Journal of Geodesy (2000) 74: 603±620

IAG Newsletter Ole Baltazar Andersen IAG Central Bureau, Department of Geophysics, Juliane Maries vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen é, Denmark e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: +45 3536 5357; URL:http://www.gfy.ku.dk/~iag/

The IAG Newsletter is under the editorial responsibility of the IAG Central Bureau. It is an open forum and contributors are welcome to send material (preferably in electronic form) to the IAG Central Bureau. These contributions should complement information sent by IAG ocials or by IAG symposia organizers (reports and announcements). Each IAG Newsletter includes several of the following topics: I. general information II. reports of IAG symposia III. reports by commissions, special commissions or study groups IV. symposia announcements V. book reviews VI. fast bibliography In Memoriam Dr. John A. O'Keefe, retired from the U. S. Army Map Service and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, died on September 8, 2000 at the age of 83. An extended obituary will appear in a future IAG Newsletter. School Announcement IGeS Geoid School Cairo, Egypt, January 6±11th, 2001 Organized by The Survey Group, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Announcement available on IAG home page

Books for review are the responsibility of: Christian Tiberius TU Delft, Faculty of CEG, Dept. of Mathematical geodesy and positioning P.O. Box 5030 ± NL 2600 GA Delft ± The Netherlands Fax: (+31) 15 27 83 711 E-mail: [email protected]

For more information contact Dr. Naser El-Sheimy (IGeS School)) Department of Geomatics Engineering, The University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr., N.W. Calgary, Alberta T2 N 1N4, Canada, E-mail: IgeS can be contacted via. http://www.iges.polimi.it/ Meeting Announcement 1st International Symposium on Robust Statistics and Fuzzy Techniques in Geodesy and GIS March 12±16, 2001 Zurich, Switzerland Contact: [email protected] Web-site: http://www.gis.ethz.ch/iag Conference on Optical 3-D Measurement Techniques October 2001, Vienna, Austria The Symposium is co-sponsored by the ISPRS Commission V, the FIG, commission 5 and 6, and the IAG Special Commission 4. Please visit as well the Conference web page: http:// info.tuwien.ac.at/ingeo/optical3d/o3d.htm Meeting Reports Minutes of the Organizational Meeting for African Reference System ``AFREF'' Held April 27, 2000, Centre Universitaire Mediterranean (CUM), Nice, France Meeting Objective Discuss possible organization of a project to establish a common geodetic reference system throughout Africa compatible with the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRF). Discuss ways to involve the international geodesy community to work with African nations to develop a single, uniform, continental geodetic reference system meeting international standards to

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replace the myriad national reference systems, many of which have not been maintained, and are out of date and inaccurate. Meeting Organization Called by Claude Boucher, head of Commission X of the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) ``Global and Regional Networks'', also head of the ITRF and the representative of the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) to the International GPS Service (IGS). The IGS is active globally in supporting the mission of the IAG & IERS/ITRF through the techniques and applications of the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is the most economical and widely accessible modern geodetic technology for realizing a continental reference network throughout Africa. Executive Summary The decision was taken at this preliminary meeting to pursue the coordination of a project designated ``AFREF'', the objective of which is to establish a continental, robust and homogenous geodetic reference system throughout Africa. Africa remains the only continent with paucity of satellite geodetic measurements, especially GPS observations, either episodic, or continuous. There are a few notable exceptions: locations in South Africa, single stations in Malindi, Kenya; Mas Palomas, Canary Islands, Spain; Libreville, Gabon and at previous times a station each in Ghana and Cote 'd Ivorie. Diculties of in-country support, communications, reliable infrastructure and lack of resources hinder permanent, high quality GPS station implementations a Helwan, Egypt; Adis Ababa, Ethiopia; Rabat, Morocco; and Kampala, Uganda, for example, where equipment have been installed. This meeting and earlier ad-hoc discussions have highlighted the importance of a renewed e€ort to realize a reference system for this continent through international collaboration directly with the African nations. It was emphasized that the must truly be a joint e€ort with Africans to be successful and that it must focus on the transfer of appropriate technology to sustain the references with modern instrumentation, e.g. GPS and other satellite techniques. It is also noted that resources will be required to enable organizational participation and project activities (e.g. travel, equipment, technical support, etc.) The meeting attendees agreed to further explore and pursue a joint project ``AFREF'' with the Africans and other international partners, and that such a project should: 1.

Support and ensure the fundamental basis for the national 3-d reference networks for today and in the future through a continental African geodetic network fully consistent and homogeneous with the global reference frame of the ITRF.

2. 3.

4. 5.

Establish continuous, permanent GPS stations such that each nation or each user has free access (and at least within 1000km) of such stations. Provide a sustainable development environment for technology transfer, so that these activities will enhance the national networks and numerous applications with readily available technology. Understand the necessary geodetic requirements of participating national and international agencies. Assist in establishing in-country expertise for implementation, operations, processing and analyses of modern geodetic techniques, primarily GPS.

Ruth Neilan, acknowledging contributions from Jim Slater. Meeting Reports Report on the South America Geoid 2000 The South America Geoid 2000 workshop held at Escola PoliteÂcnica, Universidade de SaÄo Paulo, from May 17 to 19, 2000, was organized by IGeS (International Geoid Service), SCGGSA (Sub-Commission for Gravity and Geoid in South America), CDC (Committee for Developing Countries) and it was also supported by IAPSO (International Association of the Physical Science of the Ocean). The workshop had the following objectives: · To assemble as many countries as possible from South America to compute a geoid model. · To encourage cooperation between oceanographers and geodesists for the computation od geoid in coastal areas. · To encourage every country to cooperate with SCGGSA for data delivery. · To encourage every country to compute a local geoid model with the data available. · To discuss di€erent e€orts for data acquisition in the continent. The countries that participated to the activities were the following: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Uruguay. The program of the workshop (attached) addressed special attention to the geoid, but, airborne gravity and the next special satellites: Champs, GRACE and GOCE received attention too in a lecture. A decisive contribution to the success of the workshop came from the participation of Riccardo Barzaghi (Italy), Rene Forsberg (Denmark) and Ole Andersen (Denmark). One day and half was dedicated to geoid computations. Every country had a computer available with softwares to accomplish the di€erent tasks: Stokes numerical integration, fast Fourier techniques and fast collocation. A few meetings were also organized to discuss the following topics: SIRGAS, CDC, the new structure of IAG and airborne gravity. D. Blitzkow

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Meeting Reports Report of the 14th Int. Symposium on Earth Tides (ETS2000) The 14th International Symposium on Earth Tides (ETS2000) was successfully held in Mizusawa, Japan, during the period from August 28 to September 1, 2000. 137 participants from 21 countries reported fully on their results of continuing researches on Earth tides and thus contributed to the progress of further research of Earth and Planetary Tides. 1. Ocers of the Commission The President of the IAG Commission V (Earth Tides) was elected by the Council of IAG at the IUGG/IAG General Assembly held in Birmingham, UK, in July 1999. Before the opening session of the ETS2000, the President consulted opinion of the National Representatives of the Commission on proposal to ask Jacques Hinderer and Olivier Francis to continue their oce until the next IUGG/IAG General Assembly to be held in Sapporo, Japan, in July 2003, and obtained their approval. At the opening session of ETS2000, the Commission elected J. Hinderer as Vice-President and Francis as Secretary without a dissenting voice. Congratulation to Jacques Hinderer and Olivier Francis, and the best wishes for their future work. 3. ETC Homepage Now, the ETC Homepage can be seen through the followi ng address, http://www-geod.kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ iag-etc/ 4. 2nd ETC Medal The ETC steering committee decided to award the 2nd ETC Medal (ETC Medal 2000) to the late Prof. HansGeorg Wenzel for his outstanding contribution to international cooperation in earth tide research. His contribution to gravity and Earth tides researches is so well known through the papers more than 150. He is famous by development of a new tidal potential catalogue, a worldwide synthetic gravity tides model, and the Earth tides data processing package so called ETERNA. With grateful appreciation for the numerous services rendered by Prof. Hans-Georg Wenzel during his lifetime, all participants of ETS2000 paid oneminute's tribute to him with deepest sympathy. The ETC awarded the 2nd ETC Medal to Ms Marion Wenzel at the Opening Session of ETS2000 on August 28 2000 at Mizusawa, Japan. 5. ETC Working Groups At the opening session of ETS2000, chairpersons of following Working Groups reported their activities, Working Group 4 ``Calibration of Gravimeters'', (M.van Ruymbeke), Working Group 5 ``Global Gravity Monitoring'', (B. Richter), Working Group 6 ``Earth Tides in Geodetic Space Techniques, (H. Schuh), Working Group 7 ``Analysis of Environmental data for the interpretation of gravity measurements'', (G. Jentzsch).

The Earth Tide Commission thanks all members and chairpersons of WGs which have been active during the last period, for their fruitful work. ETC accepted the conclusions of the reports of the Working Groups and decided according to their wishes: · To close Working Group 4 (Calibration of Gravimeters, Chairperson: M.van Ruymbeke). · To close Working Group 5 (Global Gravity Monitoring, Chairperson: B. Richter). · To extend for another 4 year term the activities of the Working Group 6 (Earth Tides in Geodetic Space Techniques) under the new chairperson-ship. · To extend for another 4 year term the activities of the Working Group 7 (Analysis of Environmental data for the interpretation of gravity measurements) under the new chairperson-ship. · To create Working Group 8 on ``Gravitational Physics'' under the chairperson-ship of Prof. Lalu Manshinha to tackle among others the following scienti®c problems: The Problem of Aberration: Modern tidal position catalogs assume that the true position of the tide causing body is responsible for the tidal forces, rather than the apparent position, as in optical astronomy. The problem may have consequences, as it may imply relative velocities between the gravity and optical signals. This is a case for experts in Celestial Mechanics and in Earth Tides. The Gravitational Shielding: There is currently no accepted theory of gravity that incorporates or predicts gravitational shielding. The problem is possibly di€erent from the absorption of gravitational radiation by matter. The Earth Tide community should think about, and search for, the consequences of shielding. 6. Directing Board of the International Center for Earth Tides (ICET) The ICET Directing Board (S. Takemoto (Chair), B. Ducarme, T.F. Baker, D. Crossley, H.T. Hsu and O. Francis (Non-voting member)) met together on August 29, 2000 at the Z-hall in Mizusawa. The main subject for discussion was ``Future activity of ICET and re-organization of the IAG services''. ICET-DB discussed on the GFFS (Gravity Field and Figure of the Earth Service) proposed by Prof. F. Sanso, which is a new Service including activities of BGI, IGeS and ICET. Because of a restriction of time, ICET-DB could not draw a conclusion at Mizusawa and decided to continue our discussion by E-mail. ICET-DB will draw a conclusion not later than the end of October 2000. 7. RESOLUTIONS adopted by the Earth Tide Commission The Earth Tide Commission has adopted the following resolutions at the closing session of the 14th International Symposium on Earth Tides, August 28± September 1, 2000, Mizusawa, Japan. 1

Recognizing the importance of the observation of tidal e€ects and of the determination of tidal

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3

4

5

6

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8 a

parameters by space geodetic techniques, the ETC recommends to continue this observational e€ort; to compare the results obtained by di€erent space geodetic techniques between each other and with the results of ground based tidal measurements. Recognizing the importance of the new international services on space geodetic techniques the ETC recommends that WG6 establishes or intensi®es the cooperation with the analysis coordinators of these international services concerning the tidal modelling. Considering the new ®elds of tidal research in lunar and planetary geodesy the ETC recommends that the tidal community should take an active part in space missions related to lunar and planetary geodesy; requests a proper archiving of the data and metadata acquired during those missions and normal access to the world-wide geodetic community. Considering the increasing interest of the tidal community to lunar and planetary researches the ETC recommends that a session on tides on the planets should be included in the future earth tides symposia. Recognizing the importance of a global Earth coverage with superconducting gravimeters for the study of weak geophysical signals, for the determination of the liquid core resonance parameters, for the study of the polar motion e€ects on gravity, for the intercomparison of the load vectors derived from recent ocean tides models, for the study of global and regional gravity changes to validate the results of the dedicated satellite missions, the ETC recommends to extend the GGP observation period for an additional 6 year period starting July 2003, to maintain the existing sites and to encourage the installation of new GGP stations especially in the Southern hemisphere and in polar regions. Recognizing the fact that presently the calibration of the superconducting gravimeters participating to the world-wide GGP project is not homogeneous the ETC recommends that systematic calibration campaigns with absolute gravimeters should be planned and realized before the end of the current GGP observation period, through an international cooperative e€ort. Recognizing the importance to keep in operation several calibration techniques for gravimeters to allow a mutual accuracy control, the ETC recommends that inertial calibration platforms and moving mass calibration devices should continue to be developed or maintained besides more usual calibration methods such as intercomparison with absolute or well-calibrated relative instruments. Recognizing the importance of environmental data for the interpretation of tidal measurements the ETC recommends: to record the following parameters: ± The barometric pressure, temperature, precipitation, and ground water level. The sampling rate for the recording of environmental parameters should correspond to the sampling rate of the geodynamic data observed. A sucient resolu-

tion and accuracy of the measurements of the environmental parameters should be granted. ± Although the diculties of monitoring soil moisture are recognized, its is recommended to undertake e€orts to realize a continuous monitoring of this parameter. ± The monitoring of wind is also recommended because wind might produce short-period noise as well as long-period modulations. b to correct gravity data in long term studies for local (diameter 100 km), regional (diameter 2000 km), and global atmospheric pressure signals as all three produce signi®cant e€ects. c to develop correction models for gravity, tilt, and strain related to: ± ground water table variations ± snow, rain and soil moisture ± stress resulting from temperature variations. 9 Noting the importance for tidal measurements of accurate error estimates and appreciating that such estimates can be made only if the power spectral density of the noise is known the ETC recommends to show noise spectra as Power Spectral Density expressed in unit 2/ frequency. 10 On behalf of all participants of the 14th International Symposium on Earth Tides, the ETC thanks the Japanese National Committee for Geodesy, the Science Council of Japan, the Geodetic Society of Japan, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, the City of Mizusawa and the Iwate Prefecture for their generous support to the Symposium. 11 ETC thanks the Local Organising Committee: Masatsugu Ooe (Chairman), Tadehiro Sato (Secretary), Jiro Segawa (President of Geodetic Society of Japan) and the sta€, for their wonderful welcome and their many e€orts in making the 14th International Symposium on Earth Tides a great scienti®c success. 8. IAG Travel Awards The following 5 persons are winners of IAG Travel Award. Alexander Kopaev, (Moscow, Russia), Janusz Bogusz, (Warsaw, Poland), Carla Braitenberg, (Trieste, Italy), Sun He-Ping (Wuhan, P.R. China), Zhigen Yang (Shanghai, P.R. China). 9. Publication of the ETS2000 Proceedings of scienti®c papers will be published as a special issue of the Jour. Geod. Soc. Japan. Other Report on the ETS2000 including the list of participants will be appeared in the next issue of BIM. 10. Next Symposium During the ETS2000, Canadian Colleagues (Profs. D. Smylie, L. Mansinha and S. Pagiatakis) kindly o€ered to have the next (15th) International Symposium on Earth Tides in Canada in 2004. The Earth Tide Commission acknowledges the receipt of this invitation. Shuzo Takemoto

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Meeting Reports Resolutions of the EUREF Symposium in Tromso (June 22±24, 2000) which directly in¯uences the future activities of EUREF Permanent Network (EPN): Resolution No 2 of the EUREF symposium in Tromso, June 22±24 2000: The IAG Subcommission for Europe (EUREF) noting ± the growth of the EUREF Permanent Network (EPN) and the diversity of its applications, recognising ± the need for continued provision of high quality services and products, recommends the establishment of ± a central bureau headed by the network coordinator, ± a coordination group consisting of the network-, data ¯ow- and data analysis-coordinators, and special projects liaisons, for the EPN, implementing the operational policies of the EUREFTechnical Working Group. The above mentioned EPN coordination group consists of: Carine Bruyninx, [email protected], Belgium, Guenter Stangl, stangl@¯ubpc14.tu-graz.ac.at, Austria, Matthias Becker, [email protected], Germany, Werner Gurtner, [email protected], Switzerland, Ambrus Keyeres, [email protected], Hungary, Georg Weber, [email protected], Germany. Detailed information about the EPN coordination group is available at: http://homepage.oma.be/euref/ (link to Organisation/Managment) or directly at http:// homepage.oma.be/euref/managemt.html. The EPN Central Bureau is located at the Royal Observatory of Belgium and can be reached at [email protected]. Carine Bruyninx Book Review title: author: publisher: orders to: ISBN: year: price: pages: size: details:

Digital Photogrammetry ± Volume I Toni Schenk TerraScience ± Laurelville, Ohio http://www.terrascience.net/ 0-9677653-0-7/0-9677653-1-5 1999 US$49/US$69 428 15 ´ 23 cm soft cover/hard cover

The transition from analogue to digital, which photogrammetry has undergone in the past decade, means tremendous changes for theory and practice. In the literature, fundamentals and developments of digital photogrammetry have so far mainly been reported in conference proceedings and journal articles. A coherent textbook re¯ecting background and principles of digital photogrammetry with special focus on aerial photogrammetry was therefore overdue.

The author, professor Toni Schenk from the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Geodetic Science at the Ohio State University, has some ®fteen years of experience in this ®eld. `Digital Photogrammetry' is based on classroom material and is intended to serve as a textbook and a reference book. The book is divided into three major parts. The ®rst part treats backgrounds of digital signal processing and digital image processing, aspects of human and computer vision, and the basics of radiometry and photometry. The second part addresses fundamentals of digital photogrammetry: CCD cameras and scanners for data acquisition, digital photogrammetric workstations for data processing, and image matching techniques as a tool for many tasks of automatic photogrammetric data processing. The third part deals with automatic orientation procedures in aerial photogrammetry. Interactive techniques (such as softcopy photogrammetry for mapping applications) are hardly covered. Especially the parts on fundamentals of digital photogrammetry and on automatic orientation procedures form a compact and valuable source of information for researchers and students as well as for practicians who want to know what happens inside their digital photogrammetric workstation. The author also addresses readers from photogrammetry-related ®elds. However, the book cannot be considered an introduction into photogrammetry and presumes that the reader knows what photogrammetry is. A large number of black and white ®gures illustrate the contents very well, including screen shots and many

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examples showing the results of processing techniques applied to real imagery. References are listed chapterwise; no references are given in the background chapters. The book is titled `Volume I'. This makes the reader expect a `Volume II', which is also announced in the preface. In fact, the now presented ®rst volume remains somewhat incomplete without the second volume, which must also address very important topics such as automatic DTM generation, orthophoto-mosaiking, automatic aerotriangulation, and the extraction of semantic information in more detail. The second volume is planned to appear by the end of this year. The subdivision into two volumes seems somewhat illogical. The reviewer would have preferred one book covering the core topics of digital photogrammetry, possibly leaving out the chapters on image processing and sensor technology, which are already suciently covered in the literature. Despite this little drawback, the book ®lls a long standing gap in the photogrammetric literature and can be recommended as a good investment to a wide range of readers. H.-G. Maas, Dresden University of Technology/Germany Book Review title: authors: publisher: ISBN: year: price: pages: size: details:

Geostatistics ± Modeling Spatial Uncertainty Jean-Paul Chils and Pierre Del®ner John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ± New York 0-471-08315-1 1999 GBP 80.95 695 16 ´ 24 cm hard cover

This book gives a full account of geostatistics, in a very wide sense. Geostatistics is a modern way of dealing with spatial uncertainty. It analyzes spatial variability of mainly continuous variables that are tied to their location in space and it is in a sense close to collocation techniques. The science originated from mining in the 1960s and 1970s and has now found a wide acceptance in many environmental and earth science disciplines. On the one hand it has a strong statistical and probabilistic background, but on the other hand the practical applications are important, motivating and in fact upfront. It essentially deals with spatial data, their meaning and interpretation, their collection, prediction, interpolation and simulation. All these topics are covered in this volume. The authors are very well known in this discipline. Both originate from the French Ecole des mines, in Fontainebleau, where the main origin for geostatistics can be found. At the moment the authors have di€erent positions, Del®ner at the Total Exploration Production and Chils at the Bureau de Recherches GeÂologiques et Minires. It stresses the wide applicability of the theoretical concepts in modern applied science. There has been an obvious need for a book like this. The book of Cressie [1] is impressive in its width, covering as well point patterns, image analysis and random objects. The current volume covers in much detail just geostatistics. Moreover, it has been the French spirit that for a large part has made the science, and this book covers most of its essentials. The book is really a standard in the ®eld: it does not so much cover new theory, but it gives an overview of the methods illustrated by a wide range of applications. The book contains eight chapters. After a ®rst introductory chapter, it treats structural analysis, i.e. estimation and modeling of the variogram, one particular spatial structure function. The next chapter deals with kriging, the main spatial prediction procedure. Kriging is similar to prediction with a linear model using dependent observations, but it is in this text mainly treated using Lagrange multipliers. The next chapter is on intrinsic random functions to deal with nonstationarity in the data. Chapter 5 then deals with multivariate issues like cokriging cross-covariance functions. A chapter on nonlinear methods follows this chapter, in particular on disjunctive kriging. The next chapter is on spatial simulations. This important issue is now for the ®rst time treated in much detail. The ®nal chapter brie¯y deals with issues that are currently being researched: scale e€ects and inverse problems. This structure is entirely logical, and ranges from actual analysis of the spatial structure of the data to using the data to interpolate and simulate, ®rst in a straightforward and easy way, thereafter at an increasingly elaborate fashion. The book covers much of modern geostatistics, but not all. Of course, the boundary between what should be included as geostatistics and what shouldn't is rather arbitrary. But the table of contents is close to the topics that were treated in [1]. The linear model is largely absent, but also the issue of spatial sampling is somewhat outdated. Modern developments in optimizing spatial

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designs given an objective of research are absent. This somehow re¯ects the long process that it took the writers to write the book. I wonder whether it would have been much di€erent if it had appeared say ten years ago. Possibly some of chapter 7 (conditional simulations) wouldn't have been present, but the remainder was at that time already available in the international literature. But this literature is admittedly, sometimes hard to access, and the book does a wonderful job in summarizing all this literature in one volume. The book aims at anyone really interested in geostatistics. It has an almost complete coverage of almost everything that matters in geostatistics. I would certainly not hesitate to commend reading it to students in many earth and environmental science disciplines, any statistician with an open mind towards spatial problems and I would enjoy using the book as a handout during a course to practitioners who face spatial problems in their work. It is more mathematical, though, than [2], but more coherent and transparent than [1]. The text is relatively easy to follow, thanks to the excellent layout of the modern Wiley volumes. A very nice illustration concerns the Channel tunnel, but many other illustrative examples document the mathematical procedures. The book contains no exercises, the many illustrations are in black-and-white or in gray shading. The book contains a reference list of 36 pages, with some bias towards the French literature ± for example the contributions by Matheron cover more than two pages, most of these being in French and available only from the Centre de GeÂostatistique. But it is now for the ®rst time that an overview of his extremely important contributions on this topic is given. I found the book of the very highest quality. This is a book that the geostatistical community has been waiting for since long. In particular the chapter on conditional simulations is excellent and deserves a careful study by anyone interested in modeling spatial uncertainty. I can recommend anyone interested in geostatistics to get the volume, it be really worth spending. The only drawback is that by times it is not anymore up-to-date. But I think that for a standard work on the topic this is irrelevant. I am convinced that it will be the volume to cite in the next decade or more. [1] Cressie, N.A.C. 1993. Statistics for spatial data. Wiley, New York. [2] Isaaks, E.H., Srivastava, R.M. 1989. An introduction to applied geostatistics. Oxford University Press, New York. Alfred Stein Wageningen University, ITC Int Inst for Aerial Surveys and Earth Sciences

Fast Bibliography This time the fast bibliography consists of a listing of papers relevant to Geodesy that has been collected by

the IAG bibliographic service since previous issue of the fast bibliography (JG73/11). The IAG bibliographic service is based on the literary data bank GEOPHOKA, which is maintained by IfAG at the Branch Oce Leipzig, Leipzig Zentrale technisch ± wissenschaftliche Angelegenheiten, Bibliothek, Karl ± Rothe-Strasse 10-14, 04105 Leipzig, Germany. This version of the fast bibliography consists of entries in this database over the last 6 month, as the base has been unavailable for a period due to a year 2000 problem . The IAG bibliographic service can be reached at the following Internet address: http://www.leipzig.ifag.de. The bibliographic services are furthermore reachable through the homepage of IAG. Ahrens, B. Bezugssysteme bei der Kombination von GPS- und terrestrischen Beobachtungen: das Konzept fuer 3D- und 2DAuswertungen im TP- und AP-Feld in Nordrhein-Westfalen, Vermessungsingenieur, 51,1, pp. 2±9, Wiesbaden, 2000. Ahrens, B. KATRIN, 20 Jahre jung. - zur Weiterentwicklung des Programmsystems 1996 bis 1998, Nachr. Oe€entl. Vermess.dienst Nordrhein-Westfalen, 32,2, pp. 81±98, Bonn, 1999. Albertella, A., Sanso, F., Sneeuw, N. Band-limited functions an a bounded spherical domain: the Slepian problem on the sphere, J. geod., Vol. 73, Nr. 9, pp. 436±447, Berlin, 1999. Alex, N., Einarsson, P., Heinert, M., Niemeier, W., Ritter, B., Sigmundsson, F., Willgalis, S. GPS-Messkampagne 1995 zur Bestimmung von Deformationen der Erdkruste in Suedwestisland, Z. Vermess.wes., 124,12, pp. 377±388, Stuttgart, 1999. Altiner, Y., Colic, K., Marjanovic, M., Medic, Z., Medved, M., Miskovic, D., Piribicevic, B., Rasic, L., Seeger, H., Szabo, M. Is the Adria a promontory or exists as an independent microplate?, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 149±157, Warszawa, 1999. Amaduzzi, S. MAPFinder, a GIS application integrating cartography, GPS, road networks and portable computers for ¯eet management, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 151±154, Warszawa, 1999. Amodeo, A., Marchionna, A. The road cadaster project in Italy, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 129±131, Warszawa, 1999. Ampelas, A., Daguerregaray, M. Paris public transit: the GPS di€erence, GPS World, 10,10, S. 36-38, 40, Oregon, 1999. Angus, J. Toward computation of exact horizontal protection limits for satellite-based navigation systems, Navigation: j. Inst. Navig., Virginia 46(Herbst,)3, pp. 217±225, Alexandria, 1999. Atkinson, N., Allan, A. Back to basics (16): least squares, statistics and all that, Survey rev., Vol. 35, No. 274, pp. 265±276, London, 1999. Atkinson, N., Allan, A. Back to basics (17): least squares, statistics and all that, Survey rev., Vol. 35, No. 275, pp. 356±363, London, 2000. Augath, W. Ueber die Zukunft der satellitengestuetzten Positionierung, Beitrag zum 49. DVW-Seminar am 28. und 29. September 1999 an der TU Dresden, Bd. 37, pp. 10±23, Stuttgart, 1999. Balmino, G. The Bureau Gravimetrique International from 1979 to 1999, Bull. inf., Nr. 85, pp. 31±58, Toulouse, 2000. Barlik, M. Investigation of the geoid heights using vertical gradient anomalies near Grybow (Cracow district), Rep. geod., Nr. 4(45), pp. 173±190, Warszawa, 1999. Bartoszak, J., Butkiewicz, E., Schillak, S. Status report on the Borowiec SLR 1997±1998, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 97±103, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Baustert, G., Koening, R. Low ¯yer acquisition data: some strategies and problems, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 549±554, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Becker, M., Angermann, D. Untersuchungen zur Genauigkeit und systematischen E€ekten in grossraeumigen GPS-Netzen am

610 Beispiel von GEODYSSEA, Z. Vermess.wes., 125,3, pp. 88±95, Stuttgart, 2000. Becker, M., Angermann, D., Michel, G., Wilson, P. Seismische Deformation und Krustenextrusion: Interpretation der GEODYSSEA GPS-Loesungen, Z. Vermess.wes., 125,3, pp. 80±88, Stuttgart, 2000. Becker, M., Angermann, D., Nordin, S., Reigber, C., Reinhart, E. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld in Suedostasien aus einer kombinierten GPS Loesung der drei GEODYSSEA Kampagnen von 1994 bis 1998, Z. Vermess.wes., 125,3, pp. 74±80, Stuttgart, 2000. Becker, M., Berrino, G., Camacho, A., Falk, R., Francis, O., Gagnon, C., Gerstenecker, C., Nowak, I., Richter, B., Wilmes, H. Results of relative gravimeter measurements at the ICAG97 Intercomparison, Bull. inf., Nr. 85, pp. 61±72, Toulouse, 2000. Becker, M., Reinhart, E., Boonphakdee, C., Mingsamon, S., Abu, S. Realisation des ITRS in Thailand und Malaysia durch ein kombiniertes Netz fuer Geokinematik und Landesvermessung, Z. Vermess.wes., 125,3, pp. 95±99, Stuttgart, 2000. Becker, M., Reinhart, E., Neumaier, P., Seeger, H., Rus, T., Ghitau, D., Marcu, C., Radulescu, F., Rosca, V. German and Romanian activities in the frame of the CERGOP: technical report, Mitt. Bundesamtes Kartogr. Geod., Bd. 12, pp. 5±63, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Beckers, H., Kupp, W., Rompf, H., Schoenwetter, W. Koennen GPS-Verfahren zur Hoehenbestimmung von Nivellementpunkten 4. Ordnung in Rheinland-Pfalz genutzt werden?, Nachr.bl. Vermess.- Katasterverwalt. Rheinl.-Pfalz, 42,2, pp. 81±108, Koblenz, 1999. Benedicto, J., Michel, P., Ventura-Traveset, J., Maier, T. EGNOS ± European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service: basic technical background, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 267±275, Warszawa, 1999. Benes, F. Soucasny stav vyskovych geodetickych zakladu, Geod. kartogr. obzor, 45,6, pp. 113±117, Praha, 1999. Berlasso, G., Cefalo, R., Manzoni, G., Sluga, T. Landslide monitoring by means of geodetic GPS, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 189±197, Warszawa, 1999. Bianco, G. Two-color renging upgrade for the MLRO system, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 346±352, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Bianco, G., Selden, M., Bieneman, M., Clarke, C., McClure, D., Moon, D., Nallappa, B., Oldham, T., Stringfellow, R. MLRO system progress report, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 438±444, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Blinken, R. Bestimmung von Geoid und Meerestopographie aus Altimeterdaten mittels der Adjungierten Methode, Geodaesie; 2: Shaker, 102 pp.: Abb., Lit., Aachen, 1999. Boeder, V., Seeber, G. Praezise Positionsbestimmung mit GNSS und INS in der Hydrographie, Beitrag zum 49. DVW-Seminar am 28. und 29. September 1999 an der TU Dresden, Bd. 37, pp. 36±52, Stuttgart, 1999. Boeer, A., Hessels, U. Two color laser ranging with the TIGO SLR System: status and ®rst results, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 353±358, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Bogdanov, V., Medvedev, M., Solodov, V., Trapeznikov, Y., Troshkov, G., Trubitsina, A. Mean monthly series of sea level observations (1777-1993) at the Kronstadt gauge, Suomen Geod. Laitoksen Tiedonantoja, 1, 34 pp., Kirkkonummi, 2000. Bogusz, J., Figurski, M., Krucsyk, M., Kujawa, L., Kurka, W., Rogowski, J. Activities of Astro-geodetic Observatory in Jozefoslaw in 1998, Rep. geod., Nr. 4(45), pp. 69±78, Warszawa, 1999. Bogusz, J., Figurski, M., Kujawa, L., Kurka, W., Rogowski, J., Lehman, M. Some results of permanent GPS data processing performed by WUT EUREF Local Analysis Centre, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 189±194, Warszawa, 1999. Bogusz, J., Kujawa, L., Kurka, W., Rogowski, J., Szolucha, M., Korcz, M., Leszczynski, W. Some experiences on real-time kinematic and di€erential GPS applications to naval and bathy-

metric aims, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 199-207, Warszawa, 1999. Bogusz, J., Kujawa, L., Kurka, W., Rogowski, J., Szolucha, M., Korcz, M., Leszczynski, W., Poplawski, T. Some aspects of usage of GPS system in naval application, Rep. geod., Nr. 4(45), pp. 135±143, Warszawa, 1999. Bogusz, J., Kujawa, L., Rogowski, J., Korcz, M., Leszczynski, W., Szolucha, M. Application of RTK to ships manoeuvre, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 71±78, Warszawa, 1999. Bohnenstingl, K. Aufnahme exzentrisch liegender Objektpunkte bei GPS-Echtzeitmessungen, Vermessungsingenieur, 50, 5, pp. 316, Wiesbaden, 1999. Bollweg, A. Water management of the river Rhine: water level from laser altimetry, GIM International: worldwide mag. geomatics, S. 30±33, 13,11, 1999. Bortolozzo, A., Guarnieri, A., Vettore, A. GeoVision: a digital photogrammetric software for road survey, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 155±164, Warszawa, 1999. Borza, T., Fejes, I. GPS interference in Hungary, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 215-221, Warszawa, 1999. Bourgon, S., Santerre, R. Introduction au systeme des positionnement russe GLONASS, Geomatique, 25,3, pp. 6±9, Quebec, 1998. Buga, A. Globalines padeties sistemos palydovu signalu velavimas del jonosferos poveikio, Geod. kartogr., 25,4, pp. 150±155, Vilnius, 1999. Bulmer, M., Johnston, A., Engle, F., Salas, G. A volcano's history maps its future: topo surveys characterize Sabancaya geology, GPS World, 10,11, S. 20±26, 28, 30, Oregon, 1999. Bundesamt fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie (Hrsg.). Fachwoerterbuch: Bennennungen und De®nitionen im deutschen Vermessungswesen mit englischen und franzoesischen Aequivalenten. Bd. 11. Hydrographische Vermessung, 137 pp., Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Burmistrov, V., Parkhomenko, N., Pliev, L., Shargorodsky, V., Soyuzova, N., Valiliev, V. The WESTPAC satellite: design features and ®rst results of return signal analysis, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 297±316, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Burmistrov, V., Pliev, L., Shargorodsky, V., Vasiliev, V. Retrore¯ector array on board of the ZEYA satellite: design features and observation results, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 320±335, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Bursa, M., Kouba, J., Kumar, M., Mueller, A., Radej, K., True, S., Vatrt, V., Vojtiskova, M. Geoidal geopotential and Worls Height System, Studia geophys. geod., 43,4, pp. 327±337, Praha, 1999. Bursa, M., Kouba, J., Radej, K., Vatrt, V., Vojtiskova, M., True, S. Determination of the geopotential at the tide gauge de®ning the North American Vertical Datum 1988 (NAVD88), Geomatica, 53,3, pp. 291±296, Ottawa, 1999. Buzelis, R., Kosenko, J., Murauskas, E., Lapushka, K. Q-switeched SBS-compressed ND:YAG laser for satellite ranging, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 476±480, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Caporali, A. The Italian network of permanent GPS stations, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 165±168, Warszawa, 1999. Caroti, G., Manzoni, G. Satellite positioning and laser pro®ling for road survey, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 133±138, Warszawa, 1999. Casella, V. Introduction to airborne laser scanning, a GPS-INS based technique, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 249±254, Warszawa, 1999. Cech, M., Hamel, K., Jelinkova, H., Novotny, A., Prochazka, I., Helali, Y., Tawadros, M. Upgrading of the Helwan laser station (1997±98), Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 197±200, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Cefalo, R., Manzoni, G., Sluga, T. Kinematic DGNSS feasibility and applications, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 181±188, Warszawa, 1999. Cen, M. The deformation monitoring for main tower top by GPS in suspension bridge construction, Geotech. invest. survey., 3,158, pp. 46±49, Peking, 1999.

611 Chao, D., Xu, C., Liu, D. Finite element method of four-dimensional integrated geodesy, Acta geod. cartogr. Sinica (select. papers Engl. ed.), 1997, pp. 10±19, Beijing, 1997. Chen, J., Chang, G., Lee, Y., Zhen, Z. An improved local goid in the Mt. Everest area, Z. Vermess.wes., 124,11, pp. 362±363, Stuttgart, 1999. Chen, J., Li, J. The several technical problems on computing the high resolution and high accuracy quasi-geoid in China, J. Wuhan Techn. Univ. Survey. Mapp., 23,2, pp. 95±99, 100, Wuhan, 1998. Chen, J., Shum, C., Wilson, C., Chambers, D., Tapley, B. Seasonal sea level change from TOPEX/Poseidon observation and thermal distribution, J. geod., Vol. 73, Nr. 12, pp. 638±647, Berlin, 2000. Chen, L. Error analysis of building gradient monitoring with total station, Geotech. invest. survey., 6,161, pp. 51±54, Peking, 1999. Chen, X., Liu, J., Li, D. OTF method and its practice on airborne GPS data processing for photogrammetry, Acta geod. cartogr. Sinica (select. papers Engl. ed.), 1997, pp. 35±44, Beijing, 1997. Chen, Y., Lutes, J. Development of the methodology for single epoch GPS deformation monitoring, J. Wuhan Techn. Univ. Survey. Mapp., 23,4, pp. 324±328, Wuhan, 1998. Chowdhury, I., Hossain, T. Rural road survey with GPS: an exercise in development, GPS World, 11,3, S. 44±49, Oregon, 2000. Cisak, J., Krynski, J., Witowski, T. Hourly data upload at BOGO Permanent GPS Station and preliminary attempt toward estimate the quality of collected data, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 115±125, Warszawa, 1999. Conklin, B., Mann, A., McGarry, J. SLR2000 Data ANalysis computer (DAN), Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 564±568, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Corbeanu, H., Brikowski, T., Aiken, C., Enoiu, P. Landslide monitoring in Romania, GPS World, 11,3, S. 38±42, Oregon, 2000. Cramer, M., Haala, N. Direct exterior orientation of airborne sensors: an accuracy investigation into an integrated GPS/inertial system, GIM International: worldwide mag. geomatics, S. 46±49, 13,9, 1999. Crisman, B., Cefalo, R., Tinta, L. Road vehicle overtaking manoeuvres trajectory, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 139±150, Warszawa, 1999. Croll, S. Receiver and antenna surveys, GPS World, 11,1, S. 34-54, Oregon, 2000. Csapo, G. E€ect of vertical gravity gradient on the accuracy of gravimeter measurements based on Hungarian data, Geophys. transact., Vol. 42, No. 1-2, Nov., pp. 67±81, Budapest, 1999. Csapo, G., Gazso, M., Kenyeres, A. Relationship between reliability of the Hungarian part of the geoid and the spatial distribution of gravity data, Geophys. transact., Vol. 42, No. 1-2, Nov., pp. 83±103, Budapest, 1999. Dai Honglei. The analysis of the accuracy on line segment objective, Geotech. invest. survey., 5,160, pp. 44±46, Peking, 1999. Dai, H., Liu, W., Xu, P. The visualization model of positional uncertainties for random polyline in vector GIS, Acta geod. cartogr. Sinica, 28,3, pp. 239±243, Beijing, 1999. Dai, H., Xu, P., Du, D. The analyses of the positional error propagation in overlay operation of polygon under GIS environment, Acta geod. cartogr. Sinica, 28,2, pp. 148±152, Beijing, 1999. Dai, H., Xu, P., Lu, X. The variance estimation of corresponding lines in GIS overlay operation, J. Wuhan Techn. Univ. Survey. Mapp., 23,1, pp. 14±17, Wuhan, 1998. Davis, M., Gilbreath, G., Snyder, G., Rolsma, P., Georges, J., Eichinger, R. NRLaSOR SLR observation veri®cation techniques using Lageos, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 232±244, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Dede, K., Szabo, M., Szuecs, L. Local geoid determination by GPS and levelling for oil ®eld of Algyoe, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 97±102, Warszawa, 1999.

Degnan, J. SLR2000 project: engineering overview and status, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 389±398, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Degnan, J., McGarry, J., Dabney, P., Zagwodzki, T., Tierney, M., Weatherly, M. Design and test of a breadboard interplanetary laser transponder, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 716±728, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Degnan, J., Zayhowski, J. SLR2000 microlaser performance: theory vs experiment, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 458-468, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. DeLoach, S. Implantacion de un sistema internacional de referencia de altitudes para hidrogra®a, Topogr. cartogr., Vol. 16, Nr. 93, pp. 458±60, 62±64, 66±67, Madrid, 1999. Denker, H., Parseliunas, E. Evaluation of the European Gravimetric Geoid/Quasigeoid EGG97 over the Lithuanian territory, Geod. kartogr., 25,4, pp. 167±173, Vilnius, 1999. Devoti, R., Luceri, V., Rutigliano, P., Sciarretta, C., Bianco, G. Secular drift of low degree zonals obtained from SLR geodetic satellites, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 22±27, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Dick, W., Mareyen, M., Meining, M., Oppitz, K., Richter, B. The consistency of the global SLR network, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 10, pp. 41±49, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Dimitrov, D. Rezultati ot mezhdunarodnija geodinamichen proekt 'TEKTOSKOP-Grahcka arka' 1993-1996g., Geod., kartogr., zemeustrojjstvo, 39,5-6, pp. 3±4, So®ja, 1999. Ding, X., Chen, Y., Huang, D., Zhu, J., Tsakiri, M., Stewart, M. Slope monitoring using GPS: a multi-antenna approach, GPS World, 11,3, S. 52-55, Oregon, 2000. Dinter, G., Schmitt, G. Three dimensional plate kinematics in Romania, Rep. geod., Nr. 4(45), pp. 37±49, Warszawa, 1999. Dolgopolow, A., Wolski, A. Accuracy of radionavigational DGPS systems in Zalew Szczecinski, Rep. geod., Nr. 4(45), pp. 131± 134, Warszawa, 1999. Dousa, J., Lukes, Z. Combination of the permanent GPS network solutions from the long-period observations, Rep. geod., Nr. 5(46), pp. 195±203, Warszawa, 1999. Douxing, C. A numerical method for ordinary di€erential equations, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 569±574, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Duan, W., Yuan, X. Some strategy on solving high order normal equation for combined adjustment of astro-geodetic and space networks by using conjugate gradient method, Acta geod. cartogr. Sinica, 28,3, pp. 205±208, Beijing, 1999. Dunn, P., Torrence, M. Performance assessment of geodetic SLR stations, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 795±804, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Dunn, P., Torrence, M., Smith, D., Kolenkiewicz, R. The relationship of laser ranging to other space techniques, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 786±794, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. Ernst, W., Raven, P., Sandmann, S. Kombinierte Auswertung von terrestrischen und satellitengeodaetischen Messelementen im TP- und AP-Feld unter Beruecksichtigung der einheitlichen Messdatenschnittstelle, Nachr. Oe€entl. Vermess.dienst Nordrhein-Westfalen, 32,3, pp. 202±212, Bonn, 1999. Etienne, S. The time transfer by laser link (T2L2) experiment, Mitteilungen des Bundesamtes fuer Kartographie und Geodaesie; 11, pp. 545±548, Frankfurt am Main, 1999. European Commission, D. Potential for cooperation with European Union for the deployment of a navigation and positioning network in Central and Eastern Europe: information paper, Rep. geod., Nr. 3(44), pp. 277±282, Warszawa, 1999. Evans, J., Featherstone, W. Improved convergence rates for the truncation error in gravimetric geoid determination, J. geod., Vol. 74, Nr. 2, pp. 239±248, Berlin, 2000. Fan, J., Dong, X., Luo, D., Liu, G. An ecient Kalman ®ltering algorithm for the data processing of deformation monitoring

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