STOVE
FUEL V. G. Nikolaeva, I . B. S a m g i n , ga. T. Abolin'sh, g. I. Elenskaya, T . N. V e r e t e n n i k o v a , and Z. A. ~gle
UDC
662.75.66.041
Stove fuels are widely used abroad in small industrial, railroad, agricultural, and domestic heating installations [1, 2]. In the Soviet Union such fuel has not been manufactured in accordance with individual specifications, in our industrial undertakings and, in particular, in agricultural and small c o m m e r c i a l h e a t - g e n e r a t i n g installations we use such fuels as tractor kerosene, light boiler fuels, and other types which do not meet consumer requirements in a number of respects. The t e c h n i c a l specifications for stove fuel for domestic purposes were confirmed only very recently (Table 1). It wilt be seen from Table 1 that the stove fuel used for domestic purposes is a diesel fraction with a solidification point of not more than - 15 deg C and a flash point of not less than 40 deg C, i.e., the stipulations are on the same level as those of lamp oil. The stability of the fuel is characterized by the permissible content of existent gums (not more than 60 m g / 100 ml of fuel) and by the a c i d i t y (not more than 5 mg KOH/100 mt of fuel). Depending on the conditions of use, two grades of domestic stove fuel are manufactured: low-sulfur (S = 0.5~ and sulfur (S content reaching 1.2%). Fuel of mark A may be obtained from straight-run distillates, or by thermal cracking and other secondary processes. The conversion of agricultural installations from tractor kerosene to stove fuel would free a considerable amount of motor gasoline component in the refineries and make it possible to use the IBP-350 ~ C t h e r m a l - c r a c k i n g fraction. Simultaneously, agricultural undertakings would obtain a special-purpose fuel, ensuring safer operation of heating installations, because this fuel contains no naphtha fractions. The t e c h n i c a l specifications for stove fuel also include kerosene of mark B (instead of TU 38-1-100-67) and weighted technical kerosene of mark C. For technical purposes, light fuels of marks B and C may be used; another alternative is to use the previously r e c o m m e n d e d heavier distillate fuel (160-500 deg C) from delayed coking distillates, manufactured in accordance with GOST 10433-63 for l o c o m o t i v e gas-turbine motors (see Table 1). As will be shown below, this fuel is giving good performances in agricultural and small industrial installations in the Latvian SSR. The following types of c o m m e r c i a l oit products may also be used as stove fuels for these purposes: DT and DM motor fuel (GOST 1667-68) and e x p o r t - t y p e boiler fuel with a specific viscosity of not more than 20 at 50 deg C. Other countries use both distillate and residual types of stove fuel; their physicochemieal properties differ markedly, as will be seen from Tables 2 and 3. It will be seen that in most countries domestic stove fuels have sulfur contents below 0.60]o; they have good t o w - t e m p e r a t u r e properties (they do not solidify at temperatures down to - 2 0 deg C) and high flash points (55-70 All-Union Scientific-Research Institute for Petroleum Processing (VNII NP). Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 12, pp. 1-4, December, 1970.
I 9 1971 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever i without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.
883
TABLE 1. Principal Requirements for Stove Fuel
Indices
Stove fuel for domestic and technical purposes Tu 38 1-01.20-70
Locomotive gasturbine fuel (GOST 10433- 63)
C
A
Distillation, deg C 10% not below 96% not above Viscosity at 20 deg C in cS, not more than Relative viscosity at 50 deg C in deg, not more than Solidification point in deg C, not above Closed flash point Sulfur content (%), not more than: in low-sulfur fuel in sulfur fuel Content of existent gums, in mg per 100 ml of fuel, not more than Acidity, in mg KOH per 100 ml of fuel, not more than Ash content (%), not more than
160 360
II0 300
300
6.0 2.0
-15 40
28
35
5 65
0.5 1,2
1.0
1.0
3.0
60
40
40
5 0.02
4.5 0.005
4.5 0.005
0,020
Note. The heat of combustion of stove fuel is not less than 41,800 kJ/kg. deg C). The solidification point of domestic kerosene falls t o - g 0 deg C, and the flash point to 40 deg C. Foreign domestic stove fuels consist largely of straight-run fractions; the content of secondary products is usually less than 2~o. The actual grade of these fuels is far superior to the standards. These countries use heavy distillate fuels or mixtures of distillate and residual fuels: in the United States 9 No. 4 and No, 5 (ASTM D 396-66T), in West Germany "EL" fuel (DIN No. 81603-65) (see Table 2). The United States has the greatest number of heatinglnstallations; on January 1, 1967, the number was more than 10 million, and the figure should reach 11 million by 1970 [8]. Table 4 shows the distribution of automated domestic heating installations in the United States, according to the type of fuel or energy [9]. It will be seen from Table 4 that in the United States stove fuels represent a considerable proportion of the total petroleum products consumed. Liquid stove fuels are also very popular in Western Europe. Liquid stove fuels have many advantages in comparison with coal and other types of solid fuel; considerable attention has therefore been paid recently to the development of technical specifications for stove fuels, and also of corresponding tests. However, such development is intimately related to the development of special designs of stoves and burners. Tests on experimental specimens of fuels, prepared in accordance with technical specifications of the AllUnion Scientific-Research Institute for Petroleum Processing (VNII NP), have been performed by the Department of Power and Heat Technique of the Latvian Agricultural Academy on test stands and under operational conditions in Latvian collective farms and on test stands in the "YuzhNIIGiprogas" institute. According to the Latvian Agricultural Academy, stove fuel of mark A is perfectly satisfactory for use in small LSKhA-FZ oil burners and other home-produced types, and also in Scandia and Atomic burners (Swedish) with a capacity of 0.7-12 kg/h, intended for domestic purposes. These fuels ensure efficient atomization and also satisfactory operation.
884
OO CO Cn
0.35 1.0
0.15 0.5
26.4
3.6
2.2
0.I
--7
-7
--18
54
No. 3
38
0.8790
No. 2
0.8525 38
No. 1
0.1
65.0
54
No. 4
1.2
4.0 (at 50~
-7(--10)
0.8600 65
0.5
0.10 1.0 0.05
0.35 0.7
0.02
0.01 o.i
10
55
3667-68
[7]
East German standard T. gL
20.0
-15
0.8550 55
mark EL [6]
51603-65
West German standard DIN
6.0
9.5
-7(-1o)
55
0.8100-0.8900
British standFrench State ard BSS 2869- Specification 57 mark D NF- 68 [5] [41
Note. The American standard ASTM/D 396-66T stipulates the following: 10%oof fuel No. 1 must boil at a temperature of less than 216 deg C, and 90% below 288 deg C; 90% of fuel No. 2 must boil in the range 282-338 deg C. The sulfur content of fuels No. 4 and No. 5 is established by a g r e e m e n t between the consumer and supplier. French State Specification NF-68 stipulates that 65% of the fuel must boil below 250 deg C.
Ash content (%), not more than Carbon number of 10%0residue in %, not more than Sulfur content (%), not more than
Density p~0 in g / c m s, not more than Closed flash point in deg C, not below Solidification point in deg C, not more than Viscosity, cS at 38 deg C, not more than at 20 deg C, not more than
Indices
ASTM standard (USA) D 346-66T for fuel [3]
TABLE 2. Certain Foreign Standards for Petroleum Stove Fuels
TABLE 3. Qualities of Gas-Oils and Heating Kerosene Used as Domestic Stove Fuel in Different Countries Sweden, 1966 Canada, 1969, Indices
fuel No. 2 (ASTMD 39666)
Density p~0 in g / c m s, not more than . . . . . . . . . . Closed flash point in deg C, not below . . . . . . . . . . Solidification point in deg C, not a b o v e . . . . . . . . . . Viscosity at 20 deg C in cS, not more than . . . . . . . Distillation (deg C) 10~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9~o . . . . . . . . . . . . . E
P
.
.
,
~
.
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
~
0.8300
70
65
40
55
-20
-30
-15
29*
0.8350
4.6
2.0
207 3OO 320
245 335
200
m
300
0.01 0.41
0.20 0.50
4.0
Carbon number of 10% residue, % . . . . . . . . . Sulfur content, % . . . . . . .
West Germany 1966, fuel of mark EL (D.I.N. 5160365)
0.8314
-
.
Gas-oil, supplied by Con- Domestic kerosene tinental Oil Co.
4:4
360
0.10
0.05 0.60
* Fuel with depressor. TABLE 4. Automated Heating Installations in the United States (for small houses and domestic purposes) Number of installations, qo of total
Type of fuel or energy
Stove fuel No. 2 . Natural gas 9 . Coal . . . . . . ElectriCity 9 -
1965
1967
35,3 57,3 1,2 6,2
33,8 57,5 0,8 7,9
Number of installations in operation at b~ginning of 1967 10692825 18184321 263964 2486341
TABLE 5. Quality of Experimental Specimens of Low-Sulfur and Sulfur Stove Fuel of Mark A, Tested in the "YuzhNIIGiprogaz" Institute Type o fuel Indices low-sulfur stove fuel sulfur stove fuel mark L diesel fuel Density 042~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distillation, deg C 10% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.. 9O%. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96% . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Solidification point, deg C . . . . . . . Kinematic viscosity at 20 deg C, c S . . Closed flash point, deg C . . . . . . . . Iodine number, g I~/100 g fuel . . . . . Carbon number of 10%residue, % . . . Minimum calorific capacity, k l / k g . . . Sulfur content, % . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886
0.829
0.845
0.817
215 253 294 308 -25 2.1 73 36.3 0.52 42625 0.15
201 245 315 346 -18 3.1 75 33.2 0.55 42095 0.90
205 265 340 360 -8 3.6 52 2.7 0.12 40265 0.10
Field tests on heavy distillate fuel with a sulfur content of ~ 3%, manufactured in accordance with GOST 10433-63, have been performed in Latvian technological agricultural heating installations with a fuel consumption of 10-60 kg/h. Firing is effected by mark A fuel. The fuel is used in different types of dryers, in small furnaces with automated AF-61 burners, manufactured in Estonia, and for other purposes. These tests haveyielded good results. The "YuzhNIIGiprogas" institute has tested specimens of sulfur and low-sulfur mark A domestic stove fuel in comparison with standard mark L low-sulfur diesel fuel (Table 5). The fuels were tested in a heating unit with a vaporizing burner, developed by the Laboratory of Domestic Apparatus of the "YuzhNIIOiprogaz" institute, and in a heating unit (also with a vaporizing-type burner) of the firm "Solifer" (Finland). The burner capacities were 0 . 2 4 - 1 . 1 0 and 0.14-0.48 liters/h, respectively. The tests showed that low-sulfur and sulfur fuel of mark A may be recommended for use in domestic heatingboiling installations with vaporizing-type burners. The results of tests on experimental fuels, consisting of thermalcracking distillates and of straight-run diesel fuel, were virtually the same. Petroleum liquid fuel is superior to solid fuels. It not only has a high heat of combustion and a low content of ash components, but also makes it possible to automate the feed, thus ensuring a highly accurate control of the installation. Liquid fuel also has advantages in comparison with natural gas; it does not require heavy expenditure on pipe lines in the countryside, where installation sites are remote; nor on costly small metal tanks, which are required in the case of liquid gas under pressure. LITERATURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
CITED
W . H . Akhtman, Fuel Oil and Oil Heat, 28, No. 1, 31-39 (1969). H. Norden, Oil und Gasfeuerung, 1__.!4,No. 7, 726-739 (1969). American Society Testing and Materials ASTM Standards, Part 17 (1967). British Standard Specifications. Liquid Fuel BBS, 2869 (1957). Revue de L'Institut Francaise du Petrole, 21, No. 11, 1594-1607 (1966). Deutsche Normen. Heizole. Technische Lieferbedingungen DIN, 51603-65. DDR, Standard T. g. L,3667 (1968). Fuel Oil and Oil Heat, 26, No. 7, 23 (1967). "Fuel oil consumption by heating," Fuel Oil and Oil Heat, 2_~8,No. 1, 31-39 (1969).
887
