THE

30

COTTON (CHEMISTS'

mixed and a pint of it retained for the laboratory investigations. A f t e r three or four days all the samples were filtered rapidly on a force filter, a f t e r being warmed to about 6o ~ C. on a steam bath. P h y s i c a l and Chemical Constants After filtering, the usual physical and chemical constants of the oils were determined, which are summarized in Table II. A careful study of Table I I reveals the fact that the first sample or fraction of oil from the press is a lighter oil than the last one and that there is on the whole a gradual increase in red t h r o u g h the seven fractions. The specific gravities show nothing definite, but the index of refraction of the first fraction from the press is plainly somewhat lower than that of the Iast fraction. T h e r e is a steady increase in this constant as the operation of the press proceeds. Nothing definite can be concluded from the percentages of free fatty acids, the saponification numbers and the iodine numbers. Attention should be directed to the apparent change in the character of the oil as a whole during the course of the day's test. T h e first sampling operation took place about 9.3o o'clock in the morning and the seventh at 3 o'clock in the afternoon. It will be noted that the oils from the lagt two sets are distinctly darker than the preceding ones and the refractive indices are also noticeably higher in these oils. These differences are no doubt due to the varying quality of the seed which went into the presses during the course of the day. Refining and B l e a c h i n g Since refining losses which are determined from refining tests on such small quantitres of oil as here available are not very reliable it was decided to combine equal portions from all corresponding fractions from the seven separate sampling operations and thus secure larger quantities of oil for the usual refining tests. There were available therefore 1,5oo gms. of oil for each test. The refining operations were p e r f o r m e d in accordance with the official cup-test method. In order to compare f u r t h e r the several composite fractions of oil the absolute refining losses were determined according to the method of Wesson, as reported by Jamieson and Baughman. 4 The refined oils were bleached with 6 per cent. of fuller's earth according to the usual methods. In Table III the results of the refining and bleaching tests are given. Jamieson, G. S. and B a u g h m a n , W . vol. 6, No. 4, PP. 33-35, A u g u s t , 1922. TABLE II1.

F.--Cotton

Oil Press,

REFINING LOSSES AND COLOR READING OF TtlE COMPOSITE FRACTIONS. Refining loss

Color r e a d i n g s

g O9

gins. gms. per cent per cent per cent red I I5oo 84 5.60 97.60 2.40 4.0 2 I5OO 75 5.00 97.62 2.38 4.2 3 15oo 98 6.53 97.40 2.60 4.0 4 15oo 87 5.80 97.65 2.35 3.8 5 15oo 96 6.40 98.12 1.88 3.8 6 15oo IO 3 6.87 97.41 m59 4.0 7 15oo 96 6.40 98.47 1.53 4.2 O) W e s s o n method. (=) Colors read in 5M inch cell with 35 yellow. (3) Colors read in 5 ~ inch cell with I5 yellow.

2.o 1.45 1.35 2.0 1.8 2,2 2.2

OIL

PRESS

SECTION)

The oils were not deodorized because it was not thought likely that such a treatment on a, small labora. tory scale would show any mrrerences 1ii the qualit, of the oils which could be taken as conclusive s Conclusions The foregoing results may be taken to indicate that in so far as cottonseed oil is coucerned the fractions of oil obtained from the hydraulic press at different periods during the operation show some definite varia. tions in some of their physical characteristics but nothing conclusive is shown by the chemical constants. T h e salient facts brought out may be summarized as follows : ( I ) The color of the crude oil increases as the press operation nears com,letion. The index of refraction also increases slightly but consistently. (2) Considerable variations occur in the percentage of free fatty acids, saponification and iodine values but the variations occur without any defiuite relation_ ship to the various fractions. (3) The refining losses by the cup method were lowest in the case of the first two fractious but the absolute refining-loss method showed a higher percentage of neutral oil in the Iast fraction than in any of the others. (4) The color of the oil from the several fractions shows only moderate differences after refining with caustic; the last fractions from the press showed very nearly the same amount of red as the first fraction. Fuller's earth, however, did not bleach the last fractions of oil quite so much as those obtained earlier in the operation. A NEW CHEMICAL SOCIETY The American Institute of Chemistry was organized at a meeting of local New York chemists at 38I Fourth Avenue on J a n u a r y 22nd. This new society aims to include ouly chemically trained men who measure up by education and experience to the qualifications set for membership. It will function along the ~ame lines as the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and the Canadian Institute of Chemistry which have been successful in giving to the vocation of chemistry a 1)rotessional status by recognizing only those as entitled to be called chemists who satisfy certain standards of capacity. The American Institute of Chemistry will seek to perform for the qualified chemist the same service as that of the Bar Association for the lawyer and of the Medical Society for the physician. Dr. H. G. Byers in charge of the department of chemistry of Cooper Union and Dr. Lloyd V a n Doren, a chemical patent lawyer, both .lohn Hopkins graduates, are respectively president and vice-president. C. K. Simon, president, Dye Products & Chemical Co., 20o F i f t h Avenue, New York, is treasurer. The secretary is Lloyd Lamborn, editor of Chemical Age. R E S U L T S ON No. 2 O F C R U D E OIL A N D IODINg SERIES By H. J. Morrison, Procter & G a m b l e Co., lvorydale, Ohio A glance at the r~;,t~]tnS a g~tvd:noti)le,~ Pclie N;..ndO! a 1 the Fats and Oils lane c cates the necessity of f u r t h e r standardization. No r'estrictions were put upon the collaborator~ for refining the first sample sent out. Each used his own judgment and interpretation of the rules. 011 the second sample the committee eliminated one of the largest variables--the quantity and strength of lye. Elimination of this variable has not brought about the tmiformity of results desired. A n o t h e r variable seems to play