Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6381-9

Evaluation of urban transformation areas in terms of user satisfaction: the case study of Zağnos Valley (Trabzon/Turkey) Ertan Düzgüneş

&

Elif Saraç

Received: 4 July 2017 / Accepted: 28 November 2017 / Published online: 8 December 2017 # Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2017

Abstract Following the Industrial Revolution, rapid urbanization brought about many socio-economic, physical, and cultural problems. The concept of urban transformation has come to the fore as a solution to these emerging troubles. Especially since 1980, in Turkey, like other developing countries, the concept of urban transformation has only been evaluated as an economic standpoint ignoring the social and spatial dimensions of that area and the quality of life of people residing in the area. Therefore, the necessity of these socially accessible areas where individuals can regenerate themselves in spiritual and physical terms has increased even more. However, when the urban transformation projects are put into practice, the needs and demands of the users are not taken into account; moreover, there are no studies showing the satisfaction or dissatisfaction of the users following the implementation. In the current study, satisfaction/dissatisfaction levels of the users were determined by asserting the user profile of Zağnos Valley, which is the first urban transformation area of Trabzon. In the valley, which is an important air corridor and a recreation area for Trabzon, questionnaires were implemented through face-to-face interview technique. Factor analysis was carried out in order to reveal the sociodemographic characteristics, space usage trends, and E. Düzgüneş (*) : E. Saraç School of Forestry, Department of Landscape Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University, 61080 Trabzon, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] E. Saraç e-mail: [email protected]

spatial usage characteristics of the users. In order to measure satisfaction and dissatisfaction levels, the determined criteria were weighted on a 5-point Likert scale and frequency distributions were examined. In this way, solution proposals have been made in order to increase the level of satisfaction and remediate the level of dissatisfaction of users. Keywords Recreation . Urban transformation . User satisfaction . Zağnos Valley . Trabzon

Introduction Industrial revolution, industrialization, technological developments, immigration, and rapid population growth have also brought about distorted urbanization of cities. Today, these areas, which have lost their qualities and have suffered from sociological deterioration, are transformed into green areas by undergoing urban transformation. Green spaces are open public spaces that allow for educational, cultural, and recreational activities that demonstrate the physical and social characters of cities (Yuen 1996). In other words, they are important areas that establish human-nature-landscape relationship in order to prepare appropriate living conditions in urban environments (Şahin and Barış 1998). For this reason, many public areas in many developed countries are being re-planned through the process known as Burban transformation^ in order to provide better living conditions and to create a quality environment for social life.

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Urban transformation is a planning approach that can respond to urban problems and find a lasting solution to the physical, social, and environmental conditions of the interchanged area in order to stimulate local economic dynamics (Couch 2000; Roberts 2000; Dündar 2001; Thomas 2003). Urban transformation is carried out in any given area in order to revitalize poor regions economically and physically and to restore the areas that have not lost their originality but started to deteriorate (Özden 2001; Keles 2004). Urban transformation applications began with clearing of the areas of immigrants, especially those in the western countries, which were threatened by unhealthy, poor social security, below the physical standards and which were first referred to as Bdepressed^ after the industrial revolution (Andersen 1999). Subsequently, this initiative was transformed into a make-and-break model, and areas within the city have been reconstructed to include health, education, and social services (Carmon 1997). However, these initiatives led to very high economic losses. Because of that, in the 1960s, recovery studies started to flourish in such areas (Erden 2003). Since the 1970s, the participatory approach has come to the fore and it has become necessary for individuals to have a say in the decisions to be taken (Erden 2003). In this period, social and economic dimensions have been considered together in the planning, and the projects have been realized with public resources in integration (Ambrose 1994). Today, along with the globalizing world order, the regional conflicts and the economic crisis due to growing demand for underground resources caused the urban transformation studies to be carried out by the local administrations and private firms together in the scope of the project concept. This has resulted in fragmentation of the holistic approach. The process of urban transformation in Turkey began during the early 1980s. In this period, particularly slum regions, industrial areas that were carried out of the city and many areas within the scope of privatization were handled by public and private sector in cooperation during this process (Özdemir Sönmez 2006). However, with the impact of political pressure and rent-seeking drives, this resulted in concentration of capital in specific areas and a unique understanding of attitudes, totally opposite of a participatory approach. Therefore, people living in the conversion areas with high economic rent were re-located to other areas, or the buildings they had been living for a long time were bought cheaper than their real values.

Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11

In developed countries, urban transformation is handled in a holistic approach, and it aims at increasing the welfare and quality of life of the city and citizen (Roberts 2000). The quality of life in urban planning is the whole of the environmental characteristics and reactions and expectations that individuals portray in response to these characteristics. The life quality characteristics of any urban recreation area can be demonstrated by the criteria of viability, perceptibility, balance, semantics, and feasibility (Tekeli 1994). The sense of belonging, which is important in the promotion and sustainability of quality of life, is influential in the development and strengthening of social ties (Kısar Koramaz 2010). Therefore, the quality of life in an area is also influential in determining the level of satisfaction of users. Satisfaction is the emergence of users’ motivation and experience, such as joy, pleasure, enjoyment, and interest (Bultena and Klessing 1969; Stankey 1972; Westbrook 1987). User satisfaction is the establishment of appropriate environmental conditions that will not cause social, psychological, and physiological discomfort in an area where recreational activities are carried out (Güngör 2002). In other words, it is the level of satisfaction experienced by the user in meeting the needs of user (Esatoğlu 1997; Turgu 1997). The personal characteristics of the users, the characteristics of the areas in which they perform recreational activities, and the diversity of these areas affect user satisfaction in an area (Güngör 2002). At the same time, individuals’ satisfaction levels are also determined by physical stimulants such as topography, slope, vegetation, urban furniture, color, light, noise, pollution, and smell (Işıkpınar 1999). Therefore, in order to increase the user satisfaction to the highest level, it is absolutely necessary to reflect the expectations and needs in the planning decisions according to the mentioned criteria. Although the planning of any recreational area takes into account the needs and expectations of the individuals, the number of studies that measure the satisfaction levels of the users related to that area after the applications is very low. In fact, such studies serve as a guide in reviewing that particular area in order to respond to expectations and needs of users changing over time, and during planning and implementation phases of new areas (Altınçekiç and Erdönmez 2001). Hence, these areas can be managed in a more sustainable way. In this study, by determining to what extent Zağnos Valley, which is the first urban transformation area of

Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11

Trabzon, meets users’ needs and requirements, satisfaction/dissatisfaction levels were revealed. In this scope, a questionnaire study was conducted with the users of this area. In light of the obtained findings, satisfaction/dissatisfaction levels were set forth according to users’ expectations and needs, and further suggestions were made.

Material and method The study material is Zağnos Valley, located in Trabzon city center. Zağnos Valley is the first urban transformation area of Trabzon and reaches to the Black Sea starting from the steep slopes on the south of the city (Fig. 1). Situated close to the historic Ortahisar Castle, which is one of the important gates of Trabzon, the Zağnos Valley was home to tangerine gardens and traditional Trabzon houses until the 1960s. The valley, which is an important air corridor for Trabzon city, has become one of the depressed areas which suffered intense construction as a result of rapid and distorted urbanization in the following years. Over time, this situation caused air and visual pollution in the city. In 2004, with the joint project of the Trabzon Municipality and the Housing Development Administration (TOKİ), the valley was dealt within three stages in the scope of an urban transformation project, and as of today, the project has been completed (Fig. 2). There are observation terraces, public exhibition areas, playgrounds, catering units, sitting-rest units, a meeting and wedding hall, a hotel, and historical Trabzon houses in the valley which enable socio-cultural and recreational utilizations (Fig. 3). In order to measure the satisfaction and dissatisfaction levels of the users of Zağnos Valley, different user groups were surveyed in different time periods (i.e., weekdays and weekends, summer and winter). The number of questionnaires was determined as 300 as per the sample size formula (Kalıpsız 1981). The user profile, needs and expectations, criteria affecting satisfaction, and dissatisfaction were determined through the implementation of the questionnaires. The resulting data were analyzed in the SPSS program. Frequency analysis was run on the socio-demographic characteristics of users, area usage tendencies, and spatial usage characteristics. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction criteria were

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weighted between 1 and 5 according to 5-point Likert scale and expressed in percentages (%). The overall satisfaction rate was found by subtracting the level of dissatisfaction from the level of satisfaction.

Findings When the socio-demographic characteristics of the users of Zağnos Valley were examined, it was observed that almost half of them are male (56%). It is particularly preferred by young people (40%) and the middle-age group (33%). More than half of these age groups are university graduates (53%), followed by high school graduates (23%) and post-graduate students (13%). When the income situation was examined, it was determined that the majority of the users who use the area are at the minimum wage limit (53%). It was observed that users in the middle- and upper-income groups prefer this area less than ones in lower-income groups. The majority of users of the Zağnos Valley are students (39%) and civil servants (21%). The rate of workers, retirees, housewives, and non-workers is very low (Table 1). As a result of the survey, 58% of those coming to Zağnos Valley visit the valley once a year and 33% once a month. The rate of users visiting every day is 3%, and the rate of users visiting once a week is 5%. The area is particularly accessed on foot (39%). The rate of access by private vehicles is 25% and the rate of people using public transportation is 36%. Thirty-nine percent of the visitors of Zağnos Valley spend 1–2 h on average, and 36% of them less than 1 h. The rate of those staying for 3– 5 h is 23% and the rate of those staying for more than 6 h is 1%. When these time periods are considered, the valley is used especially in the afternoon (34.17%), evening (23.50%), and during lunchtime (22%). The valley is preferred at the weekends with a rate of 41.33%. The percentage of those going to the area during public holidays and religious holidays is 30.67% and the rate of those using on weekdays is 20.67%. Zağnos Valley is mostly used in June (23.33%) and July (23.33%). The usage rate is very low in winter months. The area is generally preferred by groups of friends (50%) and family members (36%), in particular, groups of 3–5 people (67%) visit the area more frequently (Table 2). Nineteen percent of the visitors of Zağnos Valley prefer the area for its beautiful scenery, 17.50% prefer the area for its being quiet and calm, and 15.68% prefer

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Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11

Fig. 1 Location of Zağnos Valley

the area thanks to its natural values. Taking these features into account, they prefer walking (21.84%), having a rest (17.83%), and taking photos (13.33%).

Considering the preferred areas in the valley, 28% of the users use green areas, 24.50% of them use pergolas, and 15.67% of them use the pond and its surroundings.

Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11 Fig. 2 Stages of the Zağnos Valley Urban Transformation Project

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Fig. 3 Socio-cultural and recreational usages in Zağnos Valley

The rate of those using the hotel and the Trabzon house is very low (Table 3). In order to put forth satisfaction and dissatisfaction levels of the users, satisfaction/dissatisfaction criteria were scored from 1 to 5 on a 5-point Likert scale. The scores obtained were weighted and percentages were taken. The frequency distributions of the percentages were examined and each criterion is evaluated as B1: No Satisfaction^ (0–20%), B2: Low Satisfaction^ (21– 40%), B3: Satisfaction^ (41–60%), B4: Quite Satisfied^ (61–80%), and B5: Very Satisfied^ (81–100%). Satisfaction levels of the users are presented in Table 4. The satisfaction level of visitors was found to be 74%, which corresponds to the 4th range: BQuite Satisfied.^ Using the same technique, the levels of dissatisfaction of the users were expressed in percentages. However, in this case the ranges were marked as B1: Very Satisfied^ (0–20%), B2: Quite Satisfied^ (21–40%), B3: Satisfied^ (41–60%), B4: Low Satisfaction^ (61–80%), and B5: No Satisfaction^ (81–100%). Accordingly, the levels of dissatisfaction are shown in Table 5.

According to Table 5, the level of dissatisfaction of the visitors is 77.86%, which falls into the 4th range: BLow Satisfaction^. When the levels of satisfaction and dissatisfaction of visitors are examined, the following results were achieved. While the number of users increases, the level of satisfaction decreases. Although the valley’s proximity to the city center is considered as an advantage, this fact also increases the level of dissatisfaction. The fact that the valley has a long corridor and it was planned quite similar to natural forms, with its quiet calmness, has a positive effect on the users. As a result, individuals can spend time on their own or with their families and can stay away from the hectic schedule of the city. In other words, they are able to get away from their daily routines. Low prices of goods and services in the social facilities located in the valley constitute another factor that increases the level of satisfaction. Continuous patrolling of the security staff in the area is particularly welcomed by families. However, users are not satisfied

Table 1 Socio-demographic structure of the users Gender Age

Occupation

Female

%44

16–25

%40

Illiterate

1%

26–35

%33

Primary school

6%

36–45

%17

Secondary school

46–55

%4

High school

23%

56–65

%6

University

53%

Post-graduate

13%

66 and more

%0

Student

%39

Laborer

%7

Male Education level

Income level

56%

4%

0–1300 TL

53%

1301–2500 TL

18%

Civil servant

%21

2501–3500 TL

14%

Retired

%3

3501–4500 TL

8%

Private sector

%16

4501 TL +

7%

Housewife

%5

Unemployed

%9

Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11

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Table 2 Usage tendency of users Frequency of use Every day: 3%

Duration of stay

Time period Morning: 6.50%

User type

Alone: 7%

Once a week: 5%

Noon: 22%

With family: 36%

Several times a week: 1%

Afternoon: 34.17%

With friends: 50%

Once a month: 33%

Evening: 23.50%

With neighbors: 3%

Once a year: 58%

Night: 3.83%

Other: 4%

1–2 h: 39%

Time period Weekday: 20.67%

Number of user groups Alone: 9%

3–5 h: 23%

Weekend: 41.33%

2 people: 14%

6–8 h: 1%

Public holiday: 18.50%

3–5 people: 67%

All day: 1%

Rel. holidays: 12.17%

6–10 people: 8%

Less than 1 year: 36%

Other: 7.33%

11 people and more: 2%

Preferred month January: 1%

May: 12.33%

September: 6.17%

February: 2%

June: 23.33%

October: 1.66%

March: 2.67%

July: 23.33%

November: 1.50%

April: 12.17%

August: 12.17%

December: 1.67%

Transportation type On foot: 39%

By personal vehicle: 25%

with the trash boxes, lighting elements and WCs, pergola, and sitting units. Current status of safety measures in the pond and its surroundings reduces the level of satisfaction of the users, especially of those with children. The lack of any form of planning and infrastructure for the physically and visually disabled people in the area is a barrier against them hindering their use of the valley. Apart from that, inadequacy of signboards and warning is among the factors that decrease the level of satisfaction of users.

By public transport: 36%

According to the findings, as the dissatisfaction level is higher than the satisfaction level, general satisfaction level was found to be B− 3.6.^

Discussion and results Progress in urbanization environmental protection and recreational concerns increases the importance of green areas (Güngör and Polat 2017). At this point, urban

Table 3 Visitor preferences Reason of preference

Scenery beauty: 19%

Activities performed

Having a picnic: 11.17%

Proximity: 7.33%

Doing sports: 2.50%

Historical touristic value: 4.33%

Reading a book: 2.67%

Being in the nature: 10%

Taking photos: 13.33%

Being quiet and calm: 17.50%

Eating and drinking: 9.50%

Entertaining and fun: 4.33%

Sightseeing: 10.50%

Social meetings: 5.33%

Playing games: 1.83%

Fresh air: 11.17%

Sitting and resting: 17.83%

Other: 5.33% Preferred places

Walking: 21.84%

Nature beauty: 15.68%

Other: 8.83%

Hotel: 0.50%

Trabzon house: 5.17%

Green areas: 28.50%

Meeting areas: 6.33%

Pergolas: 24.50%

Eating-drinking areas: 14.83%

The pond and its surroundings: 15.67%

Other: 4.50%

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Table 4 Users’ satisfaction levels Satisfaction levels Criteria

Score Percentage Range Criteria

Far from other people

311

62.2

4

Excessive number of users

259

51.8

3

Seeing different types of people

244

48.8

3

Enabling physical fitness exercise

315

63

4

Freeing from daily routines

350

70

4

Having good time for my children

330

66

Being a meaningful place for me

269

53.8

Taking me to old days

258

Provide opportunities to think and solve problems Proximity

298 316

The existence of areas where I can spend my free time Provides much fun in exchange for a little money Quiet and peaceful

Score Percentage Range 346

69.2

4

343

68.6

4

390

78

4

381

76.2

4

352

70.4

4

4

Spending leisure time in a natural environment Allows me to spend leisure time in a planned place Connecting me to the nature

341

68.2

4

3

Allows me to think about life and life

318

63.6

4

51.6

3

Easy to reach

345

69

4

59.6

3

Opportunity to meet new people

238

47.6

3

63.2

4

Possibility to stay alone with my family

346

69.2

4

Total

74.00%

transformation areas have an important role. Urban transformation areas, like in other countries, have been important applications in recent years in Turkey.

Although the main starting point is to turn the slum areas, unplanned urbanization areas, and unqualified usage areas into qualified ones, nowadays, mainly

Table 5 Users’ dissatisfaction levels Dissatisfaction levels Criteria

Score Percentage Range Criteria

Easy to access

267

53.4

3

Too many people

321

64.2

Having an opportunity to find a place to spend time Parking capacity

276

55.2

354

70.8

4

Traffic noise

322

64.4

4

The adequacy of the number of security staff

342

68.4

4

Seeing too many physical structures

317

63.4

4

Opportunity to contact with security staff to get information Sufficiency of signboards and warning signs

360

72

4

Water and sewerage infrastructure

351

70.2

4

348

69.6

4

Behavior of security staff

324

64.8

4

Adequacy of trash cans

320

64

4

Behavior of workers

295

59

3

Adequacy of lighting elements

313

62.6

4

Service quality

307

61.4

4

Access to water supplies

348

69.6

4

Price range of offered services

325

65

4

Sufficiency of seating units

319

63.8

4

Management conception

302

60.4

4

Sufficiency of children’s playgrounds and equipment Sufficiency of WCs

337

67.4

4

Infrastructure for disabled people

358

71.6

4

383

76.6

4

Level of enforcement of the rules

327

65.4

4

Animals without leash and without control

344

68.8

4

Safety measures in the pond and its surrounding

350

70

4

Total

4

Quality of environmental cleanliness Dirt of WCs

3

Quality of road material

Score Percentage Range 322

64.4

4

380

76

4

314

62.8

4

77.86%

Environ Monit Assess (2018) 190: 11

rent-oriented plans have been realized by authorities, ignoring the social and cultural dimensions in the case of numerous applications. For this reason, it is very important to plan the qualified areas in the city in terms of economic, social, and cultural aspects considering the socio-demographic characteristics of the residents of such areas. Integration of users’ needs and expectations into planning decisions by taking into account the participatory approach is another important aspect of such transformation areas. Zağnos Valley is mainly used by the age group of 16– 25, which is considered as Bthe young population.^ The valley, which is preferred less frequently by the elderly, is mainly visited by university graduates. Because the vast majority of the areas in the valley are meant to be used in summer, the area is especially preferred in the summer months. Therefore, in order to reduce seasonality in terms of usage of the area, it is necessary to develop other activities for winter use. The area is particularly used at weekends, at noon, and at late afternoons. The reasons for this include suitable climatic conditions for outdoor usage during these particular times, proximity of the valley to public institutions and organizations, and insufficient lighting at nights. As a result of all these, the valley is generally visited for only 1–2 h. Since the valley is not located on a convenient spot in respect to transportation, it can be basically reached on foot. Parking spaces in and around the area are not sufficient and of good quality. Therefore, it is necessary to re-plan the parking areas by calculating the visitor carrying capacity of the area. It is necessary to extend the period of use of the area by increasing the variety of recreational activities in the area. Particularly, lighting and security problems should be solved and the night use of the valley should be facilitated. Considering the valley as a whole, we see that it is dominated by indoor spaces (hotel, catering areas, meeting, and wedding halls) and sitting-resting areas. Apart from this, most of the remaining areas are composed of green areas and other parts are unqualified, wide, hardground areas. For this reason, walking, resting, photography, and picnicking are the activities generally performed in the valley. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the quality of green areas and to convert large hard surfaces into qualified multipurpose activity areas. The green areas in Zağnos Valley depict a naturallike look thanks to its vegetation. As a result of this, the area is especially preferred due to its beautiful scenery,

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natural values, and calmness. In historical terms, the area where the valley is located serves as a bridge between the past and the present. However, the historical values of the valley were not highlighted enough in the planning phase. In this sense, revised projects that will integrate history and cultural values into natural areas should be put into practice. There is one hotel in the valley that has recently been built and opened for use. The capacity of the hotel, which is generally used by Arab tourists coming to Trabzon, is quite low. If we want to attract more domestic and foreign tourists to the area, it is necessary to increase the number of the means of accommodation throughout the area.

Conclusion As a result, the general satisfaction level of the Zağnos Valley in terms of users is found as B− 3.6.^ This value has been influenced by the high number of users, lack of ease of accessibility, insufficient trash boxes, lighting elements, WCs, pergolas, sitting units, signboards and warning and security measures. Besides, the lack of infrastructure for disabled users was considered as other negative factors. There is a lack of studies that measure the satisfaction levels of users in any recreational planning. Therefore, it is very important to re-evaluate the expectations and needs of users after implementation and to carry out renovation works.

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