Measurement Techniques, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2002
INCREASING THE RELIABILITY AND QUALITY OF INFORMATION CONTROL SYSTEMS BY UTILIZING THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACHIEVEMENTS IN SATELLITE NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGIES
Yu. N. Korolev, V. N. Losev, and Yu. S. Yaskin
UDC 681.2.088:389
A presentation is given of the prospects for developing and maintaining the GLONASS satellite navigation system and ways of improving the quality, reliability, and effectiveness of solving various problems by utilizing satellite navigation technology.
Modern tendencies for developing economic affairs in Russia require the application of modern marketing methods for controlling the industrial marketing and scientific and technical activity of enterprises. A result of this activity must be the creation and production of competitive products and services characterized by a high technical level and quality. Along with the cost parameters, quality is a decisive factor in the competitiveness of goods. From the point of view of marketing, the term quality does not mean the highest technical level or novelty in the world which has no parallel, but rather the property of the goods or services satisfying the requirements and preferences of a specific user better than those of a competitor with more reasonable (or lower) costs [1]. Universal experience suggests that the problem of obtaining a competitive advantage as regards quality is solved by introducing system control of the production quality in an enterprise. The principles of quality control have been standardized by the International Organization for Standardization, the ISO (ISO international standards series 9000). The current interest in the problem is also confirmed by the fact that it is nowadays practically impossible to be a full participant in the civil market (both national and international) if a manufacturing firm has not created a system of quality control at its productive enterprises and has not obtained a certificate of its accordance with the requirements of international standards. An effective method of improving the reliability and quality of products and services and of ensuring the competitiveness of goods is to increase their technical level by utilizing the latest scientific and technical achievements and technologies. In our opinion, one of the most promising and effective methods of increasing the reliability and quality of solving problems in the field of providing high-accuracy navigation of mobile objects is realized by applying the achievements of satellite navigation systems. The possibilities of the existing satellite navigation systems GLONASS (Russia) and GPS (U.S.A.) and of the technologies created utilizing them are widespread and varied [2, 3]. Among the problems which can be solved using satellite navigation systems, the following can be identified: – the construction and maintenance at the present-day level of geocentric and geodesic coordinate systems; – the study of deformations of the Earth’s surface for seismotectonic zoning; – the study of the shape and gravitational field of the Earth and their variations with time; Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 2, pp. 9–11, February, 2002. Original article submitted August 17, 2001.
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0543-1972/02/4502-0122$27.00 ©2002 Plenum Publishing Corporation
TABLE 1. Listing, Purpose, and Technical Characteristics of Apparatus
Name
Purpose
GROT Portable specialized GLONASS/GPS 14Ts820 indicator receiver for use under TsDKT.464316.106 field conditions
Number of Accuracy of deterchannels; mining navigati- Type of signal range onal parameters, m
Mass, kg; size, mm
Interface, input port, output port, exchange protocol
12; L1
10 3 (differential regime)
14Ts820M Portable GLONASS/GPS navigation TsDKT.464316.308 receiver
12; L1
10
same
1,1 160 × 60 × 50 (display**)
14Ts821AG1(AG) Transportable GLONASS/GPS TsDKT.464316.448 navigation receiver
12; L1
10 15 (in motion)
same
1,1 RS-232 (2); 205 × 75 × 100 IEC1162 (display***) (NMEA-0183)
14Ts821V1 Transportable GLONASS/GPS TsDKT.464316.429 navigation receiver
12; L1
10 15 (in motion)
same
0.5 160 × 60 × 25
RS-232 (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
14Ts821D Transportable GLONASS/GPS TsDKT.464316.424 two-range receiver
18; L1, L2
10 15 (in motion)
same
1.0 160 × 140 × 60
RS-232C (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
14Ts821DV Transportable GLONASS/GPS TsDKT.464316.427 two-range receiver
18; L1, L2
10 15 (in motion)
same
1.0 160 × 140 × 60
RS-232C (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
Grot-M Portable GLONASS/GPS TsDKT.464316.376 dual-range receiver for ships
18; L1, L2
10 15 (in motion)
same
–
RS-232C (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
14Ts821R Portable GLONASS/GPS dual-range TsDKT.464316.426 receiver for on-board space and terrestrial radio facilities
18; L1, L2
10–15 same
–
RS-232C (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
24; L1
5–7
same
6 345 × 200 × 20
RF, RS-232C (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
24; L1
10–15 5–7 (differential regime)
same
24; L1
10–15
same
24; L1
10–15 5–7 (differential regime)
same
6.5; 300 × 203 × 151 (display, map)
RS-232 (3)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Monitoring-01
Shturman-01
Multichannel station for monitoring and forming differential corrections to the GLONASS/GPS complex navigation system Unified GLONASS/GPS indicator–receiver for ships and terrestrial transport
Shturman-02 Unified GLONASS/GPS satellite (without digital map) navigational apparatus for carrier rockets, booster units, space devices Shturman-03 GLONASS/GPS indicator–receiver (without digital map) for ships ARM 406 AS1* ARM 406 ARM 406 SLED
P*
N1*
Reduced RF, accuracy; 2.5 RS-232 (2); high-accuracy; 190 × 200 × 75 IEC1162 civil (NMEA-0183)
2.5; 190 × 200 × 75 (display***) 1.1 150 × 120 × 55
RS-232 (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183)
RF, RS-232C (2); IEC1162 (NMEA-0183) RS-232 (3)
Accident-rescue radio beacon Automatic transportable accident-rescue radio beacon Automatic stationary accident-rescue radio beacon System for tracking mobile objects using signals of the GLONASS/GPS complex navigation system
Notes. * without navigation board; ** liquid crystal; *** light emitting diode. Basic instruments of the Grot type, after some modifications, can additionally operate in two regimes: supply of differential corrections and high-accuracy relative measurements.
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– the investigation of questions of global geodynamics; – the study of natural resources and land use, the compilation of land and forest cadasters, the prospecting and development of deposits of useful minerals, project exploration work, construction, the laying of communications and pipelines; – ecological monitoring and organization of search and rescue work for those in distress; – geodesic cartography of the territories of a country and of the seas surrounding it; – metrological assurance of the means and methods of determining coordinates and spatial orientation; – the provision of initial geodesic data of terrestrial, marine (river), and aerospace navigation instruments; – geodesic provision of delimitation, demarcation, and location of the state boundary of a country and also of boundaries of subjects within a country; – the construction of precise special-purpose networks, including standard time. Satellite navigation technologies are used in the project of the international Eurasian North–South transport corridor planned through the territory of Kalmykiya. Their use provides monitoring and increased safety of transport and freight trucks right down to an individual container, the solution of problems of navigating ferry boats in the waters of the Caspian Sea and ports, control and monitoring of railroad, marine, and automobile freight transport as part of a unified information system, the design and construction of the objects of such a transport artery. The use of satellite navigation apparatus and the deployment in regional territories of a network of differential stations of the GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation systems will make it possible to fulfil the present-day requirements regarding the reliability and quality of navigation systems and the safety of movement of aircraft and ships, will reduce the economic costs and the time for carrying out topogeodesic work. The introduction of systems for tracking mobile objects, created on the basis of the GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation systems, will make it possible to organize the monitoring of the use and maintenance of the fish resources of the Caspian Sea, ensure the rational utilization of the transport, fuel economy, and optimization of the routes for its movement, and increase the safety of transport, especially of dangerous and valuable loads. The use of satellite tracking systems in the interests of air traffic control, the management of emergencies, rescue and first aid services, centralized control of city traffic, and automobile technical assistance has already confirmed its efficiency and the need for it. The opportunities provided by satellite navigation systems make it possible predict meteorological conditions, to gather and analyze information about atmospheric phenomena and about the seismotectonic conditions of a given region in the interests of taking timely steps for the prevention of emergency situations and the influence of natural phenomena on the results of human economic activity. Extensive experience of such utilization of satellite navigation systems has been accumulated in Japan and other countries. The prediction of tectonic conditions allowed the Japanese to give advanced warning of a dangerous region, to notify the population of Earth tremors, to take measures for evacuation, and to prevent human deaths and other serious consequences (the destruction of ecologically dangerous factories, train crashes, and other accidents). The GLONASS system is approved by the international naval and civil aviation organizations as one of the elements of the Global Satellite Navigation System, along with the American GPS system. The GLONASS system consists of three basic segments [3]: cosmic space; terrestrial; user navigational apparatus. The space segment includes 24 satellites located in circular orbits at a height of 19100 km, with an inclination of 64.8° and a rotational period of 11 h 15 min, in three orbital planes separated in longitude by 120°. Eight satellites are placed in each orbital plane with a latitude argument shift of 45°. In addition, the planes themselves are displaced relative to each other by an latitude argument of 15°. Such a configuration of orbital grouping makes it possible to provide a constant presence of a minimum of five satellites with an acceptable constellation geometry in the visibility zone of a user at any point on the Earth and its surrounding space. The spacecraft radiate navigational signals in two frequency bands: F1 around 1600 MHz (the standard-accuracy signal) and F2 around 1250 MHz (the high-accuracy signal). Coherent radiation of the two signals by each satellite enables any error in navigational determination caused by ionospheric refraction to be practically eliminated. Up to the year 2002, the space segment of the GLONASS system will be maintained at the minimum permissible level of 10–12 spacecraft. Up to the year 2005 it is proposed to deploy a system of 18–20 spacecraft, some of these having an active satellite service life of 7–10 yr. 124
Russia has experience in implementing these tasks. A number of scientific organizations are working in this field, with the Scientific-Research Institute of Space Instrumentation (NII KP) among them. Our institute is part of the Rosaviakosmos enterprises and was created in 1985 as a subdivision of Radiopribor Scientific-Production Association for carrying out scientific research and creating various forms of space-rocket systems, complex technical engineering facilities, and civil and special-purposes apparatuses. From the moment of its formation, the NII KP has participated in many international and domestic space projects and has specialized, in particular, in developing and manufacturing navigational apparatus for users (GLONASS/GPS satellite navigation receivers) and creating technologies and systems based on them. The fundamental principles of radio position determination utilized by the navigational user apparatus of the GLONASS system were patented by the NII KP team in 1988, in the USSR, and in 1994 in the U.S.A. The satellite two-system navigational apparatus GLONASS/GPS developed by the institute can be used on earth and in space, on water and in the air, and separately in complex control systems. The quality and reliability of the apparatus are confirmed by the appropriate certificates and by the experience of its use in the interests of the economy and of the mastering of space. Our instruments are established in promising space apparatus including the Meteor-3M remote probing of the Earth and various civil and special-purpose systems. In creating navigational user apparatus, the NII KP has utilized six-channel combined GLONASS/GPS microcircuits (ASIC) developed and manufactured jointly with Germany. On the basis of these, satellite navigational devices with 12, 18, and 24 channels have already been manufactured. Basic samples of such devices are given in Table 1. The current interest in applying the modern scientific and technical achievements and technologies of satellite navigation for improving the effectiveness of the solution of various state problems and ensuring the quality and reliability of information-control systems by utilizing accurate and reliable determination of the position of mobile and stationary objects is confirmed by the adoption by the government of the Russian Federation of a targeted program of the development and maintenance of GLONASS in the period 2002–2010 in which the proposals of the NII KP in developing the market for the GLONASS/GPS combined user apparatus are reflected, the sources of its financing are defined, and the appropriate means are allotted.
REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4.
G. D. Krylova and M. I. Sokolova, Marketing. Theory and 86 Situations [in Russian], YuNITI–DANA, Moscow (1999). N. D. Zhdanov and N. L. Makarenko, Informationnyi Byulleten’ GIS Assotsiatsii, No. 2(14), 27 (1998). V. N. Kharisov, A. I. Petrov, and V. A. Boldin, The GLONASS Global Satellite Radio Navigation System [in Russian], IPRZhR, Moscow (1999), p. 16. Y. Korolev and A. Shilov, Proc. Third Tutorial Text GPS Intern. Symp. of the Civil GPS Service Interface Committee (CGSIC) and the International Information Subcommittee (IISC) at the Third Asia Pacific Rim Meeting (2001).
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