ISSN 2079-9705, Regional Research of Russia, 2016, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 214–226. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2016. Original Russian Text © V.V. Kuleshov, V.E. Seliverstov, 2015, published in Region: Ekonomika i Sotsiologiya, 2015, No. 3 (87), pp. 88–122.
SPATIAL FEATURES OF SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT
Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy: Development Ideology and Main Directions of Implementation V. V. Kuleshov* and V. E. Seliverstov** Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia *e-mail:
[email protected], **e-mail:
[email protected] Received May 18, 2015
Abstract—The main purpose of reindustrialization of modern Russia should be to raise the level of national manufacturing to that in highly developed industrial countries. It is very important to mobilize regional growth points of reindustrialization processes, and Novosibirsk oblast can act as one of the priority Russian pilot regions for reindustrialization via the implementation of a special management program. This article considers the ideology and basic directions of development of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy for the Period up to 2025 and reveals the reindustrialization potential, which is one of the highest in the country due to the powerful system of institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the recently developed system of development institutions (technoparks, industrial zones, etc.). The development principles of the program are formulated, and the mechanisms and institutional conditions of reindustrialization are shown. Using eight megaprojects as examples, we present strategic initiatives that reflect the most important competitive scientific and innovative, engineering, and manufacturing advantages of Novosibirsk oblast and its unique competencies in several directions of innovation. It is shown that the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy is a modern element of the strategic planning system for regional development. Keywords: Novosibirsk oblast economy, reindustrialization, program, innovation, engineering, megaprojects, “pulling” projects, investment projects, strategic initiatives, regional strategic planning DOI: 10.1134/S2079970516030047
INTRODUCTION Every few years, Russian Federation government announces massive campaigns to increase the economic potential and rate of economic growth and improve quality of life. However, fundamentally correct directions toward achieving new quality of economic growth, intensification of innovative processes, and modernization of production are most often just economic and political rhetoric unbacked by necessary institutional changes, large investments, and a clear management policy. Slogans such as “innovation,” “modernization,” and the like are no longer adequately perceived in society; these vectors of transformation get discredited, largely due to the routine approach to their implementation. Meanwhile, due to the exceptional heterogeneity of the Russian economic space, the presence of strong interregional disparities, differences in the availability of resources and production structures, inequality of regional economic potentials, and differences in the quality of regional management systems, the readiness of federal subjects for such transformations varies greatly, on the one hand, and each subject requires a specific system of measures and administrative poli-
cies related to their implementation, on the other. In other words, “modernization” and “new innovation policy” require not a routine, but regionalized approach to their implementation, and each region or municipality should “mature” for them. Often, forcible introduction of modernization initiatives without taking into account regional specifics (in fact, the very concept of introduction initially implies external intrusion of something into a foreign environment) either ends in complete failure or runs counter to plans. A striking example is the lack of real impact from multibillion ruble investments (according to calculations by Russian Business Consulting (RBC), almost RUR 75 bln) in the Skolkovo innovation center, which was created as an open-field project. It is obvious that the same investment in a new major innovation center, e.g., based on the world-famous Akademgorodok, would give results better by an order of magnitude. In recent years, the economic research community and officials increasingly use a new term, reindustrialization. There are scientific conferences dedicated to reindustrialization, and several regions have already announced reindustrialization programs. However, in
214
PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY
order for this vector of economic transformations not to suffer the fate of previous ones pilot projects are necessary for its implementation based on the most prepared region. We will show that Novosibirsk oblast can act as one of the priority Russian pilot regions for reindustrialization1 via implementation of a special management program. PROBLEM: FROM DEINDUSTRIALIZATION TO REINDUSTRIALIZATION Today Russia faces the difficult task of neutralization, mitigation, and overcoming of the consequences of deindustrialization2 of its economic potential, which occurred during the painful reforms of the 1990s. During this period, powerful brands of Soviet industry all but disappeared; this was most clearly manifested in Moscow’s industrial complex. Here are some examples. • ZIL was founded in 1916 under a government program to establish an automobile industry in Russia. By the end of 2012, the main activities were production and sale of energy carriers (heat and electricity), as well as rentals, • AZLK Moskvich was founded in 1930. De facto, the production of cars ceased in 2001, and the plant was officially closed in 2010. • The First State Ball Bearing Plant was founded in 1929. Earlier, it employed 25000 people, now 1300. • The Moscow Dinamo plant was one of the largest and oldest (1897) electrical engineering enterprises of Russia. The company stopped production in 2008; • The Moscow Metallurgical Plant Serp i Molot, the recipient of a number of state rewards such as the Order of Lenin, Order of the October Revolution, and Order of the Red Banner of Labor, was founded in 1883. In April 2011, steel production at the plant was completely abandoned. In Siberia, a typical example of the complete loss of the powerful Soviet industrial brands was stagnation or almost complete cessation of production at the Novosibirsk industrial giants Sibselmash and Olovokombinat, the Krasnoyarsk Combine Harvester Plant, and the Tomsk Ball Bearing Plant. The list goes on. Altogether, the mentioned companies employed hundreds of thousands of people, most of whom were skilled workers with high-performance jobs. In general, there are hundreds of large industrial enterprises in Russia that have been completely lost. 1 For that, both materials of the concept of the Program for Rein-
dustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy [2], which was developed with participation of employees of the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the authors’ own developments and proposals are used. 2 Deindustrialization is the process of social and economic changes caused by a decrease or complete cessation of industrial activity in a region or country. REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
215
As a result, the spatial configuration of enterprises that in the Soviet era formed the core of the country’s industry lost many units. In the post-Soviet period, Russia attempted to renovate large industrial zones on the ruins of the Soviet industrial giants. Most of these enterprises were located within large cities (many of which are megacities). Former territories of these enterprises still have branched transport networks, access roads, electricity and heat supply, warehouses, etc. All kinds of public transport (buses, trams, and trolley buses) operated nearby. All of that, of course, creates certain conditions for the reindustrialization of these industrial zones in different formats and from different directions. For example, at the 100-ha site occupied by the bankrupt Sibselmash, it is possible to create an industrial park; at the moment, such a conversion concept is being prepared. In 2013, a project for the layout of the ZIL industrial zone was adopted. The territory was divided into nine functional parts, including residential areas, business center, parks, sports cluster, and enterprises for the production of automobiles. As a result, there may be “a city within a city” with available transport infrastructure, jobs, and social facilities (the redeveloped territory of ZIL is about 300 ha). There are plans to build comfortable modern apartments for 38000 people and create about 43000 jobs [1]. This can be regarded as a large “pulling” project, which, although it mainly affects the nonproduction sphere, can give a few percent of GRP growth in the capital. The main tragedy of deindustrialization was not the destruction of individual companies, even though they were giants, but the destruction of the national economic complex as a historically developed integral unit oriented toward expanded reproduction on a national scale. As a result, Russia occupied 53rd place (among 144 countries) in global competitiveness for 2014–2015 and 49th place among 143 countries in the Global Innovation Index for 2014 [4]. The loss of the large industrial segments (machinery industry, electronics, and light industry) that constituted this complex was compensated by an unprecedented increase in imports of these types of production. Therefore, the recently proclaimed import substitution program is not just designed to exit the current crisis, but also the main direction of reindustrialization of the Russian economy, which is faced with the need to recreate manufacturing and bring it to the world level. The latter, of course, is an extremely difficult task. Even though Russia is one of the world’s largest industrial powers, in terms of specific manufacturing output indicators, it does not belong to the group of highly industrialized countries. Thus, the most important goal in reindustrializing modern Russia should be to bring national manufacturing to the level of development in highly industrialized countries. Here it is very 2016
216
KULESHOV, SELIVERSTOV
important to mobilize regional growth points of reindustrialization processes. BACKGROUND AND POTENTIAL FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY Novosibirsk oblast can be regarded as an interesting model region, a federal subject that implemented its own economic development model based on realization of its main competitive advantages, effective management solutions and technologies, and self-reliance. Over the past few decades, Novosibirsk oblast three times changed its image, role, and importance in Russia’s economic system: in the 1960s–1980s it was one of the most developed regions of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), focusing on the development of the machinery industry; from the late 1980s until the end of 1990s, the oblast was positioned as a “new depressed region”; finally, it joined the group of the most dynamic federal subjects with a diversified economic structure and orientation toward innovation development. In the late 1980s, according to a comprehensive assessment of economic potential, Novosibirsk oblast was one of the top ten regions of the RSFSR and had the image of a region with a progressive structure of the economy, strong scientific and educational potential, and intensive agriculture. During the period of market reforms, oblast’s high potential proved unfounded and began to deteriorate rapidly. Underlying the economy of Novosibirsk oblast, the sectors of the machinery industry primarily focused on the military industrial complex and on constituting the basis of high-tech production: instrumentation, electronics, and microelectronics suffered most of all. As a result, in the mid-1990s the oblast was in the category of depressed areas. At the turn of the century, the government and business together implemented a serious economic maneuver, and in the new millennium, Novosibirsk oblast achieved considerable success in its economic and social development. It was possible to achieve high rates of growth in industry, agriculture, trade, and financial services. Investment in the real economy increased. Real incomes of the population increased. The financial performance of companies and organizations improved, contributing to the growth of the revenue base of the oblast. The process of technological upgrading and development of competitive production began. Since the beginning of the new millennium, the GRP growth rates of the oblast were on average one-third higher than the average for Russia; its position in the Siberian Federal District improved. The effectiveness of innovation policy increased markedly. The positive dynamic of the population’s quality of life stabilized, approaching the average values of the Russian Federation. In terms of construc-
tion rates, Novosibirsk oblast was on par with Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Tatarstan. Here are some of the final development characteristics for Novosibirsk oblast in the last period: • the oblast has become one of Russia’s leaders in growth of gross regional product and investment attraction; • in recent years, the oblast has occupied strong positions in Russia’s top three leading innovative regions; • in 2012, the oblast was ranked first among Russian regions in overall competitiveness; • in 2008, Novosibirsk won the All-Russia competition Most Comfortable City in Russia; in 2012 the city won the first place in the RBC rating Top 15 Alternative Capitals of Russia; • according to the rating of the Public–Private Partnership Development Center, in 2015 the oblast became the fourth region in Russia in development of public–private partnership. However, one should understand the structural basis of this economic growth: there was a qualitative change in the specialization of Novosibirsk oblast, namely: from a powerful industrial center of Russia, it became a region providing service in the circulation, finance, and interregional trade, also improving its position as a large transportation hub. As a result, the share of services in the GRP structure of Novosibirsk oblast increased significantly (Fig. 1)3. The dynamics and quality of economic growth in the last 10–15 years were not the result of spontaneous processes (as one might describe the landslide and uncontrollable decline in production in the 1990s). It was a deliberate maneuver that actually implemented a priority scenario of regional development at the turn of the century, relying on its competitive advantages (including in the creation of the Strategic Plan of Development of the City of Novosibirsk, in which the Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences (IEIE SB RAS) and the authors were actively involved). Focus on the development of services, including hightech ones, made it possible to mitigate the negative social consequences of the economic and political reforms of the 1990s, to avoid a social explosion, and to generate new jobs for inhabitants of the oblast who had been “thrown away” from the real economy. 3 Since
the creation of the Strategy for Socioeconomic Development of Novosibirsk Oblast for the Period up to 2025 (2006– 2007; see [5]), the shares of all kinds of trade, construction, and public administration in the region’s GRP have increased. Wholesale and retail trade, in conjunction with real estate transactions, amounts to more than a third of the regional GRP. This figure is in line with the all-Russia level, and here, among the federal subjects, Novosibirsk oblast comes after Moscow and St. Petersburg. The share of industry is 20%, which is much lower than the nationwide value (primarily due to the weakness of mining).
REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
2016
PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY
217
Industrial production Real estate transactions Wholesale trade and retail Transport and communications State administration Construction Healthcare Education Agriculture, hunting, and fishing Hotels and restaurants 2004
Financial activities 0
5
10
15
2012 20
25 %
Fig. 1. Structure of the gross regional product of Novosibirsk oblast, % (data of Novosibirsk oblast government).
Essentially, it made it possible to create the necessary financial and budgetary base for the new economic maneuver in demand today: reindustrialization. Now, having increased economic and fiscal capabilities with the support of the service sector, the government and business of Novosibirsk oblast are ready for the revival of industry and the formation on this new basis of other high-tech segments of the economy. This has become a strong internal imperative for the region rather than just a reaction to the command “received from the top” to join new economic and political innovations. Most importantly, to date, Novosibirsk oblast not only has the conditions for reindustrialization, but also the strong potential that is necessary for it. Let us list only some of its elements. First, the oblast has a sufficiently diversified industry, which was hit hard in 1990 but overall still retains its potential in several segments of machinery industry, having improved its positions in the food industry, power industry, building materials manufacturing, and even in mining. Second, the oblast has the highest concentration of RAS institutes in the country and powerful scientific and educational potential. SB RAS is still the flagship of Russian science in fundamental and applied research. The Novosibirsk Scientific Center SB RAS has more than 30 institutes, including undisputed leaders of Russian, and in some areas (nuclear physics and catalysis), world science. The portfolio of SB RAS contains hundreds of scientific and research designs that can and should be applied in Russia’s economy REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
overall, but especially in the economy of Novosibirsk oblast. Third, at present, new, quite powerful developmental institutions have been created in Novosibirsk oblast, and extensive work on the development and support of innovative infrastructure has been carried out: a legal framework has been created, there are four active technoparks, an industrial-logistics park, various scientific and production centers, business incubators, innovation centers, and platforms based on enterprises and research institutions. Academpark of Akademgorodok is one of the best technoparks in Russia; it successfully employs more than 300 residents. The IT cluster alone of this technopark creates more than RUR 10 bln in output. In terms of the concentration and power of industrial parks, Novosibirsk oblast is the leader in the Russia’s East. The cluster policy and park ideology became the embodiment of economic transformations in the oblast. Fourth, a quite strong support system for small and medium-sized enterprises has formed in the oblast [2]. According to the regional program, RUR 1.2 bln from the regional budget and RUR 2.5 bln from the federal budget were sent from 2009 to 2014 to subsidize business costs and create a business support infrastructure (guarantee fund, microfinance fund, venture investment development fund, a business incubator in the science city of Koltsovo, the technopark in Novosibirsk Akademgorodok—Academpark, with a prototyping center, equipment for the medical technopark, and the construction of two business incubators in Novosibirsk). 2016
218
KULESHOV, SELIVERSTOV
Thus, an integrated system of high-tech industrial production entities required for reindustrialization has been created in Novosibirsk oblast. This is a fairly diversified industry of defense industry enterprises, technoparks, industrial parks, innovative settlements, etc., all of which form a consistent line. Namely, such a system (a line) focused on reindustrialization is a strong strategic competitive advantage of the oblast. In terms of the concentration of elements of this system, Novosibirsk oblast is one of Russia’s leaders; the reindustrialization potential here is extremely high, but it requires extraordinary management solutions, new strategic initiatives, and effective investment projects at the crossroads of the interests of government, business, the population, and science (for details, see ch. 4 in [6]). Despite such a strong reindustrialization potential in Novosibirsk oblast, there are certain barriers that prevent its implementation. These are serious systemic problems [2]. • The high physical obsolescence of technological equipment in the oblast. In manufacturing, the degree of depreciation of fixed assets is more than 42%. In most enterprises of the military industrial complex, the average age of the main technological equipment is more than 25 years old. • The technological backwardness of industrial enterprises. For example, technologies of the majority of machine-building enterprises of the oblast are fourth-order. • The fact that enterprises lack their own financial resources, including working capital and resources for research and development funding. In the manufacturing the profitability of sold products decreased by almost 1.37 times within five years and amounted to only 6.9% in 2013. • The high cost of borrowed financial funds for development and modernization of production and development of new products. • The low level of implementation of innovative products and advanced technologies and the low sensitivity of the real sector of the economy to introduction of innovations. For instance, in 2013 the level of innovation activity of organizations in Novosibirsk oblast was 9.9% versus 14.6% in Tomsk oblast, 21% in the Republic of Tatarstan, and 18.3% in Moscow. • An insufficiently effective mechanism of interaction between science and business, which makes it difficult to develop new competitive technologies and introduce them into production. • The shortage of highly qualified personnel capable of realizing the reindustrialization potential of Novosibirsk oblast. These problems are not specific to the oblast: they are inherent to almost all federal subjects. To overcome them, the oblast requires strong and systemic management solutions embodied in a new economic
and scientific-technological policy, which should have a clear regional specificity. By and large, the task of reindustrialization is to break down these barriers and move to the next level of economic growth. And that is the objective of the currently developed Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy for the Period until 2025. The decision to start its development was taken in mid-2014. The first stage of program development was to formulate its concept (February 2015), the second was to create a concept project (June 2015), and the third was to create a final version of the program (end of 2015). BASIC PRINCIPLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY In the general sense, reindustrialization is a new economic policy supported by the government and aimed at modernization and innovative development of the Russian economy. Reindustrialization of the economy implies increasing labor productivity, producing new goods and services, creating new jobs, establishing new high-tech enterprises, and strengthening the competitiveness of the industry and the economy. It is implemented through acceleration of the technological development of the economy, the rehabilitation and modernization of existing production facilities on the basis of fundamentally new technologies, and the creation of new high-tech industries and products. With reference to Novosibirsk oblast and the current economic situation, we would propose a broader understanding of reindustrialization as a large-scale economic and structural maneuver associated with the transition to a new technological order and realization of the main competitive advantages of the oblast and a new quality of economic growth. It is important to emphasize that reindustrialization affects not only the industrial sector but also other segments of the real economy and high-tech services. In the adopted concept of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy, the main goal is formulated as “acceleration of economic development of Novosibirsk oblast by the creation of new high-tech industries, rehabilitation, and modernization, based on fundamentally new technologies, of existing industries, which would make it possible to significantly increase production output, and services, and labor productivity” [2]. Without denying the correctness of such a mission statement, we would like to strengthen it by explicit reference to the scientific-innovation and social orientation of reindustrialization and propose the following wording: the purpose of the reindustrialization program is to accelerate the development of Novosibirsk oblast by revitalizing
REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
2016
PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY
its strong scientific-innovative potential, creating new high-tech industries, and rehabilitating and modernizing existing production facilities. This would be done by fundamentally new technologies, which would make it possible to form an effective structure of the high-tech economy in the oblast that meets the requirements of the 21st century, as well as to create a modern social environment and a creative middle class within the resident population. Let us note the basic principles of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy: • focus on accelerated development of priority subsectors of industry and new innovative clusters; detection and activation of the potential of new growth points; • mobilization of the unique scientific-innovative potential of the oblast, promotion of innovative development of the industrial sector and other segments of the regional economy; • social orientation of the program (including measures to strengthen the middle class), the ensuring of employment growth of the working-age population, creation of productive workplaces, and improvement in quality of life; • stimulation of demand for new innovative products of enterprises of the oblast; • use of synergies arising from the cooperation, integration, and partnership between enterprises and companies of Novosibirsk oblast and other regions; • ensuring the consistency of this program with other strategic documents of the regional strategic planning system; • use of cluster and park approaches to create competitive structures in the economic sphere of the oblast; • ensuring of effective interaction of regional public authorities, local governments, business organizations, and scientific and educational organizations as a condition for successful reindustrialization of the economy. In our opinion, the reindustrialization program must meet the following requirements. (1) The program should be coordinating (umbrella-like) in relation to other programs and directions of the medium- and long-term development of the oblast. Without replacing the socioeconomic development strategy of the oblast, the program must consolidate financial, material, and administrative resources of the federal government and the federal subject to achieve clearly defined targets. In this sense, the program should become an essential element of the strategic planning and strategic management system in the oblast. REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
219
(2) The program should be aimed not just at growth in the gross regional product, but a new quality of that growth, based on structural reforms4. (3) The program has an essentially dynamic rather than static nature (as opposed to most regional strategic planning documents, e.g., when a strategy for socioeconomic development of a region is developed and approved, it serves as a guide for the development of the region for a certain period and starts being actually implemented only after five to seven years). The reindustrialization program operates throughout the entire planning period in the active mode: each year it has to be reset by the inclusion of new investment projects or strategic initiatives. In this sense, the program is not so much a regional strategic planning document, but a reflection of the dynamic process of implementing the new economic model of the region. (4) The reindustrialization program should creatively rather than routinely implement the Federal Law on Strategic Planning. Blind duplication of this law and unification of the development of the main regional strategic planning documents prevent subjects from clearly reflecting their regional specificity and potential growth points, articulating their own competitive advantages, and specifying administrative policies (within the federal legislation). (5) The principal feature of the program is its integration and social orientation. Integration should be achieved by introducing into the program interregional innovation activities and projects (since the reindustrialization potential of the Novosibirsk oblast economy is not limited to the territory of the oblast), as well as through the implementation of the cluster and park approaches that have proved themselves successful around the world and have already been tried in the oblast. Cluster and park ideology are also based on the principles of integration. (6) A feature of the reindustrialization program is multichannel funding of program activities and projects: it involves resources of federal, regional, and local budgets; federal and regional development institutions; and investments from the private sector, including foreign. (7) When developing and, especially, implementing the reindustrialization program, it is necessary to avoid the temptation to make it a tool for lobbying institutional (research, industry, territorial, etc.) interests. It predetermines the competitive principle of adding therein program activities and resource mobilization. 4
When discussing the concept of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy, the most important goal is often to determine the increase in the regional GRP up to RUR 1 tln. We believe that with current regional development trends in services and construction, as well as taking into account current inflation rates, this figure is achievable even in the inertial scenario of regional development.
2016
220
KULESHOV, SELIVERSTOV
(8) The program should serve as a new branding of the oblast and an objective demonstration of its potential strong advantages. Unfortunately, the potential and growth opportunities of Russian regions are very poorly represented in the Russian and international economic environment. The world knows very little about Russia, especially about its regions, and it is dominated by clichés and strong stereotypes. Therefore, the program should have a strong PR component, which will provide information to Russian and foreign investors about directions, aims, potential, specific projects of this program, and benefits for foreign investors. This will require the creation of a bilingual (Russian and English) and continuously updated website that presents all the program’s components. (9) It is necessary to combine the ambitions of the program with reality. This is an important requirement for all regional strategic planning documents. There is a very fine line that should not be crossed: a very difficult route needs to be stablished between the Scylla of claims for major projects and the Charybdis of real financial and economic constraints and risks. The program should suggest a rather narrow circle of planned products characterized by the highest possible degree of feasibility in the first phase of its implementation, as well as a system of measures for creating the necessary economic, institutional, infrastructural, and scientific environment to start the reindustrialization projects of the second and third stages. PROGRAM STRUCTURE, MECHANISMS, AND INSTITUTIONAL CONDITIONS OF REINDUSTRIALIZATION The structure of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy was substantially predetermined by a set of institutional arrangements for its initiation taken by the governor and the government of the oblast. The Council on Reindustrialization Issues has been established, which is a consultative body for the development of proposals and recommendations for a coordinated policy in this field (Council Chairman, Novosibirsk Governor V.F. Gorodetsky; Cochairs, Vice President of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chairman of SB RAS Academician A.L. Aseev and President of the Interregional Association of Business Leaders A.K. Masalov; the authors of this paper are members of the board). Also, 11 working groups for specific areas of reindustrialization (research activities and innovative developments, IT, etc.) have been created, which include representatives of leading companies and research institutions. The potential of these working groups is to be used in the presentation and justification of the priority investment projects in specific areas. Preliminary work on the program made it possible to generate 12 specialized subprograms (six complex and six sectoral), which should form the basic framework of the program.
Complex subprograms: Industrial Modernization. This aims to encourage innovative development of the existing industry, modernization, and technological reequipment of production, and the creation of new and/or import-substituting products at enterprises. New High-Tech Industry. This aims at creating and developing, based on the scientific capacity and developments of SB RAS and applied and academic research, new industrial and technological systems of high-tech industries for the production of dual-use items. Innovative Materials. This aims at creating an industry of new materials and modifiers, including those based on nanotechnology. Infrastructure for Production of Innovations. This aims at expanding and developing the existing innovation infrastructure, and creating new engineering and cognitive centers and technological and industrial parks. Pulling Projects. This aims at implementing the locomotive projects with high innovative composition. Reindustrialization Personnel. This aims at educating generations of creative young people and personnel support for reindustrialization of the economy of Novosibirsk oblast. Sectoral subprograms: Information and Communication Technologies; Innovative Technologies of the Agriculture, Processing, and Food Industries; Innovative Technologies in Health Care; Environmental Innovation Technologies; Development and Implementation of Innovative Energy Technologies; and Innovative Transport Technologies and Systems. Taking into account all prior developments, discussions, and presentation of the concept of the program (which, in our opinion, was not without certain drawbacks), we proposed a structure that includes four main sections: The Program for Reindustrialization in the Regional Strategic Planning System of Novosibirsk Oblast; Potential and Main Directions for Implementing the Program; Mechanisms, Instruments, Institutions, and Resources of the Program; and A Road Map of the Program. The main burden will be borne by the section Potential and Main Directions for Implementing the Program, which will present the basic subprograms and specific projects in four areas: production, innovation, research and education, and spatial. Of great importance are well-designed mechanisms for implementing this program. They will consist of the following components: • financial, aimed at expanding sources of funding and reducing the cost of attracted investment resources; • economic, aimed at reducing of barriers to the creation and development of business, promotion of
REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
2016
PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY
products and brands outside the oblast, support of entrepreneurship, and stimulation of technological upgrading and development through various forms of public–private partnerships and targeted programs; • institutional, aimed at perfecting the legislative and regulatory framework, improving the region’s investment climate (reduction of investment risks), and improving the quality of the regulatory and administrative environment. During the implementation of the program, it is very important to gain support for the creation of integration ties and networks (associations, alliances, clusters, etc.) focused on the formation of production systems and production chains, and support for communication of the enterprises of Novosibirsk oblast with Russian and foreign investors and investment intermediaries (investment and venture capital funds, banks, investment agencies, and development institutions). The program implies support for the creation of collective use centers (e.g., of high-efficiency equipment), organization of the Industrialization Fund of Novosibirsk Oblast, the development of innovation infrastructure, including venture capital funds, development agencies, and financial institutions (concessional lending, regional government guarantees, and tax exemptions and holidays). It will be necessary to control the allocation of industrial sites, cofinancing of infrastructure construction and training programs, and legislative consolidation of priorities, organizational structures, and tools. In order to assess the readiness of enterprises and companies of Novosibirsk oblast to join the reindustrialization, Doctor of Economics N.A. Kravchenko (IEIE SB RAS) developed a special questionnaire, which was distributed to executives of regional enterprises. The results of the questionnaire made it possible to reveal the main problems associated with both the competitiveness of specific segments of the regional economy and the expected or planned areas of investment in them. STRATEGIC INITIATIVES AND INVESTMENT PROJECTS AS THE CORE OF THE REINDUSTRIALIZATION PROGRAM Unlike most regional strategic planning documents, which contain only different kinds of investment projects, the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy should include a wider range of strategic initiatives and components of the project approach: from specific innovation projects to systemic events that will create conditions necessary for reindustrialization (scientific, engineering, infrastructural, human resources, and integration). These strategic initiatives and projects can be stratified according to the following parameters: REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
221
• contents (investment production or infrastructural project; technology, training system, engineering centers, etc.; research and development); • type (industrial, infrastructural or administrative projects, social initiative); • importance (federal, interregional, regional, local); • funding scale (from millions to billions of rubles); • localization of results (international, national, interregional, regional); • readiness (from elementary to high); • production base for implementation (existing enterprises of Novosibirsk oblast, existing enterprises outside the oblast, newly established enterprises in the oblast); • sources of funding (federal budget, regional budget, funds from development institutions, private investors); • extent of cross-project, cross-regional, and cross-program integration (from high—a pulling project5—to weak or nonexistent); • joining with national technology platforms (joined, requires preparation for joining, not joined). Together with representatives of the regional government, IEIE SB RAS has developed a model passport of the reindustrialization program project, on the basis of which investment proposals and individual potential projects of the program should be selected. This information is concentrated in the working groups of the program, so that at this level, it was possible to assess and select projects formed on the initiative of individual regional ministries, scientific institutes, or companies. Such investment projects can be exemplified by the organization in Novosibirsk of a plant for the production and recovery of hard-alloy metal cutting tools, a project for the organization of serial production of new-generation ROPAT hydraulic pile drivers, etc. Preliminary analysis of the obtained proposals showed that mechanical unification of all projects under the umbrella of the reindustrialization program deprives it of its integrity and prevents focus on the most important key points of growth of reindustrialization processes, which reflect the objective compet5 The
order and criteria for selecting highly innovative national projects (pulling projects) were developed at the initiative of the Russian government. In this document, a national pulling project is understood as a complex intersectoral initiative (program) that includes a set of interrelated subprojects aimed at deep modernization of basic, and/or the creation of new, sectors of the economy by the introduction of the most advanced technological solutions. Pulling projects should, as a locomotive, pull the development of the entire innovation sector and economy of the country [3]. A regional pulling project is part of either a national one or has the same function as the national project but at the regional level, while having a high innovative and integrative orientation.
2016
222
KULESHOV, SELIVERSTOV
itive positions of Novosibirsk oblast and which will form the core of the new progressive economic structure of the oblast. That was the reason for the idea to pack the most important projects in a limited number of megaprojects (pulling projects)6, and at the first stage, eight such aggregated strategic initiatives have been proposed. 1. Akademgorodok Engineering Belt Megaproject (Engineering Line). This megaproject will realize the competencies of Siberian science, which are unique in Russia and thus have no domestic competitors. This megaproject aims to become a full replacement of the system of former industrial research institutes which formed around Novosibirsk’s Akademgorodok during the Soviet period; it will be positioned as an indispensable and complementary element in the triangle of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center SB RAS–Novosibirsk Akademgorodok Technopark (Academpark)–industrial technologies. This megaproject includes both existing projects (engineering centers) with operating organizational arrangements and active investors and new promising projects with great innovative scientific and engineering potential. The list of ongoing projects should include the biopolymer plant (based at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS), the Sigma nanocenter, the Oksial Center for New Composite Materials, the Pilot Center of Industrial Biotechnology (Prombiotekh, Academpark, Sibbiofarm, Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS), and the production of industrial crystals (Institute of Geology and Mineralogy SB RAS, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS). The most important long-term projects are the Center for Low-Tonnage Chemistry (based at the Institute of Catalysis SB RAS), the project for development of the domestic industrial automation platform (base at the Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS and CJSC Tornado Modular Systems), the Center of Additive Technologies (Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics SB RAS, the Technological Design Institute of Scientific Instrument Engineering SB RAS), etc. This list is not exhaustive; it can be supplemented with other development institutions of SB RAS that are ready for implementation in both Novosibirsk oblast and other regions and have a great opportunity to attract real domestic and foreign investors. 6 The
authors express their gratitude to the heads of the working groups of the reindustrialization program, especially to D.B. Verkhovod, A.N. Remennoi, G.A. Sapozhnikov, and I.A. Travina, for their ideas and suggestions on the formation of the list and composition of these megaprojects.
2. Interregional Pulling Project: Siberian Biotechnology Initiative (SBI). This project is being developed by Siberian regions jointly with the Russian Venture Company, the Fund Center for Strategic Research, and the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia. The SBI aims at restoring and modernizing the domestic biotechnology industry by using the potential of Siberian scientific-technological, industrial and educational complexes in the biotechnology sector for agriculture, pharmaceuticals, food processing, forestry, and environmental protection. Among the projects of Novosibirsk oblast, the SBI includes three large production projects on enzymes and deep processing of grain, five medium-sized industrial projects, seven infrastructure projects, and 23 projects on the development and launching of new products. With the support of Russian Ministry of Economic Development, some of the key elements of the SBI program are already being funded as part of the support of regional biopharmaceutical clusters. Projects organized within SBI are supposed to receive federal support via federal target programs and federal targeted investment programs of the corresponding ministries (Ministry of Economic Development, Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Agriculture, and Ministry of Education). In 2016, it is planned to bring SBI to the level of a program approved by special resolution of the Russian Government. At present, Novosibirsk and Tomsk oblasts and Altai and Krasnoyarsk krais are involved in the formation of SBI. The interregional nature of this “pulling” project is of particular interest from the standpoint of strengthening the interregional integration processes on the territory of Siberia. 3. Regional Pulling Project: Smart Region. The main innovation of the project should be a hybrid system of management of individual sectors of the regional economy, based on the work of open independent operators with data collected from networks of sensors, business processes, and consumers. The project will be implemented with a focus on the following objectives: • monitoring (improving the comfort and safety of residence by continuous automated monitoring and control of objective parameters of data from an integrated network of devices and sensors); • logistics of services (reducing the runtime of requests from citizens, providing customers with the ability to track the status of requests); • active population (improving the subjective perception of life comfort by reformatting the relationship between government, business, and the population);
REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
2016
PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY
• self-funding (providing conditions for positive development of the housing and utility sector without additional financial assistance from the state); • energy management (transition from simple automated metering of consumed energy resources to real conservation and effective consumption and generation); • effective management of traffic flows. The project will have an important influence on the development of regional strategic planning in Novosibirsk oblast with its inclusion in public management procedures, which implies that strategy planning processes should include civil society institutions and representatives of social groups in an interactive online mode and the development of regional governance based on social communications and collaboration in the government–business–population chain. 4. Production Megaproject: Creation and Development of a Micro-, Nano-, and Bioelectronics Cluster. Implementation of the project will involve enterprises of Russian Electronics and will include the production of electronic components, materials, infrared equipment, night vision devices, power and radiation-resistant electronics, photoelectronics, and semiconductor microwave devices (key partners of the project are the Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, the Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS, the Novosibirsk Semiconductor Device Plant and its Special Design Bureau, Schwabe Defense and Security, Ekran Optical Systems, the Scientific Industrial Enterprise Vostok, Novosibirsk’s Oksid Radio Component Plant, etc.). 5. Production Megaproject: Creation and Development of a Cluster of Innovative Materials (composite materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, nanostructured ceramics, and bioceramics). This project is aimed at replacing traditional materials in the main industrial and infrastructural sectors of Novosibirsk oblast with more effective innovative materials. The very list of these materials gives an idea of the character and direction of this new progressive segment of the regional economy. Novosibirsk oblast has already accumulated positive experience in the interaction between institutions of SB RAS (the Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry and Khristianovich Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics) with leading companies in the oblast (NEVZ-Soyuz and NEVZ-Keramis), which has resulted in the production of such unique products as ceramic substrates, armor ceramics, bioceramics, etc. The latter is used with high efficiency by the Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics and the Medical Technopark in treating injuries of the human locomotor apparatus and in new types of hip implants. The Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, and the Novosibirsk Chemical REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
223
Concentrates Plant have vast potential in the framework of this project. 6. Complex Support Megaproject: Reindustrialization Personnel. The project aims to foster creative youth and train highly qualified personnel for new industry and other segments of the regional economy based on an educational, scientific and technological platform that meets modern requirements. At its core, this megaproject should lead to the creation of an effective educational and research conveyor that meets 21st century requirements: from the formation of a developed system of children’s creativity (such as the Young Technicians Club in Akademgorodok) and a system for selecting talented schoolchildren (such as the Physics–Mathematics School at Novosibirsk State University) to the revival of the vocational education system focused on the working class of the new generation for innovative enterprises of the oblast (e.g., Pokryshkin Novosibirsk Technical College), and finally to modernization and strengthening of higher education in the oblast and the postgraduate system for retraining (including the establishment of new specialties at Novosibirsk higher education institutes, as well as a system for training and retraining for prospective innovation areas, such as additive technologies). That is, this project should combine areas related, on the one hand, to the formation of creative young people as the foundation of a new middle class in the oblast and, on the other hand, to the modernization and strengthening of mass specialties for industry, construction, and agriculture of Novosibirsk oblast. Reindustrialization Personnel is an example of a support project, which creates conditions for the implementation of the entire reindustrialization program; this megaproject will strongly depend on correct management decisions and interuniversity cooperation. 7. Integrated Innovation–Social Megaproject: Healthy Siberia. The initiative of the authors of this paper to include this project in the list of priority strategic initiatives of the reindustrialization program was due to both the need to strengthen the social component of this program and the fact that in the last decade the range of medical services (including hightech ones) became a tangible point of growth of the new economy and social sphere of Novosibirsk oblast. Even more important is research by Novosibirsk scientists working at the crossroads of basic and practical medicine (primarily in the biotechnology and cellular technology); a modern medical and scientific-diagnostic infrastructure of healthcare has been established in the oblast (including the Medical Technopark); research and experimental production in the field of pharmaceutics are being intensively developed. This megaproject aims at transforming Novosibirsk oblast into a leading center in Russia’s East in terms of high-tech medicine and efficient healthcare organization. The priority projects and areas of this megaproject are the following: 2016
224
KULESHOV, SELIVERSTOV
⎯the project (subprogram) Innovative Technologies in Healthcare, which will focus on both development and strengthening of federal high-tech medical centers (Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology and Tsivyan Novosibirsk Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics) and the formation of new high-tech medical centers at the regional level; ⎯the project Personalized Medicine, which focuses on the implementation of the chain of testing for genetic predisposition to disease–disease prevention–treatment using personalized tools–monitoring of treatment (including genetic health cards developed at the Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS); ⎯the project New Siberian Pharmaceuticals, which will be based on the biotechnopark of the science city of Koltsovo and use the developments of SB RAS institutes—this project can become part of the SBI; ⎯modernization of regional healthcare by improving the technical equipment of hospitals, establishing a retraining system, and effective management solutions (the basic organization is the Novosibirsk State Regional Clinical Hospital); ⎯development of technical specification and a set of measures on creating in Novosibirsk the Ion Cancer Therapy Center (key partners are the Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS and the Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology); ⎯implementation of a regional program for the formation of a network of medical and recreational centers in Novosibirsk oblast based on existing and newly created sanatoriums and boarding houses. 8. Strategic Innovation Initiative: Siberian Naukopolis. The idea of establishing a naukopolis in Novosibirsk was first presented in the Scheme of Territorial Planning of the Novosibirsk Agglomeration, developed in 2013–2014 by a consortium led by the Moscow Institute GIPROGOR (IEIE SB RAS has been a key member of this consortium). This idea was formulated only in very general terms: the naukopolis was seen as a new important growth point of the Novosibirsk agglomeration, and it was assumed that it will unite the territory; the scientific, engineering, and transport infrastructure; free areas of Akademgorodok and of the science city of Koltsovo; the urban-type settlement of Krasnoobsk and the Lower Eltsovka microdistrict as locations of institutes of the Siberian branches of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RAAS) and Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS). The proximity of these areas and the ability to integrate their academic institutions gave grounds to consider them not only as disparate areas of science cities, but as a single space of science, innovation, and education, as well as a kind of a priority development territory of the Novosibirsk agglomeration.
Detailed elaboration of this idea, which should be designed as a strategic innovation initiative of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy, is becoming increasingly relevant. The aim of this initiative should be to develop the concept, business plan, and strategy of development of Siberian Naukopolis as a pilot project for innovative advanced development with the provision of federal preferences (tax incentives, special customs regulations, etc.) similar to the type of Russian Far Eastern areas of advanced development. The expected result is the formation of a new Russian innovative brand via the association and interaction of existing brands of the Novosibirsk Scientific Center SB RAS (including the former SB RAMS and SB All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKhNIL), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Academpark, Koltsovo, and the Meshalkin Research Institute of Circulation Pathology. Each of these is a leading brand in Russia, and their integration will give a new quality, forming the brand of the Siberian Naukopolis, the country’s largest research and innovation center, located in a fairly compact area with a high-quality infrastructure, good living conditions, and new preferential conditions for attracting investors and residents. These are not closed-loop megaprojects and strategic initiatives: the boundary between them is rather relative, since strong elements of cross-project interactions appear as early as the first stage. An important role here will be played by the development of the cluster approach, which has successfully proven itself in world practice and in the economy of Novosibirsk oblast. Currently, the oblast officially has two clusters included in the program of federal support for cluster initiatives (information technology and biotechnology). If we consider the possibility of forming new clusters and correlate them with suggestions for implementing, as part of the reindustrialization program, the megaprojects and strategic initiatives, we get a clear picture of the relative positioning of the projects and clusters. The most embedded in all of the projects is the information technology cluster; the megaprojects Akademgorodok Engineering Belt and Reindustrialization Personnel, as well as the strategic initiative Siberian Naukopolis, are involved in the formation of all prospective clusters. An ideal solution would be to establish, during annual selection and evaluation of projects and strategic initiatives of the reindustrialization program, an innovation conveyor for the main stages and phases of the innovation process (scientific designs–R&D and engineering–pilot production–serial production) for specific developments or projects with their consistent (for years) funding.
REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
2016
PROGRAM FOR REINDUSTRIALIZATION OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK OBLAST ECONOMY
Municipalities
Large cities
Siberian Federal District
Federal subjects
225
Russian Federation
Strategy for development of Berdsk Strategic plan for development of Novosibirsk Strategies for development of Novosibirsk oblast and Krasnoyarsk krai Strategy for development of Siberia Forecasts of spatial development of the country
Fig. 2. Participation of IEIE SB RAS in most important strategic developments.
THE REINDUSTRIALIZATION PROGRAM AS AN ELEMENT OF THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC PLANNING SYSTEM Regarded as an element of strategic planning, the reindustrialization program will have a significant influence on the formation and functioning of the strategic planning system for the development of Novosibirsk oblast, which, in our opinion, is one of the most progressive in Russia. First, this system includes all the main components of regional strategic planning: a strategy for social and economic development of the oblast, a medium-term program, a territorial planning scheme, and strategies and programs for the development of territories and municipalities. Second, these documents were prepared in accordance with the essential principle of strategic planning: the maximum possible involvement of the stakeholders (all interested parties). That is, it was not just the initiative of local authorities: the development and implementation of the region’s main strategic documents involved representatives of business, scientific and expert communities, and civil society institutions. Third, the region’s strategic documents were developed using modern research methods and economic– mathematical models, which made it possible to justify and calculate long-term development scenarios with greater certainty [5]. These works actively involved the scientific potential of Siberian science, especially IEIE SB RAS REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Vol. 6
No. 3
(Fig. 2). It is essential that the regional strategic planning system transform into effective strategic management meeting the requirements and challenges of time and economic and political realities. Recently there have been new elements of this system in Novosibirsk oblast, which relate to the development of new components of strategizing, the introduction into practice of public management principles (managing society along with society) and, finally, the introduction of problem-oriented elements of regional strategic planning, which fully applies to the program of reindustrialization of the economy of the oblast. We believe that the development and implementation of this program may be the most important Russian pilot project on the real modernization of the economy, introduction of innovations, and the transition to new economic structures. By and large, for the local authorities, Siberian science, and Siberian business, it is a serious test of readiness for such transformations. However, it is clear that the success of the program will also depend on the willingness of the federal government and large financial and industrial structures to support such regional initiatives. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This article was prepared in accordance with the SB RAS Comprehensive Basic Research Program of “Integration and Development” for 2015 within RAS Presidium Basic Research Program no. 16 “Spatial 2016
226
KULESHOV, SELIVERSTOV
Development of Russia in the 21st Century: Nature, Society, and Their Interaction.” REFERENCES 1. What is the future of ZiL? http://stroi.mos.ru/proektplanirovki. Accessed May 12, 2015. 2. Concept of the Program for Reindustrialization of the Novosibirsk Oblast Economy. http://www.nso.ru/ page/15755. Accessed May 12, 2015. 3. The order and criteria for selecting highly innovative national projects. http://www.tusur.ru/export/sites/ ru.tusur.new/ru/news/2014/11/63-2.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2015. 4. Rossiya v zerkale mezhdunarodnykh reitingov (Russia in the International Ratings), Suslov, V.I., Ed., Novosi-
birsk: Inst. Ekon. Org. Prom. Proizvod., Sib. Otd., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2015. 5. Seliverstov, V.E., Regional’noe strategicheskoe planirovanie: ot metodologii k praktike (Regional Strategic Planning: From Methodology to Practice), Kuleshov, V.V., Ed., Novosibirsk: Inst. Ekon. Org. Prom. Proizvod., Sib. Otd., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2013. 6. Sovremennaya rol’ ekonomiki Sibiri v narodnokhozyaistvennom komplekse Rossii (Modern Role of Siberian Economics in Economic Complex of Russia), Kuleshov, V.V., Ed., Novosibirsk: Inst. Ekon. Org. Prom. Proizvod., Sib. Otd., Ross. Akad. Nauk, 2014, pp. 137–196.
REGIONAL RESEARCH OF RUSSIA
Translated by K. Lazarev
Vol. 6
No. 3
2016
