Anzeiger fiJr Sch idlingskunde Journal of Pest Science 72. J a h r g a n g 9 H e f t 3 - J u n i 1 9 9 9

Anz. Sch~idlingskunde/]. Pest Science 72, 57-61 (1999) 9 1999, Blackwett Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin ISSN 1436-5693

Forest Research Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria and Biological Fac,:lry of the University =St. KL Ohridski', Sofia. Bulgaria

New Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) parasitoids of forest insect pests in Bulgaria By G. GEORGIEV and J. KOL.~ROV Abstract During the period 1989-1998 investigations were carried out on the parasitoids of some forest insect pests in Bulgaria. Twenty-one ichneumonid species are reported for the first time in Bulgaria as parasitoids of different coleopteran, lepidopteran, and hymeuopteran hosts. From these, 6 parasitoids are new records for the parasitoid complexes of the hosts: Exochus deeoratus Holmgr. on Eudemis profundana (Den. & Schiff.) and Gelechia tut~ella (Den. & Schiff.); Lissonota culiciformis Gray. - on Paranthrevze tabaniformis (Rott.); Lissonota unicineta Holmgr. - on G. turpella; Xorides graciEcornis (Gray.) - on Xylotrechus sp.; and Eriborus terebrator Aubert on Clostera anastomosis (L.). Most parasitoids developed as primary parasitoids in the hosts, hoplectis alternans (Gray.) is a primary parasitoid of Nycteola asiatica (KruL) and a hyperparasitoid of E. terebrator. Acropimpla pictipes (Gray.) is secondary parasitoid on Anacampsis populella (CL). With the exception of two species of Olesicampe genus, which destroyed over 50 % of Stauronenuztus compressicornis (E) and Pristophora conjugata (Dahlm.) larvae, and E. terebrator which kil~ led 15.4 % of C. anastomosis population, the rest of the parasitoids occurred in" low densities, and did not play an important role in reducing the number of their hosts. 1 Introduction

The forest trees and shrubs are related trophically with many phymphagous insects. Most of these herbivore populations occur in low densities and usually do not act as pests. There are also species, which periodically increase in density and cause serious damage to the forest stands. Their number is limited by different natural abiotic and biotic - factors. Parasitoids occupy a special position in the biotic limiting complex since they regulate the population densities of the pests at a relatively low number, thus being one of the main factors for the sustainability of the forest ecosystems. The Ichneumonidae family is the most numerous parasitic insect group, including over 4000 valid species in the Western Palaearctic (TowNES, 1969). Many faunistic investigations have been carried out in Bulgaria on this family (GREGOR, 1933; HEiNRICH, 1936; CANKOV, 1968; KOLAI~OV, 1997; etc.). The hosts of some ichneumonid species in the forest ecosystems and in the agricultural plantations have been investigated as well (ZAPIqANOV, 1985, 1989; GANCHEV, t990; etc.). However, it should be noted that the trophical relationships of the ichneumonids with the phytophagous insects in the forests

of the country as a whole have not yet been well stu-died. This paper presents new parasitoid-host relationships in Bulgaria between some species of Ichneumonidae and forest insect pests. 2 Materials and methods The investigations discussed here were conducted during 1989-1998 and were part of series of studies on the parasitoids of forest insect pests in Bulgaria. Phytophagous hosts were collected in larval and pupal stage on different forest tree and bush species and parasitoids were reared in the laboratory. After collection, phytophagous larvae and pupae were transported to the Forest Research Institute laboratory, in Sofia where they were separated according to species and reared at room temperature (18-22 ~ The iarvae of the defoliators were fed with fresh leaves of the host plants in glass dishes as the specimens pupated. The pupae were placed individually in test tubes and closed with cotton stoppers. The larvae of xylophagous hosts were reared within cuttings of shoots, branches and stems of approximate length 25-30 cm. The sections of the cuttings were covered with paraffin, and each cutting was reared individually in a glass cylinder or in an entomological box. The samples were observed daily for emergence of parasitoids and hosts. At the end of ~he observation period, a detailed study of either individual host was performed in order to determine the cause of mortality and to reveat the characteristics of the parasite-host relationships. Emerged insects were killed with etylacetate, identified and deposited in the author's collections. 3 Results

As a result of this investigation 23 parasite-host relationships between 21 ichneumonid species and 17 forest insect pests were recorded for the first time in Bulgaria (table 1). The new parasitoids were found in various localities of the country, (fig. 1). The parasitoids belong to 15 genera of 7 subfamilies of Ichneumonidae family as follows: Pimplinae: Acropimpla piccipes (Gray.), Itoplectis akernans (Gray.), [toplectis rnaculator (Fab.), and Scambus vesicarius (Ratz0; Xoridinae: Xorides gracilicornis (Gray.); Cryptinae: Agrothereutes adustus (Gray.), and Pleolophus basizonus Gray.; Banchinae: Apophua bipunctoria (Thunb.), Lissonora caliciformis Gray., and Lissonota unicinera Hotm.; Ctenopelmatinae: Rhinotorus sp.; Campopleginae: Rhimphoctona (R.) grandis B. de Fons., Nerneritis sp., Tra-

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G. GEORGIEVand J. KOLAROV,New parasitoids of forest insects in Bulgaria

58

noserna rostralis (Brischke), Diadegrna aposmta (Gray.), Olesicampe sp. 1, Olesicampe sp. 2, Lathrostizus tugens (Gray.), Eriborus terebrator Aubert, and Eriborus sp.; Metopiinae: Exochus decoratus Holm. Two species - E. terebrazor and R. grandis are new reports for the fauna of Bulgaria (table 1). The parasitoids were reared from coleopteran, lepidopteran, and hymenopteran hosts, which belong to 8 families (table 1). Six ichneumonids are new records for the parasitoid complexes of the hosts. E. decoratus was found for the first time on Eudernis profundana (Den. & Schiff.) and Gelechia turpella (Den. & Schiff.), L. culMformis - on Paranthrene tabaniformis (Rott.), L. unicincta - on G. turpella, X. gracilicornis - on Xylotrechus sp., and E. terebrator- on Clos~era anastomosis (L.) (table 1). All of the parasitoids found on the hosts were solitary. Most of them developed as primary paraskoids. I. alternans was observed as a primary parasitoid of Nyczeola asiatica (Krul.) and as a hyperparasitoid of E. terebrator (primary parasitoid of C. anastomosis). A. pictipes was secondary parasitoid, it was reared from one unidentified specimen of Ichncumonidae family on Anacampsis pop,della (C1.). Two species of Olesicarnpe caused high mortality levels of the hosts. In Petrich Olesicampe sp. 1 destroyed 63.2 % of Stauronematus compressicornis (E) larvae (table 1). In Sofia 66.7 % of the larvae of Pristiphora conjugata (Dahtm.) were parasitized -52.4 % by Olesieampe sp. 2, and 14.3 % by Rhinotorus sp. E. terebrator was responsible for killing of 15.4 % of the C. anastomosis population in Kokaliane. However, L ahernans hyperparasitised a significant portion (25.0 %) of E. terebrator larvae, thus limiting the potential impact of the primary parasitoid. The rest of the parasitoids were in relatively low densities, and did not play an important role in reducing the number of their hosts.

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E. terebrator is distributed in Mediterranean and Central Europe (HoRSTMANN, 1987). It is recorded for the first time on C. anastomosis in this study. No other hosts of E. terebrator have been found in the entomological literature. R. grandis belongs to a small holarctic genus including about 10 species in Europe (MEDvEDIEV, 1981). The representatives of this genus are known as parasitoids of Cerambycidae and Raphidiidae (To~'NES, 1970). R. grandis is a very rare species. ]t was already recorded in other countries as a parasite of Saperda carcbarias (L.) (OZOLS, 1928; STROJNu 1954). However, STROJNY(t954) reported R. grandis under the synonym Rhimphoctona fulvipes Holmgr. A. pictipes has been previously reported in Bulgaria (KOLAROV, 1984b) and observed as a parasitoid of Tortficidae sp. (GANTCHEV, 1977). S. vesicarius has been reared in Bulgaria only from larvae o f P tabaniformis (KoLAa.OV & GEO~.GIEV, 1997) but in other countries it is known as a parasitoid of many hymenopteran and lepidopteran species (FH-rON et aL, 1988). A. adustus has been previously reported in Bulgaria (HEINRICH, 1936; CANKOV, 1968) and found as a parasitoid of Diprion pini (L.) (BoCHEV & GEORGIEV, 1996; GEORGIEV & BOCHEV, 1996). However, the species is well known as a parasitoid of Neodiprion serrifer (Geofft.) (PSCHORN-\YgALCHER,1982). P. basizonus is established in Bulgaria as a parasitoid of .~: sertifer (ZANKOV & DASK,XLOVA, 1971) and has been previously reported in the c o u n t ~ by KOLAROV(t990a). It parasitizes Diprzon similis (Htg.), D. pini, Gilpinia frutetorum (Fabr.), G. polytorna (Htg.), G. pallida (Klug), N. sertifer, and Microdiprwn pallipes (Fall.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) (PscHORN-WALCHER, 1982).

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G. GEORGIEVand J. KoI.,~ROV,New parasitoids of forest insects in Bulgaria

L alternans, I. rnaculator, A. bipunctoria and D. aposrata were recorded from a wide range of hosts (MEDvEDIEW 1981). In Bulgaria, L alcernans was found in many tepidopteran species - Yponomeuta matlinellus Zeti. (Yponomeutidae), Ostrinia nubitalis (Hb.) (Pyralidae), Anarsia lineatella Zell. (Gelechiidae), Acleris bergmanniana (L.), Cnephasia pasiuana (Hb.), Cydia molesta (Busck), Lobesia botrana (Den. & Schiff.), Torwix viridana L. (Tortricidae) and Euprocris ch~ysorrhoea (L.) (Lymantriidae) (KoLAROV, 1997). I. maculator was recorded in Bulgaria as a parasitoid of Pieris brassicae (L.) (Lep.: Pieridae), Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lymantriidae), Archips rosana (L.) and T. viridana (Tortricidae) (KOL.~ROV, 1997). A. bipunctoria is known in Bulgaria as a parasitoid of A. bergmanniana CI'scHO~ADj~EV, 1933), Agonopterix ocellana (E) (Lep., Depressariidae), Pandemis cerasana (Hb.) (= P ribeana Hb.) (Lep., Tortricidae) (NIKoI_ovA, 1962), T. viridana, A. xylosteana (GA>rrCHEV, 1977) and Pandemis dumetana Cir.) (Lep., Tortricidae) (ZAPRjANOV, 1985). D. apostata has been previously reported in Bulgaria by KOLAROV(I 990a) and found as a parasitoid of Cnaemidophorus rhododactyla (Den. & Schiff.) (Lep, Pterophoridae) (NIKOLOVA, 1954), Cydia funebrana (Treitschke) (Lep., Tortricidae) (ToSHKOVA-TsVETKOVA, 1960), A. xylosteana (KoLEV, 1971) and Tortricidae sp. (GANTCHEV, 1977). L. lugens is reported (with synonymous name Angieia vestigialis Ratz.) in Bulgaria as a parasitoid of L. botrana (HARIZANOV, 1979). L lugens is distributed in Central Europe and it is connected mostly with Nematus oligospilus F6rster (Hym., Tenthredinidae) (MEDVEDIEV,1981). This parasitoid is connected also with Pontania capreae (Lep.) and other Pontania species (HoRSTMANN, 1971). In our investigations L. lugens has been reared from Pontan/a sp. (viminalis-group). In Europe the viminalis-group from this genus includes many monophages on different willows (ZI.Novj~v, 1995). The rest of the parasitoids were found in Bulgaria only in faunistic studies. L. culiciforrnis was reported by KOLAROV(1984a, 1998); L. unicincta bv GREGOR (1933); X. graciticornis by KOLAt~OV(1997); T.. rostralis by KOLAROY (1990a, b); and E. decoratus by GEP,MA_,','OV(1980) and KOLAROV (1990a). In other countries of Europe L. unicincta is known as a parasitoid of Agonopterix thapsiella (Z.) (Lep., Oecophoridae) (AUBERT, 1978). This species is reared also from a unidentified host in strobides of Picea abies (L.) Karst, (Plsma & PETCU, 1972). L. culiciformis parasitizes some xylophagous insects, Tortrix sp. and S. ocellana (AuBERT, 1978). X. gracilicornis is distributed in Central and South Europe (MI~DVEI31EV, 1981). Until now, no hosts of X. gracilicornis and T. rostralis have been recorded. E. decoratus is distributed in all Holarctis (MEDVEDIEV, 1981), but there is no data about its hosts in the entomological literature. In conclusion, most of the parasitoids occurred in low densities and they were not important as limiting factors of the forest insect pests. However, new records increase the species strength of the Bulgarian fauna and enrich the host ranges of some ichneumonid species.

Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr. N. VELCHEVA,Plant Protection Institute - Kostinbrod, and S. BESHKOV,National Museum of Natural History - Sofia, for identifying some lepidopteran hosts of

the parasitoids. We also thank Dr. FERNANDOE. VEGAand Dr. FRANCK HERARD, European Biological Control Laborato,'?, Montpelier - France (Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agricukure), for critical reading and revising the English version of the manuscript.

References AUBERT, J. E, 1978: Les Ichneumonides ouest-palearctiques et Ieurs hotes. II. Banchinae et supplement aux Pimplinae. OPIDA, 1-318. BOCHE%N.; GEO~GIEV,G., 1996: New parasitoids on the pine sawfly (Diprionpini L., Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in Bulgaria. Forest science 2, 80-82 (in Bulgarian, English summary). CANKOV, G., t968: Beitrag ~iber die Artenanteile und die Verbreitung der Insekten yon der Fami[ie Icneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in Bulgarien. Bull. Inst. Zool. et Mus. 28, 219-230 (in Bulgarian, German summary). FITTON,M. G.; SHAW,M. R.; GAULD,I. D, 1988: Handbook for the Identification of British Insects. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae). Royal Ent. Soc. of London, 109 pp. GAN"I'CHEV,G., t977: Beitrag zur Untersuchung der Arrenzusammensetzung und Verbreitung der Parasiten einiger Arten Spanner und Blatrwickler in W~ildern. Wiss. Arheiten, Forsttechn. Hochschule - Sofia (Serie Forstwesen) 22, 111-118 (in Bulgarian, German summary). GF.O~GIEV,G.; BOCHEV,N., 1996: Bioecological features of parasitoids on the pine sawfly (Diprion pini L., Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Forestry. ideas 2, 86-92 (in Bulgarian, English summary). GERMANOV,A., 1980:A contribution to the studying of the family Ichneumonidae (Parasitica, Hymenoptera) in Bulgaria. Acta zool. bulg. 14, 7-74 (in Bulgarian, English summary). GREGOR, F., 1933: Beitrag z~ar Ichneumoniden Fauna Bulgariens. Casopis Csl. Spol. Entom. 4, 161-168. HARIZANO\; A., 1979: Grape moths and its control. Sofia, ~Zemizdat", 37 pp. (in Bulgarian). HEINRICH, G., 1936: Die yon mir in Bulgarien gesammetten Ichneumoninae und Cryptinae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Mitt. Kgi. Natm~iss. Inst. Sofia 9, 81-88. HORSTMANN,K., 1971: Revision der europ~iischen Acten der Gattung Lathrostizus Foerster (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Mitt. Dtsch. ent. Ges. 30, 8-12; 16-18. HORS'~'~ANN,K., 1987: Die europ~iischen Arten der Gattungen Echthronomos F6rster und Eriborus F6rster (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Nachr. Bayer. Entomol. 36 (3), 5-67. KOLAROV,J., 1984a: New species of tribe Lissonotini (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Banchinae) to the Bulgarian fauna. Acta zool. bulg. 25, 75-79 (in Bulgarian, English summary). KOLAI~OV,J., 1984b: New genera and species of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) to the Bulgarian fauna. Tray. Scien. Univ. de Plovdiv 22 (1), 51-58 (in Bulgarian, English summary.). KOLAROV,J., 1988: Bulgarian Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) at the Prague museum. Tray.Scien. Univ. de Plovdiv 26 (6), 53-56. KOLA,~OV,J., 1990a: Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) from Bulgaria in foreign collections. Acta zool. bulg. 39, 25-31. KOLAr J., I990b: New and tittle known Campopleginae species (Hymenoptera, Ichileumonidae) for Bulgarian fauna. Acta zool. bulg. 39, 32-36 (in Bulgarian, English summary). KOLAROV,J., i998. Fauna Buigarica, 25. Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pact 1, Pimplinae, Xoridinae, Acaenitlnae, CoUyrinae. Sofia, Ed. Academica ,Prof. M. Drinov" and ,Pensoft ~, 326 pp. (in Bulgarian, English summary). KOLAROV,J.; GEORGIEV,G., 1997: New Pimplinae (Hymenopterl, Ichneumonidae) parasitoids of poplar clear-wingmoth (Paranelorenetabaniformis Rott., Lepidoptera: Sesiidae). Forest science 1-2, (in press).

G. Gt.o~talEv and J. KOLAROV,New parasitoids o{ forest insects in Bulgaria

KOLEV, K., 1971: Contribution to the biology of Archzps xylosteana k. (Lepidoptera: Tortrieidae). Horticultural and viticultural science 8 (1), 33-,42 (in Bulgarian, English summary). MEDVEDIs G., 198t: Insect Key for ~he European part of USSR, 3 (3), Leningrad, Nauka, 681 pp. (in Russian). NIKOLOVA, V., 1954. P/atj~,tEL, rbododactyla F. als Schiidting der 6lspendenden Rose in gulgarien and ihre Bek-~mpfung. Bull. Inst. Zool. et Mus. 3, %58 (in Bulgarian, German summary). NtKOLOVA,V., t962: The more important injurious Tortricidae and Gelechiidae on fruk trees in Bulgaria and their parasites. Bulletin of the Research Institute of Plant Protection 3, 91-116 (in Bulgarian, English summary). OZOLS, YON E., 1928: Ichneumoniden aus bekannten ~qrtstieren in Letdand. Konowia 7 (2), 135-147. Plsmt~, C.; PI?TCU, I., 1972: Ichneumonides de la R. S. de Romanie obtenus par des cultures et Ieurs bores. IL Studii si comunicari de ocrotierea naturii, 289-306. PSCHOI~N-Wa~-CHER,H., 1982: Unterordnung Symphyta, Pflanzenwespen. - In: SCf~W,SNKE,W. (ed.): Die Forstsch;idlinge Europa*. 4. Band, Haurfliigler und Zweifliigler. Paul Pare); Hamburg und Berlin, 4-196. Sre,ojNY, W., 1954: Szkodniki drewna drew szybko przyrastaiacych. I. Rzemlik ropolowiec i rzemlik osikowiec (Saperda carcharias L, I .gaperdapopMnea L., Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Polskie pismo emomoL 2Z, 170-304 (in Polish). TOSHEvA-Tsv'ETKOV.%Ts., 1960: The biology and control of the red plum maggot - Graphotitha (Laspeyresia)funebrana

61

Tr. (Lop.). Set. Works, Central Inst. of Plant Prot. Sofia 3, 203-228 (in Bulgarian, English summary). TOWNES, H., 1969: The genera of Ichneumonidae, Part 1. Mere. Amcr. Entomot. Inst. 1l, 380 pp. TOWN,S, H., t970: The genera of tchneurnonidae, Part 3. Mere. Amer. Entomo[. Inst. 13, 337 pp. TSCHORBADJIE',"P., I933: Insect pests of fruit trees in Bulgaria. Sofia, 240 pp. (in Bulgarian). ZANKOV~G.; DASKALOVA,l., 1971: Beitrag zur besseren Erkennung der Parasiten der rotgelben Kiefern-Buachhornwespe (Neodfprion seraifer Geofr.) in Bu~garien. Forest science 6, 55-61 (in Bulgarian, German summary). ZAI'IqaNOV, A., 1985: The parasites of the family Ichneumonidae in Bulgaria and their hosts in the various agrocenoses. Soil Sci., Agrochem. and Plant Prot. 20 (4), 135--145 (in Bulgarian, English summary). ZAPR/ANOV, A., 1989: Entomophages of some forest insect pest in Bulgaria. in: Proceed. of the Sympos. ,Biological and integrated control of the pests in forest ecosystems". Borjomi, September 3-8, 24-33 (in Russian). ZiNOVJEV,A. G., 1995: The gall-making species of Pontania sub-genus Eupontania (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae) of Eastern Feunoscandia and their host plant specificity. Acta Zool. Fennica 199, 49-53.

Authors' addresses: Dr. GEORGI GEORC.I~-;v,Forest Research Institute, 132 Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria; Dr. J^NKO KOLagOV, Biological Faculty, University of Sofia "St. KI. Ohridski", 8 Dragan Zankov Bird., 1421 Sofia, Bulgaria

Heinrich Hofmeister

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