BOOK REVIEW PROJECT SURVEYING 2nd edition, by Peter Richardus A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Boston, 1984, xii + 628 pages. Cloth : US $ 48.50, Hfl. 145, Ffrs 392, s 34.50 ; paperback : US $ 29.50, Hfl. 85, Ffrs 230, s 20.00. ISBN 90 6191 526 0. This book was originally developed from a series of lectures given to senior students proceeding to the degree of Bachelor of Surveying at the University of New South Wales, Australia. As the author notes in his preface, "The lecture notes have been extended and arranged into a textbook, in order to make the subject matter more readily available both to students and to the surveying profession." The book provides a great wealth of knowledge concerning many different fields within higher surveying and begins where most of the more common texts on elementary surveying leave off. This second edition of the book has recently been completely revised and updated, and hence contains additional subject matter not appearing in the first edition. The book contains 23 chapters but can be said to consist of three main parts. The first part, which encompasses Chapters ] through 4, is intended as an introduction to the text. Here, at an early stage, the author lays the groundwork for the coordinate systems, area calculations, intersection computations, resection computations, and linear transformations which will be used throughout the rest of the book. The second part of the book, consisting of Chapters 5 through 12, introduces the student to adjustment techniques. Chapter 5 begins by defining basic concepts such as systematic and random effects, normal probability distribution, variances and covariances, random samples, correlation coefficients, variances of unit weight, etc. Also in Chapter 5, two important laws are introduced-the Law of Propagation of Means and the Law of Propagation of Variances. Chapter 6 discussesthe formulation of the condition equations, linear expansion by Taylor series or by logarithms, and also the two primary methods of adjustment : the Method of Correlates and the Method of Parameters. This chapter also introduces concepts in statistical testing, i.e., the variance-ratio test, the null hypothesis, the F distribution function, the concept of "significance," type I and type [I errors, the power of.the test, data snooping, and, lastly, external and internal reliability. Chapters ? and 8 outline step-by-step procedures for the Method of Correlates and the Method of Parameters respectively. In both these chapters, the author supplies extensive numerical examples to help further clarify the use of these methods for the student. Chapter 9 introduces the concept of the standard error ellipse, the orientation of its axes, the statistical significance of the standard ellipse, the definitions of the relative-standard ellipse and the pedal curve, and the use of covariance transformations. Chapter l0 discusses how to divide an adjustment procedure into separate phases. Chapter 11 explains how to solve the normal equations using several different methods, such as least squares, Cramer's Rule, the method of elimination, Cholesky's II

method, and the abridged Gauss-Doolittle method. The latter part of this chapter also discusses the problems caused by sets of ill-conditioned normal equations. Chapter 12 is a review of all the concepts covered in Chapters 5 through 1], but it is presented in a step-by-step manner to show the sequence of the previously explained computations. Chapters 13 through 23 then form the final part of ,the book, consisting basically of different applications. Chapter ]3 is a short chapter which discusses the use of weight coefficients for tracing the circumstances by which an unknown value may be most optimally derived. Chapters 14 and ] 5 cover the adjustment of triangles and triangulation networks. In Chapter 14 are extensive discussions on the adjustment and testing of angular observations, angle conditions, center point conditions, side conditions, covariance reference bases, external consistency, and the optimization of geodetic networks. Chapter 15 expands on the use of coordinates as parameters and on the optimization of resection, intersection and trilateration. Chapter ]6 switches to "traverses" and explains how to optimize a traverse, how to locate gross errors, and how systematic errors in distance measurement eventually affect the standard ellipses. The chapter also gives examples of the least squares traverse adjustment method, the Bowditch method, and the modified Baarda-Bowditch method. Chapter ]7 provides an introduction to Doppler satellite positioning (an excellent section is included here on the creation and use of the broadcast ephemeris and the precise ephemeris). Chapters ]8 and ]9 examine different types of route surveys and surveys for technical projects in connection with the application of laser equipment, aerial photogrammetry, and terrestrial photogrammetry. Chapter 20 discusses surveying procedures used in tunneling alignment and in the transfer of bearings and levels down vertical shafts. Chapter 2] discusses the measurement of deformations using laser equipment, triangulation techniques, traversing, and precise leveling. Chapter 22 covers the precision of slopes, areas and volumes as derived from contour lines on a map. This chapter introduces the interesting concept of a "tubular confidence-space" in connection with the precision of any contour line. Here the author gives formulas for determining the horizontal (and vertical) precision of any spot height, the precision of the distance (or height difference) between two separate spot heights, and likewise the precision of the distance (or height difference) between any two contour lines. The last chapter, 23, is a brief list of recommendations on how to keep survey records and on how to utilize current electronic recording methods. The remaining pages of the book contain a useful selection of constants, conversion tables and nomograms as well as answers to the homework problems and a comprehensive index. The book assumes the reader has a good knowledge of elementary surveying techniques, mathematical statistics, and matrix algebra. Elaborate derivations are avoided in preference to the 208 continuous references made throughout the text (this extensive bibliography appears at the back of the book). Only a few areas of improvement stand out to this reviewer after reading the text, the most important being the large number of typographical errors (at least 30 counted). At one point in the book it was found that two pages were reversed in order

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(50?, 508). These problems, although serious, are easily corrected and should be eliminated from any future printings of the text. For the most part, the typefaces used in printing the book are large and clear and only seldom do the subscripts and variables used in the formulas run together. The equation numbers could have been set farther to the right, rather than the left, to make it easier to find equations and sections when thumbing through the book. A list of variables and a glossary might also have been useful. A final comment concerns the terminology used by the author, which, although native to Australia, may cause some slight confusion at universities in the U.S. For example, the text uses a Cartesian coordinate system which has the positive y-axis pointing right and the positive x-axis pointing upwards, quite the reverse of what is used in most texts. Also the use of terms such as "chainage" (versus distance), "arcs" (as opposed to the "positions" of an angle), and "satellite stations" (instead of eccentric stations) may leave American students somewhat perplexed at first, but this constitutes a minor consideration to an otherwise excellent book. In summary, Project Surveying is an outstanding text which covers material seldom seen in most books on surveying. The great number of very useful formulas alone would make it a valuable addition to any surveyor's or geodesist's library. The reader will especially enjoy the important "rules of thumb" offered by the author, which cover many different aspects within the field of surveying. As a textbook, Project Surveyin# will undoubtedly prove useful for many senior-level surveying courses which address the problems of adjustment computations and the optimization of surveys for technical projects.

Stephen A. Hilla Department of Geodetic Science and Surveying, Ohio State University

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