Euphytica (2010) 173:141–149 DOI 10.1007/s10681-010-0124-0
REVIEW
Effects of fiber wax and cellulose content on colored cotton fiber quality Zhaoe Pan • Donglei Sun • Junling Sun • Zhongli Zhou • Yinhua Jia • Baoyin Pang Zhiying Ma • Xiongming Du
•
Received: 4 January 2009 / Accepted: 5 January 2010 / Published online: 13 January 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010
Abatract Forty-eight colored cotton lines and hybrids were studied on the wax, cellulose content and fiber quality. The result were as follow: The wax content of green cotton was five to eight times greater than that of white cotton. As for the brown cotton lines, the darker the brown fiber color, the greater the content of the fiber wax. The wax content of dark brown cotton was two times greater than that of white cotton. However, the content of the cellulose of white cotton was the greatest, next was that of the brown cotton, and the content of the cellulose of green fiber was the lowest. There were differences in fiber length, fiber strength, and fiber uniformity, not only among different varieties with the same color fiber, but also among different coloring types. The content of cellulose had a significantly negative correlation with the content of wax and fiber elongation, but significantly positive correlations between the content of cellulose and fiber length, fiber strength, fiber fineness, lint index, boll weight, and fiber uniformity
Z. Pan D. Sun J. Sun Z. Zhou Y. Jia B. Pang X. Du (&) Key Laboratory of Cotton Genetic Improvement of Agricultural Ministry, Cotton Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), 455000 Anyang, Henan, China e-mail:
[email protected] D. Sun Z. Ma Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei, China
were observed in the color cotton lines used in this experiment. The study on wax and cellulose contents will give constructive advice for the breeding and molecular research of the colored cotton, and help increasing the color stability of the fiber and its textiles. Keywords Colored cotton Cellulose content Fiber quality Wax content In recent years, people pay more attention to the brightness and color stability of naturally colored cotton, especially for green fiber cotton, which is not stable, and fades easily after the fiber is exposed to sunlight (Du et al. 1997; Wang and Li 2002), So this has resulted in the difficulty of widely utilizing the green cotton. Some new colored cotton varieties of high quality have been developed by pedigree selection, intraspecific, and interspecific breeding (Du et al. 2000, 2001), but the breakthrough was not obtained in breeding of green cotton lines with stable fiber color. Some research papers have indicated that there was a position correlation between fiber brightness and the wax content of cotton fiber surface (Shi et al. 1998; Qiu et al. 2002). Conrad (1941) showed that the wax content of white cotton lint varies within the range of 0.4–0.7%, that of green lint cotton reached the high value of 14–17%. Ultrastructure and chemical evidence of cell wall of green cotton fiber were also surveyed and analyzed in recent years (Ryser et al. 1983; Yatsu et al. 1983;
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Li and Wang 2002; Zhang et al. 2002 and Ma 2004), and this established more foundation for green cotton genetic improvement. Therefore, through the analysis of the difference of the wax content among the lines with different color types, regulation of cellulose content and fiber quality influenced by the wax content was studied, and the lines with lower wax content was screened in this study. This will play an important role in developing new colored cotton lines with stable color and the lowest wax content.
Materials and methods Materials A total of forty-eight varieties and lines were used, which included forty-four colored cotton lines, five F1 hybrid of color cotton, and 2 white upland cottons. The fiber color lines were mainly derived from 18 sources, and these fiber colors can be classed into seven different color types including dark brown (BD), brown (B), light brown(BL), dark green(GD), green(G), light green(GL), very light green(GW) (Table 1).The check lines were TM-1 and SGK9708 with white fiber(W). TM–1 was standard upland cotton genetic line from USDA,ARS. All colored cotton lines were selected by China Cotton Research Institute of CAAS. Filed experiment and fiber quality test The samples employed in the study were planted with three field replications in the experiment field at Anyang of CRICAAS in 2005–2006. The field management was the same as the conventional cultivation. Fifty normal open bolls, which set at the first node of top fourth or fifth fruit branches in each experiment block, were collected to determine the boll weight, lint percentage etc. The fiber length, strength, fineness, elongation and fiber uniformity were tested by Fiber and Seed Quality Inspective and Test Center of Agriculture Ministry in China. Extraction of the cellulose and wax Fibers (2 g) were put into the 250 ml flask with 150 ml of 95% ethanol in it, and then extracted by
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Euphytica (2010) 173:141–149 Table 1 The source and fiber color types of color cotton lines Case Number
Source
Lines
Color type
5
9108Z1
9108Z1-1
B
6
9108Z1
9108Z1-2
B
7 8
9108Z1 9108Z1
9108Z1-3 9108Z1-4
B B
9
9108Z1
9108Z1-5
B
10
9108Z2
9108Z2-1
B
11
9108Z2
9108Z2-2
B
19
9409Z1
9409Z1
B
20
R01C28
R01C28-1
B
22
R01Z2
R01Z2-1
B
23
R01Z2
R01Z2-2
B
24
R01Z2
R01Z2-3
B
25
R01Z2
R01Z2-4
B
38
Z1S9708
Z1S9708-1
B
39
Z1S9708
Z1S9708-2
B
45
B125
Z125
B
47
B125
B125-1
B
49
B1
B1-1
B
26 40
R01Z2 Z2W9108
R01Z2-5 Z2W9108
BD BD
46
B125
B125
BD
48
B125
B128
BD
50
B1
B1-2
BD
1
B125/A971
125A971 F1
BL
2
B128/GP179
128GP179 F1
BL
3
B128/T94-4
128T94-4 F1
BL
4
B128/L96-23
128L96-23 F1
BL
12
9409G1
9409G1-1
G
13
9409G1
9409G1-2
G
28
S9708C28
S9708C28-1
G
29
S9708C28
S9708C28-2
G
14
9409G1
9409G1-3
GD
15
9409G1
9409G1-4
GD
42 16
G4560 9409G1
G4560-1 9409G1-5
GD GL
17
9409G1
9409G1-6
GL
21
R01C28
R01C28-2
GL
30
S9708C28
S9708C28-3
GL
31
S9708C28
S9708C28-4
GL
32
S9708C28
S9708C28-5
GL
33
S9708C28
S9708C28-6
GL
35
S9708C28
S9708C28-8
GL
43
G4560
G4560-2
GL
18
9409G1
9409G1-7
GW
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Table 1 continued Case Number
Source
Lines
Color type
27
S0828/09G
S082809G1
GW
34
S9708C28
S9708C28-7
GW
41 44
G1/A971 G4560
G1A971 F1 G4560-3
GW GW
36
SGK9708
SGK9708
W
37
TM-1
TM-1
W
Note BD indicated dark brown, B indicated brown, BL indicated light brown, GD indicated dark green, G indicated green, GL indicated light green, GW indicated very light green, W indicated white fiber
Soxhlet extractor for 6 h with hot ethanol. After stop heating, the fiber was then taken out by forceps and put into an oven for drying, weighted until the weight of the fiber was stable, and the difference in weight was calculated as cellulose content. Meanwhile, the hot alcoholic extract was transferred to separator funnel, and 100 ml chloroform and 50 ml distilled water was put to the container for extraction of wax. Three hours later, the chloroform layer from the bottom was removed to a taper bottle, and the chloroform extracted the aqueous layer three times. Lastly, the chloroform soluble fraction was then evaporated and dried in a tarred weighing bottle at 105°C in the oven, before weighing was made at a 30 min interval until the loss was not more than 1 mg, kept at room temperature for 30 min. The wax content was determined by weighing the bottle with the wax. The method of wax extraction was modified based on that of Conrad (1941). Analysis of the date and statistic method The statistical calculation and cluster analyses of the wax, cellulose content, and fiber quality traits were processed with SPSS11.0 and NTSYSpc21 software.
Results and analysis The average performance of the wax content and fiber property of the colored cotton
was 2.81%, ranged from 0.15 to 9.8% with the coefficient variance of 84.3%.The average content of cellulose occuppied 96.0% of total fiber weight, ranged from 87.2 to 99.6%, and their coefficient of variance was 3.1%. The average lint percentage of the color cotton was 32.3%, nearly 6% lower than that of normal white cotton, ranged from 22 to 41% with the variance coefficient of 16.5%.The average boll weight was 4.9 g ranged from 3.6 to 7.0 g.The average length of color fiber was 28.5 mm,which was almost the same as that of white fiber, and the coefficient of variance was only 6.7% among the different color cotton varieties (lines). The average fiber strength was 25.0cN/tex (HVICC), which was 4-5cN/tex lower than that of white cotton. Micronaire reading value, uniformity, and elongation were not obviously distinct from that of white cotton (Table 2). The difference of the wax and cellulose content among different color cotton lines The wax and cellulose content of different color cotton lines and the difference of fiber properties were analyzed in detail based on average performance and the variation of wax content and fiber traits of color cotton varieties and lines (Table 3). Wax content The content of wax was not obviously distinct among the varieties with same fiber color types, but those among different fiber color types were very significantly different. The wax content of green cotton was the highest, which was five to eight times of that of white cotton. Next was that of brown cotton, and that of white cotton was the lowest. There were no obvious differences among the cotton lines with different kinds of green such as dark green, green, light green. As for the brown cotton lines, the darker the brown fiber color, the higher the wax content. The wax content of dark brown cotton was twice of that of white cotton. But the wax content of the light brown fiber was only 30% higher than that of white fiber. Cellulose
The general performance of the fiber wax content and other fiber properties: Among forty-eight colored cotton varieties (lines),the average content of wax
Just like the wax, the content of the cellulose was not obviously different among the varieties with the same
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Table 2 Average performance of the traits of color cotton
Cellulose content (%)
Number of Varieties
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
SD
50
87.2
99.6
95.954
2.95424
Wax content (%)
50
Lint percentage (%)
50
0.15
9.8
Boll weight
50
3.6
7
Fiber length (mm)
50
23.7
32.1
Fiber strength (cN/tex)
50
18.8
32
Micronaire
50
Fiber elongation
50
Fiber uniformity (%)
50
22
2.9
41
2.5 81 5.2
C.V. (%)
Ck variety (TM-1)
3.08
97.3
2.44478
84.3
0.6
5.334
16.52
38.0
4.94
0.74806
15.14
28.516
1.90663
6.69
29.6
25.008
3.25707
13.02
29.8
32.29
4.86
4.9
3.686
0.80686
21.89
4.4
87.3
84.002
1.34126
1.6
84.8
9.5
7.514
1.04433
13.9
7.3
Table 3 Average performance of wax content and fiber traits of different types of color cotton lines Fiber color types
Dark brown
Number of samples Wax content
Cellulose content
Lint percentage (%)
Boll weight
5
White
Total
3
4
9
5
2
3.72
3.99
6.2
5.47
0.75
2.9
SD
1.32
0.58
0.06
0.85
0.32
2.1
2.23
0.21
2.44
C.V. (%)
78.65
49.89
6.3
22.92
8.09
33.81
4.7
28.28
84.3
Mean (%)
96.1
95.1
50
95.11
97.97
98.53
92.56
93.37
98.05
95.95
SD
4.76
1.25
0.44
0.75
1.06
2.12
2.03
1.06
2.95
C.V. (%)
5
1.28
0.45
0.79
1.11
2.29
2.17
1.08
3.08
Mean (%) SD
32.88 1.60
35.98 2.31
39.45 0.99
26.50 1.56
28.18 1.01
25.44 2.44
28.96 3.10
39.25 1.20
32.29 5.33
C.V. (%)
4.87
6.42
2.52
5.89
3.60
9.59
10.69
3.06
16.52
Mean (g)
4.68
5.37
5.78
4.53
4.45
4.31
4.7
5.1
4.94
SD
0.31
0.78
0.61
0.21
0.29
0.58
0.37
0.28
0.75
6.49
13.55
7.96
5.55
15.14
26.63
28.52
29.35
28.52
1.97
1.82
0.35
1.91
Mean (mm)
Mean (cN/tex)
Mean SD
6.65
14.6
27.98
29.26
1.48
1.43
1.62 31 0.72
5.3
4.9
2.31
25.56
26.72
27.35
4.59 29.03 0.76 2.63 23.5
26.8 1.35 5.03 23.6
7.4 21.57
6.38 23.1
1.2
6.69
28.85
25.01
4.78
2.52
1.48
1.05
0.94
2.16
2.45
1.34
3.26
18.71
9.44
5.42
4.48
3.99
1.02
1.6
4.66
13.02
4.02
4.26
4.55
2.87
3.03
2.76
2.9
4.65
3.69
0.79
0.34
0.31
0.06
0.26
0.26
0.25
0.35
0.81
C.V. (%)
19.54
8.1
6.83
2.01
8.69
9.27
8.79
7.6
21.89
Mean
84.46
84.61
85.88
82.53
81.75
83.46
84.45
SD C.V. (%)
1.09 1.29
0.79 0.93
1.75 2.04
0.81 0.99
0.57 0.7
0.81 0.98
0.75 0.9
0.49 0.59
1.34 1.6
Mean (%)
7.62
6.71
7.58
8.07
8.1
8.09
8.44
7.5
7.51
1.2
1.06
0.64
0.15
0.54
0.67
0.55
0.28
15.81
15.85
8.51
1.89
6.69
8.26
6.52
3.77
SD C.V. (%)
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Very light green
1.03
C.V. (%)
Fiber elongation
Light green
4
SD
Fiber uniformity
Green
1.15
C.V. (%)
Micronaire
Dark green
1.68
SD Fiber strength
18
Light brown
Mean (%)
C.V. (%) Fiber length
Brown
83.4
84
1.04 13.9
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color fiber types, but that was very significantly different among the different kinds of fiber colors. The content of the cellulose of white cotton was the highest, more than 98%. Next was that of the brown cotton, more than 97%, and the cellulose content of green cotton was the lowest, from 93 to 96%. The content of cellulose of light green cotton was only about 93%, which was at least 5% lower than that of white cotton, while the content of cellulose of dark green cotton was only about 2% lower than that of white cotton. As for brown and light brown cotton the content of cellulose was nearly the same as that of white fiber, reaching 98.5% or so, but that of dark brown cotton was about 3% lower comparing with that of white one. Diversities of fiber property among the different fiber colored lines Lint percentage The lint percentage of the varieties with different colors was distinctly diverse, ranging from 25.4 to 39.5%. The lint percentage of green cotton was the lowest, averaging just 27% or so, which was 10% lower than that of white cotton. The lint percentage of green, light green, and dark green cotton was not obviously different, but among brown cotton lines, the darker the colors was, the lower the lint percentage showed. The lint percentage of light brown cotton reached 39%, nearly as same as that of white cotton. Boll weight The boll weight of different varieties was significantly different, but not obviously associated with different colors. The boll weight of brown cotton was the same as that of white cotton, but the boll weight of green cotton somewhat lowered than that of white one. The bolls of four hybrids F1 of light brown were very big, which was quite different from that of the other color lines. It was clear the boll weight had significant heterosis. Fiber length, fiber strength and fiber uniformity: The fiber length, strength, uniformity of different varieties was obviously diverse and those with different colors were also quite different. The fiber length, strength, and uniformities of green cotton were obviously lower than those of brown and white
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cotton. There was no distinct difference among various degrees of green cotton. The fiber length and strength of brown cotton decreased as the darkness of the fiber increased. Those of dark brown was lower and the coefficient of variance was bigger, but the fiber length and strength of brown and light brown cotton were almost the same as those of white cotton and their coefficient of variance among varieties was smaller, especially the length of light brown cotton reached 31 mm,which was the longest of all the color varieties. Those varieties were mainly the four colored F1 hybrids. It showed their fiber length also had strong heterosis. Micronaire reading value and fiber elongation: The Micronaire and fiber elongation among different varieties were obviously diverse, but there was no obvious difference among the different colors. The Micronaire value of green cotton was smaller than that of brown and white cotton, which was above 3.0. The elongation of the four types of green cotton was a little higher than that of white cotton, which could be attributed to the smaller Micronaire value of the green cottons. Correlation of the wax content, cellulose content and fiber qualities The content of cellulose possessed an obviously negative correlation with the content of fiber wax and elongation ratio, but positive correlation with lint percentage, boll weight, fiber length, fiber strength, micronaire reading value and fiber uniformity. It displayed the fact that increased fiber quality was resulted from the greater accumulation of the cellulose. However, high cellulose content resulted in the lower fiber elongation ratio and thicker fiber fineness. Those varieties for which the content of wax was high were the reverse situation compared with that of cellulose. Fiber wax showed negative correlations with cellulose content, boll weight, lint percentage, and other fiber traits except for a highly significant positive correlation with the fiber elongation in this study (Table 4). Even though above associations between traits should apply to the breeding lines selected in this study, however, the trend of the correlation between the fiber wax, cellulose and the fiber quality in the different kinds of fiber coler in this experiment was the same as that of naturally color fiber germplasm. This implies the quantity of wax
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Table 4 Correlation coefficients among wax and cellulose contents and fiber quality traits Cellulose Wax content content
Cellulose content Wax content
1.000
-0.780** 1.000
Lint percentage (%) Boll weight
Lint Boll percentage weight (%)
Fiber length
Fiber strength
Micronaire Fiber Fiber reading value uniformity elongation
0.680**
0.487**
0.623**
0.703**
0.692**
0.427**
-0.577**
**
**
**
**
**
**
0.531**
**
-0.841
1.000
-0.535
**
-0.627
-0.750 0.725
0.852
0.597
-0.469**
1.000
0.516**
0.499**
0.593**
0.473**
-0.574**
**
**
**
-0.351**
**
-0.503**
**
0.629
-0.577**
1.000
-0.337**
Fiber strength
0.760 1.000
Micronaire
**
-0.483
0.637 1.000
**
-0.838
0.679
Fiber length
**
0.550
**
0.758 1.000
Fiber uniformity Fiber elongation
0.362 0.428
1.000
** Show very significant correlation
had great influence on fiber qualities, and the varieties with less content of wax should be selected in the breeding process. The very significant positive correlation among lint percentage, boll weight, fiber length, strength, uniformity indicated it was not difficult to improve the fiber quality of the color cottons. But the negative correlation between elongation and other traits of fiber quality showed that the flexibility of the color cotton decreased along with the increasing of fiber length and strength. Cluster analysis The lines selected from same genetic background were gathered into the same group with very close genetic similarity (Fig. 1). Forty-eight colored cotton varieties and lines could be divided into two main types. The first type was brown, which included 21 brown lines and 4 hybrids with brown fiber, two white CK, and one F1 with green fiber. The average wax content of all the brown lines in this group was 1.13% and the average cellulose content of this group was 98.03% of the total fiber weight. Average lint percentage was 36.32%, boll weight was 5.31 g, fiber length was 29.51 mm, fiber strength was 27.13cN/tex (HVICC), and the Micronaire reading value was 4.31. The fiber properties of the color cottons in this group were very similar to those of white cotton SGK9708 and TM-1. The better agronomic and economic characters of brown cotton indicated the progress in
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brown cotton improvement have almost reached that of the white cottons and F1 hybrids of brown cotton. The second type was mostly the green cottons, including 20 green lines and 2 brown lines. In this type, the average wax content of all the lines was 5.16%, the cellulose was 93.32%, lint percentage was 27.23%, boll weight was 4.47 g, fiber length was 27.25 mm, fiber strength was 22.3cN/tex (HVICC) and the Micronaire reading value was 2.9. It was obvious that the fiber qualities and the yield character of the green cotton group were worse. The cellulose and fiber quality of two brown lines in this group were also lower similar to those of green cottons. It is obviously that all the agronomic and economic characters of green cotton were usually not good. So the improvement of green cotton varieties should be enhanced.
Discussion The effect of wax content of different fiber color types on the color stability Zhang et al.(2002) reported that fiber structure of colored cotton was similar to that of white cotton, but with a larger cell vacuum and thin secondary cellular wall. The secondary cellular wall of green fiber had the acidophic layer but those of the brown and white cotton did not and the acidophic layer had some relation with the wax content of green cotton (Ryser
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Fig. 1 Note BD indicated dark brown, B indicated brown, BL indicated light brown, GD indicated dark green, G indicated green, GL indicated light green, GW indicated very light green, W indicated white fiber
et al. 1983 and Zhang et al. 2002). Some research previous indicted that the major substance of the green fiber was wax except for the cellulose, and the wax content of this fiber was five to eight times than that of white cotton (Yatsu, et al. 1983). Further research showed that ninety-five percent of the wax was the xylogen with the main components of 22-hydroxy-docosanoic acid and 1, 22-docosanoic acid. But that of white cotton was c 16- c18 types (Ryser et al. 1983 and Zhang et al. 2002). Our research showed that the darker brown fiber had the higher content of fiber wax in the brown cotton, and it was in the reverse situation in the green cotton. We also found that the wax content of green cotton was the highest, next was that of darker brown cotton, that of brown cotton ranked third and that of the white cotton was the lowest. Conrad and Neely (1943) also
reported that the green fiber was closely associated with high wax. So it is obvious that the poor stability of green fiber, especially the light green ones, may result from the high wax content of the fiber. Therefore, it is easy to understand that the green fiber gradually turned into yellow after the fiber exposed in the sunlight (Shi et al. 1998). The depigmentation of the green fiber may also result from that the pigment and wax exist in the secondary cellular wall and easily peel off. However, the pigment and wax of the darker brown cotton keep in the fiber cavity, which do not easily break away (Ryser et al. 1983, Yatsu et al. 1983 and Li and Wang 2002). In addition, the darker brown can conceal the depigmentation effect of the wax, so the fiber color of the darker brown is usually more stable than that of green.
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The effect of wax content on the fiber quality and cellulose The results in this paper showed that the wax content had very significant negative correlation with the content of cellulose, boll weight, lint percent, and other fiber properties respectively. But the positive correlation between the content of cellulose and the lint percent, boll weight, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber fineness and fiber uniformity was very high significant. These imply that the formation of fiber quality mainly depend on the accumulation of the cellulose, meanwhile the content of wax also influenced the fiber quality. Previous work has shown that accumulation of the pigment played an important role on the aggradations of the cellulose (Wang and Li 2002 and Zhao 2003). Some chemical substance with lower molecular weight and energy would be expensed during accumulation of the pigment, and lastly resulted in the low cellulose, late maturation and weak fiber quality (Zhao 2003). Zhang et al. (2002) observed the fiber structure by applied transmission electronic microscope, and proved that the areas of cross section of green fiber was smaller than that of white cotton, but the cell vacuum was larger than that of white cotton, and the secondary cellular wall and cell vacuum were associated with the wax content (Zhang et al. 2002). All these indicated that the content of fiber wax and pigment deeply affect the formation of cellulose and the properties of fiber quality. The importance of screening the colored cotton lines with low wax content for improving the color stability of the fiber and its textile of colored cotton. It seems that the breeding for brown cotton usually is easy since the brown fiber was mostly stable and controlled by single dominant genes (Kohel 1985) or several major genes(Shi et al. 2002), and some cotton breeders have selected some new lines and varieties of brown fiber with high output and quality since 1980’s (Du et al. 2000, 2001). But there was no progress in the selecting new green lines with stable fiber color. The color stability and fiber quality of green cotton were still poor even with intense selection. This resulted in the green cotton being not widely used in the textile production. To solve the problem of higher fiber wax content is a key way for increasing the practicability of using colored cotton. The main methods to screen and select new green
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cotton lines of low wax content were population improving, multiple cross, multi-genes recurrent select and bio-engineering techniques (Guo et al. 2004). The research of Ma (2004) has shown that the wax content of newly bred green fiber lines of Green 4560, Zh0919 and SG 0828 was only 5 percent of total fiber weight, but that of line Green 1–5 reached the high value of 18%. In this research, the wax content coefficient of variability is 84.3% and the mean ranges from 0.15 to 9.8% (Table 2). These results suggested that the wax content could be reduced by genetic improvement. And these lines with great variability wax content will be useful in developing the new colored cotton lines with the lower wax content. With the development of molecular biology, the major genes controlling the wax synthesis would be located or tagged by the molecular marker analysis of the varieties and lines with different wax content, and the molecular marker assisted breeding for colored cotton with low wax content will be finally realized.
Conclusion The results in this research showed that the darker the brown fiber was, the higher the content of fiber wax was, but the green cotton was in the reverse situation. Among forty-eight colored cotton varieties (lines),the average content of wax was 2.81%. The wax content of green cotton was the highest, which was five to eight times of that of white cotton. Next was brown cotton with twice wax content of the white one, and that of the white cotton was the lowest. So it is obvious that the poor stability of green fiber, especially the light green ones, may result from the high wax content of the fiber. This paper also showed that the wax content has positive effect on the fiber elongation and very significant negative correlation with the content of cellulose and other fiber properties, respectively. But the content of cellulose has significant positive correlation with the lint percent, boll weight, fiber length, fiber strength, fiber fineness and fiber uniformity. The above imply that the fiber quality was mainly determined by the accumulation of cellulose, and the wax content also affects the fiber properties of color cotton. Therefore, it is very important to select the colored fiber lines with low wax content for
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improving the color stability of the fiber and its textile of colored cotton. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the careful reviews of Dr. Russell J Kohel and John Yu, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center of USDA, ARS, college station, USA. TX 77845, the diligent efforts of Prof. Guo Qiangliu performed some research on hybridizations and Dr. Ma Xuan who initially worked on this project. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation of China (30370858) and the National Key Technology R & D Program of China (grant number 2006BAD13B04).
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