Mycol Progress (2016) 15:43 DOI 10.1007/s11557-016-1185-9
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Three new species of Spadicoides from Lushan Mountain, China Jian Ma 1 & Kai Zhang 2 & Xiu-Guo Zhang 3 & Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruíz 4
Received: 18 November 2015 / Revised: 10 March 2016 / Accepted: 21 March 2016 # German Mycological Society and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016
Abstract Spadicoides lushanensis sp. nov., S. multiseptata sp. nov. and S. rostrata sp. nov. are described and illustrated from specimens collected on dead branches of unidentified plants in Lushan Mountain, China. Spadicoides lushanensis is characterized by obclavate, rostrate, pale brown, 40– 65 × 4.5–5.5 μm, smooth, 6–8-euseptate conidia. Spadicoides multiseptata is easily distinguished by obclavate, smooth, 11–15-euseptate, 65–115 × 11.5–13 μm, brown to pale brown conidia with a subacute apex. Spadicoides rostrata differs from other described Spadicoides species by obclavate, rostrate, pale brown, 40–65 × 10.5–12.5 μm, smooth, predominantly 5-euseptate conidia. A dichotomous key to Spadicoides species is provided.
Keywords Anamorphic fungi . Hyphomycetes . Saprobic fungi . Taxonomy
Section Editor: Roland Kirschner * Jian Ma
[email protected];
[email protected]
1
College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
2
Department of Landscaping, Shandong Yingcai University, Jinan 250104, China
3
Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
4
Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical “Alejandro de Humboldt” (INIFAT), Calle 1, Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba C. P. 17200
Introduction The genus Spadicoides S. Hughes was established by Hughes (1958) with S. bina (Corda) S. Hughes as the type species, and was mainly characterized by distinct, unbranched or sparingly branched conidiophores, and solitary, acropleurogenus, unicellular, euseptate or with both euseptate and distoseptate conidia seceding schizolytically from integrated, polytretic, terminal or intercalary conidiogenous cells with several conspicuous pores (Hughes 1958; Ellis 1971; Goh and Hyde 1996; Ho et al. 2002; Wong et al. 2002; Seifert et al. 2011). The generic concept has been widened by adding species that produce catenate conidia (e.g. Hughes 1958; Ellis 1963, 1972; Wang 1976; Wang and Sutton 1982). Sinclair et al. (1985) amended the generic descriptions, transferred four species with catenate conidia to Diplococcium Grove (1885), and regarded conidial catenation as the only character for separating Diplococcium from Spadicoides. This emended generic circumscription based on a single morphological character (solitary vs. catenate) has been accepted by several authors (e.g. Rao and de Hoog 1986; Kuthubutheen and Nawawi 1991; Matsushima 1993, 1995; Goh and Hyde 1996, 1998; Ho et al. 2002; Li 2010; Ma et al. 2012, 2014), but the phylogenetic significance of conidial catenation in DiplococciumSpadicoides taxonomy is still doubtful and questionable (Shenoy et al. 2010). Following the generic circumscription of Sinclair et al. (1985), Goh and Hyde (1996) reviewed 31 species of Spadicoides, 21 of which were accepted, 8 were transferred to other hyphomycete genera, and 2 were regarded as questionable species. However, S. bicolores R.F. Castañeda (Castañeda-Ruíz 1988) was not discussed by Goh and Hyde (1996), but was included in the key to species of Spadicoides by Ma et al. (2014). Since then, 17 additional species have been described in the genus (Goh and Hyde 1998; Dulymamode et al. 1999; Zhou et al. 1999; Ho et al. 2002;
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Wong et al. 2002; Cai et al. 2004; Li 2010; Li et al. 2010; Ma et al. 2010, 2012, 2014; Whitton et al. 2012; Xia et al. 2013; Heredia et al. 2015). Totaling 39 valid species including S. bicolores, 12 of which have been recorded from China (Lu et al. 2000; Xia et al. 2013; Ma et al. 2014). All species within Spadicoides are distinguished primarily on the basis of differences in conidial morphology including shape, size, septation, ornamentation, pigmentation and presence or absence of a rostrum and synanamorph (Goh and Hyde 1996; Ma et al. 2012, 2014; Whitton et al. 2012). DNA sequence data are currently available in GenBank for only four Spadicoides species and therefore phylogenetic sequence analyses have not yet been possible for most species in the genus. Spadicoides has been presumed to be the anamorph of Tengiomyces indicus (Varghese & V.G. Rao) Réblová, a member of Helminthosphaeriaceae (Sordariales, Sordariomycetes) (Réblová 1999) based on circumstantial evidence such as growth on the perithecia, but their phylogenetic association has not been proved by molecular or cultural support. Recent data from 28S rRNA gene phylogenetic studies demonstrated that Spadicoides is a polyphyletic genus, with some members (e.g. S. atra, S. bina, S. verrucosa) related to Sordariomycetes and others (e.g. S. xylogena) to the Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes), but their phylogenetic relationships cannot easily be explained with data obtained from morphology (Shenoy et al. 2010). Lushan Mountain was recognized as a world heritage site in 1996. It is located in the northern part of Jiangxi Province, China. Its scenic area covers 302 km2 and has a magnificent and rugged landscape with distinct climatic characteristics. Weather conditions are characterized by high humidity with an annual average of 191 foggy days. The average temperature varies from 1 °C in January to 23 °C in July and average annual rainfall is 1917 mm. The vegetation belongs to the subtropical forest, composed mainly of needle-leaved and broad-leaved trees, bamboos, bushes, grasses and marshes (Zhou 1999). Such conditions create a very wide range of habitats favoring survival and multiplication of various microbial species. During our continuing survey (2012–2015) of saprobic microfungi from plant debris in this region, three interesting hyphomycetes with the morphological characteristics of Spadicoides were collected on dead branches. They were found to be distinct from previously described taxa, and therefore are proposed as new to science in the present paper.
Materials and methods Fieldwork was conducted at the end of the rainy season in Lushan Mountain, China. Samples of dead branches were collected from humid environments or waterside, and taken
to the laboratory in Ziploc™ plastic bags. The samples were processed, examined and photographed as described by Ma et al. (2011). Adobe Photoshop 7.0 was used for image processing or assembling photographs into compound images with backgrounds modified for esthetic reasons. Single spore cultures did not grow on PDA at 25 °C after several attempts and therefore morphological data are used here. The studied specimens are deposited in the Herbarium of the Department of Plant Pathology, Jiangxi Agricultural University (HJAUP), with isotypes in the Mycological Herbarium, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (HMAS) (http://hmas.im.ac.cn).
Results Taxonomy Spadicoides lushanensis Jian Ma & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs. 1–5) MycoBank MB 815123 Diagnosis It is characterized by obclavate, rostrate, smooth, pale brown, 6–8-euseptate, 40–65 × 4.5–5.5 μm conidia. Type specimen China, Jiangxi Province, Lushan Mountain, 29°33′N, 115°58′E, 1160 m asl., on dead branches of an unidentified broad-leaved tree, 17 October 2012, J. Ma, HJAUP M0052 (holotype), HMAS 245611 (isotype). Etymology In reference to the type locality, Lushan Mountain. Colonies on natural substrate effuse, brown to dark brown, hairy. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substrate, composed of septate, pale brown, smooth-walled hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, erect, straight or flexuous, cylindrical, smooth, septate, brown to dark brown, 90–185 × 3.5–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, smooth, pale brown to brown, 9.5–17 × 3.5–4 μm. Conidial secession schizolytic. Conidia acropleurogenous, solitary, dry, straight or slightly curved, obclavate, obconically truncate at the base, rostrate, smooth-walled, pale brown, 6–8euseptate, 40–65 μm long, 4.5–5.5 μm wide at the widest part, tapering to 1.5–2 μm near the apex, 1.5–2.5 μm wide at the base. Comments Spadicoides lushanensis is most similar to S. bawanglingensis J.W. Xia & X.G. Zhang (Xia et al. 2013) and S. bambusicola D.Q. Zhou, Goh & K.D. Hyde (Zhou et a l. 1 999 ) in c onidial shape, but differs from S. bawanglingensis (conidia 98–166 × 8.5–12 μm, 9–12euseptate) in having smaller conidia with fewer septa, and from S. bambusicola (conidia 5–7.5 μm wide) by its narrower, rostrate conidia. Additionally, the conidia in S. lushanensis are
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Figs. 1–5 Spadicoides lushanensis from HJAUP M0052. 1 Conidiophore with terminal and polytretic conidiogenous cells. 2 Conidiophore with developing conidium. 3 Conidiophores with terminal and lateral conidia. 4, 5 Conidia
smooth whereas those of S. bawanglingensis and S. bambusicola are verrucose. Spadicoides multiseptata Jian Ma & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs. 6–10) Figs. 6–10 Spadicoides multiseptata from HJAUP M0071. 6–8 Conidiophores with terminal and polytretic conidiogenous cells and conidia. 9, 10 Conidia
MycoBank MB 815124 Diagnosis It is characterized by obclavate, smooth, 11–15euseptate, 65–115 × 11.5–13 μm, brown to pale brown conidia with a subacute apex.
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Type specimen China, Jiangxi Province, Lushan Mountain, 29°33′N, 115°58′E, 1208 m asl., on dead branches of an unidentified broad-leaved tree, 20 April 2013, J. Ma, HJAUP M0071 (holotype), HMAS 245612 (isotype). Etymology In reference to the multiple septa observed in the conidia of this fungus. Colonies on natural substrate effuse, dark brown, hairy. Mycelium partly superficial, partly immersed in the substrate, composed of septate, pale brown, smooth-walled hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, unbranched, erect, straight or flexuous, cylindrical, smooth, thick-walled, brown, septate, 70–105 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, smooth, brown, 20.5–28.5 × 4–4.5 μm. Conidial secession schizolytic. Conidia acropleurogenous, solitary, dry, straight or curved, obclavate, obconically truncate at the base, subacute at the apex, smooth-walled, brown to pale brown, 11–15-euseptate, 65–115 μm long, 11.5–13 μm wide at the widest part, tapering to 2.5–3 μm near the apex, 2.5–3 μm wide at the base. Comments Spadicoides multiseptata has obclavate conidia most similar to those of S. bawanglingensis (Xia et al. 2013) and S. bambusicola (Zhou et al. 1999), but differs from S. bawanglingensis (conidia verrucose, 9–12-euseptate) and
Figs. 11–14 Spadicoides rostrata from HJAUP M0240. 11–13 Conidiophores with terminal and polytretic conidiogenous cells and conidia. 14 Conidia
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S. bambusicola (conidia verrucose, 5–7-euseptate) by its smooth conidia with more septa. It further differs from S. bawanglingensis (conidia 98–166 × 8.5–12 μm) by its shorter and wider conidia lacking a filiform rostrum, and from S. bambusicola (conidia 30–72.5 × 5–7.5 μm) by its comparatively larger conidia. Spadicoides rostrata Jian Ma & X.G. Zhang, sp. nov. (Figs. 11–14) MycoBank MB 815127 Diagnosis It is characterized by obclavate, smooth, predominantly 5-euseptate, 40–65 × 10.5–12.5 μm, pale brown conidia with rostrum. Type specimen China, Jiangxi Province, Lushan Mountain, 29°33′N, 115°58′E, 1180 m asl., on dead branches of an unidentified broad-leaved tree, 8 November 2014, J. Ma, HJAUP M0240 (holotype), HMAS 245613 (isotype). Etymology In reference to the rostrate conidia. Colonies on natural substrate effuse, brown to dark brown, hairy. Mycelium mostly immersed in the substrate, composed of branched, septate, pale brown to brown, smooth-walled hyphae. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, erect, straight or flexuous, cylindrical, unbranched, smooth, septate, brown to
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dark brown, 120–230 × 5.5–6.5 μm. Conidiogenous cells polytretic, integrated, terminal, cylindrical, brown, s m o ot h, 20 – 2 6 × 4. 5 – 6 μ m . C o n i d i a l s ec e s s i o n schizolytic. Conidia acropleurogenous, solitary, dry, straight or slightly curved, obclavate, obconically truncate at the base, smooth-walled, pale brown, mostly 5euseptate, rarely 6-euseptate, 40–65 μm long, 10.5– 12.5 μm wide at the widest part, 2.5–4 μm wide at the base, apex extended into a pale brown to subhyaline, short rostrum, 2–2.5 μm wide. Comments Spadicoides rostrata bears some resemblance to S. bawanglingensis (Xia et al. 2013), S. bambusicola (Zhou et al. 1999) and S. sylvatica Heredia, R.F. Castañeda & R.M. Arias (Heredia et al. 2015) in conidial shape. However, it differs from S. bawanglingensis (conidia verrucose, 9–12-euseptate) and S. bambusicola (conidia verrucose, 5–7-euseptate) by its smooth, predominantly 5-euseptate conidia, from S. bawanglingensis (conidia 98–166 μm long) by its comparatively shorter conidia and from S. bambusicola (conidia 5–7.5 μm wide) by its wider conidia with rostrum. Additionally, conidia of S. sylvatica (conidia 22–32 × 7–8 μm, 3–4-euseptate) are distinctly smaller than those of S. rostrata, and have fewer septa and verruculose apical cells with an obtuse apex. Table 1
Discussion Hughes (1958) established the genus Spadicoides proposing six combinations derived from Diplococcium, Scolicotrichum Kunze, Cladotrichum Corda or Spondylocladium Mart., and regarded S. bina as the type species. Goh and Hyde (1996) provided a synopsis of relevant morphological characters that distinguish the 21 accepted species but S. bicolores was not discussed. Subsequently, 20 additional species have been added to the genus and their conidial features are presented in Table 1 in a format similar to that used by Goh and Hyde (1996). All these 20 species have unbranched conidiophores, and only S. heterocolorata (R.F. Castañeda, Guarro & Cano) Goh & K.D. Hyde and S. wufengensis D.W. Li & Jing Y. Chen produce conidia with a synanamorph. Spadicoides hodgkissii W.H. Ho, Yanna & K.D. Hyde and S. versiseptatis M.K.M. Wong, Goh & K.D. Hyde have conidia with both eusepta and distosepta. Four species produce nonseptate conidia, namely S. arengae W.H. Ho, Yanna & K.D. Hyde ex L. Cai, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, S. minuta L. Cai, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, S. subsphaerica D.W. Li and S. wufengensis. Five species produce verrucose conidia, namely S. arengae, S. bambusicola, S. bawanglingensis, S. palmicola Goh & K.D. Hyde and S. sylvatica. Six species produce versicolored conidia, namely S. australiensis Whitton, K.D. Hyde &
Conidial features of Spadicoides species described since Goh and Hyde (1996)
Species
Conidia Size (μm)
S. arengae S. australiensis S. bacilliformis S. bambusicola S. bawanglingensis S. camelliae S. heterocolorata S. hodgkissii S. longchiensis S. lushanensis S. mauritiana S. minuta S. multiseptata S. palmicola S. rostrata S. subsphaerica S. sylvatica S. versiseptatis S. wufengensis S. yunnanensis
11–18 × 4–6 11–13.2 × 6–8.5 33–55 × 5.5–6.5 30–72.5 × 5–7.5 98–166 × 8.5–12 15–22 × 7–10 16–25 × 3.5–5 9–13 × 5–8
Shape and septation
Ellipsoidal, unicellular Broadly ovoid, 2-euseptate Bacilliform, 3-euseptate Obclavate, 5–7-euseptate Obclavate, 9–12-euseptate Ovoid, (1–)2-euseptate Obclavate, 1(−2)-euseptate Obovoid, 0–1-euseptate or 1euseptate and 1-distoseptate 16–23 × 6.5–8 Oval to reniform, 2(−3)-euseptate 40–65 × 4.5–5.5 Obclavate, 6–8-euseptate 16–23 × 7–8 Clavate or obclavate, (4–)5-euseptate 3–6 × 2.5–3.5 Ellipsoidal, unicellular 65–115 × 11.5–13 Obclavate, 11–15-euseptate 25–70 × 5–7 Obclavate, 3–5(−6)-euseptate 40–65 × 10.5– Obclavate, 5(−6)-euseptate 12.5 3.8–4.6 × 3.5–4.1 Subglobose, globose, or broadly ellipsoidal, unicellular 22–32 × 7–8 Ovate to obclavate, 3–4-euseptate 13–14 × 5.5–6 Obovoid, 2-euseptate and 1-distoseptate 5.5–9 × 3–4.5 Ventricose or ovoid, unicellular 18.5–28 × 6.5–10 Obpyriform to ovoid, 2–3-euseptate
Con concolorous, Versi versicolorous
Habitat
Type locality Reference
Verrucose Color Yes No No Yes Yes No No No
ConVersiConConConVersiVersiVersi-
Decaying rachis Decaying leaves Dead branches Dead culms Dead stems Dead branches Dead leaves Decaying wood baits
Brunei Australia China China China China Cuba China
Cai et al. 2004 Whitton et al. 2012 Ma et al. 2014 Zhou et al. 1999 Xia et al. 2013 Ma et al. 2012 Goh and Hyde 1998 Ho et al. 2002
No No No
ConCon Con-
Dead stems Dead branches Dead fallen leaves
China China Mauritius
No No Yes No
ConConVersiCon
Dead bamboo culms Dead branches Rotten leaves Dead branches
China China Brunei China
Xia et al. 2013 This paper Dulymamode et al. 1999 Cai et al. 2004 This paper Goh and Hyde 1998 This paper
No
Con-
Dead wood
USA
Li 2010
Yes No
Versi- Decaying twig Con- Dead culms
Mexico China
Heredia et al. 2015 Wong et al. 2002
No No
ConCon-
China China
Li et al. 2010 Ma et al. 2010
Dead wood Dead branches
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McKenzie, S. camelliae L.G. Ma & X.G. Zhang, S. heterocolorata, S. hodgkissii, S. palmicola and S. sylvatica. Seven species produce obclavate conidia, namely S. bambusicola, S. bawanglingensis, S. heterocolorata, S. lushanensis, S. multiseptata, S. palmicola and S. rostrata. All of these 20 species were found as saprobes on rotten leaves, decaying rachides, dead stems, branches or bamboo culms in Australia, Brunei, China, Cuba, Mauritius, Mexico and USA (Table 1). Ho et al. (2002) pointed out that Spadicoides has polytretic conidiogenesis and solitary conidia similar to several other genera including Dendrographium Massee, Helminthosporium Link, Luzfridiella R.F. Castañeda & W.B. Kendr., Paliphora Sivan. & B. Sutton, Polyschema H.P. Upadhyay, Polytretophora Mercado, Porosubramaniania Hol.-Jech. and Weufia Bhat & B. Sutton, and provided a key to these genera. Ma et al. (2012) further compared Spadicoides with Helminthosporium, Paliphora and Polytretophora based on morphological features, and indicated that conidia of Helminthosporium are distoseptate, whereas those of Spadicoides are either euseptate or with both eusepta and distosepta. However, our observations showed that several Helminthosporium species (Hughes 1980; Matsushima 1993) including H. claviphorum Matsush., H. cylindrosporum Matsush., H. dictyoseptatum S. Hughes, H. longisinuatum Matsush. and H. novae-zelandiae S. Hughes quite different from the generic concept of Helminthosporium (Ellis 1961, 1971; Seifert et al. 2011) in their conidia without distoseptation, and H. apicale V. Rao & de Hoog (Rao and de Hoog 1986) produce conidia with both eusepta and distosepta. They exhibit the essential characteristics of Spadicoides in that solitary, euseptate or with both euseptate and distoseptate conidia on polytretic conidiogenous cells with several conspicuous pores, and differ from our three new species in conidial morphology and size. Therefore, they should be transferred to the genus Spadicoides, although we propose no new combinations here. Several existing genera including Benjpalia Subram. & Bhat (Subramanian and Bhat 1987) and Bharatheeya D’Souza & Bhat (D’Souza and Bhat 2002) are also similar to Spadicoides in conidial ontogeny, but Bharatheeya differs from Spadicoides by its setiform conidiophores and distoseptate conidia. Furthermore, Benjpalia can be separated from Spadicoides by its lemon-shaped, 1-septate conidia and polytretic conidiogenous cells with cicatrized pores.
Key to species of Spadicoides 1. Conidia nonseptate..............................................................2 1. Conidia septate..................................................................10 2. Conidia cuneate, obconical, with germ pores......S. cuneata 2. Conidia ellipsoidal, subglobose, globose, obovoid, ventricose or ovoid, without germ pores.......................................3
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3. Conidia producing a synanamorph predominantly with 2septate synconidia........................................S. wufengensis 3. Conidia lacking a synanamorph........................................4 4. Conidia verruculose...........................................................5 4. Conidia smooth..................................................................6 5. Conidia 11–18 × 4–6 μm....................................S. arengae 5. Conidia 4–5.5 × 2–3 μm..................................S. verrucosa 6. Conidia obovate, 13.5–22 × 7–9 μm.......S. macrocontinua 6. Conidia ellipsoidal, subglobose or globose, less than 7.5 μm long........................................................................................7 7. Conidia mucronate at both ends, 3–6 × 2.5–3.5 μm..S. minuta 7. Conidia rounded at the apex..............................................8 8. Conidia pale or very pale brown, (4.5–)6–7(−7.5) μm .................................................................S. sphaerosperma 8. Conidia brown or dark brown, with less than 4.1 μm wide..9 9. Conidia subglobose, globose or broadly ellipsoidal, 3.8–4.6 × 3.5–4.1 μm............................S. subsphaerica 9. Conidia ellipsoidal, occasionally obovoid, 4–6.5 × 3–4 μm ...................................................................................S. atra 10. Conidia with both eusepta and distosepta........................11 10.Conidia with eusepta........................................................12 11. Conidia 0–1-euseptate or 1-euseptate and 1-distoseptate, 9–13 × 5–8 μm................................................S. hodgkissii 11. Conidia 2-euseptate and 1-distoseptate, 13–14 × 5.5–6 μm .....................................................................S. versiseptatis 12. Conidia verruculose.........................................................13 12.Conidia smooth................................................................21 13.Conidia ovate or obclavate..............................................14 13.Conidia ellipsoidal, cylindrical, obpyriform, limoniform or cymbiform.......................................................................17 14.Conidia 9–12-euseptate, 98–166 × 8.5–12 μm...... ..............................................................S. bawanglingensis 14.Conidia with less than 7 eusepta, 75 × 8 μm...................15 15. Conidia concolorous, 5–7-euseptate, 30–72.5 × 5–7.5 μm .....................................................................S. bambusicola 15.Conidia versicolorous......................................................16 16. Conidia obclavate, 3–5(−6)-euseptate, 25–70 × 5–7 μm .........................................................................S. palmicola 16. Conidia ovate to obclavate, 3–4-euseptate, 22–32 × 7–8 μm ..............................................................................S. sylvatica 17.Conidia versicolorous, cymbiform, obpyriform or limoniform.......................................................................18 17.Conidia concolorous, ellipsoidal, obovoid or cylindrical..19 18.Conidia cymbiform, 3-euseptate, 22–33.5 × 6–7.5 μm ..................................................................S. curvularioides 18.Conidia obpyriform, occasionally limoniform, 1(−2)euseptate, 13–20 × 9–12.5 μm.....................S. cordanoides 19.Conidia 2–5-euseptate, 19–30 × 6–8.5 μm.........S. afzeliae 19.Conidia 1-euseptate, less than 17 μm long......................20 20. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal to broadly cylindrical, chestnutbrown to dark brown, 12.5–17 × 7.5–11 μm......S. carpatica 20. Conidia ellipsoidal to obovoid, reddish brown, 12–16 × 6– 8 μm................................................................S. aggregata
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21. Conidia versicolorous......................................................22 21. Conidia concolorous........................................................31 22. Conidia obclavate or ovoid..............................................23 22. Conidia ellipsoidal, obovoid, clavate or doliiform..........26 23. Conidia producing a Selenosporella-like synanamorph..24 23. Conidia lacking a synanamorph......................................25 24. Conidia predominantly 1-euseptate, 16–25 × 3.5–5 μm .................................................................S. heterocolorata 24. Conidia predominantly 2-euseptate, 16–22 × 4–6 μm .........................................................................S. obclavata 25. Conidia 2-euseptate, 11–13.2 × 6–8.5 μm..S. australiensis 25. Conidia (1–)2-euseptate, 15–22 × 7–10 μm....S. camelliae 26. Conidia predominantly 1-euseptate.................................27 26. Conidia predominantly 2-euseptate.................................28 27. Conidia obovoid, 10–13 × 4–6 μm...................S. bicolores 27. Conidia obovoid to ellipsoidal, 8–10 × 4–6.5 μm..S. cubensis 28. Conidia predominantly clavate, sometimes obovate to ellipsoidal, 10–12 × 4–5.5 μm............................S. klotzschii 28. Conidia predominantly obovate, or initially ellipsoidal to oblong, finally doliiform, >12.5 × 6 μm.........................29 29. Conidia initially ellipsoidal to oblong, finally doliiform, end cells paler than middle cells and frequently collapsing, 16–20 × 6.5–8.5 μm................................S. subramanianii 29. Conidia predominantly obovate, basal cell paler than other cells, not collapsing.........................................................30 30. Conidia 12.5–16 × 6–8.5 μm.............................S. obovata 30. Conidia 16–37 × 11–22 μm.....................S. macroobovata 31. Conidia cylindrical, oblong, fusiform, bacilliform, ellipsoidal or obovate...............................................................2 31. Conidia obclavate, clavate, oval to reniform, obpyriform or ovoid...........................................................................37 32. Conidia predominantly 1-euseptate.................................33 32. Conidia predominantly 2 or 3-euseptate..........................35 33. Conidia fusiform, 13.5–19 × 6.5–7.5 μm.........S. penatium 33. Conidia predominantly oblong or cylindrical, less than 12.5 μm long...................................................................34 34. Conidia cylindrical, 9–12.5 × 5–6.5 μm.......S. canadensis 34. Conidia usually oblong, occasionally ellipsoidal, 7– 12 × 3.5–5 μm..........................................................S. bina 35. Conidia cylindrical, 2-euseptate, 10–16.5 × 4–5 μm ........................................................................S. americana 35. Conidia bacilliform, broadly ellipsoidal or obovate, predominantly 3-euseptate, >17 × 5.5 μm............................36 36. Conidia bacilliform, 3-euseptate, 33–55 × 5.5–6.5 μm ....................................................................S. bacilliformis 36. Conidia broadly ellipsoidal or obovate, (2–)3(−5)euseptate, 17–26 × 8.5–13 μm..........................S. xylogena 37. Conidia 11–15–euseptate, 65–115 × 11.5–13 μm .....................................................................S. multiseptata 37. Conidia with less than 8 eusepta and less than 65 μm long .........................................................................................38 38. Conidia predominantly 5 or 6–8-euseptate.....................39 38. Conidia 2–3-euseptate.....................................................41
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39. Conidia clavate or obclavate, rounded at the apex, 16–23 × 7–8 μm......................................S. mauritiana 39. Conidia obclavate, rostrate, 40–65 μm long...................40 40. Conidia 5(−6)-euseptate, 40–65 × 10.5–12.5 μm..S. rostrata 40. Conidia 6–8-euseptate, 40–65 × 4.5–5.5 μm..S. lushanensis 41. Conidia oval to reniform, 2–(3)-euseptate, 16–23 × 6.5–8 μm ............................................................................S. longchiensis 41.Conidia obpyriform to ovoid, 2–3-euseptate, 18.5– 28 × 6.5–10 μm............................................S. yunnanensis Acknowledgments This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31360011, 31200013) and the Education Department of Jiangxi Province of China (No. GJJ13282).
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