MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

ACTION

OF

A POLYSACCHARIDE

HEMATOPOIETIC

STEM

M. S. G o r d e e v a , A. a n d M. A . T u m a n y a n

FROM

Salmonella

typhi

ON

CELLS V. I z v e k o v a ,

UDC 6120119-06.576.851.49.098.345.8

The dynamics of the number of c o l o n y - f o r m i n g units (CFUs) in the spleen and bone m a r r o w of unirradiated F t ( C B A • C57BL) mice was studied after intraperitoneal injection of p o l y s a c c h a r ide (PC) f r o m Salmonella typhi. The method of exogenous colony formation was used. After a single injection of PC the number of CFUs in the bone m a r r o w was i n c r e a s e d by 2-2.5 times and in the spleen by 3 t i m e s . Repeated (6-9 times) injections of PC were no m o r e effective than a single injection. PC evidently acts as an inducer which, by inducing proliferation of hematopoietic s t e m cells, maintains this p r o c e s s automatically for a c e r t a i n period of time. Key w o r d s : s t e m cells; p o l y s a c c h a r i d e f r o m Salmonella typhi; foci of Till and McCulloch.

B a c t e r i a l p r e p a r a t i o n s , drugs, heterologous and homologous ceils, blood loss, irradiation, and other f a c t o r s a r e known to give r i s e to an i n c r e a s e in the number of endogenous colonies in i r r a d i a t e d mice [2, 5, 8]. It has been shown by the method of exogenous colony formation that typhoid endotoxin a c c e l e r a t e s p r o liferation of c o l o n y - f o r m i n g (stem) cells in u n i r r a d i a t e d mice [6]. The problem of whether the injected antigen acts d i r e c t l y on the s t e m cells or indirectly, by p r o m o t i n g the liberation of a stimulating factor, was studied in vitro by McNeil [7]. Few investigations into the m e c h a n i s m s of action of the various factors of stem cells have been published. Meanwhile much information would be p a r t i c u l a r l y important for the elucidation of the dynamics and m e c h a n i s m s of regulation of proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. TABLE 1. Number of CFUs in Bone Marrow and Spleen of FI(CBA • Mice after Single and Repeated Injections of PC (M• Bone marrow I Spleen Time after injection of INumber Number of 6 PC into donors (in days) [of injeeNumber of INumber of Number of CFUsper !0 [tiom of recipient ]CFUsperlO5 /P.C into donors animals | bone i~ar- animalsrecipient spleencells |row cells 1 7 l0 18 30 Control (intact) donors 1

1 Control (intact) donors

36 30 32 26 23 56

16,6_+1,8 I8,0_+1,2 22,3_+2,4 12,3+ 1,4 7,2+ 0,9 8,2-+ 1,2

30 38 36 28 25 49

24,9_+1,6 42,7_+2,7 43,2+ 3,2 30,8_+2,6 18,8-----1,9 13,2-+1,4

28 24 36

22_+1,8 17,3---1,6 9,2• 1,0

27 30 42

56_+3,1 44_+2,6 14,4_+0,8

Legend. N u m b e r of endogenous colonies in each e x p e r i m e n t not m o r e than 0.5%.

L a b o r a t o r y of Radiation Immunology, N. F. Gamaleya Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. ( P r e s e n t e d by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR G. V. Vygodchikov.) T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Byulleten' ]~ksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 66-68, March, 1975. Original a r t i c l e submitted D e c e m b e r 26, 1973. 9 19 75 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 22 7 West 1 7th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011. No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission o f the publisher. A copy o f this article is available from the publisher for $15.001

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On the b a s i s of the o b s e r v a t i o n s [2] that injection of a p o l y s a c c h a r i d e (PC) f r o m Salmonella t yphi b e fore i r r a d i a t i o n i n c r e a s e d the n u m b e r of endogenous hematopoietic colonies and i n c r e a s e d the chances of s u r v i v a l of the i r r a d i a t e d m i c e , in the p r e s e n t investigation the d y n a m i c s of the population of c o l o n y - f o r m ing units (CFUs) was studied in the bone m a r r o w and spleen of unirradiated m i c e a f t e r a single and r e p e a t ed injections of the PC, using the method of exogenous colony f o r m a t i o n [9]. EXPERIMENTAL

METHOD

FI(CBA• ) mice aged 2.5-4.5 months were used. In the experiments with a single injection the intact donor animals received 50/~g PC from S_ ty]phi, isolated from the S. Ty 2 somatic antigen [I], intraperitoneally; in the experiments with repeated (6 or 9 times) injections, 25 ~g PC was injected daily (50 pg at the first injection). The animals were killed i, 7, i0, 18, and 30 days after the single injection and 1 day after the end of the courses of 6 and 9 injections of PC and a suspension of cells from the bone marrow and spleen was prepared in medium No. 199. The cells were injected intravenously into syngeneic recipients 1-2 h after irradiation with 7 rays in a dose of 850 rad. The sex of the animals was taken into account during transplantation. In each experiment 4 groups of recipients were used: the mice of group 1 each received 105 bone marrow cells from donors killed at various intervals (shown above) after the injection of PC; group 2 (control) each received 105 bone marrow cells from intact donors; group 3 each received 106 spleen cells from the same donors as were used for group I; group 4 (control) each received 106 spleen cells from intact donors. The recipients were killed 9 days after irradiation and injection of the cells, their spleens were placed for 1-2 h in Bouin's mixture, after which the colonies were counted. In each experiment the number of endogenous colonies averaged not more than 0.5 per spleen. I,~ some cases the spleens were subjected to histological analysis after fixation by Zenker's method and sections were stained with azure-eosin. The e x p e r i m e n t s were r e p e a t e d twice. F r o m 23 to 50 a n i m a l s (recipients) w e r e used in e a c h group. The r e sults w e r e subjected to s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS

The following dynamics of the number of CFUs in the bone marrow and spleen of the unirradiated donors was revealed after a single injection of PC. The number of CFUs in the bone marrow was doubled 24 h after the injection of PC (Table i); by the 7th-10th day it reached its maximum, after which it fell (18th day) to regain the control level by the 30th day. The number of CFUs in the spleen reached a maximum on the 7th-10th day, when it was more than 3 times the level of CFUs in the spleen of the control animals, and it returned to normal more slowly than in the bone marrow. After repeated injections of PC the number of CFUs changed in a similar manner. For instance, after 6 and 9 injections of PC the number of CFUs in the bone marrow was twice or three times greater than the number in the bone marrow of the control animals (Table i). The number of CFUs in the spleen after repeated injections of PC was 3 to 4 times higher than normal. The histological analysis showed that erythroid and mixed predominant types aider single and repeated injections of PC.

(myeloid-erythroid)

colonies were the

A single injection of PC in nontoxic doses for mice thus led to a rapid increase in the number of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and spleen. Analysis of data in the literature [3, 4, 6] and of the writers' own results shows that different factors, in certain doses, stimulate the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells. The increase in the number of stem cells was largely proportional to the strength of the stimulus used, for when different doses of the same agents were used definite correlation was found between the times of appearance of the colonies and the intensity of their formation. In the present experiments repeated injections of PC were not more effective than a single injection, i.e., repeated injections led to hardly any increase in the number of hematopoietic stern cells. For instance, investigation of the bone marrow and spleen 24 h after the end of courses of 6 and 9 injections, i.e., on the 7th and 10th days after the ist injection of PC, showed considerable similarity with the distribution of CFUs at the same periods after a single injection of PC. The results indicate that, under the experimental conditions used, PC acted as an inducer which, by stimulating proliferation and differentiation of the stem cells, enabled these processes over a certain period of time to maintain themselves automatically, for further injections of PC had virtually no effect on the numbers of stern cells in the bone marrow and spleen. Evidently this stimulation is affected by PC not through its direct action on the stem cells but through the activa-

288

tion of a mechanism controlling the cell system and maintaining it in equilibrium.

LITERATURE 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

CITED

A~ P. Duplishcheva, K. K. Ivanov, and N. G. Sinilova, Radiobiologiya, No. 6,318 (1966). A. P, Duplishcheva and S. M. Sobolev, in: Problems in Radiation Immunology and Microbiology [in Russian], Moscow (1967), p. 80. L . V . KovalTchuk and R. V. Petrov, Radiobiologiya, No. 6, 840 (1969). D.W. Barnes and J. F. Loutit, Nature, 213, 1142 (1967). D . R . Boggs, J. C. Marsh, P. A. Chervenick, et al., Radiat. Res., 3_55,68 (1968). E . A . McCulloch, M. W. Thompson, L. Siminovich, et al., CelI Tissue Kinet., 3, 47 (1970). T . A . McNeil, Immunology, 1_._88,39 (1969). W.W. Smith, G. Breche, R. A. Budd, et al., Radiat. Res., 2._77,369 (1966). J . E . Till and E. A. McCulloch, Radiat. Res., 1__44,213 (1961).

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