European Journal o f
Eur J Appl Physiol 43, 69 81 (1980)
Applied
Physiology and Occupational Physiology 9 Springer-Verlag 1980
Use of Girth Measurements for Estimating Body Volume and Body Density in Indian Girls Aged 10--19 Years Raghbir Singh and Chand Raja Department of Anthropology,University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
Summary. Mean values and standard deviations of total body volume, body density, height, weight, and a battery of 20 girth measurements of 200 Punjabi girls aged 10-19 years are presented. Selective stepwise multiple regression equations for predicting total body volume and body density from girth measurements are also given for different age groups. Hip girth was the most commonly selected measurement at the first step in most age groups and the values of 'r' between hip girth and total body volume ranged between 0.86--0.96 in different age groups. The values of multiple 'R' between total body volume and a combination of first four selected girth measurements varied from 0.96-0.99 in different age groups. The values of multiple 'R' between body density and a combination of four girth measurements selected up to fourth step ranged between 0.73-0.92 in different age groups. Key words: Body volume -- Body density - Girths - Stepwise multiple regression equations -- Indian girls
Adequate information is available on body volume and body density of adults and adolescents of different populations (Gopalan et al., 1955; Parizkova, 1970; Parizkova and Eiselt, 1968; Parizkova and Buzkova, 1971; Durnin and Rahaman, 1967; Katch and Michael, 1968; Katcb and McArdle, 1973; Weltman and Katch, 1975; Wilmore and Behnke, 1969; Haisman, 1970; Wakat et al., 1971; Pollock et al., 1976; Sen and Banerjee, 1958; Smith and Boyce, 1977; Young et al., 1968; Raja et al., 1977, 1978; Raja and Singh, 1978; Singh and Raja, 1979); but studies on the relationship of body volume and body density with simple girth measurements in Indian girls have been scanty. The object of the present study, therefore, is to study the relationship of various girth measurements with body volume and body density and also to find out the relative merit or superiority of different girth measurements for assessing body volume and body density by using selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in different age groups.
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70
R. Singh and C. Raja
Material and Methods Two hundred Indian female volunteers aged 10--19 years with a uniform number of 20 subjects in each age group from the city of Delhi were experimentally measured for body volume, body density, height, weight, and a series of 20 girth measurements (listed in Table 1). The techniques used in taking the anthropometric measurements were those of Tanner et al. (1969).
Measurement of Total Body Volume Jones (1972) water displacement technique was used for measuring total body volume with full inspiration. Residual lung volume and vital capacity measurements were made with the subject submerged chin-deep in water. Residual lung capacity was measured using a modification (Durnin and Rahaman, 1967) of the three-breath nitrogen dilution technique ofRahn et al., (1949) while gas concentrations of the rebreathing bag were measured using a Beckman CO 2 analyser and a Taylor Servomex oxygen analyser. Vital capacity was measured using a water trap spirometer (Godart Expirograph). Body density was calculated by dividing body weight by body volume. Each parameter was measured three times. Only the maximal value of body volume and vital capacity were used, whereas the minimum value for residual lung volume was used.
Standardization and Reliability of Different Measurements Before the actual data collection was started, the techniques for taking all the measurements were standardized and a test of reliability was performed by repeating the experimental procedures on 25 girls
Table 1. Percent error in measurement of different variables Variables
% Error
Total body volume Body density Stature Body weight Head circumference Chin-vertex girth Chest girth Waist girth Abdomen girth Hip girth Upper arm girth Maximum forearm girth Minimum forearm girth Wrist girth Palm girth Gluteal furrow girth Maximum thigh girth 1/3 Sub-ischial thigh girth Lower thigh girth Knee-joint girth Upper calf girth Maximum calf girth Ankle girth Foot girth
1.2 1.4 0.2 1.3 3.2 2.6 3.4 3.4 1.2 1.3 2.5 2.6 3.8 2.9 2.5 3.3 2.6 3.3 3.2 1.2 1.8 2.9 2.9 2.5
10 Year (n = 20)
1,081 +_ 0.091
23.2 _+ 3,3
131,6 ___7.0
25,1 • 3.5
50.9 • 1.7
55.1 • 1.5
56,6 • 2.9
52,2 • 3,3
60.9 • 3.8
64,7 + 4.6
18,7 • 1,3
17.4 • 1.2
Measurement (All girths in era)
Body density (kg/liter)
Total body volume 0iter)
Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
Head circumference
Chin-vertex girth
Chest girth
Waist girth
Abdomen girth
Hip girth
Upper arm girth
Maximum forearm girth
18.2 • 1.3
19.8 _+ 1,9
69.0 4- 5,8
63.9 + 6.1
53,2 _+ 3.7
58.0 • 3.4
56.1 _+ 2.0
51,8 • 1.4
28.9 • 5.1
136.9 • 6.7
26.8 + 4.9
1,081 + 0.017
11 Year (n = 20)
18.3 • 1.6
20.1 _+ 2.1
72.0 _+ 5.6
67.0 _+ 5,6
55.5 • 4.6
60.9 • 3,8
56,4 • 1.9
51.6 • 1.1
31.5 + 5.3
141.0 • 6.0
29,5 • 5.4
1,070 • 0.020
12 Year (n = 20)
20.2 • 1.5
22.8 • 1.9
79.7 • 5.1
74.1 _+ 4.9
58.1 +_ 4.1
63,8 _+ 3.6
56.8 • 2.6
52.4 • 1.3
38.9 + 6,0
148,2 + 6.7
37.0 + 5.8
1,053 + 0.018
13 Year (n = 20)
21.1 + 1.4
24.0 • 2.3
84,4 4- 6.1
76,9 _+ 5,5
59.9 • 4.2
66.3 • 4,0
57.5 +_ 2.4
53.3 • 1,5
43.8 _+ 5.8
154.2 + 5.2
41.6 + 6.2
1.050 +_ 0,021
14 Year (n = 20)
Table 2. Means and standard deviations of different measurements in different age groups
20.9 _+ 1,5
23.6 • 2.7
83.3 _+ 5.7
75,4 _+ 6.2
59.5 • 3.9
64.7 • 4.4
57.8 • 1.4
52.9 • 1.4
42.4 + 6.5
153.5 +_ 4.3
40.0 _+ 6.7
1.061 • 0,024
15 Year (n -~ 20)
21,9 • 1.7
25.3 • 3.0
89.5 + 6.7
81,2 • 7.4
63.6 _+ 5.1
86.0 +_ 5.1
57.7 • 2.2
53,1 • 1.9
48.4 • 8.3
156.3 • 4.9
46,3 _+ 8.7
1.051 +_ 0.024
16 Year (n = 20)
20.8 • 1.6
23,4 • 2,2
83.9 4- 4.8
74,6 • 4.6
58.9 +_ 4.4
64.1 • 4,1
58.3 • 2.4
53.4 • 1.4
42.8 • 5.7
154.3 + 4.5
40,5 _+ 5.8
1.058 • 0.021
17 Year (n = 20)
21.7 • 1.6
24.6 • 2.4
85.3 _+ 4.6
74.5 + 6.6
61.2 +_ 4,2
66.4 +_ 4.3
58.5 _+ 1.8
53.3 + 1.5
44.0 • 5.1
151.6 _+ 5.9
41.7 • 5.3
1,056 +_ 0,024
18 Year (n = 20)
21.6 + 1.4
24.6 4- 2.3
85,3 • 5,2
75.7 • 5.2
62.0 • 6.2
67.3 +_ 6.4
58.5 • 2.6
53,2 +_ 1.5
44.0 • 6.3
151.2 • 5.1
42.0 • 6.6
1.046 • 0.021
19 Year (n = 20)
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10 Year (n = 20)
12.4 +_ 0.5
12.7 + 0.6
15.7 + 1.1
37.5 + 2.9
36.4 _+ 2.7
31,4 + 2.6
26.7 _+ 1.9
27.1 + 1.7
24.0 + 1.9
23.4 _+ 1.8
16,5 + 1.3
18,4 + 0.9
Measurement (All girths in cm)
Minimum forearm girth
Wrist girth
Palm girth
Gluteal furrow girth
M a x i m u m thigh girth
1/3 sub-ischial thigh girth
Lower thigh girth
Knee-joint girth
Upper calf girth
M a x i m u m calf girth
Ankle girth
Foot girth
Table 2. (continued)
19.8 + 1.1
17.9 + 1.5
25.1 _+ 2.2
26.2 + 3.6
29.0 + 2.0
29.2 _+ 3.1
34.7 _+ 3.6
38.9 + 4.0
40.2 _+ 3.9
16.2 +_ 1.1
13,2 + 0.8
12.9 +__ 1.1
11 Year (n = 20)
19.9 + 1.1
18.1 + 1.1
26.0 _+ 1.4
26.0 _+ 1.7
29.2 + 2.7
29.1 +_ 2.9
35.8 + 2.6
40.8 _+ 3.9
42.2 _+ 3.9
16,9 + 0.7
13.6 + 0.7
13.4 +_ 0.8
12 Year (n = 20)
19.9 + 2.9
18.9 + 1.5
28.3 + 2.3
28.1 _+ 1.9
31.1 + 2.1
31.9 + 2.7
37.8 _+ 3.5
44.5 _+ 4.0
46.4 + 4.3
17.4 + 1.1
14.0 + 0.9
14.4 +_ 0.9
13 Year (n = 20)
19.3 ___3.0
19.7 + 1.5
29.7 + 2.1
29.3 _+ 2.1
32.3 + 2.3
34.1 _+ 3.5
40.0 + 4.7
46.2 + 5.9
47.9 _+ 4.9
17.8 +__0.8
14.4 + 0.6
14.9 +_ 1.4
14 Year (n = 20)
19.0 + 3.1
19.7 + 1.1
29.0 + 2.0
28.8 + 2.0
32.0 ___ 1.9
32.9 + 2.7
39.4 + 3.7
45.6 + 4.5
47.3 + 4.7
17.8 _+ 0.8
14.4 + 0.6
14.9 + 0.9
15 Year (n = 20)
21.5 _+ 1.7
20.3 + 1.2
30.8 + 3.0
30.7 + 2.9
33.8 + 2.7
36.3 + 4.4
42.9 + 5.9
50.9 + 6.4
52.5 + 5.7
18.4 _+ 0.9
14.7 _+ 0.9
15.3 + 1.5
16 Year (n = 20)
21.5 _+ 1.3
19.9 + 2.1
29.1 _+ 2.6
29.2 + 2.3
32.2 _+ 2.1
33.5 + 3.2
39.5 _+ 3.7
47.6 _+ 4.0
48.6 _+ 3.9
17.8 _+ 0.9
14.3 + 0.8
14.3 +_ 0.9
17 Year (n = 20)
21.9 + 1.2
19.6 + 1.3
29.6 _+ 1.8
28.4 _+ 2.4
32.2 _+ 1.8
33.4 + 2.5
40.8 + 3.1
47.6 + 4.7
49.1 + 4.5
17.9 +_ 0.7
14.8 + 0.8
15.1 +_ 0.9
18 Year (n = 20)
21.6 + 1.3
19.3 + 1.6
29.2 + 2.4
28.6 + 2.0
32.0 + 2.9
33.9 _+ 3.9
40.9 _+ 4.5
47.3 +_ 5.1
48.6 + 5.2
18.0 + 1.2
14.6 + 0.9
15.1 +_ 1.2
19 Year (n ~ 20)
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10 Year
0.47 0.55 0.87 0.84 0.68 0.85 0.71 0.72 0.77 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.80 0.74 0.85 0.92 0.81 0.81 0.86 0.15
Measurements
Head circumference Chin vertex girth Chest girth Waist girth Abdomen girth Hip girth Upper arm girth Maximum forearm girth Minimum forearm girth Wrist girth Palm girth Glutea! furrow girth Maximum thigh girth 1/3 sub-ischial thigh girth Lower thigh girth Knee joint girth Upper calf girth Maximum calf girth Ankle girth Foot girth
0.57 0.47 0.79 0.76 0.88 0.96 0.90 0,87 0.87 0.86 0.51 0.81 0.85 0.89 0.68 0.91 0,77 0.73 0.74 0.42
11 Year 0.78 0.55 0.80 0.87 0.88 0.93 0.91 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.82 0.67 0.87 0.87 0.76 0.70 0.63 0.86 0.64 0.51
12 Year 0.58 0.45 0.80 0.63 0.69 0.86 0.86 0.84 0.88 0.85 0.70 0.58 0.79 0.87 0.81 0.81 0.68 0.69 0.76 0.45
13 Year 0.39 0.22 0.72 0.85 0,72 0.88 0.82 0.81 0.75 0.61 0.35 0.77 0.73 0.73 0.62 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.81 0.79
14 Year 0.59 0.38 0.73 0.87 0,79 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.57 0.56 0.49 0.92 0.94 0.92 0.79 0.76 0.88 0.80 0.56 0.74
15 Year
Table 3. Correlations of different girth measurements with body volume in different age groups
0.64 0.44 0.89 0.93 0~94 0.95 0.87 0.84 0.73 0.52 0.15 0.92 0.93 0,92 0.93 0.66 0.93 0,90 0.81 0.71
16 Year 0.45 0,54 0.84 0.82 0,81 0.94 0.86 0.92 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.87 0.89 0.80 0.94 0.89 0.74 0.75 0.46 0.58
17 Year 0.39 0.22 0.72 0.92 0~ 0,94 0.60 0.83 0.76 0,87 0.66 0.81 0.84 0.80 0.89 0.78 0.26 0.60 0.70 0.79
18 Year 0.13 0.68 0.82 0.83 0,80 0.93 0.78 0,79 0.71 0.54 0.32 0.77 0.81 0.73 0.71 0.62 0.86 0.88 0.73 0.62
19 Year
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R. Singh and C. Raja
on two different occasions. The percent error in the measurement of every variable on different occasions was less than 5% (Table 1).
Results and Discussion
Mean values and standard deviations of all the girth measurements in different age groups are presented in Table 2. Means and SDs of height, weight, body volume, and body density are also given in Table 2. Correlation coefficients 'r' of girth measurements with body volume are presented in Table 3. Most of the girth measurements showed high correlations with body volume in different age groups but it was interesting to note that hip girth showed consistently the highest values of'r' with body volume in all the age groups from 11-19 years and the values of'r' ranged between 0.86-0.96 om different age groups (Table 3). Scatter graphs showing the relationship between hip girth and body volume along with regression equations for predicting body volume are given in Figs. 2--10. In the 10-year age group knee-girth showed the highest value of'r' with body volume (Fig. 1). With body density, however, all the girth measurements showed comparatively poorer values of 'r'.
Selective Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Analysis Body Volume Estimation Total body volume was estimated also from a combination of girth measurements using selective stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Different sets of girths were selected in different age groups, but it was interesting to note that, at the first step, hip girth was the most commonly selected measurement in most of the age groups. Other most commonly selected girth measurements were maximum thigh girth and forearm girth. Multiple regression equations along with multiple correlation coefficient 'R' and standard error of estimate for estimating body volume in different age groups are given in Table 4. Extremely high values of multiple 'R' ranged between 0.96-0.99 in different
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o
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3 -I 0
o
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Y
= -- 26.400+1.828X
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KNEE
i 26 -- JOINT
b 28 GIRTH
i 30 (Cm)
Fig. 1. Relationship between knee joint girth and body volume in 10 years old girls
Body Volume and Body Density of Indian Girls
75
Table 4. Estimation of total body volume from girth measurements Age group (year)
Multiple regression equations for predicting total body volume
Multiple correlation coefficient ~R ~
Standard error of estimate (fitres)
!0
-- 36.111 + (0.969) Knee joint girth + (0.420) Chest girth + (0.254) Maximum thigh girth
0.97
0.92
11
--35.306 + (0.563) Hip girth + (0.800)
0.97
1.22
0.98
1.24
0.97
1.51
Knee joint girth 12
- 3 4 . 7 5 0 + (0.552) Hip girth
+ (1.214) Upper arm girth 13
- 5 1 . 0 3 8 + (0.246) Hip girth + (0.840)
Lower thigh girth + (0.898) Maximum calf girth + (0.276) Chest girth 14
-23.712 + (0.245) Hip girth + (1.457) Knee joint girth + (0.856) Upper arm Girth - ( 1 . 2 9 6 ) Palm girth
0.96
1.84
15
- 5 9 . 9 6 8 + (0.827) Hip girth + (1.490)
0.98
1.46
Maximum forearm girth 16
- 65.420 + (0.157) Hip girth + (1.543) Ankle girth + (0.628) Maximum thigh girth + (0.504) Chest girth
0.99
1.38
17
-59.164 + (0.629) Hip girth + (0.567) Maximum thigh girth + (1.111) Palm girth
0.99
1.08
18
-49.633 + (0.610) Hip girth + (0.433) Waist girth + (0.913) Foot girth -(0.255) Upper calf girth
0.99
0.84
19
-60.979 + (0.576) Hip girth + (0.966) Minimum forearm girth + (0.264) Chest girth + (0.750) Upper calf girth
0.97
1.74
Pooled data (10-19 years)
--43.738 + (0.721) Hip girth + (1.146) Maximum forearm girth
0.91
2.21
age groups. These observations suggest that different sets of girths m a y be used to predict total b o d y v o l u m e in different age groups. F o r y o u n g adult females, W e l t m a n a n d K a t e h (1975) reported a multiple ' R ' of 0.95 to predict total b o d y v o l u m e from a c o m b i n a t i o n of five girths: m a x i m u m elbow circumference, m a x i m u m thigh circumference, m a x i m u m b u t t o c k circumference, gluteal circumference al~d iliac crest circumference. However, the present sample of 18a n d 19-year-old girls shows values of multiple ' R ' of 0.99 a n d 0.97 with o n l y four girth m e a s u r e m e n t s (Table 4) to predict b o d y volume.
76
R. Singh and C. Raja
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~" 36
J
YEAR
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32
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28
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24 )rt 0
r:
0.9t5
Y= -- 29.320
+ 0.813X
2c
~B 16
6i0
50
7'0 HIP
8'0
GIRTH
(Cm)
90
--="
Fig. 2. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 11 years old girls
48 44
LU n" 4O I-"J 36 UJ
_1 o >
12 Y E A R
9 ~
28
r=093
)a 24 o n~ 2o
Y= - 35.257
-I-0.899
X
e
|
Fig. 3. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 12 years old girls
16 55
65 HIP
75 85 GIRTH (cm)--,---
52 ~48
13
YEAR
I.IJ
|162
cr ~- 4 4 d
UJ 4O
~ 36 o > 32
~
o~ o ~
r = 0-86 y =_ 25.971+0.857
X
z8
m
24 2o g5
Fig. 4. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 13 years old girls 75 HIP
85 GIRTH
95 ( c m ) --='-
Body Volume and Body Density of Indian Girls
77
Body Density Estimation A s the values o f multiple ' R ' for predicting total b o d y v o l u m e f r o m simple girth m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e v e r y high and highly significant in all the age groups, an a t t e m p t was m a d e , also to e s t i m a t e b o d y density f r o m girth m e a s u r e m e n t s . H i g h l y significant multiple c o r r e l a t i o n coefficients ' R ' w e r e o b t a i n e d b e t w e e n b o d y density a n d different c o m b i n a t i o n s o f girth m e a s u r e m e n t s (Table 5). T h e values o f m u l t i p l e ' R ' at the 4 t h step
Table 5. Estimation of body density from girth measurements in different age groups Age group (year)
Multiple regression equations for predicting total body volume
Multiple correlation coefficient
Standard error of estimate
~R'
10
1.163 -- (0.007) upper calf girth + (0.014) Maximum forearm girth - (0.027) Minimum forearm girth + (0.015) Wrist girth
0.88
0.010
1!
1.104 - (0.008) Abdomen girth + (0.013) Palm girth - (0.017) Wrist girth + (0.001) Lower thigh girth
0.82
0.010
12
1.236 - (0.006) upper arm girth - (0.010) upper calf girth + (0.002) Abdomen girth + (0.005) Foot girth
0.86
0 . 0 1 1
13
1.193 -- (0.002) Chest girth + (0.010) Ankle girth - (0.008) Knee-joint girth + (0.002) 1/3 sub-isehial thigh girth
0.73
0.014
14
1.285 - (0.005) Waist girth - (0.002) Hip girth + (0.007) Maximum forearm girth + (0.001) Chest girth
0.92
0.009
1.404 (0.002) Hip girth - (0.006) Ankle girth (0.008) Minimum forearm girth + (0.003) lower thigh girth
0.73
0.016
16
1.184 - (0.005) Waist girth + (0.002) Chest girth + (0.007) Palm girth - (0.002) Knee-joint girth
0.92
0.010
17
1.173 - (0.004) Waist girth + (0.005) Foot girth -- (0.002) 1/3 sub-ischial thigh girth + (0.005) Maximum forearm girth
0.74
0.016
18
1.198 - (0.003) Abdomen girth + (0.010) Palm girth - (0,003) Hip girth + (0.006) Lower thigh girth
0.88
0.013
19
1.229 - (0,010) upper calf girth § (0.012) Palm girth - (0.015) Maximum forearm girth + (0.008) Maximum calf girth
0.90
0.010
Pooled data (lO-t9 years)
1.1674 - (0.001) Waist girth - (0.001) Maximum thigh girth + (0.006) Palm girth - (0.004) Minimum forearm girth
0.72
0.017
15
-
-
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R. Singh and C. Raja
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~56 n,. ~5z .,J
14 Y E A R
~,44
e .|
o >4o >-
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r= 0-88 Y= - 3 3 ' 5 8 9 - 1 - 0 - 8 9 1 X
@0
Fig. 5. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 14 years old girls
036
=
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e
65 HiP
I--- 54 .J
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B5 95 GIRTH ( c m ) ' - - ' -
15 Y E A R
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b.I 50 :E
_~ 461 |
o >
r= 0,96
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Y = - - 54,714-1- I, 137X
>-
~ 38 m
o
34
Fig. 6. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 15 years old girls
30
70
8o
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,oo
HIP GIRTH (cm)
,.
66
6~
16 Y E A R
o |
I 38 w Iz 54 1-7 50
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r= 0 . 9 5
o >Q 0m
3B 34 30
70
Y= - - 6 3 . 6 9 6 - 1 - 1 ' 2 2 9 X
o
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BO
i
90
i
I
I00
I10
HIP G I R T H ( c m ) .-~--
Fig. 7. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 16 years old girls
Body Volume and Body Density of Indian Girls
79
t~ r /
54
17 YEAR
50 ..1
|
r= 0-94
4e
~
Y = --5:5-900+
0
m
I'124 X
38 34
Fig. 8. Relationship between hip girth and body voIume in 17 years old girls
30 70
80
90
I00
HIP GIRTH ( c m ) - - - , -
f
5E 09 LU n-" 54 F.-
50
I,LI
=E
18 Y E A R
~, 4 s 0 ~ )-
42
r: 0.94
8 ~e
Y = - - 5 0 . : 5 2 4 -t- I' 0 8 0 X |
Fig. 9. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 18 years old girls
34
|
3O 70
80
90 I00 GIRTH(cm)~
HIP
62
t
58
19 Y E A R
fie
~-
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so
LLI 4 6
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|
38
Fig. 10. Relationship between hip girth and body volume in 19 years old girls
>C~ 0 34 m
@
r = 0.93 Y = ~
| | 9
30 70
80
90
I O0
HIP GIRTH (cm)--,'-
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R. Singh and C. Raja
ranged from 0 . 7 3 - 0 . 9 2 in different age groups. The most valuable measurements in different age groups were forearm girth, and a b d o m e n girth. K a t c h and M c A r d l e (1973) also predicted b o d y density from girth measurements and obtained a multiple correlation coefficient ' R ' of 0.80 with four girths: arm, abdomen, forearm, and thigh girth for the adult women. W e l t m a n and K a t c h (1975) also predicted b o d y density for adult females and reported a multiple ' R ' o f 0.81 with the four girths: m a x i m u m thigh, m a x i m u m forearm, m a x i m u m calf, and m a x i m u m knee girth. The results obtained in the present study show even higher values o f multiple ' R ' of 0.88 and 0.90 in 18- and 19-year-old girls for predicting b o d y density with a combination o f just four different girth measurements (Table 5). These results suggest that a combination of just a few girth measurements alone can also provide valuable information on b o d y density in different age groups.
References Durnin, J. V. G. A., Rahaman, M. M.: The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness. Br. J. Nutr. 21, 681-689 (1967) Gopalan, C., Srikantia, S. G., Venkatachalam, P. S.: Body compostion and basal metabolism of normal subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 8, 142--144 (1955) Haismann, M. F.: The assessment of body fat content in young men from measurements of body fat skinfold thickness. Hum. Biol. 42, 679-687 (1970) Jones, P. R. M.: A body volumeter to measure human body density. J. Physiol. 222, 5-7 (1972) Katch, F. I., Michael, E. D.: Prediction of body density from skinfold and grith measurements of college females. J. Appl. Physiol. 25, 92-94 (1968) Katch, F. I., McArdle, W. D.: Prediction of body density from simple anthropometric measurements in college age men and women. Hum. Biol. 45, 445-454 (1973) Parizkova, J.,Eiselt, E.: Longitudinal study of change in anthropometric indicators and body composition in old men of various physical activity. Hum. Biol. 40, 331-344 (1968) Parizkova, J.: Development of lean body mass and fat during growth. Ces. Pediat. 25, 469-473 (1970) Parizkova, J., Buzkova, P.: Relationship between skinfold thickness measured by Harpenden caliper and densitometric analysis of total body fat in men. Hum. Biol. 43, 16-21 (1971) Pollock, M. L., Hickman, T., Kendrick, Z., Jackson, A., Linnerud, A. C., Dawson, G.: Prediction of body density in young and middle-aged men. J. Appl. Physiol. 40, 300-304 (1976) Rahn, H., Fenn, W. O., Otis, A. B.: Daily variations of vital capacity, residual air, and expiratory reserve including a study of the residual air method. J. Appl. Physiol. 1, 725-736 (1949) Raja, C., Singh, R., Bharadwaj, H.: Anthropometric determination of body volume, body density, and segmental volumes in adult Indian women. Ann. Hum. Biol. 4, 565-575 (1977) Raja, C., Singh, R., Bharadwaj, H., Singh, I. P.: Relationship of extremity volumes with total body volume and body density in young Indian girls. Hum. Biol. 50, 103-113 (1978) Raja, C., Singh, R.: A study of total body volume and segmental volumes in Punjabi females. Acta Med. Auxol. 10, 151-162 (1978) Sen, R. N., Banerjee, S.: Determination of body fat in Indians. Ind. J. Med. Res. 46, 556-560 (1958) Singh, R., Raja, C.: Estimation oftotal body volume from arm measurements in Punjabi girls aged 10-19 years. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50, 387--392 (1979) Smith, D. P., Boyce, R. W.: Prediction of body density and lean body weight females from 25 to 37 years old. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30, 560--564 (1977) Tanner, J. M., Hiernaux, J., Shirley, J.: Growth and Physique studies: Anthropometry. In: Human biology. A guide to find methods. Weiner, J. S., Lourie, J. A. (eds.), pp. 1--76. Oxford: Blackwell 1969
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Wakat, D. K., Johnston, R. E., Krzywicki, H. J., Gerber, L. I.: Correlation between body mass and body volume in men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24, 1308-1312 (1971) Weltman, A., Katch, V.: Preferential use of (girth) casing measures for estimating body volume and density. J. Appl. Physiol. 38, 560-563 (1975) Wilmore, J. H., Behnke, A. R.: An anthropometric estimation of body density and lean body weight in young men. J. Appl. Physiol. 27, 25--31 (1969) Young, C. M., Sepin, S. S., Roe, D. A.: Body compostion of pre-adolescent and adolescent girls I - Density and skinfold measurements. J. Am. Dieletic Assoc. 53, 25-31 (1968) Accepted November 5, 1979
