Brazil As the pressure was mounting on the Arosemena regime in Ecuador, much of the same occurred in Brazil. As in Ecuador, the spearhead of anti-government activity was to be labor organizations spawned by the United States, and the target was a nationalist, non-Communist civilian regime. Similarly, the result in Brazil was the institution of a military dictatorship which pursued foreign policies more congenial to Washington, but which also savagely repressed domestic liberties, including the rights of labor. The regime of President Joao Goulart clashed with the United States early in 1962 over the expropriation of an ITT subsidiary, the resumption of Brazil's diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and Rio's abstention (along with Ecuador and others) in the earlier OAS vote to expel Cuba. Agee has reported that the CIA poured over $20 million into Brazil's 1962 elections in support of opposition candidates for governorships, senatorial and deputy seats and even thousands of provincial and municipal offices. The election, however, in which Communism was the issue, was disappointing to Washington. In a record turnout, pro-Goulart figures won a number of positions at national and local levels.
Mobutu, the Agency" s most "successful" client in Africa, rules by decree with grotesque impulsiveness. In the aftermath of the 1962 election, events moved rapidly. In November, 1962, Brazil demanded transfer of a United States diplomat for interference in domestic politics. By January, 1963. Washington had decided to withhold $50 million in development aid pledged two years earlier, ostensibly pending fiscal reforms by Goulart. Coincidentally, the Brazilian branch of AIFLD (presumably with a Rio counterpart to Agee husbanding its resources) began to step up anti-government operations. Courses in "labor affairs," in Brazil and in Washington, were given to anti-Goulart Brazilian labor leaders. United States aid remained frozen through 1963. Ambassador Lincoln Gordon became sharply critical of "leftist" elements in the Brazilian government. Charges of Communist penetration were, again as in Ecuador, widely aired in the Brazilian press. On October 11, 1963, the Goulart regime announced the discovery of a cache of United States weapons entering the country under Alliance for Progress packages and reportedly addressed to anti-Goulart figures. In January, 1964, Goulart signed a potentially farreaching bill to curb corporate profits expatriated from Brazil by foreign investors. The bill mainly affected United States interests in the country valued at nearly $1 billion. By early March, Goulart had moved to repair his shifting political position by forming a popular front with leftist support, and had retained a coalition majority in parliament.
78
On March 26, 1964, the first military units came against Goulart and by the first of April, an army revolt replaced civilian government with a junta. But the coup also resulted from a carefully orchestrated effort by labor organizations and anti-Goulart middle class groups as well as the army. Scarcely twenty-four hours after the coup, the Johnson Administration offered "warmest good.wishes" to the junta and offered to resume aid. However, within months, the junta harshly suppressed the labor movement, and even AIFLD was to break with the regime. A decade after the overthrow of Goulart, Brazil stands accused before the United Nations of gross abuses of human rights, including torture of some 15,000 political prisoners and alleged genocide of Amazonian Indians. Zaire Nowhere did struggle seem longer nor Tight so dim as in the chaotic politics of the Congo following its independence in 1960. Fourteen years later, the train of Congolese governments, the exotic place names, the endless confusion of personalities and conspiracies, even the violence, have a dated, almost comic quality. But in the 19(g)s, the United States government viewed it as a deadly serious test that would determine the destiny of a continent important and perhaps vital to American interests. The Congo was not only a wealthy nation strategically placed in the heart of Africa: it was also presumed to be a symbolic battleground between East and West, where the success or failure of one's clients would have repercussions throughout Africa and the developing world. Bureaucratically, the Congo crisis was supposed to be the final triumph of anti-colonialism in American foreign policy, residing in the authority of the State Department's new Bureau of African Affairs. But if the thrust of United States diplomacy at the United Nations and elsewhere was anticolonial, the decisive American policy in the Congo itself was soon being executed not only by the State Department, but by the new CIA station on the scene. The fall of Patrice Lumumba in 1960 to the coup installing General Joseph Mobutu in 1965; CIA cash payments to politicians; manipulation of unions and youth or cultural groups; and a rising investment in planted propaganda all helped establish increasingly pro-Western regimes, ending in the military dictatorship that has governed the country for the last nine years. Perhaps the most dramatic instance of CIA intervention came in the 1964 Stanleyville revolt when Cuban Bay of Pigs veterans were contracted to fly vintage B-26 bombers and white mercenaries were recruited by the Agency in South Africa and Rhodesia. The revolt was crushed, though not before fifty-eight European hostages were killed by the rebels in the wake of the CIA bombings and the Belgian-United States airdrop on Stanleyville. More often, the intervention continued quietly in the passage of money and advice. Mobutu succeeded in a bloodless coup in late 1965, and has reportedly kept up a close liaison with his former patrons.
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The White House
JOHN OSBORNE
These Faces Make The News... In The Pages Of
The New Republic! T h e Nation
WALTER PINCUS
Foreign Affairs
STANLEY KARNOW
Washington
RICHARD STROUT
All this. w e e k l y - only in The New R e p u b l i c - written especially for every American who enjoys and practices the art of thinking. Published at the center of the action, the nation's capital. And published for those who want what Walter Lippmann called our "informed, disinterested, compassionate and brave" approach to politics and American Life. The N e w Republic provides the edge for anyone seriously interested in politics today. T h e N e w Republic is the most important intellectual publication on politics in America, according to a Columbia University study; The Boston Globe mentions "the far-reaching impact of The New Republic . . . reverberating throughout the national press media." With upcoming Congressional and state elections just around the corner, you will want to know the issues, the personalities, the results and what they mean. And on the national level, you want to be the first to know whether the Ford Administration is up to the task at home and abroad. And you'll want to experience the struggle for the Democratic nomination which will unfold in the pages of The New Republic.
M O R E - when Alex Bickel and Nathan Lewin discuss the fine point of the law, and Richard Cooper, Kenneth Arrow and John Kenneth Galbraith probe the economy . . . And Oriana Fallaci will continue her exclusive series of penetrating interviews with world personalities. the arts, and book reviews, commissioned by Literary editor Doris Grumbach. Her weekly column, "Fine Print," concentrates on off-beat books you might otherwise miss and will introduce you to the exciting world of writing and publishing. Essays and reviews by provocative writers including Diana Trilling, J o h n Leonard, Richard Poirier, Irving Howe, Adam Ulam, Michael Walzer, H e r b e r t Gold, Anne Hollander, Arthur Schlesinger, Studs Terkel, T a d S z u l c . . . And, on occasion, even W o o d y Allen. A n d t h e r e ' s still m o r e -
Economics
MELVILLE J. ULMER
Films & T h e a t r e
STANLEY KAUFFMANN
DORIS GRUMBACH
World Personalities ORIANA FALLACI Cartoons ~ " ~,~,/~'
And d o n ' t f o r g e t o u r e v e r y - i s s u e " T R B F r o m W a s h i n g t o n " . . . n o w w i t h m o r e t h a n 30 y e a r s of c o n t i n u o u s p u b l i c a t i o n to its credit. T h e w e e k l y v i e w p o i n t w r i t t e n by t h e C h r i s t i a n Scie~ce Monitor's R i c h a r d S t r o u t t h e c o n s u m m a t e and a l w a y s d e l i g h t f u l c o m b i n a t i o n of h i g h e s t w r i t i n g style and all-around-our-town perceptive reporting. T h e New R e p u b l i c is a l w a y s one g i a n t s t e p a h e a d of t h e news. O u r e d i t o r s and w r i t e r s - w e like to t h i n k they're the best i n d e p e n d e n t thit~kers of our time - w e e k l y p r e s e n t m u c h m o r e t h a n j u s t s u m m a r i z e d c a p s u l e s of w h a t w e n t on. T h e i r c o l u m n s and articles are packed with the c o n s i s t e n t l y p e n e t r a t i n g , anaTHE NEW R PUBLIC lytical i n s i g h t y o u w a n t a n d need to s t a y on top of politics in D3030 A m e r i c a . T h e i r e y e s a n d minds, Yes, I w a n t T h e N e w R e p u b l i c f o r . . . in t u n e w i t h y o u r s , d o n ' t s t o p with just today-but probe I ~ 48 weeks $15.75 ($8.25 less than newsstand) deeply toward tomorrow. 15 weeks $4.95 ($2.55less than newsstand) You c a n e n j o y t h e n e x t 48 w e e k s of T h e N e w R e p u b l i c for less t h a n 33r an issue, $15.75. T h e r e g u l a r full y e a r price is $17.00. Or, a c c e p t o u r CITY. STATF ZIP a l t e r n a t i v e o f f e r of 15 w e e k s I .~ To speed service please enclose check or money order. for j u s t $4.95.
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The White House
JOHN OSBORNE
These Faces Make The News... In The Pages Of
The New Republic! T h e Nation
WALTER PINCUS
Foreign Affairs
STANLEY KARNOW
Washington
RICHARD STROUT
All this. w e e k l y - only in The New R e p u b l i c - written especially for every American who enjoys and practices the art of thinking. Published at the center of the action, the nation's capital. And published for those who want what Walter Lippmann called our "informed, disinterested, compassionate and brave" approach to politics and American Life. The N e w Republic provides the edge for anyone seriously interested in politics today. T h e N e w Republic is the most important intellectual publication on politics in America, according to a Columbia University study; The Boston Globe mentions "the far-reaching impact of The New Republic . . . reverberating throughout the national press media." With upcoming Congressional and state elections just around the corner, you will want to know the issues, the personalities, the results and what they mean. And on the national level, you want to be the first to know whether the Ford Administration is up to the task at home and abroad. And you'll want to experience the struggle for the Democratic nomination which will unfold in the pages of The New Republic.
M O R E - when Alex Bickel and Nathan Lewin discuss the fine point of the law, and Richard Cooper, Kenneth Arrow and John Kenneth Galbraith probe the economy . . . And Oriana Fallaci will continue her exclusive series of penetrating interviews with world personalities. the arts, and book reviews, commissioned by Literary editor Doris Grumbach. Her weekly column, "Fine Print," concentrates on off-beat books you might otherwise miss and will introduce you to the exciting world of writing and publishing. Essays and reviews by provocative writers including Diana Trilling, J o h n Leonard, Richard Poirier, Irving Howe, Adam Ulam, Michael Walzer, H e r b e r t Gold, Anne Hollander, Arthur Schlesinger, Studs Terkel, T a d S z u l c . . . And, on occasion, even W o o d y Allen. A n d t h e r e ' s still m o r e -
Economics
MELVILLE J. ULMER
Films & T h e a t r e
STANLEY KAUFFMANN
DORIS GRUMBACH
World Personalities ORIANA FALLACI Cartoons ~ " ~,~,/~'
And d o n ' t f o r g e t o u r e v e r y - i s s u e " T R B F r o m W a s h i n g t o n " . . . n o w w i t h m o r e t h a n 30 y e a r s of c o n t i n u o u s p u b l i c a t i o n to its credit. T h e w e e k l y v i e w p o i n t w r i t t e n by t h e C h r i s t i a n Scie~ce Monitor's R i c h a r d S t r o u t t h e c o n s u m m a t e and a l w a y s d e l i g h t f u l c o m b i n a t i o n of h i g h e s t w r i t i n g style and all-around-our-town perceptive reporting. T h e New R e p u b l i c is a l w a y s one g i a n t s t e p a h e a d of t h e news. O u r e d i t o r s and w r i t e r s - w e like to t h i n k they're the best i n d e p e n d e n t thit~kers of our time - w e e k l y p r e s e n t m u c h m o r e t h a n j u s t s u m m a r i z e d c a p s u l e s of w h a t w e n t on. T h e i r c o l u m n s and articles are packed with the c o n s i s t e n t l y p e n e t r a t i n g , anaTHE NEW R PUBLIC lytical i n s i g h t y o u w a n t a n d need to s t a y on top of politics in D3030 A m e r i c a . T h e i r e y e s a n d minds, Yes, I w a n t T h e N e w R e p u b l i c f o r . . . in t u n e w i t h y o u r s , d o n ' t s t o p with just today-but probe I ~ 48 weeks $15.75 ($8.25 less than newsstand) deeply toward tomorrow. 15 weeks $4.95 ($2.55less than newsstand) You c a n e n j o y t h e n e x t 48 w e e k s of T h e N e w R e p u b l i c for less t h a n 33r an issue, $15.75. T h e r e g u l a r full y e a r price is $17.00. Or, a c c e p t o u r CITY. STATF ZIP a l t e r n a t i v e o f f e r of 15 w e e k s I .~ To speed service please enclose check or money order. for j u s t $4.95.
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FAC s The one factor common to Israelis and Arabs is that they are victims o f history who have been displaced geographically, morally or psychologically at one time or another. In the Middle East, perhaps for the first time in history, hypocrisy must be replaced with wisdom if the victims are not to become despots. Therefore, one who attempts to mediate wisely between the Arabs and lsraelis must empathize with the Palestinian's psychological humiliation and material loss. He must also be acutely conscious of Israel's experience and her justified dread of foul play, treachery and defenselessness. The mediator in the Middle East has a much more difficult task than that of King Solomon. Today there are no "'true mothers" of that ancient land, but there is a lesson, perhaps even a warning, in Solomon's parable. Solomon, the powerful and prestigious mediator, was able to appreciate both legality and human truth; he could differentiate between revenge and '" right. "' He understood that cries for justice had to be heard, but that they ~,hould not be conlu~,cd v, ith the rattles for death.[
Photos by Joan Dufault Text by Florence Chanock Cohen
