The Pavlovian Society Minutes of the 1987 Business Meeting

The Society met in Hiroshima, J a p a n from July 28 to 30, 1987 in conjunction with the 1987 I N T E R NATIONAL PAVLOVIAN SOCIETY CONF E R E N C E hosted and chaired by President Shoji Kakigi. The Business Meeting, chaired by Kakigi, convened at 12:00 n o o n at the Hiroshima Terminal Hotel on July 29, 1987. Dr. Joe Brady, on the advice of the Executive Committee, m o v e d that James Lynch be elected

Second Vice-President. This m o t i o n was seconded and u n a n i m o u s l y approved. Teitelbaum was reelected Secretary/Treasurer. D y k m a n moved up to the Presidency and J o h n Furedy to First VicePresident (President-elect). The next A n n u a l Meeting, in Orlando, Florida, will be in N o v e m b e r 1988 the specific date to be specified by D y k m a n in consultation with Roger Ray, P r o g r a m Chairman.

1987 International Pavlovian Society Conference innateness of Circadian rhythms and the role of extraretinal photoreception in photoentrainment. Congenitally anophthalmic rats were, consequently, used in the present study. All bilaterally anophthalmic rats had clear sleep-wakefulness and locomotor activity circadian rhythms, but the rhythms did not entrain to an artificial LD cycle. However, two unilaterally anophthalmic rats, like sighted rats, adapted their sleep-wakefulness rhythms to a 6 hour delayed phase shift in LD cycle in 4 days. Hypogenesis of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) that is correlated with the absence of circadian activity rhythms in anophthalmic mice was not observed in anophthalmic rats.

JULY 28-30, 1987 OPENING REMARKS SHOJI KAKIGI Panel Discussion: JAPANESE STUDIES

OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY Chairs: Yo Miyata & John J. Furedy Physiological Variables and Psychology in Japan YO MIYATA (Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)--Forty-four years have elapsed since Y. Kotake obtained successful results on the conditioned salivary reflex in a human subject at the laboratory of Kwansei Gakuin University. From this start in 1943, experimental investigations of conditioning and learning have become one of the leading topics in the field of psychological research in Japan. Progress of our studies on conditioning and other subjects in physiological psychology and psychophysiology will be reviewed with the hope of clarifying the situation Japanese researchers are currently facing.

Amount, Propensity, and Rhythm of Human REM Sleep AKO MIYASITA (Department of Psychology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neurosciences, Japan)--I have been focusing my attention on some characteristics of the stage REM of human nocturnal sleep. I used standard sleep polygraphy to investigate individual differences in stage REM sleep of habitual long and short sleepers, as well as morning active and evening active subjects. Experimental results indicate that long sleepers spend a greater total amount of REM sleep than short sleepers, but that there is no difference in the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) experienced by the two groups. Moreover, the REM propensity (distribution of stage REM within one night) was different between the two groups. The amount of REM sleep experienced by morning active and evening active subjects did not differ, but the latency of the first REM activity tended to be shorter for morning active subjects. In addition, the Sleep-dependent, Sleep-independent, and Reset REM hypotheses were examined using the sleep interruption technique. REM latencies after sleep

Circadian Rhythms in Sleep-wakefulness and Wheel-running Activity in a Congenitally Anophthalmic Rat Mutant NOBUO IBUKA (Department of Psychology, Shiga University, J a p a n ) - - M a n y animals exhibit circadian rhythms in behavioral, as well as physiological functions. These rhythms can be entrained to such Zeitgeber as a light-dark (LD) cycle with a period in the circadian range. Anophthalmic mutants are used to study the physiological mechanisms of circadian rhythms. In particular, such mutants have been used to investigate the

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interruption were distributed bi-modally. One of the p e a k s r e p r e s e n t e d the sleep onset R E M period ( S O R E M P s ) . The other peak corresponded to the normal N o n R E M - R E M sequence (NonSOREMPs). N o n S O R E M P s could be interpreted by the Reset hypothesis, but S O R E M P s could not be explained by any of the proposed hypotheses. I suggest factors which influence the S O R E M P appearance rate. The Relationship Between Slow Negative Shifts of E R P (the late CNV and Readiness Potentials) and Attentional Processes YASUHIRO NAGEISHI & MINORU SHIMOKOCHI (Osaka University, J a p a n ) - - T h e late CNV, which develops prior to $2 during a S1-S2-response task, has been identified with a Readiness Potential (RP) component because it was found to be related to a motorpreparation process (Rohrbaugh and Galliard, 1983). On the other hand, it is possible that the late CNV is related to a cognitive process, such as attention. However, the latter assumption is not confirmed by empirical evidence. We obtained the following results in our separate experiments: (I) the late CNV was observed prior to an informative stimulus which did not require a motor-response; (2) late CNV magnitudes of righthanded subjects were correlated with reaction time responses made by the unskilled left hand, but not with those performed by the more skilled right hand; and (3) R P magnitudes were influenced by a concomitant distraction memory-task. Our hypothesis that Slow Negative Shifts, including the late CNV and RP, reflect the consumption of conscious attention, will be discussed. Cross-cultural Differences in Laterality: Do Japanese Have More Bilaterality in Cerebral Functioning than Westerners? T A K E S H I H A T T A (Osaka University of Education, J a p a n ) - - I n the last few years, laterality differences in visual and auditory stimulus recognition have been intensively investigated. These studies show that laterality effects are influenced by several factors, such as: selective perceptual attention, stimulus codability, and cultural differences. Of these factors, only limited attention has been paid to possible cultural influences. Cross-cultural differences in laterality presumably reflect the effect of socio-cultural factors on brain organization. However, experimental studies of these differences have yielded conflicting results. While some investigators have reported no cross-cultural differences, others report different patterns of hemispheric specialization during the recognition of languages, environmental sounds, and, in some cases, visual stimuli. Studies designed to test the hypothesis that Japanese and Westerners exhibit different patterns of hemispheric specialization are reviewed. Some investigators found that environmental sounds were recognized dominantly in the left hemisphere by Japanese and in the right hemisphere by Westerners. Additional studies cast doubt on these findings. Other researchers report findings which support the hypothesis that Japanese have more bilaterality in cerebral functioning than Westerners.

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The plausibility of the hypothesized cross-cultural influence on cerebral functioning is discussed in view of current research. Attentional Deficit Syndrome: Nervous System Sensitivity R O S C O E A. D Y K M A N & PEGGY T. A C K E R M A N (Behavioral Sciences Laboratory, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, U S A ) - - W e are conducting a study of 150 children with Attentional Deficit Disorder ( A D D ) and 50 n o r m a l children. The overall objective is to improve on the diagnosis of A D D by combining behavior ratings and laboratory data. A related aim is to explore the relevance of the Pavlovian constructs of nervous system sensitivity and lability to A D D and related disorders via signal detection procedures. The children engage in several tasks, one being a sensitivity paradigm, wherein they press and release a reaction time key to tones varying from soft to very loud, while EEG, heart rate, respiration, and skin conductance are recorded. In a second paradigm the child is rewarded for being careful in one task and for taking risks in another. A third task is a variant of the Standard Continuous Performance Test. In the previous study we found that the children classified as having strong nervous systems on the basis of their reaction'time gradients improved more on low dosages of methylphenidate whereas those with sensitive nervous systems improved more on high dosages. Also, E R P augmenters and reducers had very different cardiac response patterns during the tone intensity paradigm, but their reaction times did not differ. Preliminary data in our new study show the E R P augmenters have faster reaction times than reducers. The mean reaction time graphs of augmenters suggest that they have more sensitive nervous systems by the method of Vasilev (press and release gradients converge with increasing tone intensity). While equal percentages of control children and A D D children are E R P augmenters or reducers, control children have faster press reaction t i m e s - - a n d more so to the soft than loud tones (i.e., A D D gradients are steeper). Steeper press gradients are theorized to indicate an i m p a i r m e n t in sustained a t t e n t i o n - - o r less sensitivity to low intensity stimuli. By this fall, we will have additional results to present on our new project. Effects of Delayed Reinforcement and Aversive Stimulus on Switch-off Behavior K E N T A R O H I R A T A ( D e p a r t m e n t o f Psychiatry, National Kokura Hospital, Japan) with S. M A K I , N. T A S H I R O , & H. N A K A O (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, K y u s h u University, J a p a n ) - - I t is known that a cat can learn to turn off hypothalamic stimulation by pushing a switch-plate (switch-off behavior) and that response time is prolonged when reinforcement is delayed (delayed reinforcement). Response time can also be prolonged by applying an air-puff (aversive stimulus) immediately after the switch-plate is pushed. These conditions are considered to be different types of conflict. A trace of switch-off behavior was recorded on video

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tape and analyzed in the present experiment. Switch-off behavior is thought to consist of three stages. Stage 1 is the time course before a cat starts to move toward the switch-plate. Stage 2 begins when the eat starts to move toward the switch-plate and ends when it arrives in front of it. Stage 3 is the interval from arrival in front of the switch plate until pushing it. Some differences were found between the two conditions. Under the delayed reinforcement condition, Stage 1 was prolonged but Stages 2 and 3 were not. On the other hand, when an aversive stimulus (air-puff) was applied to the face after the switch-plate was pushed, Stage 3 was prolonged but Stages 1 and 2 were not. Results are discussed. Prepulse Inhibition of Startle Eyeblink Reflex and Its Modification F U M I O Y A M A D A (Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Kansai College of Acupuncture Medicine, Japan) & YO MIYATA (Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, J a p a n ) - - W e have studied the properties of the startle eyeblink reflex since 1976. Our focus has been on the phenomenon of prepulse inhibition within the S1-$2 paradigm, which is similar to the Pavlovian conditioning procedure. The amplitude of an eyeblink reflex elicited by 110 dB white noise ($2) is inhibited by a weak extraneous prepulse (St) preceding $2 by approximately 1130ms. The effect was enhanced when subjects were instructed to respond to the onset of SI. We explain our results using the human information processing paradigm. Imitative Behavior: A Theoretical Approach W A N D A WYRWICKA (Department of Anatomy and Brain Research Institute, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California)--Yhe imitative behavior, understood as an act of copying by an individual of a behavior of another individual, was reported to occur in some birds and mammals. It was observed that 12-21 days old human neonates were able to imitate simple motor acts such as opening of the mouth, protrusion of the tongue, or the movements of opening and closing of the hand (I). The occurrence of imitation early in life, in the absence of a reward, suggests that imitative behavior is an inborn activity which can be considered an unconditioned reflex. The stimuli related to the demonstrator's behavior activate the sensory representation of that behavior in the brain and then, through the sensorimotor connections, excite its motor representation resulting in the performance of the imitative act by the observer. The imitative behavior may also include complex acts, either new or previously experienced. For instance, satiated chicks which refused to eat any more when fed in isolation started to eat again as soon as they saw other birds eating (2). In another example, weanling kittens imitated their mother in food preferences even when the food was unusual for the species (3). The imitative behavior may become an instrumental conditioned response when followed by a reward (4).

(1) Meltzoff, A. N. and Moore, K. M. Science 198: 75-78, 1977. (2) Katz, D. and Revesz, G. Zeit, Angew. Psychol. 18:307-320, 1921. (3) Wyrwicka, W. Pavl. J. Biol. Sci. 13:55-72, 1978. (4) Miller, N.E. and Dollard, J. Social Learning and Imitation. New Haven, Yale Univ. Press 194I. POSTER SESSION

Chair: Joseph Brady Event-related Brain Potentials During a Sentence Verification Task JUN'ICHI KATAYAMA, YO MIYATA, & AKIHIRO YAGI (Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan)--Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while ten subjects evaluated the veracity of four types of Japanese sentences: trueaffirmative (TA), true-negative (TN), false-affirmative (FA), and false-negative (FN). In each sentence, the subject (S), object (O), and verb (V) were visually presented in succession. Because of this word order, which is normal in Japanese grammar, the waveforms of ERPs associated with a semantic mismatch between S and O could be separated from those elicited by the final decision at the end .of the sentence. It was shown that the negative component (N400) appeared after an O-word when a semantic mismatch occurred. In addition, the last V-word elicited P3. P3 peak latencies were shorter in true than false sentences. P3 peak amplitudes were larger when there was no mismatch between S and O. Further, affirmative sentences elicited larger P3 amplitudes than negative sentences. Final decision effects, which were not observed in English sentences (Fischler et aL, 1983), were obtained by using Japanese sentences. Subjective Discrimination Ability During Alpha Self-Regulation ISATO F U R U M I T S U (University of East .~sia, Japan) with HISAE HATA & SHOJI KAKIGI (Hiroshima Shudo University, Japan)--The purpose of this study was to examine the subjective experiences of individuals who are successful in learning to control alpha production through biofeedback. Twelve subjects received 6 5-minute alpha feedback training sessions. Prior to the first session, between the third and fourth session, and after the sixth session, the subjects were asked (20 times) to indicate if they thought they were producing brain waves in the alpha frequency range. After the final training session, subjects were asked to rate their alpha experience on 10 stimuli by 16 semantic differential scales using a 7 point rating scale. Multidimensional scaling of the resulting data matrix was conducted using the INDSCAL procedure. The INDSCAL procedure derived three major dimensions from the data. The subjects were clearly divided into four distinct categories from their grouping along the three dimensions. Two groups of subjects were successful in increasing their alpha production, but were unable to indicate whether they were producing alpha activity. The INDSCAL procedure aligned these groups, designated

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as groups 1 and 3, along dimensions I and 3 respectively. The subjects designated as group 4 were unable to increase alpha production or discriminate when alpha was being produced. The INDSCAL procedure grouped all of these subjects along a positive vector between subject space dimensions 1,2, and 3. The subjects designated as group 2 were aligned along dimension 2. These subjects were successful in both increasing alpha production and discriminating when alpha was being produced. Further analysis and research is being conducted to determine the most correct interpretation of the three dimensions. CNV Resolution During a Visual Tracking Task T A K A S H I M A T S U D A (Hiroshima Denki, Institute of Technology, Japan)--This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that resolution of the contingent negative variation (CNV) is related to task closure or psychological completion. The classical SI-S2-MR paradigm was adapted to a continuous tracking task for two experiments. It was observed that Type B CNV wave shape reflects factors other than the subject's certainty of $2 latency. The results of both experiments suggest that CNV resolution occurs each time task relevant information is presented or expected. Results of the second experiment indicate that negativity is sustained until psychological completion or task closure is attained. Note that task closure is not necessarily related to the end of stimulus presentation. In addition, CNV resolution occurs quickly when task relevant information is presented but more slowly when the expected task relevant information is omitted. This indicates that subjects can understand, without delay, whether or not they achieve the goal. Finally, the data suggest that CNV resolutions triggered by cognitive factors alone provide faster, more consistent latencies than those following a motor response. Cognkive Set And Event Related Brain Potentials N A O H I R O M I N A G A W A (Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan) with Kenzo Konishi & Tsunetaka Okita (Department of Science of Behavior, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan)--Eventrelated brain potentials were recorded while subjects made category judgments (letter or drawing) in an embedded figure task. In the blocked condition, subjects were asked to perform only one of the two types of judgment within a given block of trials. In the mixed condition, subjects were asked to perform both types of judgment in a single block of trials. The type of judgment to be performed was determined by the pitch of a warning tone. Throughout both conditions, CNVs measured during the foreperiod of trials requiring drawing judgments were larger at the right temporoparietal site than its left hemisphere homologue. No such differences were found during trials requiring letter judgments. The CNV asymmetry is interpreted as indicating that subjects can switch cognitive sets from trial to trial during the 2.45 second foreperiod.

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Spontaneous Awakening During Human Nocturnal Sleep: Relationship to Sleep Stage and N R E M / R E M Cycle T A K A H I R O HONO, KUMIKO WATANABE, YOSHIHA HIROSHIGE*, & YO MIYATA (Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Japan; *Department of Psychology, Shinwa Women's College, Japan)--The present study was an investigation of the relationship between spontaneous behavioral awakenings and sleep stage, or N R E M / R E M cycle, during human nocturnal sleep. Young adult males (N = 5) and females (N = 5) were examined polygraphically in the laboratory for six successive nights. They were instructed to press a button four times whenever they perceived their awakening from sleep. Results indicate that spontaneous awakenings (SAs) occurred more frequently during REM than NREM sleep stages. 55.1% of the SAs observed during REM sleep terminated REM sleep and SAs from stage 2 sleep occurred more frequently before the onset of the next REM Stage. Panel Discussion: Clinical Studies

Polysomnographic Studies of Degenerative Diseases Chairs: Kiyoshi Fujisawa & James J. Lynch NARIYOSHI Y A M A G U C H I & JOH SANO (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan)--The lesions of degenerative diseases generally indicate specific localization in the brain. It supports that degenerative diseases are important materials for the research of sleep mechanisms. The sleep of patients with degenerative diseases was generally characterized by delayed sleep onset, prolonged REMS latency, increased %SW, and decreased %SREM. The main characteristics of sleep in each group of degenerative diseases are the following: Alzheimer's disease: Compared with control group, TST was longer and awakenings were fewer, while %S3"4 and %SREM markedly decreased. Creutz.feldt-Jakob disease: All of the patients showed the high degree of alteration of total sleep. The conventional stage scoring of Rechtschaffen and Kales was impossible due to predominant periodic synchronous discharges. Huntington's chorea: Sleep onset markedly delayed, %SW increased and %S3"4 and % S R E M decreased. Sleep onset was generally indistinct because the waking EEG showed low voltage pattern with some slow activities. However, spindles frequently appeared and even prolongation of spindles were observed in some cases. High voltage delta waves were rare. Parkinsonism: %S3"4 was low. The remaining of alpha band activities and the run of high voltage theta waves were often found in drowsy state. Spindle like activities ("early spindles") occurred immediately after falling asleep. Spinocerebeltar degeneration: There were much differences between two types of this group. (1) Marie

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type: %SW and %S1 were much higher than those of the normal group. Spindles were short and ill-defined in most cases. (2) OPCA: %S3.4 was the highest among all groups. The occurrence rate of spindle was high and prolonged spindles were also found. The characteristics of polysomnograms in each group of degenerative diseases will be discussed in relation to the sleep mechanisms. Neurophysiological Assessment of the Developing Central Nervous System During Infancy and Childhood SATOSHI SANADA & SHUNSUKE OHTAHARA (Department of Developmental Neuroscience and Child Neurology, Okayama University Medical School, Japan)--Clarification of the developmental process of the growing CNS during infancy and childhood has both neurophysiological and clinical importance. In order to contribute to clarifying this process, five following investigations of developmental changes with age were carried out using the latest techniques: 1) interhemispheric EEG coherence (Coh), 2) P300 of ERP, 3) photo-evoked eyelid microvibration (MV), 4) electrically elicited blink reflex (BR), and 5) blood flow of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). Each of these investigations disclosed characteristic developmental patterns. Cob developed until 15-18 years of age. The latency of P300 with its generator supposedly in the thalamus or hippocampus was shortest between the ages of 13 and 15. MV and BR continued to develop later until subjects were between 4 and 6, comparing to the auditory braln-stem evoked response developing until 1 to 2 years. Blood flow of the MCA, which irrigates a wide cerebral area, exhibited peak velocity at 4 years of age. This result indicates that cerebral blood demand is highest at this age. Clinical application of these results will be also referred. Developmental Characteristics of Mentally Retarded Children's EEGs AKIYOSHI KATADA & TOSHIHIDE KOIKE (Tokyo Gakugei University, Japan)--Mentally retarded children exhibit retardation of behavioral development. Changes in brain activity, which occur throughout maturation and accompany behavioral development, may be observed, in part, using EEG techniques. This study is an investigation of EEG frequency component shifts that accompany normal and mentally retarded children's developmental characteristics. Subjects were mentally retarded children who had no evidence of exogenous neurological abnormality (Mean IQ = 61.3, CA = 7-18 years) and normal children (CA = 3-15 years). Monopolar EEG activity was measured from Fz, Cz, Pz, and Oz (10-20 system) and an auto power spectrum was obtained. Longitudinal and crosssectional studies indicate that increase in EEG frequency is stepwise rather than continuous. Namely, dominant low frequency components become subordinate and eventually disappear as development occurs. A previously subordinate or new higher frequency component then becomes dominant. The same sequence

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of changes was observed in normal and mentally retarded children. It is, consequently, proposed that the developmental changes in brain function experienced by mentally retarded children are similar to those of normal children, but with chronological delays. A Study on the Clinical Effects of Biofeedback Therapy TAKANOBU SASAKI (Department of Neuro-psychiatry, Hiroshima City Hospital, Japan)--Alpha wave biofeedback therapy was attempted for anxiety neurosis (8 cases), skin temperature feedback therapy for migraines (9 cases), and electromyogram feedback therapy for writer's cramp (20 cases) with effective rates of 50%, 77.8%, and 85%, respectively. During the course of the experiments, certain physiological characteristics common to the three types of feedback therapy were observed. First, the physiological indices of biofeedback appropriately reflected the pathological tension condition of the patients and showed a "margin for learning." Second, within one section of biofeedback therapy, the desired changes in physiological indices were observed. These two points appear to be conditions for effective biofeedback therapy in clinical situations. Behavioral Medicine and Motivation

Chair: William G. Reese Chronic Pain is a Polysystem Syndrome ORLANDO J. ANDY & MARIA L. ANDY (Department of Neurosurgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, USA)--Introduction: Patients with chronic pain are often misdiagnosed as psychiatric or psychologic problems because of unexplained additional complaints and/or unresolved litigation. The objective of this presentation is to demonstrate that chronic pain, irrespective of etiology, is a syndrome of multiple systems. Technique: Chronic pain of 6 mos. or longer duration and of differing etiologies were evaluated in 25 adult patients. Symptoms relative to various body systems in addition to pain were evaluated within and between patients. Physiologic and psychologic insults to the body were considered as factors which contributed to the syndrome. Factors were tabulated for each year of illness leading up to the year of thalamic electrode implants for therapeutic stimulation of the chronic pain. The pain had not been relieved by other forms of medical therapy. Therapeutic results were related to the stimulation sites and to EEG changes. Results: Etiologies of the chronic pain were head and body injuries, cranial and peripheral nerve rhizotomies, ecephalitis, ruptured aneurysm and mesodiencephalic seizures and infections. The symptomatic systems represented most often were; pain, sleep, visual, vestibular, motor, tactile, visceral (GI, pulomonary, cardiovascular), cognitive, autonomic, and emotional (anxiety, depression, anger, and suicide). Electrical stimulation of the mesodiencephalic reticular area relieved both

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pain and other symptoms to varying degrees and rapidity. Pain relief occurred more rapidly than relief from other symptoms of the syndrome. Pain relief was associated with attenuation of pre-existing mesodiencephalic discharges recorded at the stimulation sites. Sensation for acute pain remained intact. Conclusion: Chronic pain is accompanied by symptoms referable to other body systems. Electrical stimulation of the mesodiencephalic reticular brain area attenuates both chronic pain and accompanying symptoms. These findings suggest that chronic pain is a polysystem syndrome, and its substrate is the brainstem diencephalic reticular formation. Performance Enhancement in a Semi-autonomous Confined Microsociety J O S E P H V. BRADY (Professor of Behavioral Biology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, USA)--Research in a continuously programmed human experimental laboratory has been directed toward identifying, defining, and expanding generalizable knowledge about motivational factors within the structure of human behavioral repertoires that maintain and enhance performance. Participants (groups of 3) engage in a set of repetitive work activities (word sorting, rug-hooking, etc.) for extended periods each day while living continuously in a residential laboratory. Other parts of the day are spent either interacting socially with other participants or engaging in individual recreational activities. The percentage of time devoted to the various work tasks provided the basis for selecting one activity that occurred with high frequency and one with low frequency. Performance of the low frequency activity was then required to gain access to the high frequency activity. Under such contingency conditions, time devoted to the original low frequency activity increased greatly and the participants consistently did more than the required amount of the original low frequency work task than was necessary to restore access to the restricted work activity. The theoretical significance of this finding resides in the clear demonstration that a time-based model of value applies as well to the enhancement of work-like performances as it does to self selected or preferred recreational activities.

cortex) and the nearby premotor cortex. The primary findings of interest are: 1) the retrosplenial cortex, which is assumed to be involved in the memory system, incorporated large amounts of 2-DG, and 2) active sites in the cortices formed antero-posterior longitudinal bands about lmm in width. Oligopeptides in Central Mechanisms of Motivation K. V. SUDAKOV, A. V. KOTOV, & P. K. ANOKHIN (Institute of Normal Physiology, U S S R ) - - A t present it becomes more evident that further development of motivation depends on the study of neurochemical mechanisms involved in the formation of motivational excitations. The participation of endogenic oligopeptides in basic brain functions and the possibility of their synthesis open up new perspective in the study of their role in central mechanisms of motivation and goaldirected behavior. In the last ten years new data concerning the effect of some neuropeptides of different kind of motivation (hunger, fear, self-stimulation and alcohol motivation) were obtained at our Institute. It was shown that subcutaneous intraventricular and intrahypothalamic administration of some peptides (Blipotropin, oxytocin) causes the increase of classic feeding instrumental conditioning in rabbits. B-lipotropin was found to activate feeding instrumental behavior in satiated rabbits whereas in hungry animals it inhibits the same kind of behavior. Similarly data were obtained under the enkephaline administration. Angiotension II and bradykinin (intraventricularly) significantly inhibit lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation in rat, while bradykinin increases the avoidance behavior under electrical stimulation of ventro-medial hypothalamus. It was found that angiotensin II and bradykinin decrease alcohol motivation in rat up to 2-3 weeks after a single administration. Microionophoretic application of these drugs causes inhibition of single unit activity in artificial "centers" of alcohol motivation in hypothalamus. Thus, our data suggest the involvement of these neuropeptides in central mechanisms of motivation but their real physiological role is still to be investigated. Biofeedback

Radioactive 2-deoxyglucose Uptake into the Mesial Cortex of the Operantly Conditioned Monkey KEN'ICHI MATSUNAMI, T. KAWASHIMA, S. UEKI, & H. SATAKE (Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Equilibrium Research, Gifu University School of Medicine, Japan)--Radioactive 2-deoxy-dglucose (2-DG) was used to reveal active sites (via autoradiography) in operantly conditioned monkeys, t4C labeled radioactive 2-DG was administered to monkeys that had been pre-trained in a delayed response paradigm. The animals were then sacrificed and their brains were removed to make autoradiographs. Descriptions in this report focus on 2-DG uptake into the mesial cortex (retrosplenial, cingelate, supplementary motor

Chair: John J. Furedy (substituting for Neils Birbaumer) On the Need for a Specific-Effects-Oriented Evaluation of Performance Enhancement Treatments: The Case of Biofeedback JOHN J. FUREDY (University of Toronto, Canada)--In the ever-continuing search for methods to improve performance, it is necessary to be enthusiastic about innovations. However, for evaluating those innovations in terms of a science-based technology, the enthusiastic attitude that espouses evaluations based on placebo effects is not appropriate, no matter how popular it may be not only among practitioners but also among most

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basic researchers. Rather, a specific-effects-oriented evaluation needs to be adopted if our scientific understanding of the underlying phenomena is to increase, and if the corresponding associated technology is to be genuinely improved with each change. This argument is considered in terms of treatments that have biofeedback as the central component. An analysis is offered of a specific (Canadian) example: consideration of the possibility that biofeedback can improve bi-athalon performance through enhancing control of heart rate. Influence of Respiration of Heart Rate Variability YOSHIO INAMORI & ICHIRO MATSUNAGA (Department of Science of Behavior, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan)--Healthy subjects fit their breathing to various sine waves presented on a CRT display. The Legrange interpolation method (heart rate data sampled for 100 ms) was used in order to observe the real time relationships between regularly sampled respiration and irregularly sampled heart rate. Results indicate that heart rate variability was caused primarily by inspiration. Cardiac acceleration began simultaneously with or after the onset of inspiration, and its amplitude and duration were defined by the depth and rising speed of inspiration. Feedback Control of Abdominal-thoracic Respiratory Movement and Its Effect on Psychophysiological Responses AKIO U M E Z A W A (Fukui University, Japan)--Breathing patterns are considered to be closely related to relaxation state, consequently, learning to control abdominal respiratory movement could be a useful technique for enhancing relaxation. Unfortunately, very little biofeedback research has been conducted on breathing patterns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of audio-visual feedback to enhance control of abdominal respiratory movement and the consequent effect on tidal volume, cardiac response, skin potential, and psychological mood.

Historical Perspectives Chair: Kichiya lwama Pavlov's Japanese Pupils KICHIYA I W A M A (Pharmaceutical Faculty, Kinki University, Japan)--While I. P. Pavlov was active, there were three Japanese physiologists who went to his laboratory to study conditional reflexes. They were Hidetsurumaru Ishikawa (1878-1949), Yasutaro Satake (1884-1961), and Takashi Hayashi (1897-1969). After returning to Japan, they became professors of physiology in leading medical schools; Ishikawa in Kyoto University, Satake in Tohoku University in Sendal, and Hayashi in Keio University in Tokyo. They were all distinguished physiologists and exerted a substantial influence on the development of physiological science in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to describe their

legacies with a special reference to Hayashi's contribution of introducing Pavlov's theory to Japanese physiology. Gantt, Pavlov and Freud: A Comparative Note WILLIAM G. REESE (University of Arkansas, U S A ) Contrasts between classical psychoanalysis and classical conditioning, often taken for granted, have been repeatedly emphasized. In the U.S.S.R. Pavlov is extolled and Freud is generally ignored and derided. The last edition of a textbook in psychiatry which is widely used in the U.S. references neither Pavlov nor Gantt although providing detailed coverage of operant conditioning and extensive coverage of psychoanalysis. but there are significant similarities in the philosophies and concepts of Gantt, Pavlov and Freud. This presentation emphasizes the similarities.

Psychophysiology Chair: F.J. McGuigan Frequency Analysis of Electromyographically Measured Covert Speech Behavior A N D R E W B. DOLLINS (Hiroshima Shudo University, Japan)--Eleven subjects were asked to silently read the letters P and T, and to similarly view meaningless Control figures as they were presented visually. One-eighth second electromyographic (EMG) excerpts were sampled from the baseline and response periods. The data were then transformed into the frequency domain for inferential analyses. The mean power spectral frequencies for the response period were significantly lower than those for the baseline in the overall analysis. There were, however, no significant changes from baseline as a function of stimulus type (T, P, or C) or muscle activated (lips and tongue). It was concluded that there was a generalized responding, not unique to the processing of the specific stimuli studied. Frequency analysis of EMG measures of covert behavior holds some promise of yielding unique information not available through traditional amplitude (power) analysis, but specific response changes as a function of precise stimulus conditions and of speech muscle characteristics remain elusive. Event Related Brain Potentials During Memory Search KENZO KONISHI & TSUNETAKE OKITA (Department of Science of Behavior, Hyogo College of Medicine, Japan)--Event related potentials (ERPs) were studied in a memory search task. Alphabetic characters and digits were displayed on a TV monitor in Experiment 1. Subjects in the varied stimulus-response mapping condition were required to detect alphabetic targets among distractors from the same category. A systematic increase in negative ERP (onset around 250 ms) was observed as a function of display load. However, the display load effect almost disappeared when

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subjects were required to detect digits among alphabetic characters in the consistent mapping condition. These findings are consistent with a recent suggestion of negativity during controlled memory search operations. A second experiment was conducted to investigate the hemispheric specificity of the search related negativity. In this experiment the target was a letter superimposed on a drawing. No systematic increase in negativity was observed. Instead, a prolonged positive shift, which increased as memory load increased, was observed. These results are discussed in terms of stimulus characteristics, stimulus degradation, and subject's search strategy. A Neuromuscular Model for Generating Cognitive Processes F. J. MC GUIGAN (Institute of Stress Management, United States International University, USA)--Abundant data indicate that covert speech behavior, along with covert non-oral behavior, eye, brain and autonomic reactions occur during cognitive processing. The interpretation is that these covert processes selectively interact by means of complex neuromuscular circuits to generate cognitive phenomena. Furthermore, semantic processing occurs when the speech musculature generates phonetic coding that interacts through neuromuscular circuits with the linguistic regions of the brain. This interpretation is based on research in which it was determined that there is a discriminative relationship between patterns of coven speech behavior and the phonemic system when processing continuous linguistic material. Later research has been more analytic in that it pinpointed a neuromuscular covert speech pattern of these circuits when one processes specific instances of phonemes (allophones) that comprise a phonetic code. More particularly, the electromyographic recording indicates that the lips are especially active when visually processing the letter P (an instance of bilabial material), but not when processing the letter T or a control stimulus (C). Similarly, the tongue is especially active when processing T (an instance of lingual-alveolar material), but not when processing P or C. Thus, sampling of the phonemic system indicates that the speech musculature covertly responds in a systematic way as a function of class of phoneme that is externally presented and internally processed, leading to the psychophysiological linguistic processing model advanced by McGuigan (1978, 1984).

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metric patterns. Subjects were assigned two tasks. The verbal task was to associate letters and find words. The pattern task was to connect geometric patterns and identify patterns of larger size. EEG and EOG signals were recorded. EEGs, time locked to the offset of saccadic movement were averaged to obtain the lambda potentials associated with fixation pauses. L/(L+R) amplitude ratios oflambda potentials measured during the verbal task were higher than 0.5 while those measured during the pattern task were lower than 0.5. The difference between the ratios of the lambda potentials reflect hemispheric differences for verbal and spatial functions.

Special Symposium (Panel Discussion) Problems of Sports Medicine: the Need for Psychological Research Chair: Shoichi Hachiya Psychological Approach to Sports Medicine KATSUO YAMAZAKI (Department of Sports Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Japan)--Sports medicine research has focused primarily on physical system variation that occurs in response to a sports act. This focus has restricted investigative approach and methodology. A possible alternative approach is to examine, from a psychological viewpoint, the more clinical aspects of sports (i.e., improvement of physical fitness, competition, and health). Each of these areas presents a very interesting subject for scientific research. The author will Present a series of psychological concepts that could be employed in the daily work of sports medicine physicians, coaches, trainers, and physical educationalists. These include individual differences in psychological state and traits of athletes, psychological profile characteristics of high-level vs low-level athletic performers, the effect of varying anxiety and tension states on athletic performance, and the impact of social factors on sports performance. The author will also argue that the ultimate limit of athletic ability is set by psychological rather than physiological factors. Such psychological factors would include the effect of motivation and cortical arousal on the psychological concepts mentioned above. Exercise and Reproductive Function in Women

Hemispheric Differences in Lambda Potentials Associated With Saccada Pauses During Verbal and Spatial Tasks A K I H I R O YAGI (Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University, J a p a n ) - - I n earlier studies, we demonstrated that lambda potentials associated with saccadic pauses can be used as an index of visual information processing. The present study is an examination of the variations in lambda potentials caused by the verbal/spatial differences of the right and left hemispheres. Six subjects were presented with visual stimuli consisting of Japanese katakana letters and small geo-

KOUJI K U S U H A R A (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan)--In order to clarify the mechanisms of menstrual disorders in female athletes, 510 college students (294 non-athlete students (group A) and 216 athlete students (group B)) were interviewed to complete questionnaires and basal body temperature (BBT) charts. Forty-one women in group B (19 with ovulatory cycles, 15 with anovulatory cycles and 7 with amenorrhea) were examined on serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), prolactin (PRL) and testoste-

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Pay. J. Biol.Sci. April-June 1988

1987 PAVLOVIAN SOCIETY MINUTES rone (T). Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) tests were performed on the 7 amenorrheic athletes. The following results were obtained. (1) There was no significant difference between the average menarcheal age of groups A (11.9 + 1.I) and B (12.1 ± 1.2). Premenarcheal trained athletes in group B, however, had a later menarcheal age (12.6 ± 1.2) than group A (p < 0.01). (2) Athletes who exercised strenuously had an increased incidence (14.3%) of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea. (3) BBT charts revealed that almost 75% of the athletes had frequent anovulatory cycles compared with an occurrence of almost 30% in non-athlete women. (4) Athletes who were amenorrheic or who had anovulatory cycles had normal serum levels of LH and FSH, but decreased E2 serum levels. None of the athletes exhibited elevated levels of PRL or T. (5) Most athletes who underwent Gn-RH tests exhibited normal LH and FSH responses after Gn-RH administration. (6) Most of the athletes who had ovulatory menstrual cycles exhibited decreased P4 serum levels during the luteal phase. It is suggested that strenuous athletic training will disturb hypothalamic function and cause frequent menstrual disorders in females. Effects of Exercise on Hormone Levels in Female Athletes

NOBORU M E S A K I (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan)--Recently the number of women who participate in strenuous sports has been rapidly increasing. Evidence of a causal relationship between athletic activity and increased incidence of menstrual dysfunction has thus been of increasing interest. To clarify the mechanisms of menstrual dysfunction in female athletes, hormonal changes during incremental exercise were examined. Serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) decreased significantly during the follicular phase, but did not change during the luteal phase. Estradiol concentration increased significantly during the luteal phase but did not change during the follicular phase. Progesterone level did not change significantly with exercise. Although the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) did not change significantly, the prolactin level did increase significantly during both phases. Plasma concentrations of Beta-endorphin, VIP, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and methionine enkaphalin increased significantly with exercise. A corresponding decrease in plasma dopamine concentration was observed during the same period. These data suggest that strenuous daily training frequently leads to an increase of prolactin in athletic women, which may be one of the major factors contributing to menstrual dysfunction. Further, the mechanism of prolactin release during exercise may be regulated by an increased level of prolactin releasing factors (Beta-endorphin, VIP, ACTH and methionine enkaphalin), and by a decreased level of prolactin inhibiting factor (dopamine). Sport and Brain Functions KISOU KUBOTA (Kyoto University, Japan)--Although

any sport activity is based on a series of complex muscle actions induced by neuronal activity of the brain, no systematic studies of the relationship between sport and neuronal activity is available. This is primarily due to the fact that brain scientists have no interest in sport activity and that sport scientists have no interest in the fine details of brain activity. The present paper is a review of the fragmentary work available on sport and brain functions. (1) The cerebellum seems essential for motor learning. Lesion of the cerebellum abolishes learned performance. In addition, neuronal activity in the cerebellum changes in association with improved performance. (2) The premotor area seems important for sequential movements. Sequential movements are accompanied by related premotor area neuronal activity and an increase in local blood flow to the premotor area. (3) The prefrontal cortex seems necessary for learning associations between sensory cues and movement toward a goal. When learning a task, related neuronal activity emerges in the prefrontal cortex. In addition, lesion of the prefrontal cortex abolishes the ability to perform the task. (4) Repetition of a simple movement, s u c h as running, produced certain peptides in the brain and blood stream. This is due to activation of peptidergic neurons which have various effects within the brain. (.5) Finally, right hemisphere involvement in non-verbal activity, like sport, will be emphasized. Health and Competitive Aspects of Sports T S U Y O S H I K A W A M U R A (Hiroshima University, J a p a n ) - - R a p i d social and economic change has altered the concept of sports. In early history, sports were a challenge to athletes' physical and psychological limits. Today, the emphasis is on two distinct aspects of sports. One aspect is the challenge to win. Highly publicized competitive sports have become more than tests of athletic ability. The use of special technology (i.e., amphetamines, hormone injections, etc.) has become almost a necessity to meet the winning challenge. Some have even suggested modifying individuals at birth, through genetic engineering, to increase particular abilities. This dependence on technology is not part of real sports. Real sports involve the endurance of pain (physical and psychological), mud, sweat, individual motivation and challenge to the athlete's moral fiber. Science should not become the determining factor in winning. The human factor should continue to be of greatest importance. The second aspect of sports is that of a life activity. Strenuous recreational sports such as jogging are on the decline. Today the stress on hard training is being replaced by athletes' desire to know more about themselves. Athletes strive more for the intrinsic satisfaction of knowing their own physical and mental limits. Biofeedback and Relaxation H A Y A O IMASHIOYA, ISATO FURUM1TSU*, & S H O J I KAKIGI# (Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Japan *University of East Asia, Japan and #Hiroshima Shudo University)--In sports science, the

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physical system is usually considered to be the most important variable while psychological factors are frequently neglected. In sports, however, it is usually necessary for athletes to have good mental concentration and to be moderately relaxed. These requirements are the opposite of what is usually observed in individuals under emotional stress. Studies of concentration and relaxation fall more within the realm of psychology than physiology. We, consequently, propose that psychological techniques could be used to improve the training of athletic abilities.

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How then can psychological techniques help athletes to acquire these abilities? First, we will present evidence that alpha wave biofeedback training is a useful technique for learning relaxation. Next, we will present evidence that contingent negative variation (CNV) feedback is useful in learning to improve mental concentration. Direct application of these techniques to athletic training will be suggested. Finally, it will be suggested that biofeedback techniques can be useful, not only to mental training, but also to the acquisition of physical skills.

W. Horsley Gantt Memorial Volume A memorial volume, "Critical Issues in Psychology, Psychiatry and Physiology," has been published by W. Horsley Gantt's colleagues t h r o u g h o u t the world. To purchase the volume at a special reduced rate for readers of The Journal, write Dr. T h o m a s Ban, Professor of Psychiatry, 242 Medical Arts Building, 1211 21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37212.

Future Meetings of the Pavlovian Society The 1988 meetings are planned for Florid a. F o r information, contact the p r o g r a m chairman, Dr. Roger Ray, Rollins College, Winter Park, Florida 32783. The 1989 meetings are planned for August 17-19 in T o r o n t o , Canada, at New College, University of Toronto. Current price for a single room, including breakfast, is $30.00 Canadian. For further information, contact Dr. J o h n Furedy, D e p a r t m e n t of Psychology, University of Toronto, T o r o n t o , C a n a d a M55 1A1.