Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol (2015) 38:946–956 DOI 10.1007/s00270-015-1128-x

CLINICAL INVESTIGATION

INTERVENTIONAL ONCOLOGY

Safety of Radioembolization with 90Yttrium Resin Microspheres Depending on Coiling or No-Coiling of Aberrant/High-Risk Vessels P. M. Paprottka1 • K. J. Paprottka1 • A. Walter1 • A. R. Haug2,3 • C. G. Trumm1 S. Lehner2 • W. P. Fendler2 • T. F. Jakobs4 • M. F. Reiser1 • C. J. Zech5

•

Received: 3 March 2015 / Accepted: 1 May 2015 / Published online: 20 May 2015  Springer Science+Business Media New York and the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) 2015

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety of radioembolization (RE) with 90Yttrium (90Y) resin microspheres depending on coiling or no-coiling of aberrant/high-risk vessels. Materials and Methods Early and late toxicity after 566 RE procedures were analyzed retrospectively in accordance with the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v3.0). For optimal safety, aberrant vessels were either coil embolized (n = 240/566, coiling group) or a more peripheral position of the catheter tip was chosen to treat right or left liver lobes (n = 326/566, no-coiling group). Results Clinically relevant late toxicities (CGrade 3) were observed in 1 % of our overall cohort. The no-coiling group had significantly less ‘‘any’’ (P = 0.0001) or ‘‘clinically

P.M. Paprottka and K.J. Paprottka have been contributed equally to this work.

relevant’’ (P = 0.0003) early toxicity. There was no significant difference (P [ 0.05) in delayed toxicity in the coiling versus the no-coiling group. No RE-induced liver disease was noted after all 566 procedures. Conclusion RE with 90Y resin microspheres is a safe and effective treatment option. Performing RE without coil embolization of aberrant vessels prior to treatment could be an alternative for experienced centers. Keywords Interventional oncology
Radioembolization
Liver/hepatic
Cancer

Introduction As the incidence of primary and metastatic liver cancer continues to increase [4, 12], the use of minimally invasive techniques as a treatment option is becoming more and

& P. M. Paprottka [email protected]; [email protected]

M. F. Reiser [email protected] C. J. Zech [email protected]

& K. J. Paprottka [email protected] 1

Department of Clinical Radiology, LMU - University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany

2

Department of Nuclear Medicine, LMU - University of Munich, Munich, Germany

3

Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

4

Department of Clinical Radiology, Barmherzige Brueder Munich, Munich, Germany

5

Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Section Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

A. Walter [email protected] A. R. Haug [email protected] C. G. Trumm [email protected] S. Lehner [email protected] W. P. Fendler [email protected] T. F. Jakobs [email protected]

123

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

more common. Radioembolization (RE) is a therapy method where particles of glass or resin, containing 90 yttrium (90Y), are infused intra-arterial through a catheter directly into the hepatic arteries. RE is based on the twovessel supply of the liver. Hepatic malignancies receive their blood supply mainly from the hepatic artery, whereas the normal liver parenchyma is perfused predominantly from the portal-venous circulation [3]. Accordingly, a high-dose delivery to the tumor vasculature with relative sparing of normal liver tissue can be achieved, which has shown to be effective for primary and metastatic liver tumors [8, 10, 11, 14, 18, 31]. In the literature, several adverse events related to hepatic intra-arterial treatments and RE were reported, especially in the gastroduodenal region. Many of these complications arise from an unintended extra-hepatic deposition of 90Y particles (non-target embolization) via arteries originating from or close to hepatic arterial branches. Therefore, it is necessary to know the patient’s individual anatomy including frequent variations such as a hepato-mesenteric trunk or gastro-hepatic trunk and to detect high-risk vessels such as the gastroduodenal artery, right and left gastric artery, cystic artery, inferior esophageal arteries, falciform artery, and supra-duodenal arteries [2, 17, 22]. Aberrant implantation of the radioactive particles may result in serious consequences. The reasons for aberrant implantation are often collaterals that are arising from the hepatic arteries distal to the therapy position or branching close to the therapy position with an extra-hepatic communication. Radiation and diminished blood supply due to non-target embolization may result in ischemia and inflammation leading to ulceration or even perforation of the stomach or duodenum, or in cholecystitis or pancreatitis [16, 32]. Therefore, up to now, it is recommended to protect potential aberrant vessels like the gastroduodenal artery by coil embolization even if they are proximal to the therapy position. Nevertheless several experienced centers already perform RE without aggressive prior coiling of proximal atrisk vessels, if they deem the therapy position to be safe with regard to potential back-flow. Until now, no data exist to demonstrate whether this more deliberate coil embolization policy has an effect on the occurrence of early or late toxicity after RE. In our study, we retrospectively compared patients who underwent RE with prior coiling with patients without prior coiling with regard to the appearance of early and late toxicities according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v3.0).

947

Materials and Methods Patient’s Selection The Institutional Review Board approved this retrospective analysis. 566 REs, performed using 90Y resin microspheres between 01/2009 and 12/2012, were retrospectively analyzed. We evaluated 240 RE procedures with coiling and 326 without coiling with regard to early and late toxicities. Early (first week) and late toxicities (up to 6 months) were retrospectively categorized according to the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE v3.0). Patients were routinely followed-up in our institution 1–3 days after RE as well as 1, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after procedure. This follow-up included contact to the referring and family physicians to detect potentially missed complications. In accordance with CTCAE toxicities CGrade 3 were defined as clinically relevant. Inclusion criteria for the RE were as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4.

5.

Non-resectable primary or secondary liver cancer; Absence of significant extrahepatic disease; Failure to respond to other types of medical, surgical, or local ablative treatment modalities; Adequate biochemical and hematological function and arteriovenous shunting B20 % to the lung vascular bed; and Written informed consent.

Radiation Source 90

Y is a pure beta-emitter that decays to stable 90zirconium with an average energy of 0.94 MeV (half-life 2.67 days) with a maximum range of 11 mm in soft tissue (mean tissue penetration: 2.5 mm). The principle is the preferential tumor-related vascular distribution of the radioactive microspheres, which allows delivery of high doses within the tumor and relative sparing of normal liver tissue. In our study, only 90Y resin microspheres (SIR-Spheres; Sirtex, Lane Cove, Australia) were used. The standard dose of 90Y resin microspheres, which contains approximately 35 million microspheres, is 1.5–2 GBq, (each microsphere contains 50 Bq activity).

Dosimetry The patients in this cohort were treated employing the partition modeling method because this model enables a more precise dose calculation. This more personalized dose calculation reduces the rare occurrence of radiation-in-

123

948

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

duced liver disease, a late effect of excessive hepatic radiotherapy. To avoid an overestimating of the required activity in patients with prior surgical resections, we calculated the exact liver- and tumor-volume using a special software application (OncoTREAT, MeVis, Bremen, Germany).

RE Procedure Arteriography was performed via a transfemoral approach. The presence of angiographically occult afferent extrahepatic arteries and the magnitude of hepatopulmonary shunting were evaluated by hepatic arterial injection of approximately 100 MBq [99mtechnetium] macroaggregated albumin ([99mTc]-MAA) in the left, right, and sometimes segment 4 hepatic artery separately according to the planned catheter position for later treatment. In our institution, we do not perform any coil embolization during the [99mTc]-Angiography, because from our experience often new collaterals have developed 1–2 weeks later at the time of scheduled RE. [99mTc]-Angiography is followed by planar scintigraphy including the lung and liver to calculate the liver-to-lung shunt and single-photon emission-computed tomography (SPECT) or SPECT/CT to evaluate the distribution of the particles. In case of non-target embolization, we tried to identify those vessels in the angiograms. If we could not find any vessels being responsible for these results, we performed a pre-treatment Dyna CT to identify those aberrant vessels. When deemed a potential risk for extrahepatic deposition of microspheres and we could not place our catheter distal to the origin with a sufficient safety margin, vascular occlusion using microcoil embolization of the vessels was performed (‘‘coiling group’’), even if we did not see non-target embolization within the SPECT/CT. We did not perform a rescan after adequate embolization of those vessels, if the nontarget embolization seen in the SPECT/CT matched the vascular territory of the vessel in the angiograms/Dyna CT. In patients where we considered it to be safe to deliver the microspheres without coil embolization by placing the microcatheter distal to the origin of the last visible extrahepatic arterial branch and when the SPECT/CT did not show non-target embolization, we performed the RE without further coil embolization (no-coiling group). The decision was at the discretion of the angiographer and included factors like distance from the catheter tip to the extrahepatic artery, quality of the antegrade flow in the treated hepatic artery and presence of potential ‘‘safety’’ vessels. The 90Y resin microspheres, suspended in sterile water, were injected under intermittent fluoroscopic visualization, alternating with contrast medium, to assess antegrade

123

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

hepatic arterial flow. 90Y-microsphere activity was prescribed according to the instructions for use, calculated with the partition modeling method, and administered as described elsewhere by way of either a one- or two-stage lobar treatment according to the tumor burden. If patients had only metastases in one lobe, they underwent an unilobar therapy. Patients with tumor distribution in the whole liver underwent sequential whole liver treatment within an interval of 4–6 weeks. In all cases the left, right, and if applicable the segment IV hepatic artery were catheterized separately and accordingly treated separately. We did not perform RE from the common or proper hepatic artery. After RE, SPECT, or SPECT/CT scans were performed within 24 h of therapy delivery to confirm target deposition of the therapeutic material (so called BremsstrahlungSPECT).

Follow-up: Toxicity Pretreatment and post-treatment laboratory tests included liver function tests, complete blood counts, and tumor markers. Patients resumed a routine schedule of laboratory tests and clinical examination at day 1–3, after 1, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. The most recent history was taken for side effects; these data were converted to a toxicity score according to CTCAE (version 3.0) and analyzed according to early (within the first week) and late toxicities (up to 6 months) retrospectively. Clinical relevant toxicities were defined as toxicities of level C3. Early toxicities included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. Late toxicities included gastritis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, pulmonary fibrosis, skin necrosis, and RE-induced liver disease (REILD). The quantitative data were compared with baseline results. Statistics Statistical analyses were performed by using the Chi square test with a significance accepted at P B 0.05. SPSS 20 for MAC (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data management and statistical analysis.

Results Early Toxicities We observed ‘‘any’’ early toxicities (Grade 0–3; nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever) in 258 out of 566 radioembolizations (45.58 %). Clinical relevant toxicities (Grade 3) were observed in 45 of 566 RE (7.95 %; 11

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

949

patients with nausea, 2 patients with vomiting and 32 with abdominal pain). No Grade 4 or 5 toxicities were detected (Table 1). There were significantly less ‘‘any’’ (Grade 1–3) early complications (P \ 0.0001/Contingency coeff. = 0.241) and significantly less ‘‘clinical relevant’’ (CGrade 3) early complications (P \ 0.0003/contingency coeff. = 0.149) for the no-coiling group (Table 1). Late Toxicities Analyzing the data according to late toxicities (Grade 0–3/gastritis/pancreatitis/cholecystitis/pulmonary fibrosis/ skin necrosis) ‘‘any’’ toxicities were found in 34 out of 566 patients (6 %). Clinical relevant toxicities were only observed in 1.06 % (6 of 566 radioembolizations; 4 patients with gastritis and 2 patients with cholecystitis). In correlation to early toxicities, no Grade 4 or 5 toxicities were observed for the late toxicities (Table 2). Comparing the coiling and the no-coiling group, no significant differences could be observed for ‘‘any’’ (P = 0.2698/contingency coeff. = 0.046) and ‘‘clinically Table 1 Significantly less ‘‘any’’ (Grade 1–3) early complications were seen for the no-coiling versus coiling group (P \ 0.0001/contingency coeff. = 0.241) Early toxicities

Yes

No

Any Coiling

144 (60 %)

96 (40 %)

No coiling

114 (35 %)

212 (65 %)

Clinical relevant Coiling

31 (13 %)

209 (87%)

No coiling

14 (4 %)

312 (96 %)

Significantly less ‘‘clinical relevant’’ (CGrade3) early complications were seen for no-coiling versus coiling group (P \ 0.0003/contingency coeff. = 0.149)

Table 2 No significant differences could be observed for ‘‘any’’ (P = 0.2698/contingency coefficient = 0.046) late complications Late toxicities

Yes

No

Any Coiling

18 (8 %)

222 (92 %)

No coiling

16 (5 %)

310 (95 %)

Clinical relevant Coiling

3 (1 %)

237 (99 %)

No coiling

3 (1 %)

323 (99 %)

No significant differences could be observed for ‘‘clinical relevant’’ (P = 0.9707/contingency coefficient = 0.002) late toxicities

Fig. 1 One therapy position in the right and one in the left hepatic artery, no aberrant vessels was evident in the treatment area. If stasis during the treatment would accurse you do have a ‘‘safety vessel,’’ the left hepatic artery for treatment of the right liver and the other way around. A Coeliac trunc: common hepatic artery (white arrow), left hepatic artery (gray arrow), right hepatic artery (black arrow), Gastroduodenal artery (white arrow head), left gastric artery (black arrow head), splenic artery (gray arrow head), Right gastric artery (dark gray arrow), B right hepatic artery, C left hepatic artery

123

950

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

b Fig. 2 A Coeliac trunc: common hepatic artery (white arrow), left

hepatic artery (gray arrow), right hepatic artery (black arrow), Gastroduodenal artery (white arrow head), splenic artery (gray arrow head), B right hepatic artery: no aberrant vessels, sufficient safety margin, no safety vessel, C left hepatic artery: left hepatic artery (gray arrow), cystic artery (white arrow), right gastric artery (black arrow), tiny supraduodenal branch (white arrow head/visible due to the direct positioning of the catheter tip next to the origin of this vessel in combination with a high-pressure injection. D Left hepatic artery: super selective catheter in the left hepatic artery (gray arrow), coiled Cystic artery (white arrow), coiled right gastric artery (black arrow), tiny branch of the cystic artery (gray arrow head). Sufficient safety margin, no safety vessel [cave: gastroduodenal artery (white arrow head)]

relevant’’ (P = 0.9707/Contingency coeff. = 0.002) toxicities (Table 2). After all 566 RE-procedures no REILD occurred.

Discussion Radioembolization with 90Y microspheres is known to be a safe and effective therapy for patients as long as the microspheres are delivered into the liver and nowhere else. There is a lot of data existing about the effectiveness of radioembolization therapy in patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma [6, 26] and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [8] as well as patients with unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer [9, 27], breast carcinoma [7, 23], pancreatic carcinoma [21], and neuroendocrine tumors [8, 13, 31]. In these cases, the treating centers performed a ‘‘state of the art’’ RE in accordance to the guidelines with a coiling of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA), the cystic artery as well as all possible aberrant vessels being visible at the Tc99 m angiography. Regarding the coiling of the cystic artery McWilliams et al. [20] reported, that the embolization of the proximal cystic artery is a safe and feasible procedure and may be performed for liver-directed embolotherapy in order to minimize the exposure of the gallbladder to particulate, chemoembolic, or radioembolic agents. Until now, no data exist on safety, success and toxicities post-radioembolization without prior coiling, especially comparing to state of the art radioembolization with pretreatment coiling. Our data show for the first time that radioembolization without prophylactic coiling leads to a significant reduction of ‘‘any’’ (Grade 1–2) and ‘‘clinically relevant’’ (CGrade 3) early complications in the no-coiling group and comparable late toxicities between the two groups. Nevertheless, in some cases unexpected complications can appear. These can be on the one hand complications

123

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

951

123

952

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

b Fig. 3 A Hepato-mesenteric trunc: mesenteric artery (white arrow),

right hepatic artery (black arrow), B right hepatic artery (exact position for the radioembolization afterwards), C coeliac trunc: left hepatic artery (gray arrow); gastroduodenal artery (white arrowhead); left gastric artery (black arrowhead); splenic artery (gray arrowhead), D left hepatic artery (gray arrow), missed aberrant vessels (white arrowhead), E Post [99mTc] MAA-Scan: extra-hepatic uptake within the duodenum (white arrow), F angiography prior to radioembolization of the left lobe: left hepatic artery (gray arrow); aberrant vessels (white arrowhead); middle hepatic artery arising from the left hepatic artery (white arrow), G super selective illustration of the aberrant vessels (duodenal arcade/black arrows). No coiling was performed. More peripheral positions were chosen within the middle (H) and left hepatic artery (I). Very slow application of the resin spheres!, H Middle hepatic artery, I left hepatic artery, J post-therapy SPECT/ CT of the left liver lobe: no enhancement within the duodenum (white arrow) and perfect enhancement in the liver tumor (gray arrow)

due to the RE treatment [5, 15, 24, 29, 30] and on the other hand complications due to coil embolization associated with the therapy [1, 19, 25, 28]. Peterson et al. [24] performed a study in order to estimate the incidence of complications after 90Y microsphere RE for unresectable hepatic tumors. They could show that 78 patients (70 %) experienced a post-radioembolization syndrome (fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia or fever). 3 patients (3 %) suffered on a Grade 3 early complication. 2 % of the patients experienced clinically significant liver dysfunction; 11 patients (10 %) had gastrointestinal ulceration and 7 patients (6 %) suffered from a cholecystitis. Grade 2 pancreatitis occurred in 1 patient (1 %). After 12 months the cumulative incidence of late Grade 3 or 4 complications was 8 %. No Grade 5 toxicity occurred. These results are in correlation with our study where no Grade 4 or 5 early toxicities occurred. Peterson et al. postulated that radioembolization is a well-tolerated treatment for unresectable hepatic tumors with a low risk of Grade 3 or higher early or late toxicity. These findings are consistent with our results were in 258 of 566 radioembolizations (45.6 %) early toxicities (7.9 % clinical relevant) and in 34 of 566 radioembolizations (6.0 %) late toxicities (1.06 % clinical relevant) were found. In accordance to our results, Gil-Alzugaray [5] reported no relevant RILD in the treated patients with normal liver parenchyma, but in patients with cirrhosis or prior and subsequent chemotherapy. Not only complications due to the procedure itself, but also due to coil embolization of aberrant vessels are possible. It is known that due to hemodynamic changes, coil embolization can result in a recruitment of previous existing but formerly not relevantly perfused hepato-intestinal collaterals (HICs), a reopening of coiled vessels or side branches, or even the development of new HICs, that can increase the risk of gastrointestinal complications following SIRT [1].

123

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

Schelhorn et al. [28] investigated the effect of the occlusion of the gastroduodenal artery (GDA) prior to RE with regard to arterial hepato-intestinal collateralization (HIC). They scheduled 606 patients, where the GDA was occluded in 86 patients (22 did not undergo RE due to their clinical performance). They found reopened or newly apparent HIC in 28 patients. In 25 of these 28 patients, it was possible to occlude these HIC or to choose another catheter position for a safe Y90 application. Although in the majority of the investigated cases RE was still feasible after recoiling or modification of the microcatheter position, in 3 (5 %) of patients, it was not possible and RE had to be abandoned. Hence, coiling of the GDA at the time of [99mTc]-Angiography with consecutively developing or newly forming HICs could be a problem for subsequent radioembolization. As a conclusion, RE without prior coiling of the GDA could be the safer treatment option. Petroziello et al. [25] also investigated the rate of recanalization and collateral vessel formation after a sidebranch embolization during Technetium angiography for planned 90Y RE. They reported that after side-branch embolization, eight of their 56 patients (14 %) presented later on with recanalized or newly developed HICs and seven out of 110 primarily coiled vessels (6 %) had newly developed collaterals. As performing radioembolization without prior coiling is a possible and safe treatment option for experienced centers in accordance to our results with significant less early toxicities, we propose a step-by-step approach. Radioembolization without pre-treatment coiling (no aberrant vessels distal to the treatment position) might be performed by choosing a catheter position with a safety vessel between the catheter tip and the last branch to an extrahepatic artery (Fig. 1). Moreover, coiling might be abandoned if the catheter position for applying the SIRT spheres has a sufficient distance to the first proximal extra-hepatic artery even if no safety vessel is seen (at least 2 cm, please see Fig. 2). Radioembolization without a secure vessel and with a distance \2 cm is only recommended for very experienced centers and only in combination with an adequate pre-interventional flow (please see Fig. 3). If there is a possibility of a non-target embolization of the spheres due to anatomic variations (Figs. 4, 5) or aberrant vessels distal from the catheter tip, it is mandatory to coil those vessels prior to treatment or use additional treatment positions to get distally. Our study has several limitations. Data collection was carried out as a retrospective data analysis. Thus, we can not exclude a selection bias. Moreover, there have not been prospectively chosen, strict

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

Fig. 4 Arterio-arterial shunts (coiling indispensable!). A Coeliac trunc: gastro-hepatic-trunc (white arrowhead) with a significant stenosis (gray arrow); left hepatic artery (black arrow); left gastric artery (white arrow), B gastro-hepatic-trunc (white arrowhead); left hepatic artery (black arrow); left gastric artery (white arrow), C left hepatic artery (injection-position/black arrow), D injection of the contrast media into the middle hepatic artery (black arrow); arterioarterial shunts (white arrowhead) to the left hepatic artery (white arrow) with a reverse flow within the left hepatic artery (caused by

953

the significant stenosis of the gastro-hepatic trunc). E Coiling of the left hepatic artery (black arrow); gastric vessels (white arrow), F treatment position Segments II/III/IVa and IVb (4 weeks later): arterio-arterial shunts (white arrowhead) from the middle hepatic artery (black arrow) to the left hepatic artery (white arrow) with an antegrade flow within the left hepatic artery; no enhancement within the stomach. G Post-therapy SPECT/CT of the left liver lobe: perfect enhancement in the liver tumor (gray arrow)

123

954

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

Fig. 5 Complex flow (4 therapy-positions). A Coeliac trunc; middle hepatic artery (gray arrow); right hepatic artery (black arrow/treatment position) arising from the gastroduodenal artery (white arrowhead); right gastric artery (white arrow); splenic artery (grey arrowhead), B middle hepatic artery ((white arrow); Cave: falicorm artery (black arrow), C super selective illustration of the faciform artery (black arrow), D treatment position of the segments IVa and b after coiling of the falciform artery, E treatment position (left hepatic artery/white arrow) via the right gastric artery (black arrow), F hepato-mesenteric trunc; double right hepatic artery/treatment position (white arrow), G post-therapy SPECT/ CTs of the right (2 therapy positions) left (2 therapy positions) liver lobe: perfect enhancement in the liver tumors (white arrows)

criteria whether to embolize or not. Secondly, our results represent only data of a single-center experience. Data of early and late toxicities after radioembolization without coiling from other centers are needed. Finally there might be a selection bias with regard to the classification of the patients in the ‘‘coiling’’ or ‘‘non coiling’’ group. We can assume that the latter had a more favorable and easier anatomy. Otherwise a coiling would have been performed. The results apply only to such a treatment approach as it is performed in our department. A possible bias could be the increasing experience of the interventional radiologist during the time course of this study. RE was done by a core team with already existing experience, as our center has

123

performed a high number of RE since 2002. Therefore, we can rule out any bias regarding this issue.

Conclusion In conclusion, radioembolization with 90Yttrium resin microspheres is a safe treatment option. Clinically relevant late toxicities appear only in 1 % of the treatments. We observed significantly less ‘‘any’’ (Grade 1–3) and ‘‘clinically relevant’’ (CGrade 3) early complications in the no-coiling group. No significant differences in the late toxicities between the two groups were found. Neverthe-

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

955

Fig. 5 continued

less, a rigorous angiographic work up with identification of all potentially vessels at risk needs to be performed before RE. If a position of the catheter distal to the origin of aberrant vessels is not possible or if there are any doubts, coiling of these vessels is necessary and useful. Conflict of interest

All authors have no conflict of interest.

Statement of Informed Consent Consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Statement of Human and Animal Rights formal consent is not required.

For this type of study

References 1. Abdelmaksoud MH, Hwang GL, Louie JD, et al. Development of new hepaticoenteric collateral pathways after hepatic arterial skeletonization in preparation for yttrium-90 radioembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(9):1385–95. 2. Campbell KA, Burns RC, Sitzmann JV, Lipsett PA, Grochow LB, Niederhuber JE. Regional chemotherapy devices: effect of experience and anatomy on complications. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11(5):822–6.

3. Cohen AD, Kemeny NE. An update on hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for colorectal cancer. Oncologist. 2003;8(6):553–66. 4. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma: recent trends in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S27–34. 5. Gil-Alzugaray B, Chopitea A, Inarrairaegui M, et al. Prognostic factors and prevention of radioembolization-induced liver disease. Hepatology. 2013;57(3):1078–87. 6. Golfieri R, Bilbao JI, Carpanese L, et al. Comparison of the survival and tolerability of radioembolization in elderly vs. younger patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2013;59(4):753–61. 7. Gordon AC, Gradishar WJ, Kaklamani VG, et al. Yttrium-90 radioembolization stops progression of targeted breast cancer liver metastases after failed chemotherapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2014;25(10):1523–1532 e1522. 8. Hoffmann RT, Paprottka PM, Schon A, et al. Transarterial hepatic yttrium-90 radioembolization in patients with unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: factors associated with prolonged survival. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2012;35(1):105–16. 9. Jakobs TF, Hoffmann RT, Dehm K, et al. Hepatic yttrium-90 radioembolization of chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2008;19(8):1187–95. 10. Jakobs TF, Hoffmann RT, Tatsch K, Trumm C, Reiser MF. Therapy response of liver tumors after selective internal radiation therapy. Der Radiol. 2008;48(9):839–49. 11. Jakobs TF, Hoffmann RT, Tatsch K, Trumm C, Reiser MF, Helmberger TK. Developments and perspectives in radioablative techniques. Der Radiol. 2007;47(12):1083–8.

123

956

P.M. Paprottka et al.: Safety of Radioembolization with

12. Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin. 2005;55(1):10–30. 13. Kennedy A, Coldwell D, Sangro B, Wasan H, Salem R. Integrating radioembolization into the treatment paradigm for metastatic neuroendocrine tumors in the liver. Am J Clin Oncol. 2012;35(4):393–8. 14. Kennedy AS, Coldwell D, Nutting C, et al. Resin 90Y-microsphere brachytherapy for unresectable colorectal liver metastases: modern USA experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;65(2):412–25. 15. Lam MG, Louie JD, Iagaru AH, Goris ML, Sze DY. Safety of repeated yttrium-90 radioembolization. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2013;36(5):1320–8. 16. Lau WY, Ho S, Leung TW, et al. Selective internal radiation therapy for nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with intraarterial infusion of 90yttrium microspheres. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40(3):583–92. 17. Leung TK, Lee CM, Chen HC. Anatomic and technical skill factor of gastroduodenal complication in post-transarterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study of 280 cases. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(10):1554–7. 18. Lin M, Shon IH, Wilson R, D’Amours SK, Schlaphoff G, Lin P. Treatment response in liver metastases following 90Y SIRspheres: an evaluation with PET. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(75):910–2. 19. Maleux G, Wolter P, Vanslembrouck R, Deroose C. Unexpected ischemic complication after proximal coil embolization of a replaced left hepatic artery before yttrium-90 radioembolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013;24(11):1745–7. 20. McWilliams JP, Kee ST, Loh CT, Lee EW, Liu DM. Prophylactic embolization of the cystic artery before radioembolization: feasibility, safety, and outcomes. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2011;34(4):786–92. 21. Michl M, Haug AR, Jakobs TF, et al. Radioembolization with Yttrium-90 microspheres (SIRT) in pancreatic cancer patients with liver metastases: efficacy, safety and prognostic factors. Oncology. 2014;86(1):24–32. 22. Paprottka PM, Jakobs TF, Reiser MF, Hoffmann RT. Practical vascular anatomy in the preparation of radioembolization. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2012;35(3):454–62. 23. Paprottka PM, Schmidt GP, Trumm CG, Hoffmann RT, Reiser MF, Jakobs TF. Changes in normal liver and spleen volume after

123

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

90

Yttrium Resin Microspheres…

radioembolization with (90)Y-resin microspheres in metastatic breast cancer patients: findings and clinical significance. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2011;34(5):964–72. Peterson JL, Vallow LA, Johnson DW, et al. Complications after 90Y microsphere radioembolization for unresectable hepatic tumors: an evaluation of 112 patients. Brachytherapy. 2013;12(6):573–9. Petroziello MF, McCann JW, Gonsalves CF, et al. Side-branch embolization before 90Y radioembolization: rate of recanalization and new collateral development. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(1):W169–74. Sangro B, Carpanese L, Cianni R, et al. Survival after yttrium-90 resin microsphere radioembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma across Barcelona clinic liver cancer stages: a European evaluation. Hepatology. 2011;54(3):868–78. Saxena A, Meteling B, Kapoor J, Golani S, Morris DL, Bester L. Is Yttrium-90 radioembolization a viable treatment option for unresectable, chemorefractory colorectal cancer liver metastases? A large single-center experience of 302 patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22(3):794–802. Schelhorn J, Theysohn J, Ertle J, et al. Selective internal radiation therapy of hepatic tumours: is coiling of the gastroduodenal artery always beneficial? Clin Radiol. 2014;69(5):e216–22. Seidensticker R, Seidensticker M, Damm R, et al. Hepatic toxicity after radioembolization of the liver using (90)Y-microspheres: sequential lobar versus whole liver approach. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2012;35(5):1109–18. Smits ML, van den Hoven AF, Rosenbaum CE, et al. Clinical and laboratory toxicity after intra-arterial radioembolization with (90)y-microspheres for unresectable liver metastases. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e69448. Sommer WH, Ceelen F, Garcia-Albeniz X, et al. Defining predictors for long progression-free survival after radioembolisation of hepatic metastases of neuroendocrine origin. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(11):3094–103. Yip D, Allen R, Ashton C, Jain S. Radiation-induced ulceration of the stomach secondary to hepatic embolization with radioactive yttrium microspheres in the treatment of metastatic colon cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;19(3):347–9.