personnel. Results revealed that, personnel who were more affected by materialistic desire, social change, perceived life style, intolerance, insecurity and poor quality of man - material, were having low values for loyalty, cooperativeness and personal drive. They were also found to be having low group cohesiveness, social support and more loneliness. Personnel who were high on collaboration were found to be having more loyalty, cooperativeness, personal drive, hardship and group cohesivenes.

B-192 Perceived Change of Organizational Climate and Work Stress: A Case Study of the Hospital in Japan Miyuki Matsumoto and Atsuko Kanai (Nagoya University, Japan) This study describes the development of an instrument regarding the perceived change of organizational climate scale and applies it to the Japanese hospital. A 25-item questionnaire was administered to a sample of 599 female hospital nurses. Factor analysis using principal factoring with a promax rotation resulted in 3 subscales. These subscales are: increase in their working hours, workplace becoming more demanding (e.g. customers demand more service) and dilution of their group-solidarity. These subscales were associated with stress responses, and these findings led to a classification of two different types of nurses (in-charge and staff). Interestingly, among staff nurses, all subscales predicted stress responses, whereas in the case of in-charge nurses, increasing their working hours, and workplace becoming more demanding did not predict stress responses.

B-357 The Role of Organizational Fairness, Organizational Climate and Job Satisfaction on the Quality of Worklife (Qwl):A Case Study on Employee of a Public Television Station in Jakarta Endang Parahyanti (Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia) The aim of this study is to look at the effect of oragnizational factors ( organizational fairness and organizational climate) and individual factor (satisfaction) on the quality of worklife (QWL). QWL is defined as employee perception of their physical and psychological wellbeing within the organization, which will inturn effect their performance. A survey was conducted on 92 worker of the first government television company in Indonesia. Analysis using multiple regression shows that all three variable did not contribute significantly on QWL when entered simultaneously, due to multicollinearity. Of the three variables, only organizational climate contributed significantly on QWL. The overall regressional equation model were able to explain 53% variation in QWL.

B-184 Social Skills Learning for Elderly Care Professionals in Inter-Professional Work Situation Tomoko Tanaka1, Naoe Yokoyama2, Etsuko Nanba2, Tsuyako Hosakawa 2and Kaoru Yoshida2 (1Okayama University, Japan, 2Kibi International University, Japan) Aging and elderly care have become a huge problem recently in Asia. Two kinds of social skills for elderly care professionals are focused

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on: 1) interpersonal skills between elderly and professionals, and 2) inter-professional working skills among care professionals for elderly centered care. We conducted a psycho-educational session to learn about those skills from an applied social psychological perspective. The session had a structured learning method with cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques such as role playing in a small group, social reinforcement, positive feedback, prompting, shaping, modeling and behavior rehearsals. Students attained higher motivation for cooperation, more understanding about their own professions, and more self-confidence in interacting with elderly patients and colleagues.

B-352 Relationship between Personality Trait and Work Engagement among University Lecturers in Jakarta, Indonesia Zamralita Budi Taruna and Samsunuwiyati Marat (Tarumanagara University, Indonesia) The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between personality trait and work engagement among lecturers and to determine the level of work engagement. Work engagement (WE) is a positive fulfilling, work related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption. Sample of 100 persons were gathered through convenience sampling technique. Results revealed a positive correlation between personality trait and work engagement.

B-285 A Personality Approach to Leadership Bharti Thakar (ICFAI Business School Ahmedabad, India) This literature review is about the connection between leadership and personality. Leaders, through their actions send messages and thus play an important role. Some of these actions can lead to positivity or to negativity; these stimuli in turn lead to further actions and productivity by employees. The paper ventures to identify the various stimuli created by leaders and thereafter link the personality traits responsible for them. In Organizational Behavior it is well established that conscientiousness is the factor most strongly and positively related to job performance. The paper connects the Big Five factors to the leadership approach; it explains the probable outcomes of the impacts. Understanding the personality approach to leadership will lead to a scientific explanation of factors leading to goal achievement.

B-182 Analyzing the Effect of Empathic Ability on Stress Coping Strategy and Job Satisfaction Using Structural Equation Modeling Masashi Toko and Naoka Maemura and Takehiro Fujihara (Gakuin University Graduate School of Sociology, Japan) The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation among empathic ability, stress coping strategy and job satisfaction. Participants were 284 employees who worked at company T (Male 163, Female 122, Average age 38.77 years old). They were asked to answer a questionnaire which measured empathic ability, stress

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coping strategy, job satisfaction, work stress, and attachment to the working place. We expected positive correlation between empathic ability and job satisfaction. Results showed a weak correlation between empathic ability and job satisfaction. The problem-solving of coping style have a stronger correlation with job satisfaction. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) showed that empathic ability through stress coping had an effect on job satisfaction.

Self and society B-313 Optimal Self in Marital Relationship Hiew Chiu Zyun1, Szu Chia Chang1, Shih Hsien Kuo2 and Yi Cheng Lin3 (1Shih Hsin University, Taiwan, 2 Chinese Culture University, Taiwan, 3National Taiwan University, Taiwan) In Chinese community, people value social relationships as the most important matters and when an individual enters marriage, the person not only needs to adapt to a two-person relationship but most of the time, he or she also face the whole network of family. Whereas western scholars such as Kernis (2003) raised the concept of the "optimal self" as authentic and stable selfpresentation, this study proposes that the "optimal self" of Chinese is not always steady and consistent, but constantly changing according to the situation he or she faced. We test this hypothesis using data collected from 110 newlywed couples in Taiwan. Result shows that couples with multiple and well-developed self-concepts had more satisfactory quality of marriage, less physical and mental depression, and less difficulties in marital adjustment. Couples with best marital adjustment also are more willing to modifying their behavior and manner to accommodate the other's expectation. Thus, in Chinese society, "optimal self" is characterized by multiple and well-developed self concepts and flexible self-regulatory process.

A-32 Inter-Cultural Variations in Mirror Self Recognition among Young Indian Children Deepa Gupta1, Shashi Shukla1 and Nandita Chaudhary2 (1Education Quality Foundation of India, India, 2 University of Delhi, India) In this paper, we will discuss findings of a study on mirror self recognition among Indian children. Mirror Self Recognition (MSR) is the technique in which the child is placed before a mirror and is left free to explore the image. After child is familiarized with the mirror, a mark is put on child’s face and the child is again put in front of the mirror, the responses of the child towards the mark are observed. Specific attention to the mark is assumed to imply the recognition of the self in the mirror. A total of 110 children between 17 and 20 months were part of the study in collaboration with University of Osnabrueck, Germany. The families belonged to rural and urban households and were visited over the course of six weeks, with weekly assessment. The results suggest that MSR develops significantly earlier in urban children in comparison with rural. In addition to this, these differences do not seem to be related

to different levels of familiarity with the mirror, since increasing level of familiarity across weeks for the rural young children did not affect MSR status.

B-439 Self-Concept in Cyber Space: Analysis of College Students in Korea Hoe Sook Huhr, Young-shin Park, Uichol Kim and Yeon-Jung Kim (Inha University, South Korea) The purpose of this study is to examine self-concept of college students in cyberspace. A total of 136 college students (male=70, female=68) completed a questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2007). The results are as follows. First, respondents reported that it was fun to communicate with their friends in cyberspace. Second, those respondents who are potentially addicted to internet were more likely to report that it was fun to interact through internet. Third, respondents reported being absorbed when they play internet games, especially among potential internet addicts. Fourth, potential internet addicts were more likely to chat with their friends through internet. These results indicate that respondents use internet to interact with friends and play games and reported that it is interesting to do so.

B-237 Compensatory Self-Enhancement as a Solution of the Multiple Audience Problem Yu Kasagi and Ikuo Daibo (Osaka University, Japan) Multiple audience problem is the difficult self-presentation situation in which someone is faced with two or more "audiences", simultaneously wanting each audience to form or preserve a different impression of him/her. According to Kasagi and Daibo (2009), participants who were confronted with multiple audience problem showed the compensatory self-enhancement; if audience has formed an unfavorable impression of them, people will try to counteract that impression by presenting new and highly favorable information about themselves, which may compensate for the bad image. But, the effectiveness of the compensatory selfenhancement as solution of the multiple audience problem has not been explained. This study examined the effect of the compensatory self-enhancement on the multiple audience problem.

B-342 Identity on Facebook: The Cultural Kaleidoscope of Me Kanika Mehrotra and Girishwar Misra (University of Delhi, India) This study explores identity and interaction with reference to a social networking site face book among young adults in Delhi (N = 40). The analysis of interactions through face book showed a creative solution. Instead of fragmentation there was emergence of self which maintains offline relationships, as well as to form newer relationships online. The analysis of profile pages revealed that the internet shapes identity statements, but it does not inevitably constrain the form or usage. Furthermore, Facebook users actively select participation in groups that match their interests and ideas. Social identities are created in these groups and have an effect on members as well as the community in general. The findings are

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discussed in terms of cultural adaptation of technology and self as an emergent process.

A-10 Reexamining the Filipino Prisoners self Concept J. Enrique G. Saplala (Miriam College, Philippines) Twenty-eight convicted felons were asked to answer three questions about their self-concept: what they like about themselves, what they do not like about themselves and how they would describe themselves. These responses were subjected to content analysis and an interrater reliability established by asking three raters to countercheck the categories. Asking the three raters to agree on the classification of each response when there were discrepancies, enabled the researcher to arrive at a consensus. Results show that most of the prisoners introduce themselves according to how they would behave in prison with a few using self-descriptions based on their thoughts and feelings. Their concept of self in relation to others are described in simple and sometimes, literal way, according to their beliefs or an emphasis on giving importance to themselves.

Social Cognition B-283 Punishment Philosophy and Sentencing Judgement on White-Collar Crime Seung-Hyuk Choi1, Beon-Jun Kim2 and Si-Up Kim2 (1Korea University, Republic of Korea, 2Kyonggi University, Republic of Korea) The present study aims to propose public common sense in law and to provide elementary data in sentencing guidelines. Study 1 data were collected from 157 students, who made sentence and punishment judgments on crimes such as fraud, embezzlement, bribery, robbery, and theft. The fraud, embezzlement, and robbery included were all set 3 year sentences or more based on the existing law. The results showed that the white-collar crimes were sentenced longer than the general crimes. Incapacitation philosophy was identified as a significant variable that predicted sentencing of fraud, embezzlement and robbery. Also, retribution philosophy was demonstrated as a significant variable that predicted sentencing of bribery and theft. Study 2 data were collected from 99 students, who made sentence and punishment judgments on embezzlement. The results showed that social status high and low conditions were same at sentence, and that both conditions were identified Incapacitation philosophy as study 1. The results imply that the general public judged more strictly than the legislator and the court did regarding the white collar crimes.

B-328 Factors Influencing the Punishment on Fraud Crimes ; Focusing on Criminal's Social and Economic Status Seung-Hyuk Choi1, Yong HUN Kim1, Si Up Kim2, Bum Jun Kim2, and Ji Hye Kwon1 (1Korea University, Republic of Korea, 2Kyonggi University, Republic of Korea) This study was conducted in order to examine the effect of social/

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economic status of criminals in fraud crimes and by analyzing the intensity of punishment, punishment philosophy and perception on crime. For these purposes, 147 students were allocated to three conditions with different criminal status(high social/economic status group, low social/high economic status group, low social/ economic status group) and allowed to respond to the intensity of punishment against crime, punishment philosophy and perception on crime. As a result, there was no statistically significant difference in the intensity of punishment between conditions. And the result of multiple regression analysis on punishment philosophy showed that incapacitation philosophy is a significant variable which influences punishment intensity with high social/economic status. And general deterrence philosophy is a variable for low social status and high economic status, restitution philosophy and retribution philosophy were variables for low social/economic status. Also, there was a significant difference in crime perception.

B-445 The Influence of Readily Available Information on Decision Making Christina F. (Bangalore University, India) The aim of the study was to determine if readily available information influences decision making. It was hypothesised that "The Gender representing the more famous names is judged to be greater in no". The experiment was administered to a group of 30 college going students selected from different streams of education. The sampling technique used was that of purposive sampling. A list of 39 names were read out and the subjects were given a recall task following it after which they are asked to make a quick decision as to whether there were more number of males or more number of females in the list just read out. The data was subject to appropriate statistical analysis. It was found that the group accepts the hypothesis that states.

B- 353 The Role of Foreseeability/Unforeseeability and Action/Inaction in Upward Counterfactual Thinking Swati Jain (IIT Kanpur, India) Counterfactual thinking (CFT) is defined as a tendency to construct alternatives to reality (Kahneman and Tversky, 1982). Regret and disappointment are primary emotions associated with CFT. These counterfactual emotions have different phenomenologies, appraisal and effect on behaviour. The counterfactual emotions are reinvestigated in this study with foreseeability/unforeseeability and action/inaction as antecedent factors.Ascenario study was conducted to examine the upward CFT (regret and disappointment) following a negative outcome, focusing on the effect of (a) foreseeability/ unforeseeability of the outcome, following (b) action / inaction on, (i) regret (ii) disappointment and (iii) attribution of responsibility. The results show clear differences between the emotions of regret and disappointment. Greater disappointment was experienced after unforeseeable outcome than after foreseeable outcome; and for inaction than for actions as expected. No significant effect of the antecedents was found upon regret. The results are interpreted within the framework of regret and disappointment theories and attribution of responsibility.

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B-122 Role of Cognitive Styles in Behavioural Differentiation Sumeet Kaur and Soumi Awasthy (Defence Institute of Psychological Reserach, India) This study was conducted on 200 subjects in the age range of 2530 years. The tools used were NEO PI-R (Costa and McCrae 1992) and Embedded Figure Test (Witkin, 1971). The results revealed that there are significant differences between the mean scores of field dependent and field independent on personality dimensions of Neuroticism, Extraversion and Conscientiousness that could be contributed to the individual's differing styles of information seeking and processing. Witkin conceptualizes it as an active cognitive style that impacts one's functioning in daily life, which in turn affects his behaviour in social functioning.

B-273 The Psychological Determinants of Problematic Gambling Yoonyoung Kim1, Cheongyeol Park2, Yeanhok Yoo1 and Taekyun Hur1 (1Korea University, Republic of Korea, 2 Human Research Center, Republic of Korea) The present study aimed to identify psychological differences between problematic and non-problematic gamblers. 1146 casino visitors were randomly recruited from the site of a casino in Korea. Based on the Canadian Problem Gambling Index scores, four types of gamblers were categorized. The results showed that, compared to non-problematic gamblers, problematic gamblers had lower scores on 'Conscientiousness' of the Big 5 personality traits and tended to have risk-taking tendency as well as negative impulsivity. Problematic gamblers were also found to be influenced by surrounding others on gambling. The degree of gambling problems was significantly related to their family histories of gambling addiction and alcohol or substance abuse. As gambling behaviors got problematic, 'pursuit of money' and 'avoidance of worries' motivation was getting increased. Of more interest, there were significant differences between problematic and nonproblematic gamblers, which were in experiences of both a big win and a big loss when they first started gambling.

B-518 The Effect of Post-Event Misinformation on the Memory of 3- To 6-Year-Old Children Bhavana Kohli1 and Shraddha Kapoor2 (1IIT Delhi, India, 2University of Delhi, India) The study was designed to ascertain the effect of exposure to misinformation or wrong information on children’s memory performance. The performance of 3- to 6-year old children and adults was studied. Three misinformation tasks, which attempted to simulate real-life witnessing of events, were used. In each task, memory accuracy was compared across three different post-event information conditions – accurate, misleading and no post-event information, to study whether and how information encountered after an event influenced the original memory for that event. Also, the three tasks employed different memory-testing techniques, namely, direct questions and two types of forced choice recognition, to study the effect of type of questioning technique

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on memory accuracy. The study also sought to investigate whether susceptibility to misinformation was related to representational abilities, or to subjects’ general memory abilities. A significant effect of the type of post-event information, and a significant interaction effect of the type of post-event information and the type of memory-testing technique on memory accuracy, was obtained for the young children in the study. Similar trends were also revealed for the adult participants.

B-519 Socio-Psychological Profiling of Offenders and Law Abiding People Sweekar Lama (IIT Delhi, India) Both social and psychological factors are often considered to be the reasons behind making a person criminal, but are one of these factors more important than the other? The study attempts to find an answer to this question by making a comparison between the personality traits and social contextual variables of the offenders and law abiding people. A stratified purposive sampling of 100 inmates from Tihar Jail and 100 people from different socioeconomic conditions was administered to the Criminal Propensity Questionnaires to measure their personality traits. Based on Eysenck’s personality trait theory it was hypothesized that offenders would have a higher neuroticism and psychoticism scale. Using an in depth interview of the people who had a higher criminal propensity, their social contextual variables were studied.

B-370 Explanatory Style and Performance in Seminary Life of Seminarians Giovanni T. Macahig (Negros Oriental State University, Philippines) The study was undertaken to find correlation between explanatory style and performance in seminary life of seminarians of St. Joseph Seminary College. Respondents' performance was determined through an evaluation of the five areas of seminary life, namely: community, human, intellectual, pastoral and spiritual using the Seminarian's Evaluation Sheet (SES). Results showed that majority of respondents have average optimism in good and bad events. Majority have "good" and "very good" performance rating in all areas of seminary life. This study concludes that explanatory style may not always play an important role in performance in an achievement setting like the seminary.

B-469 How much Information do We Need to Make Complex Decisions? Sumitava Mukherjee and Narayanan Srinivasan (CBCS Allahabad, India) It has been argued that unconscious thought results in better decisions in complex decision problems by considering all the attributes. Recent efforts to replicate this effect have failed. Given this discrepancy, we hypothesized that only a subset of attributes may be analyzed to make a decision. To explore this issue, we performed computer simulations on the datasets used in previous studies and computed the number of times a given choice is made. The results of both simulations showed that comparable

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or better performance can be achieved by using a smaller number of attributes rather than all the attributes. The results support our hypothesis of subsampling and suggest that the combining strategy would depend on weights when such information is available.

B-249 The other People's Existence Effect on Affective Stimuli Processing : Based on LPP Nayuta Nogami and Kazuo Hiraki (The University of Tokyo, Japan) In this study, we consider the influence of the existence of the other people on affective stimuli processing by measuring the ERP, based on the LPP (Late Positive Potential) that increase the amplitude to high arousal stimuli. In subjectivity rating, there were no differences between the condition of alone and with the other person. The LPP amplitude for pleasant pictures was found to be smaller when participants watch stimuli with the other than when participants watch them alone. It shows that some processes that decrease the arousal are exist when we watch pleasant pictures with someone compare to alone. It is possible to think that when people are sitting together without having any communication, there some social inhibition effect will occur. This study is the first one to show the possibility of the other people's existence effect on affective stimuli processing which appeared on ERP even it can not see from the behavior.

B-272 The Fun-Effects in Decision Making: Reversal of the Reflection Effect and Loss Aversion Yulwoo, Park, Hong Moonki and Hur Taekyun (Korea University, Republic of Korea) In a series of four experiments, we aimed to examine whether reflection effect and loss aversion could be reversed in fun-related contexts. Study 1 and study 2 tested the effects of regulatory focus (promotion vs. prevention) and decision perception (opportunity vs. threat) on decision-making in work and leisure domains. The results revealed that people are willing to take more risk in gain-framed leisure contexts than in gain-framed work contexts. People also scored higher on opportunity-perspectives and lower on prevention focused strategies in leisure domains than in work domains. In study 3 and study 4, we aimed to replicate the reversed loss aversion for small amounts of money (F. Harinck et al., 2007) and examined the role of fun in the reversal. Reversed loss aversion was found in smaller amounts of money but not in larger amounts of money. Furthermore, only for the larger amounts of money, the participants' ratings of the expected fun decreased as the money in stake increased. Taken together, these findings were discussed in terms of fun-effects in decision making.

B-40 Learning by Verbal Testimony- A Social Learning Theory Subbarayan Peri (Rashtriya Sanskrit University Tirupati, India) This paper critically discusses Social learning theory applications in education, industry, therapy, human development, child rearing practices, clinical settings et.hoc. It is the most suitable for the

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learning of the affective domain like formation and change of attitudes and values. The learning theory is presented in the frame-work of modern Western psychology and education. Its implications for Indian psychology and different cultural contexts is discussed.

B-218 A Qualitative Study for Effect of Decision Making Process About "Embalming" on Grief after Bereavement in Japan Takayuki Sato and Dr. Osamu Takagi (Kansai University, Japan) Embalming is the technique that is sterilization of the corpse, give save processing and restore it if necessary, going to enable a longterm save, in late years more than 10,000 a year give embalming in Japan. In this study, we inspected it about the decision making process of the embalming, and the effect to give psychological tranquility of the bereaved. Research participants are three attributes that sales staff of the funeral service company (23 people), an operater of embalming (5 people), bereaved whom operated on and did not. (operated: 7, not: 6 ). Results of qualitative analysis by M GTA. An informant for the bereaved whom did not know a lot about embalming was sales staff of the funeral service company.The desire awakening of the bereaved is based on the psychological process that the last care wants to do for the deceased. ("all the possible want to have"; "improvement of the state of the corpse"). As for the evaluation of the bereaved for embalming, was various. It was suggested that plus and minus both sides affected it by the expectation standard of the bereaved.

B-340 Affect and Justice Judgments Maneesha Singh1 and Purnima Singh2 (1University of Allahabad, India, 2IIT Delhi, India) Justice research has by and large neglected the role of prior affect on justice judgments. Justice judgments do not occur in a vacuum; there is always a prevailing affective condition which influences these judgments. The study investigated the effects of prior affective states (mood: positive, negative, neutral) on perception of distributive justice. The sample consisted of 60 undergraduate female students. Affect was manipulated through PANAS (positive and negative affect schedule). Justice was manipulated by giving feedback in a given task. A 2 (voice vs. novice) x 3 (mood: positive, negative, neutral) x 2 (everyday situations: certain, uncertain) factorial design were used. The result revealed that prior affective state influenced perception of distributive justice. Implications of the findings would be discussed.

B-156 Priority Heuristic or Prospect Theory? An Analysis of Decision Making Under Risk Zuo Jun Wang and Shu Li (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) The cumulative prospect theory (CPT) (T K, 1992) and the priority

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heuristic (PH) (Brandsta¨tter et al., 2006) are empirically tested in five experiments with a series of binary choices designed in the perspective of equate-to-differentiate model. The results indicated that people do not follow the steps presumed by the priority heuristic, and they are not CPT calculators either. The findings favors the equate-to-differentiate model: in order to utilize the very intuitive or compelling rule of weak dominance to reach a binary choice, people seek to equate a less significant difference between alternatives on one dimension, thus leaving the greater one-dimensional difference to be differentiated as the determinant of the final choice.

B-247 Collective Remembering Targeted at Community Development Koichi Suwa (Osaka University, Japan) Past events can sometimes be supportive and sometimes restrictive. The Japanese society focuses on the near past in the context of community development. For example, modern buildings built in the era of Japan's modernization and monuments built in the era of Japan's rapid economic growth are given due importance. The term "retro" is now considered as a fashionable tag. Certain aspects of these activities merely evoke nostalgia, but some of them truly vitalize the local communities. Wertsch (2002) argues that collective remembering can be characterized as active, social, and dynamic. His discussion is closely related to the many other arguments in social construction through narratives such as self as narrative and the nation as an imagined community. We will discuss collective remembering targeted at community development by investigating some cases in Osaka, Japan. We will also focus on the current Japanese movement of collective remembering in the Asian context.

Social Issues B-276 Influence of Perceived Social Support on Reporting Discrimination Nobuko Asai1 and Minoru Karasawa2 (1Tohoku University, Japan, 2Nagoya University, Japan) The present study tested the hypothesis that the recognition of available social support would mediate the willingness to report discrimination. Female undergraduates completed a fictitious test, with the presence of either a friend or a stranger. Each participant then received a failing grade, along with sexist comments from a male grader. Participants in the friend condition showed a higher level of expectation for social support from the co-examinee as well as a greater unwillingness to report self-responsibility for the failure than those assigned to the stranger condition. However, the willingness of reporting discrimination did not differ across the experimental conditions. These results suggest that the potential availability of social support indirectly promote the expression of own discriminatory experience.

A-41 Caught between Society and Poverty: A Perspective on Poverty Apurv Chauhan (University of Delhi, India) This paper is an attempt to create an understanding of poverty beyond its traditional monetary and need based paradigm by integrating its experiential aspects as voiced by the poor themselves. The paper presents a qualitative perspective, analyzing the life experiences, identity issues and the impact of poverty on the life cycle of the poor. The case has been built around the interpretative analysis of interviews with two research participants- an urban rickshaw puller in Delhi and a rural daily wager in Bihar. Analysis of the interviews revealed the centrality of monetary deprivation in their lives but also isolated the issues of deep-rooted social marginalization, the phenomenon of bondage to circumstances, the mangled gamut of relationships and fickle identity and self-concept of the poor. In addition to these, the participants equivocally presented the case of unfair treatment handed over to them by society and state institutions.

B-433 Conception of Sacrifice among Parents with Children with Developmental Disabilities: Indigenous Psychological Analysis Tai-woo Kim, Young-shin Park and Uichol Kim (Inha University, South Korea) Using indigenous psychological analysis, this study examines the conception of sacrifice among parents with children with developmental disabilities. A total of 110 parents (fathers=55, mothers=55) who are attending the Center for Developmental Disabilities completed an open-ended questionnaire developed by Park and Kim (2009). The results are as follows. First, majority of parents with children with developmental disabilities reported that their parents have sacrificed for them, followed by spouse, colleagues, and siblings. As for the content of their sacrifice, providing emotional support was most likely to be reported, followed by personal sacrifice, and financial support. During the process of sacrifice, respondents reported experiencing emotional difficulties, followed by difficulties in finance and social life. Respondents reported that sacrifices from others helped them to succeed; followed by receiving emotional security, financial support and helping them develop their personality. As for the influence of sacrifice on their life, respondents reported that it provided emotional security, followed by providing direction to one's life, helping them to work harder, and to develop their personality. These results indicate the importance of sacrifice in promoting strong bonds among family members and positive human development in Korea.

B-236 Families of Intellectually Disabled Children in Changing Indian Society: Social Ecological Perspective Sheetal Nagpal and Geeta Chopra (University of Delhi, India) The study was conducted to investigate the informal support available to the families of intellectually disabled children.

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Families of 60 ID children drawn equally from urban and urban slum areas of Delhi were interviewed. Results indicated that at the microsystem level, fathers were the major source of emotional support to the mothers. In urban areas as compared to urban slum areas, more fathers provided physical support to the mothers for doing household chores and caring for their ID child. While in urban slum areas, significantly more number of siblings of ID children provided physical support to their mothers. At the mesosystem level, it was found that in urban slum areas as compared to urban areas, significantly more number of parents reported experiencing embarrassment due to their in-laws, relatives and neighbours. At the macrosystem level, it was found that in urban areas many parents knew about the government benefits like income tax exemptions and railway pass for the disabled and in urban slum areas many parents were aware about the medical and therapy facilities provided in government hospitals for the disabled.

B-510 Psychology Education for Innovation and Peace for 21st Century Vijay Rangari1 and Karuna Mehta2 (1DES’ Fergusson College, University of Pune, India, 2Zakir Hussain College, University of Delhi, Delhi) Dr. Kalam said, “I don’t think the American, Japanese or Singaporean solutions will work for us. Knocking at others doors will be futile, instead of importing the theory and transplanting concepts, we need to grow your own solution instead of searching of the answer of the outside. We will have to look inside for them’’ (Ignited Minds, 2002). “For a Nation to progress, the golden triangle must energize. This triangle includes R and D Laboratories and Libraries, Academician, and Industry. There is a growing concern in our society that Innovation and Peace are dying virtues, gradually being strangled by narcissism, competition, prejudice, and revenge and establishing educational institutions that do not have mission, goals and objectives. Psychologists, educationists agree that Higher Education for Innovation and Peace are at the heart of the behavior that keeps individuals, families, institutions, and societies alive with continuous progress with competition and cooperation. Namely, quality of education, , justice, morality, equality, nationalism, and peace, to one and all. This paper presents a case for these issues.

B-414 Perceived Stigma and Social Support : Mediating Role of Self-Esteem Sanchita Srivastava (IIT Delhi, India) Past research conducted in other cultures has shown that the stigmatized generally get less social support from others. This is because of their stigmatized status in society which results in exclusion and discrimination. The present study examines the mechanism through which stigma acts a barrier in getting social support in case of physically challenged- a stigmatized group. We propose that the stigmatized are unable to get requisite social support because of low self-esteem. The mediating role of selfesteem in the relationship between perceived stigma and social support for physically challenged individuals is examined in the present study. Results support the hypothesis and demonstrate

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the significance of self-esteem in lives of physically challenged in enabling them to attain social support and experience positive social bonding with others.

B-256 Text Analysis of Government Public Polls on Aged People Michiru Takeuchi (Kyoto University, Japan) Today in Japan, the rate of aged people (over 65 years old) has been increasing drastically. (Ex. From 7% in 1970 to 22.2% in 2008) Following the rapid increase of aged people, the problems with the elderly have been looked at more closely and have become a serious social issue. The purpose of the present study is to capture the recent 50 years changes of government discourses of elderly through the way of text analysis of 56 government public polls. As a result, 3 changes are pointed out. Firstly, the questions about later life changed from retrospective (1950s) to prospective ones (after 1960s). Secondly, the question that asks directly about death disappeared after 1960s. Thirdly, the continuity of elderly to other generations was emphasized after 1989. The merits and demerits of these changes will be discussed from the viewpoints of 'productivity' and 'ecological niche' in the presentation.

B-454 Empowerment of women functionaries in Panchayati Institution Nishi Tripathi (College of Business Studies Allahabad, India) The present study was an attempt to explore the empowerment and participation of women functionaries in Panchayati Raj Institutions. Twenty women Pradhan and one hundred thirty ward members were randomly selected from Chaka block of Allahabad district, thus a total of 150 respondents were interviewed. A survey schedule was developed to collect the information for the present study. Majority of the respondents (88%) faced the problem of conveyance while attending the meeting due to long distance of meeting place from their home. About 86 percent of the respondents did not feel comfortable mixing with the male members while attending the Panchayat meetings. On the whole it may be concluded that the women members of Panchayati Raj Institutions would play an effective developmental role if they are given adequate recognition and encouragement.

B-320 Life after Experiences of Stigmatization: A Grounded Theory Approach Sunil Kumar Verma and Tushar Singh (Allahabad University, India) The aim of the present was to understand the experiences of stigmatization and the process which helps them become a part of main stream society. For this study social constructionist approach was used. Data were collected in terms of narratives and ethnography reports and were analyzed through grounded theory approach. Results revealed that the stigmatized group used emotions and beliefs of the society to be the part of the society. They were also involved in social welfare programs specially adopt poor children and help the poor people.

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B-300 An Examination of the Effects of Past Experience of Social Exclusion on Negative Outcomes Elicited by Explicit and Implicit Social Exclusion Kuniaki Yanagisawa, Chikae Isobe and Mitsuhiro Ura (Hiroshima University, Japan) Extensive research has confirmed that social exclusion evokes negative affects and behaviors in socially excluded individuals. The present experiment was conducted to investigate what factors promote negative effects of ISE and ESE. In particular, we focused on the effect of frequency of experience of social exclusion as the promoting factor. University freshmen (n=72) individually participated in a laboratory experiment that used instant messaging through a computer network. Results showed that a higher frequency of past experience of social exclusion predicts negative outcomes in ESE conditions, but not in ISE conditions. Finally, we discussed the reason why frequency of past experience of social exclusion promotes negative effects of ESE (but not of ISE).

Issues Related to Social Theory and Reseach B-25 Determining Variables Related to Research Utilization Mohammadreza Amini (Islamic Azad University Kerman Branch, Iran) For over three decades research utilization has been discussed in the nursing literature with growing enthusiasm and amid increasing call for the use of research finding. The purpose of this study was to determine variables which were related to utilization of research in the clinical practice. 141 random nurses from five hospital of kerman city were surveyed to elicit their opinions regarding the variables of research utilization by 20 item validated questionnaire. The concepts of attitude availability and barriers were used as main variable for this study. Results indicated that availability, and hands on with computer was related to research utilization. The greatest barriers to research use reported included, time constraints, inadequate presentation of research finding and accessibility to its. The facilitators to research utilization recommended included more time to review and implement research finding, availability of more relevant research and colleague support.

55 Development and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of University Student Stress Instrument Ferlis Bahari (University of Malaya Sabah, Malaysia) This study is aimed to build, test and evaluate "University Student Stress Instrument (USSI)". Data gathering method is used to produce item for USSI by using Focus Group Discussion interview method and In-depth Interview process method. 95 students (39 men and 56 women) had been involved in this study. Out of 95 subjects, 77 subjects had been involved in FGD interview method and 18 subjects had by In-depth Interview. The instruments used is interview protocol that was created by researcher which consists of demographic profile, semi-structured question included stress

definition, stressors, stress symptom and stress action strategy in tackling stress undergone and how to reduce stress. The result of the study through FGD interview and in-depth interview found that as much as 111 items of stress source (Stressors), 200 items of stress sign (Symptom) and 111 items of action strategy (Coping) . Researchers identified and constructed a theme and gained the data through coding process.

54 A Psychometric Evaluation of Malaysian version of ROS Ferlis Bahari (University of Malaya Sabah, Malaysia) This research aimed is to investigate the ROS psychometric instrument aspect that included the validity aspect and the internal consistency reliability. The construct validity by Exploratory Principal Axis Factor analysis through Equamax Rotation method been used to test the convergent validity. Meanwhile, the overall ROS internal consistency reliability and sub-scale is tested by using Cronbach Alpha method. The subjects for the research were 888 university students aged between 18 to 25 years old and the subjects are chose by using random sampling method. 3 sub-scales are obtained from the result. The correlation between the sub-scale values is from 0.32 to 0.533. Cronbach Alpha value for overall ROS is 0.839. Whereas, the internal consistency reliability through Cronbach Alpha method for the 3 scales formed is from 0.644 to 0.882. In conclusion, the outcome shows that the sub scales obtained by Malaysia ROS version is different from ROS that been constructed and tested by Allport and Ross (1967).

B-183 Factor Structure and Invariance of Epistemic Curiosity Measure in Chinese Cohorts of Male and Female Students Huang Duan (Institute of Psychology, China) The purpose of present study was to examine the factor structure and factorial invariance of a newly developed measure of epistemic curiosity in Chinese cohorts of male and female students. Items of the I-type and D-type curiosity measure (Litman, 2008) were translated and then administered to the students from 8 junior high schools. Confirmatory factor analysis and multiple-groups confirmatory factor analysis were used to assess structure and measurement invariance. The results show that the 2-factor model best characterizes the structure of the Chinese version of epistemic curiosity measure and that scalar invariance was demonstrated across samples but no significant gender difference emerged at the latent mean level. Implications for the use of the measure in Chinese setting are discussed.

B-481 Initial Development and Validation of Chinese Traditional Interpersonal Evaluation Scale Fei Huang, Jian-Xin Zhang (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) Chinese Traditional Interpersonal Evaluation Scale (CTIES) was initially constructed in the framework of the six common interpersonal virtues, benevolence (ren), righteousness (yi),

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propriety (li), wisdom (zhi), credit (xin), and bravery (yong). Two versions of CTIES were developed and validated. 44 positive Chinese set phases formed version 1 self-report scale and administrated to 441 persons. Another 358 participants completed Version 2 CTIES including 29 positive items and 19 negative items, and several other validation scales. Chinese translation of Wiggins’s IAS-R was accomplished with both versions. Item level and scale level analysis were conducted to examine the properties of CTIES. Overall, the results of the two versions were similar and marginally acceptable, which suggest that psychometrical investigation of traditional interpersonal evaluation is feasible and meaningful. Further study should commit to refining the scale according to IPC, extending to other rating, and related to behavioral and emotional consequences.

B-18 Development of Pictorial Affective Coping Style Scale Gurpreet Kaur (Defence Institute of Psychological Research, India) Assessing coping style has been area of interest for many psychologists. There are various tools available to assess ones coping style (Miller, 1987, Krohne, Schuhmacher, and Egloff, 1992, Billings and Moos, 1981), which are in the form of inventories, situation judgment test or questionnaires. But coping is not assumed to show complete cross-situational stability (Bijttebier et al., 2000), thus a need is felt to develop culture fair affective coping style scale. The present paper highlights the methodology to develop the same. Thirty-five pictures are developed based on social situations to assess emotional regulation, emotional understanding and emotional adjustment. There are four responses of each picture assessing one of the four coping styles that is target oriented, compromising, avoiding and defensive. The scale will be presented in the form of situation judgment test as well as situation reaction format to identify the presence of affective coping style in a given culture.

B-258 The Psychometric Properties of the Reasons for Smoking Scale - Chinese Version Chan Kin-sun1, Janice Tsoh2, Mary Poon3 and Kola Wong1 (1University of Macau, China, 2University of California San Francisco, USA, 3Bureau of Education and Youth Development, China) This study reports evidence on the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a 18-item Reasons for Smoking Scale - Chinese Version (RSS-C), an instrument developed to assess the reasons for smoking in the Chinese community. A sample of 155 smokers and ex-smokers, who responded to a telephone survey of 739 Chinese residents in Macau (response rate = 85%), completed the RSS-C, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and measures of smoking knowledge, readiness to quit smoking, depression and socio-economic status. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that five factors were abstracted from the scale. Results also showed that the RFS-C has acceptable internal consistency for the overall scale (Cronbach's alpha= 0.832), and the subscales (alphas ranged from 0.557 to 0.830). Criterion validity of the RFS-C was demonstrated by

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correlations with the FTND, smoking knowledge, readiness to quit smoking and depression in the expected directions. In conjunction with the pervious findings, the present study suggests that RFS-C can be used to objectively assess the reasons for smoking in the Chinese community.

B-345 Development and Testing of the Chinese Otaku Scale: Nerd or Neo-Renaissance Man? Chia Wei Lu , Hui Chun Yu, Lu Chia Wei, Yu Hui Chun, Dai Chen Yu and Lan Yu Ling (National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan) Otaku is a Japanese term used to refer people who rarely leave their homes and obsess with anime, comic books, and video games. What are the major characteristics of the Otaku in Taiwan? The purposes of this study were to design and test a new scale that measure Taiwanese people's otakuness. A sample of 233 Taiwanese college students was recruited in this study to investigate the psychometric properties of the Chinese Otaku Scale (COS). The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on this Taiwanese college sample showed a four-factor model labeled as: digital hardware Otaku, international relationship of Otaku , computer-using of Otaku, and ego-certered of Otaku. The four subscales explained 92.3% of the total variance and their Cronbach's alpha values ranged from .710 to .718. Psychometric analyses indicated that the Chinese Otaku Scale measured distinct and relevant domains of otakuness for Taiwanese college students.

B-277 Between The Effort and Adaptation -The Chinese Hope Scale's development, Measurement and Psychological Adjustment Yueh-Chuan Luo, Cheng Yi Lin, Lan Chin Huang and Kuo Kwang Hwang (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) The present research augmented The Hope Theory (Snyder, 1994, 2000) which ignored the importance of goal, and over highlighted the positive experience, may cause the positive illusion phenomenon. Based on The Confucian Guan Xi framework the researcher defining The Chinese Hope as a cognitive process composed of a reciprocally derived core factors:(a)dependent-goal and interdependent-goal to equally emphasize (c)self effort (d) positive adaptation, and developed The Chinese Hope Scale(CHS). Results suggested that the scale evidenced internal consistency, and was relatively stable over retesting. Additionally, the scale exhibited convergent, discriminate, different and incremental validity. Findings related to culture and suggestions for future research were discussed.

A-8 A theoretical approach to the construction of Chinese work value scales Chung Kwei Wang and Kuo Ying Lo (Soochow University, Taiwan) Work value researches have been criticized for lacking clear definition on what is work value and theoretical framework for work value typology. In this study, we define work values, based on value model of Rokeach (1973), as work-end values and

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work-instrumental values. Work end values are defined as the preferred end-state of existence individual try to achieve through work. Work instrumental values are defined as the preferred mode of conduct individual try to follow in his work. Since Chinese have been influence both by collective and individual oriented culture (Brindley, 1989, 1990; Yang, 2002), we also describe Chinese indigenous work values in a two-by-two dimensional structure denoting individual-orientation, social-orientation, intrinsic reward and extrinsic reward values. In order to examine the validity of the theoretical typology, we administered work value scales on Mainland China and Taiwan workers. Results indicated that both individual oriented intrinsic and extrinsic work end values could significantly explain the work satisfaction and organization commitment. Individual oriented work values were better predictors than social oriented work values in predicting work satisfaction and organization commitment.

A-72 A Psychometric Evaluation of the Satisfaction With Life Scale in a General Population sample from China Rui Zheng, Xin –wen Bai and Xiao-peng Ren (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China) This study examined the psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) in terms of internal consistency reliability, factorial validity, and measurement invariance analysis across gender, age and area (city/town/rural) with a nationally representative sample of 4,795 participants in China. The percentages of male 47.0%) and female (53.0%) participants were about equal, and the mean age was 38.56. Results showed that the SWLS has a higher internal consistency reliability, a one-factor structure (with a wording effect on Item 4 and 5), strict invariance across gender, and partial strong invariance across age (Item 1, 2 and 3) and areas (Item 1 and 2). Implications of the results in China are discussed.

Health and subjective well-being B-522 Understanding the meaning of happiness and life among the middle-aged in Korea Kyung-Sook Jeon, Dong Soo Kim & Taeyun Jung (Inha University, Korea) The purpose of this research is to examine the concept of well-being among middle-aged Koreans by focusing on their representation of the meaning of happiness and life. In the first study, a total of 98 participants (mean age=44.5 years) were asked in an open-ended questionnaire to describe factors that influence their happiness. Content analysis of the results yielded three categories: Physical aspect (e.g., finance, appearance, and health), psychological aspect (e.g., being self-content, self-acceptance, and emotional stability), and social aspect (e.g., human relations, achievement, and social acceptance). In the second study, a total of 187 participants (mean age = 49.8 years) were asked to describe the meaning of their life. Content analysis of the results yielded five categories: relationship

(e.g., family and friends), happiness (e.g., money, health, and appearance), self-value (e.g., positive personality, emotional stability, and self-discovery), self-actualization (e.g., pursuit and achievement of their goal), and self-transcendence (meaningful life, goal of life, and religion. The relevance of the meaning of happiness and life for the quality of well-being of middle-aged Koreans will be discussed in the social and cultural context of Korea.

B-394 Cultural Identities and Inequality in Consumption of Health Services Sandip Anand (Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar, India) This research was done to understand how the cultural identities in India affect their level of utilization of health services. For the analysis data of National Family Health Survey-III in India has been taken. To measure identities of people variables of ethnicity and religion have been taken. To arrive at the segments of Indian citizens, cluster analysis was done. In cluster analysis, the tentative numbers of clusters were identified with the help of hierarchical clustering. After that three clusters solution was finalized with the help of k means clustering. Thereafter cross tabulation analysis was done to understand clusters in terms of their descriptors and logistic regression analysis to understand identity related predictors of cluster membership. Findings indicate very clearly that cultural identity is very critical in determining people's health. It is found that there are three segments which emerge out of cluster analysis. Those segments are defined as Quasi-Citizens, Citizens and, Denizens.

B-275 Personality Dimensions as Predictors of Happiness in Indian Milieu: An Empirical Reconfirmation with Different Measurement Approaches Rajneesh Choubisa and Kamlesh Singh (IIT Delhi, India) The category of well-being measures are based on either hedonistic approaches or eudaimonic approaches and a recent mixed conceptualization. This paper deals with predicting the personality correlates of well-being taking all the three measurement approaches with reference to college students (N=258) in Indian milieu. The results suggest that, when a mixed approach model (ATHQ scores) was used as criterion variable, conscientiousness is the best predictor amongst the 'Big five' personality dimensions but when a eudaimonic approach model (AHI scores) was used as dependent variable extraversion and openness to experience also acts as significant predictors in addition to conscientiousness. The total variance explained by these predictor's ranges from 1449% and the predicting power of the significant dimensions ranges from 27 to 61% in case of student sample under consideration. However, with a hedonistic model (GHS scores), extraversion is found out to be the most significant predictor of the happiness construct. The present study thereby suggests apparent shift from focusing only on extraversion while predicting the personality correlates of happiness.

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B-462 Spiritual Health Correlates of Personality Traits and Depression among College Students in Taiwan Victoria D. M. Ching1, Imelu Mordeno2 and John Hermes Untalan3 (1UST Graduate School Psychotrauma Clinic Manila, Philippines, 2Macau Inter-University Philippines, 3De La Salle University-Araneta Philippines) The study investigated what specific demographics, motivation, and coping skills best predicts competitive state anxiety among the athletes. One hundred and ninety two (192) university athletes participated in the study. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyse the dat. Based on the analysis the male gender, team(basketball) sports, and longer length of experience as an athlete predicted self confidence of the athlete. Cognitive and somatic anxieties is negatively predicted by freedom from worry as a coping skill while confidence and achievement motivation, goal setting and mental preparation, peaking under pressure , and freedom from worry positively predict self confidence. In terms of motivation factors, cognitive anxiety is predicted positively by intrinsic motivation to know and amotivation, and negatively by identification. Amotivation positively predicted somatic anxiety, while self confidence is best predicted by external regulation and low amotivation. Implication and recommendation on helping athletes to cope and to be motivated in their preferred sports career is discussed.

B-350 Psychological Displacement Writing: A word analysis approach Han-Chun Chung, Wei-Chuan Cheng, Wan-Hsuan Chang, Jen-Ho Chang,Yi-Cheng Lin (National Taiwan University, Taiwan) Jin (2005) developed the technique of psychological displacement (PDW) which is writing the same incident in different pronouns (I, you, him) to achieve the effect of psychological healing. Past studies of these approaches didn’t focus on the changing of words with different pronouns. The aim of this article is using LIWC to investigate the different words used and attempt to explain the therapeutic effects of PDW not only revealed in level of subjective rating, but also reflected in the chosen of words. Results showed though the effect of increasing positive emotion words in third pronoun is not clear, we still found that participants use cognitive mechanism to heal wounds by “talking to themselves ”.

B-494 A Study to Explore the Subjective and Objective Indicators of Satisfaction with Life Mandeep Dhillon (Panjab University, India) This study explored what Indian think about their satisfaction with the life. The data were collected from Eight hundred (810) subjects in northern India. The study explored the subjective indicators based on subjects’ perception of subjective well being (Diener et, al. 1999) and objective indicators were based on the socio-economic status including income and material possessions. These subjective and objectives indicators of satisfaction with life were discussed in the Indian Socio-cultural milieu.

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

B-63 Survey Relationship between Social Health and Mental Health Alireza Ghorbani, Sakineh Jomenia, Haslinda Abdullah & Taqi Pour Ebrahim (Malaysia) This research has been carried out with the aim of determining the relationship between psychosocial health and finding identity styles among state high school students of Gonbad (One of cities Golestan Province of Iran). 373 students were chosen through random sampling. The method of this research is descriptive and correlative. Results reveal significant difference between girls and boys in psycho health variable, obsession and obligation, interpersonal sensibility, phobia, paranoid ideation and in constituents of depression and anxiety and psychoticism .There is a difference between boys and girls in social health variables in constituents of participation and social solidarity .But there aren't any differences between boys and girls in social acceptance and social adaptation .

B-347 The Social Psychological aspects of Reproduction Health Profile of Female Adolescents in Cilacap Regency, Indonesia Fransisca Iriani R.Dewi, Zamralita, Fransisca iriani Dewi, Zamralita Taruna (Tarumanagara University, Indonesia) This research aimed at describing the social psychological aspects of female adolescents namely: knowledge and views on themselves as well as their social surroundings. The aspects in detail involved: puberty, menstruation, dating behavior, pregnancy, gender, abortion, sexual behavior, HIV/AIDS, and drugs abuse, and psychological aspect: self esteem. There were 289 participants with age range from 9-19 year old. Questionnaires in reproduction health used were the knowledge, attitude, opinion, sexual behavior, and self esteem. Results have important implications for reproductive health of adolescent girls.

A-74 The Relationship among Creativity, Resilience and Well-being of Children Junseong Jeong, Insoo Choe and Mi-na Lee (Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea) The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among creativity (creative thinking, creative personality, and creative motivation), resilience and well-being (emotional, social, and psychological). 215, 6th elementary students were participants in the study. Creativity was correlated significantly with resilience and well-being. Psychological well-being was more related highly to creativity and resilience in comparison to emotional and social one. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate whether sub-factors of creativity affected resilience and well-being. The results showed that creative motivation which is a sub-factor of creativity had a significant contribution to the prediction of resilience and social and psychological well-being. On the other hand, the influence of emotional well-being on creativity was not significant.

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B-457 Depression in Relation to Coping Strategies among Adolescent. R. Joshi & S. Tomar (DAV PG College Dehradun, India) The present study has tried to explore depression in relation to coping strategies among adolescents. The data was collected on 100 boys and 100 girls who were all adolescents. The results of the present study revealed a significant gender difference on depression. Girls were found to be more depressed than boys. Boys had better coping strategies as compared to their female counterparts.

B-167 Growth Motivation and Well-being in Japan Mode: Poster Hiroko Kamide, Ikuo Daibo & Jack Bauer (Osaka University, Japan) This study investigated the relationships between growth motivation and well-being. 156 Japanese students evaluated J-GMI (degree of the motivation), SWLS (satisfaction with life), and 6 dimensions of well-being of PWB (e.g., Self-Acceptance, Autonomy). Factor analysis of J-GMI showed three factors; collective (CM), agentic (AM), and relational (RM). CM was the motivation to contribute to society. AM was to insight into self. RM was to improve interpersonal relationships. CM predicted SWLS and 6 dimensions of PWB. AM primarily predicted Self-Acceptance and Autonomy of PWB and RM predicted Positive-Relationship-of- Others and Personal-Growth. AM and RM didn't predict SWLS. The role of growth motivation in personal growth is discussed.

B-452 Family Functioning and Subjective Well being: Family Cohesion, Adaptability, and Communication in Relation to Adolescents Life Satisfaction, Positive Affects, and Negative Affects Ni Made Taganing Kurniati (University of Gunadarma, Indonesia) In this study, family functioning dimensions (Olson, 2000) —family cohesion, flexibility and communication-- are related to subjective well being components (Diener, 2004), —life satisfaction, positive and negative affect. 118 students completed the Indonesian adaptation of Olson’s FACES III, Barnes’s PACS, Diener’s SWLS, and Watson et.al’s PANAS. The results show that there are no significant differences in life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect between balance family and unbalanced family but there are positive significant relation between motherchild communication and life satisfaction, between father-child communication and life satisfaction and positive affect, and there are negative significant relations between mother-child communication and negative affect and between father-child communication and negative affect.

B-392 The Effect of Increase Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction on the Subjective Wellbeing in Poor Communities Enoch Markum and Wilman D Mansoer (University of Indonesia, Indonesia)

Happiness or life satisfaction among individuals in poor communities can be measured through their subjective well being. The aim of this study is to examine factors which contribute to subjective well being. Questionnaires were distributed among 100 female participants living in poor communities. Female participants were chosen because they are the most vulnerable groups within the poor community. Results from this study shows that individual skills which support productivity, increase in social facilitation and trust, positive evaluation from others, all contributed significantly to increase in quality of life, and life satisfaction.

A-79 Correlates of Motivation for Tobacco Cessation: An Exploratory study Shuchi Mathur &Vibha Sharma, (India) Tobacco as a substance of abuse causes greater morbidity and mortality in comparison to any other substance of abuse. According to WHO (1997), in India tobacco consumption is responsible for half of all cancers in men and a quarter of all cancers in women. Motivation seems as an important predictor of tobacco cessation. Hence, an exploratory study was designed on a sample of 60 respondents comprises of 30 help seekers and 30 non-help seekers. The findings revealed a high percentage of help seekers with severe to moderate level of nicotine dependence and non-help seekers with mild level of nicotine dependence. High intrinsic and extrinsic factors, perceived barriers at quitting tobacco and self efficacy were found among help seekers. These findings can be implied in generating awareness in the society and to enhance the help seeking behaviour among tobacco users.

B-478 Anxiety and Self Efficacy among High and Low Achieving Varsity Athletes Seena. M. Mathai & S. Subramanian (Bharathiar University, India) This study investigated the distribution of the variables Anxiety and Self efficacy and the extent to which Self efficacy is related to Anxiety among high and low achieving (n=82) Varsity athletes from Kerala. The Generalized Self efficacy Scale and the Sports Competition Anxiety Scale (1977) were used for the study. The results obtained showed that anxiety level is moderate and self efficacy is low in the sample , but no gender difference. There is a significant negative correlation between Anxiety and self efficacy. High achievers showed significantly low levels of anxiety and high levels of self efficacy feeling when compared to low achievers.

B-3 Effect of Relaxation on Different Dimensions of Mental Health of High School Students in Iran Fahimeh Rezai Niaraki, Hassan Rahimi & Navid Iqbal (Jamia Milia Islamia University, India) The aim of the present study was to examine Effect Of relaxation On different dimensions of Mental Health Of High School Students in Iran. There were two groups. Each group had 28female subjects. Group 1 have been given relaxation training for 10 days, while, Group 2 did not have been given such training. Mental health

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of Group 1 were measured before and after relaxation training. While Mental Health of Group 2 were measured twice but without relaxation training as Group 2 were control group. Results showed that mental health improved significantly in post condition than pre condition of experimental group. In subclass analysis of the SCL results, the post test of experimental group and pre-test of experimental group score improvement was significant only in the areas of phobic, aggression, depression, psychotic and anxiety and also significant difference between post-test control group and posttest experimental group condition on mental health .In subclass analysis of the SCL results, the post test control group and post-test experimental group score improvement was significant only in the areas of phobic, aggression, depression ,psychotic and anxiety

emotional and social state these patients had. The Indian adaptation of original eight state questionnaire (form B) developed by Curran and Cattell was administered using quota sampling to 80 Leprosy patient (40 males and 40 females) of Haridwar and Rishikesh cities. The findings reveal that leprosy patients were isolated and refrained from various activities in the family. However, the effect of disease on the mood state was significantly greater in females as compared to males. Although, men and women were both affected in terms of their social life, women suffered more isolation and rejection from the society. Female leprosy patients have more stress, depression, regression, guilt and in comparison to male leprosy patients. The current study describes the gender differentials in the social and family life of leprosy patients in north India.

B-455 Determinants of Perceived Social Support among Substance Abusers Fouzia Alsabah Shaikh & Anjali Ghosh (Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India)

A-1 Motivating Hockey Players for better Performance Through Imagery Intervention Mode: Poster Vandana Sharma and Narinder Singh (Punjabi University, India)

Social support among substance abusers has not been researched from perspective of meaning in life and abstinence self-efficacy. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of perceived meaning in life and abstinence self efficacy on social support and to examine perceived social support with respect to certain demographic variables. Measures of social support, Abstinence self-efficacy and meaning in life were administered to 47 inmates in a de-addiction center in Kolkata. t tests showed significant mean differences in social support with respect to family structure and earning status. ANOVA showed significant main effect of meaning in life on social support. This indicates that meaning in life is important for enhancing perceived social support among the substance abusers.

B-269 Effects of Identity Status on the Mental and Physical Well-Being of Women Eshanika Sharma, Manju Agrawal & Meeta Malhotra (Amity University Lucknow, India) The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the identity statuses and their corresponding levels of depression, mental and physical well-being. The study employs James Marcia's paradigm of identity status. The sample consisted of 100 women, both working at home and working outside, in the age range of 23 to 70 years. Questionnaire on identity (Developed by authors), P.G.I. Health Questionnaire by N.N. Wig and S.K. Verma and Major ICD-10 Depression Inventory by Psychiatric Research Unit were used. The study revealed that depression was predominant in cases falling under Identity Moratorium (55.6%) and Identity Achievement (41.2%). Whereas Identity Moratorium cases were of mild or moderate depression (found only in women working at home), Identity Achievement samples revealed incidence of both mild and severe depression.

B-97 A Study on Social and Emotional state of Leprosy Patients Ritu Sharma & Ruchi Tewari (IBS-Ahmedabad, India) The paper explores the mental state of leprosy patients living in various leprosy centres. The aim of this study was to know the

The aim of the present study was to enhance the Flow state and intrinsic motivation of the Hockey players though imagery intervention. For this purpose 47 players (out of 57 football players) were screened through using movement questionnaire (Hall et. al., 1997) on the basis of their ability to imagine. All the screened participants were randomly assigned to control and intervention groups. Intervention group was given Imagery intervention for 15 days. After 15 days both the groups were administered Flow State inventory (Jackson and Marsh, 1996) and Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (Ryan et. al., 1982) in order to assess their flow state and intrinsic motivation. The results have shown that the flow state and intrinsic motivation of the intervention group was significantly greater than the control group. 2 hockey matches were arranged between both the groups in the end of the experiment. The performance criteria have shown that the intervention group delivered higher performance. Increased flow state and intrinsic motivation provided the players with opportunity to perform well. The present paper implies that the imagery intervention can be applied for psychological preparation of the hockey players at higher level competition.

B-299 The Relationship between Happiness and Creativity Mode: Poster Min-hui Shin & Jaisun Koo (Chungbuk National University, South Korea) Fredrickson(1998; 2001)'s broaden-and-build model posits that positive emotions broaden the scopes of attention and cognition, which in turn has a effect of building that individual's physical, intellectual, and social resources. The present study tests this hypothesis by exploring the relationship between happiness and creativity. Study 1 examines whether the long-term happiness associates with everyday creativity (n=151). The results showed that chronically happy persons had more creative personality traits such as alternative problem-solving, adventurousness, and openness to relation. Study 2 examines whether transient happy mood facilitates creative thinking. Positive or negative moods

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were induced by means of watching a few minutes of a comedy film or a sad movie. After films were shown, subjects' creative abilities were measured by the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking. As expected, test scores on fluency, originality, and flexibility were higher for those in the positive mood condition than those in the negative mood condition. The results of two studies indicate that both long-term happiness and short-term positive mood have favorable effects on creativity.

B-308 Relationship of Feelings of Well Being with Enhanced Empathy and Self Esteem Among India University Students Jyotsana Shukla & Pragyan Dangwal (Amity University Lucknow, India) The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Perceived Wellness with enhanced levels of Empathy and Self Esteem in an Indian University Student sample (N=500). Overall wellness and four of its dimensions (cognitive emotional wellness-CEW, relational wellness-RW, life goal-LG, and physical wellness-PW) were measured using the Wellness Inventory (WI). Empathy levels were seen using the IRI (Interpersonal Reactivity Index). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory was used to measure the Self Esteem levels. Results have shown that Enhanced feelings of Empathy and high levels of Self esteem contribute to higher perceptions of overall wellness. Results also indicate that enhanced feelings of empathy also raise the levels of self esteem. It may be concluded that University students with high levels of interpersonal empathy have a high self-esteem which contributes to higher feelings of wellness.

B-369 An Assessment of Role Stress Experienced by Management Students in India- Suggestive Measures and Strategies Neeta Sinha (IBS Ahmedabad, India) An attempt has been made to determine the stressors affecting the management students in their day to day life and the methods to mange stress better to help them become effective managers. The Organizational Role Stress(students version) was used to determine the sources of stress on 219 students. The findings suggest that students are experiencing Stress, wherein Role Overload and Inter Role Distance have emerged as the most potent stressors followed by Personal Inadequacy. This implies an immediate need to modify education system wherein more emphasis is towards application of skills developed through these professional courses and thus help the individual to adapt to the circumstances. Also training in stress management techniques would definitely help the students

B-30 A Study of Impairment of Quality of Life in Parents of Handicapped Children Sonia Soni & Ashok S. Borse (North Maharastra University, India) Little is known about Quality of Life in parent's with handicapped child as to other disorders. Aim of this study were to evaluate the QOL in parents of children affected with some handicap (CP) and

compare the level of impairment in QOL in mothers and fathers. Implications of these results are discussed.

B-71 The Role of Self-Management in Subjective Well-being in Jakarta's Individuals Bagus Takwin, Evita Edi-Salim Singgih & Sahat Khrisfianus Panggabean (University Indonesia, Indonesia) Big cities are characterized by its dense population, limited space, and high mobility. Using subjective well-being construct (Diener, Lucas, Oishi, 2005), a research shows that the general population of DKI Jakarta feel quite unhappy. Therefore it is necessary to improve the happiness -subjective well-beinglevel of DKI Jakarta's population. Subjective well-being relates to how an individual self-manage his/her activities. Individual with good subjective well-being tends to engage in activities of high productive values. This research aims to understand the role of self-management in improving subjective well-being of population of DKI Jakarta. Data collected through questionnaire, and analyzed using multiple regression, confirmed that indeed such role occurred. Qualitative finding also supported its quantitative counterpart.

B-292 Understanding Coping with Distress due to Physical Disability Shruti Tewari & Namita Pande (Allahabad University, India) The present study purported to understand the process of coping with distress due to physical disability within the transactional model of stress and coping. An interview schedule was administered on a sample of 120 persons with physical disability within the age range of 18-50 years from Allahabad city. The results indicated that the level of perceived distress due to physical disability is determined primarily by education, age and the level of physical restriction due to disability. The social resources (perceived societal attitude and social support) and psychological resources (positive life orientation, non-attachment and causal attribution to disability) moderate the influence of perceived distress on coping. Once disabling situation is appraised as threat the psychological and social resources such as belief system and available social support are mobilized and individual engages in problem or emotion focused coping to adapt effectively to the environment. The problem focused coping is positively related with life satisfaction.

B-395 Effects of Usage of Mobile Phone on Mental Health and Wellbeing Bal Krishna Upadhyay (Institute of Professional Education and Research, India) Present research intended to examine the degree to which mobile phone usage affected ones wellbeing and the extent to which it leads to depression. A total number of 199 participants (105 male and 94 females) of different age group responded on measures that included items related the intensity of mobile usage, wellbeing and

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depression. Results indicated that the use of mobile phone badly affects health and wellbeing of its users. Furthermore, ANOVA results indicated significant effect of age, sex and occupation on wellbeing and depression. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between wellbeing and intensity of mobile usage with a positive relationship between mobile use intensity and depression. The results have been interpreted and implications have been discussed.

B-332 Discrepancy between Hygiene-related Knowledge and Practices Among Mothers of; Children with Diarrhoea, in Indonesia Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Worldwide, diarrhea is responsible for 4-6 million deaths per year. In Indonesia, diarrhea is the biggest killer children aged 2-5 years. Previous studies have shown that poor hygiene practices are significantly related to diarrhea, and it has been assumed that improved knowledge about hygiene will result in improving hygiene behaviour. Intervention based on this assumption, however, have not always been successful. This study was to explore the reasons underlying such discrepancy in knowledge and behaviour. Community-based cross-sectional design incorporating qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Results showed that there were no significant statistical relationship between hygiene-related knowledge and practices. Instead, based on the CI of 95%, the following variables were all statistically significant predictors of hygiene practice: (1) mother's perceived seriousness of diarrhoea; barriers in undertaking proper hygiene practice; social economic status; educational background; and having more than 4 children. This study concluded that the discrepancy was due to: (1) different concept of diarrhea between biomedical and community's perspective; and (2) relatively perceived benefit and high perceived barriers for practicing hygiene properly

B-339 Community Model of Hygiene Practice related to Diarrhea of Children under Five in Indonesia Kwartarini Yuniarti (Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia) Poor hygiene practices are significantly related to diarrhea, and it has been assumed that improved knowledge about hygiene

Psychological Studies (December 2009)

will result in improving hygiene behaviour. Nevertheless, the assumption was not always fulfilled in communities. Qualitative approach to explore belief concerning Diarrhea and hygiene-related practice of mothers of children with diarrhea was carried out in this study to discover community's model regarding perceived hygiene practices. Four focus group discussion of 6 to 9 mothers were conducted in the field. Emic differentiation between the etiology and nature of diarrhea were elaborated among the study participants using the Health Belief Model at the beginning. The study showed that the community having different qualitative Belief Model due to discrepancy between biomedical and community perceived belief and knowledge. Model reconstruction was developed and used for further assessment in the study

A-67 Multiple Paths to Subjective Well-being: The Divergence and Convergence of Double SelfConstruals Chin-Lung Chien Mei-Chih L & Li-Li Huang (National Chengchi University, Taiwan) The study aims to explore the multiple paths from the double self-construals (independent and interdependent self) to subjective well-being (SWB) in Taiwan. From the cultural-comparative perspective, independent self was proposed as the predictor of SWB, acting through the mediator “global self-esteem”; whereas interdependent self was proposed as the predictor of SWB, acting through “fitting-harmony.” To complement the culturalcomparative perspective, fitting-harmony was hypothesized to be an important domain on which self-esteem is contingent; therefore, self-esteem might be a mediator for the path from interdependent self to SWB. However, interdependent self might have a negative effect on self-esteem, which may cause damage to SWB. These multiple pathways were integrated into a “multiple causal pathway model (MCPM).” 401 participants completed measures of independent self, interdependent self, self-esteem, fitting-harmony, and SWB. It is found that the strengths of the two selves are higher than the theoretical mid-point and that MCPM, tested by structural equation modeling, is theoretically acceptable and the multiple (divergent and convergent) paths from two self-construals to SWB are supported.