ABSTRACTS •
R.A. REINERS, Editor. Abstractors: N.E. Bednarcyk, J.E. Covey, J.C. Harris, S.F. Herb, F.A. Kummerow, Biserka Matijasevic, E.G. Perkins, and R.W. Walker
Fats and Oils
ON THE CRYSTALLIZATIONOF WATER IN MARGARINES. M. Naudet, E. Sambuc and G. Reymond (Lab. National Matieres Grasses, I T E R G , Univ. Provence, Marseille). Rev. ]Franc. Corps Grab 20, 323-8 (1973). W a t e r crystallization in m a r g a r i n e is evidenced by an increase of specific volume a f t e r prolonged storage below 0C. The crystallizable water at - 1 0 C may be measured f r o m the increase of the specific volume which occurs d u r i n g dilatometry at this temperature. I t is known to within --+0.5%. Sixteen samples of m a r g a r i n e of different quality, available on the market, were examined and the proportion of crystallizable water given. Some additives, especially salt and lactose, influence the p r o p o r t i o n of crystallizable water. CHANGES OF LIPIDS AND FATTY ACIDS IN SUNFLOWER SEEDS DURING THE SEASON OF ITS TREATI~IENT. A.M. Malysev et al. Pishchevaya Tehnol. 1973(1), 28-30. Bound lipids of sunflower seed are qualitatively different f r o m the free lipids. Bound lipids have a lower triglyceride content b u t more free f a t t y acids and phosphatides. The longer the seeds are stored, the more triglyeerides is bound. The content of oil, at the same time, is lower. I t is the same for ]inoleie acids in b o u n d lipids which proves the tendency of u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids to complex with proteins. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) OPTI~KAL CONDITIONS FOR DETERMINING THE DEGREE OF LIPID OXIDATION BY THIOBARBITURIC ACID ~ETHOD WITH ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS. T. Witas. t~ozni]:i Technol. Chem. Zywn. 22, 271-88 (1972). Optimum conditions for the thiobarbituric acid test ( T B A ) using alkaline hydrolysis have been established. This method is applied to determine the oxidative rancidity of f a t s in food products d u r i n g the storage and during thernml treatment. (Rev. Franc. Corps Gras) NATURAL TOCOPHEROL-LIKE ANTIOXIDANTS IN REFINED RAPESEED OIL. ]~. Pilat. Prace Inst. 22, 565-79 (1972). Influence of tocopherol content on the stability of refined rapeseed oll during the storage under different conditions has been studied. Tocophero]s have good antioxidant properties in concentrations between 10 and 35 mg per 100 g. Both phosphoric acid and citric acid are good synergists for tocopherols. These results were obtained on oils stored at a t e m p e r a t u r e lower than 15C and away f r o m direct light. (Rev. FraDc. Corps GraB) METHODS FOR METAL TRACES DETERMINATION IN EDIBLE FATS. Z. l~udzlca. Tluszcze jad. 17, 39-49 (1973). The Codex Committee of Food Additives of OMS gives the quantity of some metals in m g / k g in oils and m a r g a r i n e which is: Fe max. 1.5, Cu max. 0.1, Pb max. 0.1 and As 0.1. The quantity of nickel is not given in this list. R e g a r d i n g the Polish standards, m a r g a r i n e may contain m a x i m u m Ni 0.2 m g / k g , As 1.0 m g . / k g and Pb 2.0 m g / k g . These metals have been determined in margarine and oils and the results are discussed. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) QUALITY OF SUNFLOWERSEED OIL AND THE WAY FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT. A.P. R a b o t a et al. Maslozir. Prom. 1973(2), 8-11. I n Ukrailm, the following varieties of sunflowerseed are cultivated: Armavirskij 3497, V N I I M K 6540, Peredovik, Zelenka 368, Majak and V N I I M K 1646. The seed and oil quality are not very different as can be seen f r o m the values for quality given. F o r example, 1000 seeds have a weight of 50-70g, a volume mass of 400 440 g/1 and a specific nmss of 0.70-0.75 g/1. The hull content of the seeds varies f r o m 20% to 22%, the oil content is about 50%, the crude protein content is 15-18%, total p h o s p h o r u s amounts to 1.0 1.5% and the total ash content is about 2.5%. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) CHANGES IN THE CONTENT OF SULFUR AND PHOSPHORUS COl,POUNDS
DURING
INDUSTRIAL
TREATMENT
OF
WINTER
I%APESEED.
X. ]~abuchowski et al. Tluszcze. jad. 16, 298-305 (1973). D u r i n g the refining process s u l f u r and p h o s p h o r u s compounds are not completely eliminated and reduce the rate of oil hydrogenation. The method used today for selective hydrogenation in which fresh and used catalyst are mixed may not be the best one. I t should be helpful to determine the sulfur and phosphorus content of the oil and take these data into consideration in evaluating catalyst performance. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
DECOMPOSITION OF PIGMENTS OF THE CHLOROPtIYLL GROUP DURING THE DEACIDIFICATIONOF F~APESEED OIL. I. Bratkowska et al. Roezniki Technol. Chem. Zywn. 22, 315-26 (1972). The fate of chlorophyll A and B and of pheophytine A and B during deaeidification of rapeseed oil has been studied in oils of different free f a t t y acids contents (low, medium, and h i g h ) . These p i g m e n t s are partially decomposed during deaeidification; the lower the alkali concentration, the less the p i g m e n t s arc changed. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) STUDY OF IRON AND COPPER CONTENT IN RAPESEED OIL DURING THE INDUSTRIAL REFINING PROCESS AND INFLUENCE OF THESE METALS ON THE STABILITY OF EDIBLE RAPESEED OIL. Z. Rudzka. Prace Inst. 22, 581-96 (1972). Refined rapeseed oil with the iron content till 0.5 m g / k g , deodorized with the addition of 0.01% of citric acid has a good stability. I f the crude oil with iron content over 5 m g / k g goes directly to neutralization, it is not possible to obtain refined oil with the iron content lower t h a n 0.5 m g / k g . I f the oil is degummed before neutralization, it is possib]e to obtain an iron content of 0.5 m g / k g in the refined oil even if the iron content in crude oil is as high as 20 m g / k g . (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) CALORIMETRIC ST'UDY OF A MIXTURE OF COCOA BUTTER AND SOLID FAT IN PASTRY PRODUCTS. I.V. Nikonov. Pishchevaya Tehnol. 1972(6), 125 9. Mixtures of the triglycerides of cocoa b u t t e r and a solid f a t based on p a h n kernel oil did not give a solid solution but solidified and melted separately. Euteetic mixtures formed have a relatively low melting point. A t the same temperature, the content of solid !Chase of the mixture is lower than t h a t of the pure cocoa butter. The heat for melting of this mixture corresponds to the content of 20% of solid fat. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) STUDY OF THE HYDROGENATION PROCESS OF RAPESEED OIL WITIt A FIXED CATALYST. F.M. K a n e e p o f s k a j a et al. Maslozir. Prom. 1973(2), 22 4. The addition of 2% of chrominm to a nickelaluminum-copper catalyst increases the catalyst activity and it is possible, in this case, to lower the hydrogenation temperature. The degree of isomerism increases with the raising of temperature during the process. (Rev. Franc. Corps GraB) PRODUCTION OF HAZELNUT OIL. T.D. K o s t y r k i n a et al. Ma~.lozir. Prom. 1973(2), 17 19. There are two methods for shell separation: wet m~d dry. The dry method is considered better. The optima] t e m p e r a t u r e to obtain oil of high quality by pressing is 50-60C. The oil content in the cake is 9.8% (calculated on dry m a t t e r ) and these cakes can be used in p a s t r y products. Oil had light yellow color, density at 20C, 0.912, refractive index at 20C 1.471, saponification value 190.3 and iodine value ( H a n u s method) 87. (Rev. F r a n c . Corps GraB) INFLUENCE AGE OF
OF
THE
TEMPERATURE
ON
TIIE
MATURING
AND
STOR-
SOYBEAN. ~.V. X l j u e k i n et al. Pishchevaya Tehnol. 1973(2), 14-17. D u r i n g m a t u r i n g of soybeans and during storage, changes of some chemical p a r a m e t e r s can be seen. Of these changes, the most sensitive and the most i m p o r t a n t is the change in the acidity of lipids. F o r the n m t u r i n g of soybean, the low positive t e m p e r a t u r e is necessary, but for storage, negative t e m p e r a t u r e is needed. The lowest acidity value is obtained at 3.35C with the m a t u r i n g time of 150 days. (Rev. F r a n c . Corps GraB) DETERMINATION OF NEW CHEMICAL SPECIES FORMED DURING OIL HEATING. R. Guillauinin ( I n s t . des Corps GraB, I T E R G , P a r i s ) . Rev. Franc. Corps Grab 20, 285 9 (1973). The new chromatographic method is described f o r determination of new chemical species ( N C S ) f o r m e d during deep f a t frying. F a t t y acids f r o m examined f a t s or oils are t r a n s f o r m e d to methyl esters and then examined by colunm c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . The solvents used for eluation were n-hexane, n-hexane/ethyl ether (98--2), n - h e x a n e / e t h y l ether ( 5 0 / 5 0 ) , ethyl ether and m e t h a n o l / c h l o r o f o r m ( 5 0 / 5 0 ) . F a t t y acids not changed by thermal oxidation were eluated by hexane. NCS formed during heating were in polar fractions and their q u a n t i t y was determined by weighing a f t e r the solvents were evaporated. The reproducibility of the determination is better than --+5%. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DEEP FAT FRYING CONDITIONS ON THE PERCENT OF NEW CHEMICAL SPECIES ( N C S ) FORMED: INVESTIGATION ON DIFFERENT OILS. R. Guillamnin, M. Gente a~d M.
253A
ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS Desrieux (Inst. des Corps Gras, ITERG, Paris). Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 413-9 (1973). Different pure oils (sunflower, rapeseed, peanut, Canbra, soybean and hydrogenated soybean) and blends of peanut + sunflower and of peanut + sunflower + rapeseed have been employed for deep fat frying of potatoes. Frying conditions were well defined; the temperature was 220C, up to 20 fryings, one each day, were done. Oil change was followed by the percentage of NCS formed. The quantity of NCS seems related to the unsaturated (polyunsaturated content) and to the conditions of frying. I{ESEARCIt ON T H E A N A L Y S I S OF POSITIONAL ISOMERS OF OLEIC ACID, I . R E V I E W AND P R E L I M I N A R Y T E S T S . E . U c c i a n i a n d A.
Pelloquin (Lab. National des Matieres Grasses ( I T E R G ) , Univ. de Provence, Marseille). Bey. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 397-404 (1973). The main qualities of different methods for analysis of oleic acid isomers are compared. I t appears that with modern physical methods the analysis of the 16 octadecenoic isomers in a mixture is not possible. Methods involving a chemical degradation followed by an identification and a determination of fragments are better. Among the latter, reduetive ozonolysis holds great promise. Two ways to simplify the operations are described. The principle consists in separating monofunctional from bifunetionaI fragments after reduction of the ozonides. L I P I D AUTOXIDATION. II. S T U D Y OF SOME PARAMETERS AFFECTING LIPID OXIDATION. R. Marcuse (Swedish Inst. for Food Preservation Res. SIK, Goteborg, Sweden). l?ev. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 391-6 (1973). The effect of amino acids (alone o r in presence of metals) is elaborated and the effects of metals and metal-containing enzymes are discussed. The influence of the oxygen pressure on lipids oxidation and the work the author has done in this field are also given. S T U D Y OF T I l E BLEACHING PROCESS
ON A SAMPLE
OF L I N SE E D
OIL. B.Ja. Stcrlin et al. ( V N I I Z ) . Maslozir. From. 1973(4), 15-17. Crude linseed oil sometinles has a color of 100 mg of iodine; the color of refined oil must be 5-20 mg of iodine. The color of the oil is due to the presence of chlorophyll
and carotenoids and these pigments must be eliminated during the bleaching process. The authors examined five different samples of bleaching earths and compared the quality of these earths with the Czech bleaching earth. The physicochemical properties of these bleaching earths are given. To obtain the oil with the color of 5-10 mg of iodine, 3-4% bleaching earth is necessary. (Rev. Franc. Corps Gras) CONDITIONAL LINEARIZATION APPLIED TO FAT PRODUCTS BLENDING. M.B. Rajeb, H. Hinnckens and M. Loncin. Rev. Franc.
Corps Gras 20, 343-50 (1973). The authors show, how, from the solid fat content determined at different temperatures by NMR, it is possible to linearizc with a good approximation the chosen constraints. This linearization allows, in such cases, prediction of the nature and the characteristics of a f a t product from analyses which are done on the oils before blending. This kind of a study opens new ways far the utilization of linear programming. INTRODUCTION AND ACCLIMATIZATION IN TRANCE OF SOYBEAN BY LEON ROUEST AND CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ITS CULTIVATION IN FRANCE. M.Th. Francois (Faeulte
de Pharmaeie, Univ. de Nancy, F r a n c s ) . Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 335-41 (1973). Some decades ago a French agronomist, Leon Rouest, tried with some success to introduce soybean cultivation in European countries. This period of time is recalled and the main observations of this forerunner in cultivation and agricultural techniques are pointed out. The main uses of soybean and its products (oil, meal, milk, etc.) are described. The quantity of soybeans processed in France is 482,000 tons; at the same time, 930,000 tons of soybean meal are imported. S T U D Y 0E U N S A P O N I F I A B L E MATTER OF OLIVE OIL AND EVIDENC]g
OF NEW COMPONENTS. H. Kallel and C. Paquct (CNRS, 2 Rue ttenry-Dunant, 94320 Thiais). Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 329-33 (1973). By llquid-liquid extraction with the niixture methanol-benzene the authors obtained an extract from olive (Continued on page 25SA)
Rules
(nil for nominutions ilwurd in Lipid (hemistrv Sponsored by Applied Science Laboratories In April 1964 the G o v e r n i n g Board of the A m e r i c a n Oil C h e m i s t s ' Society e s t a b l i s h e d an A w a r d in Lipid C h e m i s t r y u n d e r the s p o n s o r s h i p of the A p p l i e d Science L a b o r a t o r i e s Inc., State College, Pa. Previous awards were p r e s e n t e d as follows: E r i c h Baer, A u g u s t 1964; E r n e s t Klenk, O c t o b e r 1965; H.E. Carter, O c t o b e r 1966; Sune Bergstrom, O c t o b e r 1967; Daniel S T e r n , O c t o b e r 1968; H.J. D u t t o n , O c t o b e r 1969; E.P. K e n n e d y , Sept e m b e r 1970; E.S. L u t t o n , O c t o b e r 1971; A.T. James, S e p t e m b e r 1972; a n d F.D. G u n s t o n e , S e p t e m b e r 1973. T h e a w a r d consists of $ 2 5 0 0 a c c o m p a n i e d by an a p p r o p r i a t e certificate. It is n o w p l a n n e d t h a t t h e 1 l t h award will be p r e s e n t e d at t h e AOCS Fall M e e t i n g in Philadelphia, S e p t e m b e r 2 9 - O c t o b e r 3, 1974.
Canvassing Committee Appointees Policies a n d p r o c e d u r e s g o v e r n i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n of a w a r d w i n n e r s have b e e n set by t h e AOCS G o v e r n i n g Board. A n A w a r d N o m i n a t i o n Canvassing C o m m i t t e e has b e e n a p p o i n t e d . M e m b e r s are: C.D. Evans, C h a i r m a n ; C.W. Williams; D.L. Berner; G. Fulier; a n d R.J. Buswell. T h e f u n c t i o n of this c o m m i t t e e is to solicit n o m i n a t i o n s for t h e 1 l t h award. S e l e c t i o n o f t h e award w i n n e r will be m a d e b y the A w a r d C o m m i t t e e w h o s e m e m b e r s h i p will r e m a i n a n o n y m o u s .
254A
T h e rules prescribe t h a t n o m i n e e s shall have b e e n r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e a c c o m p l i s h m e n t of original research in lipid c h e m i s t r y a n d m u s t have p r e s e n t e d the results t h e r e o f t h r o u g h p u b l i c a t i o n of t e c h n i c a l papers of high quality. Preference will be given to individuals w h o are actively associated w i t h r e s e a r c h in lipid c h e m i s t r y a n d w h o have m a d e f u n d a m e n t a l discoveries t h a t affect a large s e g m e n t of the lipid field. F o r award purposes, t h e t e r m "lipid c h e m i s t r y " is c o n s i d e r e d to e m b r a c e all aspects of the c h e m i s t r y a n d b i o c h e m i s t r y of f a t t y acids, of naturally occurring and synthetic compounds and derivatives of f a t t y acids, a n d of c o m p o u n d s t h a t are r e l a t e d to f a t t y acids m e t a b o l i c a l l y , or o c c u r n a t u r a l l y in close association w i t h f a t t y acids or derivatives t h e r e o f . T h e award will be m a d e w i t h o u t regard for n a t i o n a l origin, race, color, c r e e d or sex. L e t t e r s of n o m i n a t i o n t o g e t h e r w i t h s u p p o r t i n g docum e n t s m u s t be s u b m i t t e d in o c t u p l i c a t e to C.D. Evans, N o r t h e r n Regional R e s e a r c h Center, 1815 N. University, Peoria, Ill. 6 1 6 0 4 b e f o r e the d e a d l i n e of April 1, 1974. T h e s u p p o r t i n g d o c u m e n t s shall consist of professional biographical data, i n c l u d i n g a s u m m a r y of the n o m i n e e ' s r e s e a r c h a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s , a list of his p u b l i c a t i o n s , t h e degrees he holds, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n a m e s of t h e g r a n t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , a n d t h e p o s i t i o n s held d u r i n g his professional career. T h e r e is n o r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t e i t h e r t h e n o m i n a t o r o r t h e n o m i n e e b e a m e m b e r of t h e A m e r i c a n Oil C h e m i s t s ' Society. In a d d i t i o n , i e t t e r s f r o m at least t h r e e o t h e r scientists s u p p o r t i n g t h e n o m i n a t i o n m u s t be s u b m i t t e d in o c t u p l i c a t e .
Remember the DEADLINE, April 1, 1974
J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
•
Abstracts...
(Continued from page 254A) oil which was nine times enriched with unsaponifiable matter. This extract was analyzed and in addition to the normM components (fl-sitosterol, eampesterol, fl-amaryne, butyrespertool, cyeloartenol, 24-methyleneeycloartanol, squalene, and atoeopherol) two aliphatie alcohols, C~,Hs,,O, were found having the hydrocarbon sequence of squalene. VARIATION OF TOTAL AND RESIDUAL OIL CONTENT IN SUNELOVCERSEEDS AND I~IEALS DURING TttE TREATMENT IN ONE SEASON. V.G. Seerbakov et a]. (Polytechnical Inst. of Krasnodar, USSR). Maslozir. Prom. 1973(3), 11-12. During storage physicochenfical variations occur in oilseeds. This influeuces the quality and quantity of lipoproteins, which affects the yield of oil. These experiments have been done in the oil factory in Rostov from September to June. The seeds were dried at 45-60C to 6-7% moisture. The results show that the oil content in the seeds didn't change until May-June. The highest oil yield was obtained in January February. (Rev. Franc. Corps Gras) THERMOPHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
VEGETABLE
OILS
AND
FATS.
M.A. Grmnov (Inst. G. V. Plehanov of National Economy, Moscow). Maslozir. Prom. 1973(3), 15 17. For calculating the thermal conductivity of a normal liquid, Predvoditelev gives theoretically this equation: X = B 5'4/~, where X is thermal conductivity, B is constant for a given liquid and 3' is density of a liquid. Constant B can be determined through the equation: B = ACM ~/3, where A is invariant determined only by the temperature. After the data of Predvoditelev, the invariant is 5395 at 30C, C is heat of mass and M molecular mass. With these equations and other data, the thermophysical characteristics of vegetable oils and fats may be calculated. (Rev. Franc. Corps Gras) LIPID
AUTOXIDATION.
STUDY
OP
METHODS
OF
ANALYSIS
AND
OF PARAMETERS. I. :R. Marcuse (Swedish Inst. for Food Preservation Res., SIN, Goteborg, Sweden). Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 277-83 (1973). After discussing the problems of oxidation products determination, two methods are described at length: the first is the anisidine or benzidinc test and the second, the TBA test. For this latter the chemistry of the formation of the red pigment is described and the TBAreactive compounds in oxidized fats identified. Other methods of analysis, such as gas-liquid chromatography and measuring the amount of absorbed oxygen (modified Warburg apparatus) are also surveyed. Cornon (Ecole Sup. d'Applieation des Corps Gras (~ l'Institut Sup. International du Parfum, Paris). Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 20, 271-6 (1973). For centuries some vegetable oils have been used in cosmetics. Oils used today may be divided into three categories: oils without specific action, always good for skin softening (pure sweet ahnond oil); oils having special properties like castor oil used in lSpsticks for its solvent power; and oils having a special action due to some of their components (avocado oil and wheat germ oil). In modern cosmetology other oils are also used (pistache oil, oil of vison, etc.). Recently, some components of the unsaponifiable matter of vegetable oil have been used such as phytosterols whose action on the skin is particularly good. F A T S I N COSMETOLOGY. M.]:~.
O~' IgAPE OII~ PATTY ACIDS A N D U S B OF TI~E PRODUCT. A. Rutkowski (Inst. Foodstuffs and Nutr., and M. Bedowiez, Inst. of General Chem., Warsaw, Poland). SeifeniJle-Fette-Waehse 99(21), 591-5 (1973). The industrial uses of rapeseed oil, obtained abundantly world wide, are described. The preparation of oleie acid and erucic acid fraction is illustrated in detail.
PREPARATION
P R E C A U T I O N A R Y :~EASURES TO BE T A K E N W H E N TREATING SEEDS SO AS TO PREVENT DETERIORATION OF T H E QUALITY W H E N PRODUCING EDIBLE OILS AND GRITS. G. Loew. Seifen-61e-Fette-
Waehse 99(21), 595-601 (1973). The quality of a vegetable oil is influenced by the storage of the seed, the preliminary treatment and pressing or extraction by the refineries. The type of plant and the cultivation are also of significance. The precautionary measures to be taken at all stages of the harvesting and processing of soya and peanut seeds are described. E S T E R I F I C A T ] O N OP P A T T Y ACIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE BY CHLOROFORM- METHANOLIC HCL-CUPRIC ACETATE. Motonori
ttoshi, M. Williams and Y. Kishimoto (E.K. Shriver Center J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' ~d:)C., February 1974 (VOL. Sl)
for Mental Retardation, Waltham, Mass. 02154, and Dept. of Neurology, Mass. General Hosp., Boston, Mass. 02114). J. Lipid Rcs. 14, 599-601 (1973). A new procedure for the preparation of methyl esters from free f a t t y acids under mild conditions ~'as investigated. Free fatty acids are dissolved in a mixture of chloroform-methanolie HCl-cupric acetate and kept at room temperature for 30 nfin for complete esterification. The method is suitable for esterification of long-chain acids, such as 18:0, and for very long chain acids, such as 24:0. F a t t y acids from brain glycerophosphatides, which included a high concentration of polyenes such as 20:4(n -- 6), 22:4(n -- 6), and 22:6(n -- 3), were also esterified by the same procedure, and neither artifact formation nor loss of unsaturated acids was observed. ~IYoCHOLIC ACID AS INTERNAL STANDARD FOR QUANTITATION OF HUhlAN FECAL BILE ACIDS. M.T. I~avi Subbiah (Mayo Clinic and Mayo Found., Rochester, Minn. 55901). J. Lipid Res. 14, 692 4 (1973). After hyocholate is added to a fecal homogenate, the bile acids are extracted, purified by thin-layer chromatography and quantitatcd by gas-liquid ehronmtography as methyl ester trifiuoroacetates on QF-1 columns. NEW COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF PHOSPHOLIHDS WITtIOUT ACID DIGESTION. R.K. Raheja, C. Kaur, A. Singh and I.S. Bhatia (Dept. of Cl_em. and Biochem., Punjab Agr. Univ., Ludhiana 141004, India). J. Lipid Res. 14, 695-7 (1973). A unique eolorimetrie method for the quantitative determination of phospholipids that does not involve the acid digestion of the lipid is described. The phospholipids, after separation by thin-layer chromatography and elation frmn the silica gel, are heated with a ehromogenic solution that is a modification of a spray reagent formulated by Vaskovsky and Kostetsky (J. Lipid t~es. 9, 396). The absorbanee of the colored complex was read at 710 ran, and it followed Beer's law in the range of 1-10 ~g of phospholipid phosphorus. RESEARCH CONCERNING SOY BEAN OIL ~IYDROGENATION. O. Popeseu, It. Antoni, A.M. Ille, C. Ille and B. Freier. Luerari de Cereetare 9, 25 43 (1972). A study on soy bean oil hydrogenation was performed with the aim of turning the oil to good account as a hydrogenated fat, having the pbyslochemical characteristics needed for shortening and margarine manufacture. Experiments were carried out in an industrial plant by forced recircu]ation hydrogenation of the reactant mix (oil, hydrogen, catalyst) at 180C and a pressure of 2 arm. using a catalyst containing 20% metallic nickel. The hydrogenation process was controlled by following the change in composition of fatty acids (trienes, dienes, monoenes, saturated f a t t y acids), of the trans-isomers and of the
Northeast Section members tour U S D A center M e m b e r s o f the N o r t h e a s t Section o f AOCS t o u r e d the E a s t e r n Regional R e s e a r c h Center, U S D A , in s u b u r b a n Philadelphia r e c e n t l y . The t o u r was arranged by Francis E. L u d d y , m e e t i n g c h a i r m a n a n d a r e s e a r c h e r at t h e Center. Talks a n d d e m o n s t r a t i o n s were h e l d at the edible tallow r e s e a r c h lab, t h e f o o d pilot plant, t h e f o o d appraisal l a b o r a t o r y , a n d t h e d e t e r g e n t s , n i t r o s a m i n e s in m e a t and e x p l o r a t o r y organic r e a c t i o n s stations. A f t e r w a r d s t h e oil c h e m i s t s a n d t h e i r guests m e t for a d i n n e r m e e t i n g at t h e T r e a d w a y Inn, Willow Grove, Pa., w h e r e Alfred Henick p r e s e n t e d a talk o n " A n t i o x i d a n t s C u r r e n t T e c h n o l o g y a n d N e w T r e n d s . " Henick, a research leader f r o m the U.S. A r m y F o o d L a b o r a t o r i e s at Natick, Mass., a n d a n a t i o n a l l y k n o w n e x p e r t in f o o d p r e s e r v a t i o n and o x i d a t i o n studies, gave a brief o u t l i n e o f o x i d a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s , t y p e s o f a n t i o x i d a n t s , t h e o r e t i c a l and practical a s p e c t s in selecting a n t i o x i d a n t s , a n d a s u m m a r y o f r e c e n t studies involving w a t e r and f a t - p r o t e i n s y s t e m s . Vig Babayan, vice p r e s i d e n t o f research, S t o k e l y - V a n Camp Inc. a n d a m e m b e r o f t h e f a c u l t y o f Indiana University School o f Medicine, was t h e f e a t u r e d speaker at t h e ladies' night m e e t i n g . The D e c e m b e r m e e t i n g was chaired by H.P. (Bud) G o r m i e y . B a b a y a n ' s t o p i c was " N u t r i t i o n a l A s p e c t s o f S a t u r a t e d P o l y u n s a t u r a t e d F a t s and Oils." B a b a y a n r e c e n t l y chaired the Balanced N u t r i t i o n a l T h e r a p y S y m p o s i u m in G e r m a n y in association w i t h a n o t h e r N o r t h e a s t S e c t i o n m e m b e r Hans Kaunitz. •
255A
ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS positional isomers from the reaction mixture. On the basis of Albright charts, it was established t h a t the selectivity values were in the range 20-35. The existing relation between the change during hydrogenation of the iodine number and of the refractive and melting index was also studied. I t was established that for constant hydrogenation conditions a linear proportionality exists between the refractive index values and the melting points. The soybean bean oil, hydrogenated in a batch installation was used with good results in margarine m a n u f a c t u r e at 25, 50 and 75% of the f a t t y phase, thus broadening the range of raw materials t h a t may be used for indigenous margarine production. I~ENINING OF FISH OILS FOR USE IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY AND IN THE LACQUER AND PAINT INDUSTRY. A.M. Ille and A. Poboran. Lucrari de Ccrcetare 10, 71-80 (1972). A flow sheet is given for refining raw fish oils, produced on oceanic fishing vessels, to oils to be used in the leather industry and in the paint industry. The influence of technological parameters on the main stages of refining was established, t h a t is of clarification f r o m mucilaginous m a t t e r (the kind and quantity of this clarification agent, the working t e m p e r a t u r e ) , of neutralization (the concentration and the excess of N a O H as a function of the previous clarification) and of decolorization (the nature and the amount of the decolorizing a g e n t ) . SO~E RESULTS C O N C E R N I N G THE INDUSTRIAL TESTING 0F C O N " TINUOUS NEUTRALIZING IN ALKALINE MEDIUM OF VEGETABLE OILS. B. Freier, M. Cotutiu, Gh. Illiescu, A.M. Ille, H. Antoni, A. Poboran and C. Nitu. Lucrari de Cercetare 10, 81-94 (1972). A new neutralizing process worked out by our Institute, was applied to the refining of soybean and sunflower oil, good results being obtained. After neutralization, the oil showed a residual acidity of 0.03-0.14% and a soap content, expressed as oleate, of 0.01-0.03%. The soapstoek contained 8 11% total f a t of which 6-11% was neutral oil. Compared to the refining by batch neutralization, greater yields of refined oil were obtained, 1.3% for soy bean oil and 2.3-2.7% for sunflower oil. The introduction of the continuous neutralization to other oil plants is being considered. Characteristics of the neutralizing equipment are prescnted as well as flow sheet of the installation. DEGRADATION OF LINOLEIC ACID IN DEED-FRIED POTATOES. L. Kilgore and F. W i n d h a m (Home Economics Dept., Mississippi State Univ., State College, Miss.). J. A m . Dietetic Assoc. 53, 525-7 (1973). The changes in the llnoleie acid content of frozen, deep-fried potatoes were studied by f r y i n g potatoes in a repeatedly used retail blend of cottonseed and soybean oils; then freezing. A f t e r 6 months' frozen storage, the potatoes were reheated by one of thrce methods: in fresh oil at 205C for 1 rain.; in a conventional oven (400F for 10 rain.) ; or in a microwave oven (3 nfin.). The mean percentage of ]inoleic acid (expressed as percentage of total f a t t y acids) changed from 51.8% to 45.9% from the first batch of potatoes
AOCS member completes voluntary overseas assignment in Turkey A O C S m e m b e r J o h n M. B o d m a n , r e t i r e d e n g i n e e r i n g d e v e l o p m e n t m a n a g e r o f Lever B r o t h e r s Co., r e c e n t l y c o m p l e t e d a n o v e r s e a s a s s i g n m e n t in T u r k e y f o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e Service Corps. His a s s i g n m e n t was t o advise a f o o d oil m a n u f a c t u r e r in A d a n a , T u r k e y , o n m a r g a r i n e a n d s h o r t e n i n g p r o c e s s i n g . IESC, a n o n p r o f i t corporation, arranged for retired (and occasionally midcareer) e x e c u t i v e s t o s h a r e t h e i r m a n a g e r i a l k n o w - h o w w i t h e n t e r p r i s e s in t h e d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s . While travel a n d living e x p e n s e s are p a i d f o r t h e e x e c u t i v e , a n d for his wife if s h e a c c o m p a n i e s h i m , he serves w i t h o u t o t h e r c o m p e n s a t i o n . The foreign firm m a k e s a substantial c o n t r i b u t i o n toward t h e c o s t s o f its p r o j e c t . In o p e r a t i o n since J a n u a r y , 1 9 6 5 , IESC h a s a p p r o v e d r e q u e s t s f o r a s s i s t a n c e f r o m a b o u t 4 0 0 0 e n t e r p r i s e s in 54 c o u n t r i e s o f L a t i n A m e r i c a , t h e Middle East, S o u t h e a s t e r n E u r o p e , Africa, S o u t h a n d East Asia. I n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t c u r r e n t r e c r u i t i n g n e e d s c a n be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e Vice P r e s i d e n t f o r E x e c u t i v e R e c r u i t m e n t , IESC, 545 M a d i s o n A v e n u e , N e w Y o r k , N.Y. 1 0 0 2 2 . •
256A
to the twelfth. The effect of method of reheating on ]inoleic acid content was not significant although there were some measurable differences in the cases of products fried in fresher oi1. The microwave oven t r e a t m e n t gave slightly lower values than the other two treatments, which were not different from each other. PROCESS FOR TREATING A POWDERED, FAT-CONTAINING :~IILK PRODUCT. J, Piseeky and V. W e s t e r g a a r d (Aktieselskabet Niro Atomizer). U.S. 3,773,519. The cold water reconstitution whole milk powder, are improved by applying a coating of properties of a powdered, fat-contalning milk product, especially lecithin, possibly dissolved in a fat. The quantities of lecithin and f a t as well as the melting characteristics of the f a t are critical to the process.
• Fatty Acid Derivatives MONOGLYCERIDE EMULSIFIERS AND DEFOAMING AGENTS ~OR THE FOOD INDUSTRY. A.M. Ille, A. Poboran and C. Ille. Lucrari de Cercetare 9, 45-56 (1972). P a r a m e t e r s have been established for the glycerolysis of f a t s t h a t yield emulsifiers having the maxinmm concentration of monoesters. These include the characteristics of the raw materials, temperature and tiule of reaction and kind and amount of catalyst. M a n u f a c t u r i n g processes, tested at the plant level, have been developed for a number of emulsifier types such as liquid emulsifiers, emulsifiers from sunflower oil or from soya with defoaming properties and of non-self emulsifiers and self emulsifiers (with 3% soap) from hydrogenated sun flower or soy bean oils or from hydrogenated lard. The efficiency of the obtained products was verified by experiments with various food products. PREPARATION OF AN AQUEOUS ALPHA-MONOGLYCERIDEOINTMENT BASE. K. Larsson. U.S. 3,77.~,446. An aqueous ointment base containing 50-90% water and hydrophilic crystals of an alpha-monoglyceride of a C~e-Cxs f a t t y acid may be prepared by keeping an aqueous dispersion of particles of the alphamonoglyceride above its transition temperature until the particles have absorbed water and been transformed into microscopic liquid crystalline particles and slowly cooling the dispersion under stirring to ambient temperature. SHORTENING SPARING PROCESS FOI~ WHEAT FLOUR BASED DOUGHS. C.C. Tsen and W.J. Hoover ( K a n s a s State Univ. Research Found.). U.S. 3,773,521. Shortening may be decreased or elbninated by incorporating in the dough 0.1-3% of an additive selected from the group consisting of sodium or calcium salts of acyl ]acrylates of C~4-C= f a t t y acids. The preferred additives are sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate or c:flcium stearoyl2-1actylate, each added at a concentration of 0.5%. The additive may be used in yeast or chemically leavened bread, baked or fried dough, or batter products. PROCESS FOR POLYMERIZ1NG UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND TI~EIR ESTERS. M. Morimoto, M. Saito. and A. Goukon (Kao Soap Co.). U.S. 3,773,806. Ary] sulfohalide is added to the reaction system as catalyst in order to increase the reaction rate and reduce the content of trimer and higher polymers in the product. The resulting po/ymerizate is composed mainly of dimer having cycIohexene structure. The s t a r t i n g material is conjugated unsaturated f a t t y acid or its ester. ~EL-I~ORMING MONOGLYCERIDES OF CYCLIC CARBOXYLIC ACIDS. G. Guhr, J.D. von Mikusch-Buchbcrg, W. Heinrich, A. Bandzauner and ¥ . T . d'Audiffret (Lever Bros.). U.S. 3,775,448. The monoglycerides, on addition to water, form clear stable gels which are suitable for incorporation into cosmetic and toilet preparations.
• Biochemistry
and N u t r i t i o n
~EGULATION OE DE NOV0 FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE NALKANE-UTILIZING YEAST, CANDIDA 102. C.O. Gill and C. Ratledge (Dept. Biochem., The Univ. of Hull, K i n g s t o n upon Hull, E n g l a n d ) . J. Gen. Microbiol. 78, 337-47 (1973). Growth of Candida 107 on n-alkancs (C~o, C~6 or a mixture) completely repressed formation of acetyl-CoA earboxylase and partially repressed the f a t t y acid synthetase complex. Since all f a t t y acids are derived from the substrate, the yeast is able to elongate even chain acids and modify odd chain acids to even chain acids. Short term regulation of f a t t y acid biosynthesis occurs by f a t t y acyl-CoA ester feed back inhibiting the activities of both acety]-CoA carboxylase and f a t t y acid synthetase. E x t r a c t s from n-alkane grown yeast inhibited the J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION carboxylase in e x t r a c t s of glucose-grown yeast, the p a t t e r n o f inhibition b e i n g similar to t h a t observed w i t h hexadecylCoA. TURNOYER OF PHOSPHATIDYL GLYCEROL IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. J.P.G. Ballesta, C.L. de Gareia a n d 3/[. Schaechter (Dept. Melee. Biol. a n d Microbiol., T u f t s Univ. Sch. Meal., Boston, Mass. 02111). J. Bacteriol. 116, 210-4 (1973). I n g r o w i n g cultures of E. call, the n o n a c y t a t e d glycerol of p b o s p h a t i d y l glycerol ( P G ) is labeled more r a p i d l y t h a n is the acylated glycerol. This is, in p a r t , due to a r a p i d e x c h a n g e reaction of the n o n a c y l a t e d glycerol. Only some of t h e P G molecules u n d e r g o this reaction, while others are stable. U s i n g a m u t a n t u n a b l e to m a k e g l y c e r o p h o s p h a t e , it was s h o w n t h a t the n o n a c y l a t e d glycerol of P G can e x c h a n g e with non-phosp h o r y l a t e d glycerol. REGULATION OF PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS IN ESCHERICtlIA COLI BY GUANOSINE TETRAPHOSPHATE. J . P . Merlie a n d L.I. P i z e r (Dept. Microbiol., Sch. Med., Univ. of Penn., Phil. Penn., 19174). J. Bacteriol. 116, 355-66 (1973). A strict correlation between g u a n o s i n e t e t r a p h o s p h a t e a c c u n m l a t i o n and inhibition of phospholipid s y n t h e s i s was f o u n d . E x p e r i m e n t s s u g g e s t t h a t r e g u l a t i o n occurs at t h e glycerol-3-phosphate acyIt r a n s f e r a s e step. W i t h a cell-free p r e p a r a t i o n , g u a n o s i n e t e t r a p h o s p h a t e was f o u n d to inhibit the glycerol-3-phosphate a c y l t r a n s f e r a s e as well as sn-glycerol-3-phosphate p h o s p h a t l d y l t r a n s f e r a s e . The findings provide a biochemical b a s i s for the s t r i n g e n t control of lipid s y n t h e s i s as well as r e g u l a t i o n of s t e a d y - s t a t e levels of phospholipid in g r o w i n g cells. METABOLISM OF CHOLESTERYL PALI~ITATE BY RAT BRAIN IN VITRO; FORMATION OF CHOLESTEROL RPOXIDES AND CHOLESTANE3fl, La,6fl-TRIOL. C.M. M a r t i n a n d H . J . Nicholas ( I n s t . of Medical Edue. a n d des. a n d Dept. of ]qiochem., St. L o u i s Univ. SeAl. of Medicine, St. Louis, Me. 63104). J. Lipid des. 14, 618 24 (1973). I n c u b a t i o n of [4-"4C]cholesteryl p a l m i t a t e with the 12,000 g s u p e r n a t a n t f r a c t i o n o f a d u l t r a t b r a i n fortified with an N A D P t t - g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m and ¢~-mercaptoethylauiine r e s u l t e d in f o r m a t i o n ( 2 - 5 % ) of nIore p o l a r metabolites c h a r a c t e r i z e d as a m i x t u r e of cholesterol-5,6epoxides. U n d e r e x t e n d e d i n c u b a t i o n conditions, cholestane3fl,La,6fl-triol was isolated as the m a j o r end p r o d u c t of the incubations. Fi'ee [4-~C]cholesterol i n c u b a t e d u n d e r s i m i l a r conditions was n o t oxidized, w h e r e a s oxidation of [4-~40] eholesteryl p a l m i t a t e a p p e a r e d to be d e p e n d e n t upon hydrolysis of the ester by the r a t b r a i n microsomal subeellular fraction. E l i m i n a t i o n of the N A D P H - g e n e r a t i n g s y s t e m or the addition of E D T A to t h e i n e u b a t i o n m i x t u r e i n h i b i t e d epoxide f o r m a tion, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e p r o d u c t s are derived f r m n an N A D P H d e p e n d e n t e n z y m a t i c ]ipoperoxidation m e c h a n i s m . The in vitro conversion of [4J'CJcholesterol-La,6c~-epoxide to cholestane3fl,La,6fl-triol was also d e m o n s t r a t e d in r a t b r a i n subcellular f r a c t i o n s in the absence of a d d e d cofactors. CELLULARITY O1a BOVINE ADIPOSE TISSUE. :I~,.L. Hood a n d C.E. Allen (Dept. of A n i m a l Sci., M e a t Sci. Lab., Univ. of Minn., St. P a u l , Minn. 55101). J. Lipid des. 14, 605-10 (1973). S u b c u t a n e o u s a n d p e r i r e n a l adipose tissue f r o m bovine a n i m a l s t h a t h a d different f a t deposition p a t t e r n s were c h a r a c t e r i z e d in t e r m s of the w e i g h t of the adipose tissue o r g a n a n d adipose cell n u m b e r a n d m e a n cell size as d e t e r m i n e d b y electronic c o u n t i n g of osmium-fixed adipose cells. Similar p a r a m e t e r s were also m e a s u r e d in the i n t e r f a s c i c u l a r adipose tissue dissected f r o m f o u r muscles. A d i p o s e tissue f r o m a n i m a l s of the leaner H o l s t e i n breed c o n t a i n e d s m a l l e r cells t h a n the respective tissues f r o m the f a t t e r H e r e f o r d .X A n g u s animals. T h e small s u b c u t a n e o u s deposit in the Holstein a n i m a l s was due to a small n u m b e r of adipose cells t h a t were small in size. D u r i n g g r o w t h of t h e bovine a n i m a l , a n increase in adipose tissue m a s s was acconlpanied by cellular h y p e r t r o p h y a n d h y p e r p l a s i a . However, by 14 m o n t h s of life h y p e r p l a s i a was complete in all b u t the i n t e r f a s c i c u l a r adipose tissue. I n t h e 14-month-old H e r e f o r d X A n g u s steers, i n t e r f a s c i c u l a r adipose tissue h a d a n appreciable n u m b e r of s m a l l cells a n d a b i m o d a l d i s t r i b u t i o n for cell diameter. The r e s u l t s of t h i s s t u d y s u g g e s t t h a t i n t e r f a s c i c u l a r adipose tissue is a late developing depot a n d t h a t h y p e r p l a s i a is still an active process in this depot at 14 m o n t h s of life, w h e r e a s h y p e r p l a s i a a p p e a r s to be n e a r l y complete in the s u b c u t a n e o u s a n d p e r i r e n a l depots o f bovine a n i m a l s b y a b o u t 8 m o n t h s of life or shortly thereafter. SI:MPLIFIED SPECTROFHOTOMETRIC ASSAY FOR 1ViICROSOIVIAL 3HYDROXY-3-METItYLGLUTARYL CoA REDUCTASE BY MEASUREIVIENT OF C0ENZYNE A. F . H . H u l c h e r a n d W . H . O]eson (Dept. of Biochem. a n d t h e Arteriosclerosis des. Center, E o w m a n G r a y J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
Schl. of Med., W i n s t o n - S a l e m , N.C. 27103). J. Lipid des. 14, 625-31 (1973). A n e w a s s a y for 3 - h y d r o x y - 3 - m e t h y l g l u t a r y l CoA r e d u c t a s e ( m e v a l o n a t e : N A D P oxidoreductase [ a c y l a t i n g C o A l , EC 1.1.1.34) is b a s e d upon the m e a s u r e m e n t of released coenzyine A ( S H ) d u r i n g the reduction of 3-hydroxy3 - m e t h y l g l u t a r y l CoA to mevalonate. Coenzyme A was meas u r e d in t h e presence of dithiothreitol, required for activity, by reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid). S o d i u m a r s e n i t e f o r m s a complex with the dithiol, b u t n o t with monothiols. Thus, reduced coenzyme A reacts i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y with the r e a g e n t a n d dithiothreitol reacts slowly. The a b s o r b a n c e due to tile coenzyme A-5,5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) reaction is d e t e r m i n e d by e x t r a p o l a t i n g the linear (dithlol) a b s o r b a n c e - t i m e curve to the time of a d d i t i o n of the r e a g e n t . A f t e r s u b s t r a c t i o n of control absorbance (deletion of N A D P H ) , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f CoA-SH is calculated f r o m e..... = 1.36 × 10 ~ at 412 nm. The m e t h o d of p r o t e i n removal a n d r e d u c t i o n of s u l f h y d r y l g r o u p s on the enzyme are critical. T h i s m e t h o d provides an i m m e d i a t e assay. Recovery of reduced eoenzyme A was 98.7%. The a s s a y is applicable for mierosomes or purified enzyme a n d h a s an effective r a n g e of 0.5-50 nmoles of eoenzyme A. I t was applied to kinetic m e a s u r e m e n t of the pigeon liver m i c r o s o m a l e n z y m e reaction. CELL-ASSOCIATED NONESTERIFIED rATTY ACID LEVELS AND THEIR ALTERATION DURING LIPOLYSIS IN THE ISOLATED MOUSE ADIPOSE Cm,L. S.W. C u s h m a n , J.g. Heindel a n d 13. J e a n r e n a u d ( L a b . de Recherches Medicales and I n s t . de Biochim. Clinique, Univ. de Geneve, a n d Dept. of Med., D a r t m o u t h Med. Schl., H a n o v e r , N.H. 03755). J. Lipid 2~es. 14, 632 42 (1973). A r a p i d a n d flexible n m t h o d h a s been developed for m e a s m ' i n g cellassociated, p r o b a b l y intracellular, nonesterified f a t t y acids ( C A F A ) in isolated m o u s e adipose cells. A variety of lipolytic a g e n t s as well as v a r i o u s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of epinephrine elevate C A F A levels in r o u g h proportion to their s t i n m l a t i o n of glycerol and f a t t y acid release. I n s u l i n reduces epinephrineelevated C A F A levels. A detailed, q u a n t i t a t i v e s t u d y of the relationship a m o n g lipolytic activity, CA]YA levels, a n d the extracellular molar ratio of f a t t y acids to a l b u m i n h a s been carried out. E p i n e p h r i n e - e l e v a t e d C A F A levels rise linearly with, while e p i n e p h r i n e - s t i m u l a t e d ]ipolytic activity is indep e n d e n t of, f a t t y acid to a l b u m i n ratios below 2-3. As the ratio increases f r o m 3 to 5, C A F A levels continue to increase, whereas lipo]ytie activity decreases. Above ratios of 5, f a t t y acid release a l m o s t completely ceases; C A F A levels increase d r a m a t i c a l l y with residual glycerol release. A t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n t ettlux of epinephrine-elevated C A F A can be elicited t h r o n g h blockade of s t i m u l a t e d lipolysis with propranolol, b u t only in the presence of extraee]lular f a t t y acid to a l b m n i u ratios below 3. LIVE~ DEHYDROG]gNAgIg LEVELS IN RAINBO~.¥ TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI~ FED CYCLOPROPENOID FATTY ACIDS AND AFLATOXIN" B~. S.L. Taylor, M.W. M o n t g o m e r y a n d D.5. Lee (Dept. of Food Sci. a n d Technol., Oregon S t a t e Univ., Corvallis, Oregon 97331). J. Lipid des. 14, 643 6 (1973). Cyclopropenoid f a t t y acids in t h e diet of r a i n b o w t r o u t caused significant r e d u c t i o n s in liver protein a n d activity of glueose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, N A D P - l i n k e d isoeltrate d e h y d r o g e n a s e , lactate dehyd r o g e n a s e a n d m a l a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e . C h a n g e s in total aetivity were u s u a l l y a c c o m p a n i e d by similar c h a n g e s in slaeeific activity. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate d e h y d r o g e n a s e a p p e a r e d to bc more sensitive to the i n g e s t i o n of cyclopropenoid f a t t y acids t h a n the other d e h y d r o g e n a s e s studied. F e e d i n g 20 p p b aflatoxin B~ to r a i n b o w t r o u t did n o t significantly c h a n g e the a c t i v i t y of the d e h y d r o g e n a s e s except f o r a small increase in t h e activity of glueose-6-phosphate d e h y d r o g e n a s e a f t e r 21 d a y s of feeding. R e l a t i o n s h i p s of t h e s e c h a n g e s to the coearcinogenieity of cyclopropenoid f a t t y acids a n d the carclnogenicity of aflatoxin are discussed. ]3IMODAL EFFEGT OF INSULIN ON HORIVtONE-STII~£ULATED ~IPOLYSIS: RELATION TO INTRACELLULAR 3',LP-CYCLIC ADENYLIC ACID AND FREE FATTY ACID LEVELS. K.S. Desai, K.C. Li a n d A. Angel (Dept. of Med., Univ. of Toronto, Can.). J. Lipid des. 14,
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ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY A N D N U T R I T I O N 647-55 (1973). The p r e s e n t s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n to determine t h e relationship between the antilipolytic a n d ]ipolytic effects of i n s u l i n on h o r m o n e - s t i m u l a t e d lipolysis a n d the m e c h a n i s m s of these reactions. The dose-response curve of noreplnephrlnes t i m u l a t e d lipolysis in r a t adipocytes was n o t sigmoidal b u t blphasic in nature. I n t r a c e l l u l a r free f a t t y acid levels were linearly related to lipolytie rate a n d also described a bipbasic profile in response to i n c r e m e n t s in n o r e p i n e p h r i u e concentration. I n t r a c e l l u l a r 3',5'-cyclic A M P levels m e a s u r e d 10 rain a f t e r a d d i t i o n of i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of n o r e p i n e p h r i n e showed a rise a n d a p l a t e a u followed by a secondary rise. I n s u l i n was antilipolytie at low concentrations of noreprinephr i t e a n d distinctly lipolytie a t h i g h concentrations. T h e combined antilipolytic a n d lipolytie effect of insulin is t e r m e d the " b i m o d a l " effect of insulin on h o r m o n e - s t i m u l a t e d llpolysis. The b i m o d a l effect of insulin correlated positively with c h a n g e s in peak i n t r a c e l l u l a r 3',5'-cyclle A M P levels. I n the presence of glucose, insulin i n v a r i a b l y enhanced lipolysis. I t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t the antilipolytic effect o f i n s u l i n is achieved by both inhibition of adenyl eyclase activity a n d activation of lowKm 3',5'-cyclic A M P p h o s p h o d i e s t e r a s e , the n e t effect b e i n g a low a c c u m u l a t i o n of 3',5'-cyclic A M P . I~HOSPHOLIPIDS AND ACYL GROUPS IN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS FROM HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX. G.Y. Sun (Lab. of Neurochem., Cleveland P s y c h i a t r i c Inst., Cleveland, Ohio 44109). J. Lipid Res. 14, 656 63 (1973). Subeellular f r a e t i o n a t i o n of h u m a n b r a i n cortex obtained at a u t o p s y yielded mierosomal a n d synaptosome-rich f r a c t i o n s f r o m t h e g r a y m a t t e r a n d microsomal a n d purified myelin f r a c t i o n s from the white m a t t e r . The phospholipids of lnyelin were h i g h in p l a s m a l o g e n s , and the molar ratio of aIkenyl aeyl sn-glyeero-3-phosphorylethanolamine to diaeyl s~t-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine was 4. The aeyl g r o u p s of the myelin p h o s p h o g l y c e r i d e s were enriched in monoenes ( m a i n l y 18:1 and 2 0 : ] ) a n d a t e t r a e n e , 2 2 : 4 ( n - 6 ) . The phosphoiipids in the s y n a p t o s o m c rich f r a c t i o n were high in diaeyl sn-glycero-3-phosphoryleholi,m, a n d the molar ratio of the alkenyl aeyl s n - g l y e e r o - 3 - p h o s p h o r y l e t h a n o l a m i n e to diacyl s)~-glyeero-3-phosphorylethanolandne was 0.88. The aeyl g r o u p s of s y n a p t o s o m a l e t h a n o l a m i n c phosphoglyeerides were rich in 2 2 : 6 ( n - - 3 ) b u t c o n t a i n e d a very low a m o u n t of 20:1. The lipid composition of microsomes from the gray matter was different f r o m t h a t of mierosomcs f r o m the white m a t t e r b u t was n e a r l y identical with t h a t of the s y n a p t o s o m e - r i c h fraction. E x c e p t f o r a slightly loIver proportion of alkenyl aeyl sn-glyeero-3-phosphorylethanolamine :rod s p h i n g o m y e l i n , the lipid composition of microsomvs from lhe white m a t t e r was also similar to t h a t of the myelin. LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS BY ISOLATED PLASTIDS FI~05I GREENING PEA~ PISUhI SATIVUhl. R.A. P a n t e r a n d N.K. B o a r d m a n (Div. of P l a n t I n d u s t r y , CSIRO, C a n b e r r a , A.C.T. 2601, A u s t r a l i a ) . J. Lipid Res. 14, 664 71 (1973). Isolated etioplasts f r o m 8day-old dark-grown p e a seedlings incorporated [1J~C]aeetate into lipid at a relatively low rate. P l a s t i d s f r o m seedlings t h a t h a d been i l l m n i n a t e d for at least 2 hr showed an enh a n c e d i n c o r p o r a t i o n p r o v i d e d the p l a s t i d s were i l l u m i n a t e d d u r i n g i n c u b a t i o n with the labeled acetate. D a r k i n c u b a t i o n or the addition of 3 - ( 3 , 4 - d i c h l o r o p h e n y l ) - l , l - d i m e t h y l u r e a ( D C M U ) decreased the a c e t a t e - i n c o r p o r a t i n g activity of the developing chloroplasts to the level observed with etioplasts. L i g h t h a d a m a r k e d effect oil the type of f a t t y acid into which acetate was incorporated by the developing chloroplasts. Uns a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids ( m o s t l y oleic acid) accounted f o r 6 0 80% of the incorporated label if the plastids were illuminated, b u t in the dark or in the presence of D C M U the u n s a t u r a t e d acids accounted for only 0 - ] 5 % of the label incorporated into lipid. Tile effect of A T P on incorporation was d e p e n d e n t on the m a t u r i t y of the c h l o r o p l a s t s ; m a t u r e pea chloroplasts were i n h i b i t e d by A T P , w h e r e a s in developing p l a s t i d s there was a s l i g h t s t i m u l a t i o n by A T P . I n h i b i t i o n of a c e t a t e incorp o r a t i o n into lipid by D C M U a p p e a r s to be due to inhibition of noneyelic phosphorylation. I n c o r p o r a t i o n was restored by reduced 2,3,5,6-tetramethylphenylenediamine, which restored p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n , b u t not by reduced N,N,N',N'-tetramethylphenylenediamine. PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF BENZOYLATED CEREBROSIDES. /~.H. McCluer a n d J.E. E v a n s ( E . K . Shriver Center for' M e n t a l R e t a r d a t i o n , W . E . F e r n a l d S t a t e SehL, W a l t h a m , Mass. 02154). J. Lipid Res. 14, 611-7 (1973). T h e benzoylation of eerebrosides with benzoyl chloride a n d with benzoic a n h y d r i d e is described, a n d the derivatives t h a t contained h y d r o x y a n d n o n h y d r o x y f a t t y acids were isolated by h i g h p r c s s u r e liquid e h r m n a t o g r a p h y ( H P L C ) . Studies on the s t r u c t u r e s of these derivatives a n d the p r o d u c t s f o r m e d by mild alkaline hydro]-
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ysis are reported, lleaction of cerebrosides c o n t a i n i n g nonh y d r o x y f a t t y acids with benzoyl chloride results in amidea e y l a t i o n in addition to n o r m a l O-aeylation. Mild alkali treatmerit of the N-diaeyl derivative r e s u l t s in tile f o r m a t i o n of N-benzoyl psychosine. D e r l v a t i z a t i o n with benzoic a n h y d r i d e avoids amlde-acylation. These derivatives are u s e f u l f o r the H P L C a n a l y s i s of cerebrosides. EVIDENCE FOR CENTERS IN TIlE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTE~ TttAT SELECTIVELY REGULATE FAT ~OBIL~ZATION IN THE RAT. V.L. Teixeira, J. A n t u n e s - I l o d r i g u e s , a n d R.K. Migliorini (Dept. of Physiol., Schl. of Med., ]libeirao Preto, Sac Paulo, Brazil). J. Lipid l~es. 14, 672 3 (1973). T h e blood s u g a r a n d p l a s m a free f a t t y acid responses to a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of 2-deoxyglucose were d e t e r m i n e d in n o r m a l r a t s a n d in r a t s s u b j e c t e d to a d r e n o d e m e d u l l a t i o n a n d / o r h y p o t h a l a m i e deafferentatlon, as well as in r a t s with bilateral h y p o t h a l a m i c lesions. Adrenod e m e d u l l a t i o n of b o t h i n t a c t a n d d e a f f e r e n t a t e d r a t s reduced the 2-deoxyglueose-induced increase of blood s u g a r b u t did n o t affect the p l a s m a free f a t t y acid response to 2-deoxyglueose in n o r m a l r a t s . The increases in blood s u g a r levels induced by the d r u g in i n t a c t r a t s were n o t significantly affected b y deafferentation, but, in m a r k e d contrast, p l a s m a f r e e f a t t y acid mobilization a f t e r 2-deoxyglueose a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was completely s u p p r e s s e d in d e a f f e r e n t a t e d rats, both in the presence and in the absence of the a d r e n a l medulla. These results confirm previous observations i n d i c a t i n g t h a t the synlp a t h e t i c n e r v o u s s y s t e m a n d a d r e n a l i n release f r m n t h e adrenal medulla p a r t i c i p a t e in t h e p r o d u c t i o n of h y p e r g l y c e m i a by 2-deoxyglueose. T h e y provide, in addition, evidence for the existence, in the anterior h y p o t h a l a m u s or in limbic structures, of centers t h a t can specifically influence mobilization of free f a t t y acids t h r o u g h a direct activation of t h e s y m p a t h e t i c fibers of adipose tissue w i t h o u t i n t e r v e n i n g in glucose homeostasis. ~AS-LIQUID CI~IRO~IA'POGRAPHY OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES RELEASED FROM RED CELL GLYCOSPttINGOLIPIDS BY OZONOLYSIS. ~-asako Ohashi a n d T a m i o Y a m a k a w a (Dept. of Biochem., F a c u l t y of Med., Univ. of Tokyo, t I o n g o , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, J a p a n ) . J. Lipid Res. 14, 698 700 (1973). A m e t h o d for the analysis of glycosphingo]ipids in m a m m a l i a n e r y t h r o e y t e m e m b r a n e s is described. I t consists of ozonolysis and alkaline t r e a t m e n t of the crude lipid e x t r a c t to o b t a i n oligosaceharides f r m n glycosphingolipids and then gas-liquid e h r o n l a t o g r a p h y of trinmthylsilyl derivatives of glyeitols derived f r o m the ollgosaecharides. Typical gas-liquid c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c p a t t e r n s of oligosaccharldo c o m p o n e n t s were o b t a i n e d with various alumreal]an erythroeytes; these corresponded to the glyeosphingolipid compositions. The analysis could he carried out on 10 ml of packed erythroeytes. ~IATTY ACID OXIDATION AND ESTERIFICATIeN IN ISOLATED I~AT HEPATOCYTES : REGULATION BY DIBUTYRYL ADENOSINE 3'~5 ~CYCLIC :MONOPHOSPHATE. C.J. M o n e y a n d S. Margolls (Clayton Labs., Dept. of Med., and Dept. of Physiolog. Chem., J o h n s H o p k i n s Univ., Baltimore, Md. 21205). J. Lipid Res. 14, 678 87 (1973). Isolated r a t h e p a t o e y t e s r a p i d l y utilized [~C]palnfitate and, in p a r t i c u l a r , synthesized l a r g e a m o u n t s of n e u t r a l ]ipids f r o m p a h n i t a t e . Incorpor:~tion into cellular lipids occurred at a linear rate proportional to the m e d i u m concentration of f a t t y acids. Oxidation of [ ~ ' C l p a h n i t a t e to CO: increased with time a n d was m u c h slower t h a n p a l m i t a t e esterification. Since [~4C]acetate a n d [**C]glueose were oxidized to CO:, at a linear rate, the Jag in f a t t y acid oxidation to CO,~ did n o t involve e n z y m a t i c steps s u b s e q u e n t to acetate formation. T h e reIative c o n t r i b u t i o n of p a b n l t a t e to ester]float]on a n d to COz f o r m a t i o n d e p e n d e d upon tile molar ratio of p a l m i t a t e to albunfin (v) a n d the l e n g t h of incubation. D i b u t y r y l cyclic A M P (1 m M ) reduced the oxidation of palm]tare and a c e t a t e to CO2 by a b o u t 50 and 90%, respectively, but. did n o t alter p a l m i t a t e esterification. However, equivalent c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of sodium b u t y r a t e produced similar decreases in COz f o r m a t i o n . D i b u t y r y l cyclic A M P (1 raM) also s t i m u l a t e d p a h n i t a t e oxidation to water-soluble products, principally ketone bodies, b y 5 0 - 1 0 0 % . Sodium b u t y r a t e exerted no effect, while m o n o b u t y r y l cyclic A M P a n d cyclic A M P both s t i m u l a t e d this p a t h w a y significantly. O1~ EFFECT Or CHRONIC NICOTINE ADMINISTRATION ON FATTY ACID DISTRIBUTION IN THE LIVER, TESTIS AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF MALE FISettgg-344 RATS. R.G. Brlndis, B.J. Petersen, J . t t . T h o m p s o n , a n d R.G. Alfin'-Slater (Depts. of Public H e a l t h a n d of PharmacoI. a n d E x p t h T h e r a p e u t i c s , Univ. o f Calif. Sehl. of Med., Los Angeles, Cal. 90024). J. Lipid Res. 14, 688-91 (1973). A c o m p a r i s o n is m a d e of the p e r c e n t a g e compositions of m a j o r f a t t y acids in liver a n d testis phosLACK
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pholipids, liver and abdominal adipose tissue triglycerides, and liver sterol esters in male Fischer-344 rats administered a physiological saline control or a "smoking" dose of nicotine (1000 ~g b a s e / k g / d a y , subcutaneously) for 2 or 22 nmnths. Icesults indicate that there is no major trend, or significant difference, between nicotine- or saline-treated rats with respect to major f a t t y acid distribution. Some differences in f a t t y acid distribution in the various lipid fractions were found between young and old rats. CO)hF.&RATIVE STUDIES OF RETINOL TRANSPORT IN PLASMA. Y. Muto, F.R. Smith and D.S. Goodlnan (Dept. of Med., Columbia Univ., Coil. of Physicians and Surgeons, N.Y. 10032). J. Lipid Res. 14, 525-32 (1973). The comparative immunology and biochemistry of plasma retinol transport were studied using radioimmunoassays previously developed for human and for rat retinol-binding protein (ICBP). Serum or plasma from 25 species of vertebrates from the mamnlalian orders Primates, Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Carnivora and Icodentia and fronl the classes Ayes, Amphibia and Pisces, were assayed. There was a high degree of immunological specificity within a given n m m m a l i a n order. Sera from seven s u b h u m a n primate species tested reacted in the human ICBP immunoassay, and sera from four of five rodents reacted in the rat R B P imnmnoassay. Primate sera failed to react in the rat ICBP 5mmunoassay, and rodent sera failed to react in the human R B P immunoassay. Except for a slight reactivity of canine serum in the h u m a n ICBP immunoassay, other scra showed no imnmnoreactivity. Using gel filtration, apparent molecular weights were estimated at 60,000-80,000 for the rctinol transport systems in whole serum from cow, swine, chicken, and dog. Canine ICBP was isolated and partially characterized. ICEGULATORY EFFECTS OF STEROLS AND BILE ACIDS ON HEPATIC 3-HYDEOXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASE AND CHOLESTEROL 7ce-I{YDROXYLASE IN THE RAT. S. Shefer, S. Hauser, ¥ . Lapar and E.H. Mosbaeh (Dept. of Lipid Ices. of Public Health Ices. Inst. of the City of N.Y., Inc., N.Y. ]0016). J. Lipid Res. 14, 573-80 (]973). Specific activities of the hepatic microsonm] enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methy]glutaryl CoA (HMG CoA) reductase and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase, were studied in rats fed sterols and bile acids. The administration of bile acids (taurocholate, taurodeoxyeholate, taurochenodeoxycholate) at a level of 1% of the diet for 1 wk reduced the activity of HMG CoA reductase. Taurocholate and taurodeoxycholate, but not taurochenodeoxycholate, inhibited cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase. Dietary sitosterol produced increases in the specific activity of HMG CoA reductase (3.6-fold) and cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (1.4-fold), and biliary cholesterol coneentrations in this group more than doubled. Compared with controls fed the stock diet, the simultaneous administration of sitosterol and tauroehenodeoxycholate resulted in a 60% decrease of tIMG CoA reduetase activity and no change in cholesterol 7c~-hydroxylase activity or biliary cholesterol concentration. Rats fed sitosterol plus tauroeholate had nearly normal HMG CoA reductase activity, but cholesterol 7ahydroxylase was inhibited and biliary cholesterol remained high. ]~AT ABSORPTION IN ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY: A iYfODEL EXPEI%I]~IENTAL APPROACH TO STUDIES OF TI-IE I~IECHANISIM[ OF FAT ZIALABSOEPTION OF UNKNOW~N ETIOLOGY. S.B. Clark, T.E. Ekkers, A. Singh, J.A. Balint, P.R. Holt and J.B. Icodgers, Jr. (Gastrointestinal Div. of the Med. Service, St. Luke's Hosp.
Center, N.Y. 10025). J. Lipid Res. 14, 581-8 (1973). Male rats were made deficient in essential f a t t y acids by feeding thenl a fat-free diet supplemented with 4% tripalmitin for 8 ]2 wk from the time of weaning. A f t e r feeding 0.5 ml of [J~C] triolein or ['~H] oleic acid, 72-hr stool recoveries of radioactivity were significantly greater in deficient rats than in chow-fed controls. Essential f a t t y acid deficiency did not reduce the absorptive capacities for triolein or for a mediumchain fat, trioctanoin, measured after 3 and 2 hr of maxinlalrate duodenal infusion. I n everted jejunal slices from essential f a t t y acid-deficient rats, uptake of micellar [~C] oleic acid at 0-1C was similar to t h a t of controls, but the rate of incorporation of f a t t y acid into triglyeeride after rewarming to 37C was significantly reduced. The specific activities of the mierosomal esterifying enzymes, aeyl CoA:monoglyceride acyltransferase and f a t t y acid CoA ligase in j e j u n a l mueosa were 30% lower in essential f a t t y acid-deficient rats. A I,IETHOD FOR THE RAPID QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF 4,4-DIYIETHYL STEROLS. G.F. Gibbons, K.A. Mitropoulos and K. Ramananda (Med. ICes. Council IApid Metabolism Unit, Hammersmith I{osp., London, WI20HS, England).
J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
J. Lipid Res. 14, 589-92 (1973). A simple and relatively rapid technique has been developed for the separation of several 4,4-dimethy] steryl acetates, some of which contain sterically hindered nuclear double bonds. The method involves thinlayer chromatography on silver nitrate-impregnated silica gel and silver nitrate-impregnated alumina. The separated steryl acetates may then be analyzed quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography. EFFECTS OF GLYCEROL ON }IUMAN ADIPOSE TISSUE TRIGLYCEEIDE LIPASE ACTIVITY. H. Giudieelli and J. Boyer (Lab. de ]a Clinique Endoerinol., Hopital de la Conception, ]3005, Marseille, France). J. Lipid Res. 14, 592-5 (1973). Glycerol fully protects the human adipose tissue triglyceride lipase against the denaturing effects of high and low temperatures. Under such protection, storage of crude preparations at --10C or incubation at 50C resulted in a 1.5-3-fold increase of the measured lipase activity. This increase was shown to be related to enzyme newly released from tissular micropartic]es present in the samples. Advantage may be taken of these observations to improve greatly the conditions of extraction and storage of this lipase activity. I~EW SENSITIVE ASSAY :~OR PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE DECARROXYLASE BASED ON THE DETECTION OF COs FROM NONRADIOLABELED PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE. T.G. W a r n e r and E.A. Dennis (Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Cal. at San Diego, LaJolla, Cal. 92037). J. Lipid Res. 14, 595-8 (1973). A new rapid assay for phosphatidylserine decarboxy]asc, which is sensitive in the nanomolar range, is described. Synthesis of radiolabeled phosphatidylserine for use as a substrate is not required, since the assay, unlike previous ones, is based on the detection of COz liberated from unlabeled phosphatidylserine. The assay employs a gas chromatographic procedure for the analysis of methane formed by catalytic conversion of the CO~ produced as a product of the enzymatic reaction. ICEGULATION BY DIETARY CHOLINE OE HEPATIC FATTY ACID SYNTHETASE IN THE EAT. B. Icosenfeld ( B a n t i n g and Best Dept. of Med. Res., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 101, Ontario, Can.). J. Lipid ges. 14, 557-62 (]973). F a t t y acid synthetase activity was measured in the hlgh-speed s u p e r n a t a n t fraction of liver homogenates from rats fed a semisynthetic diet low in lipotropic factors. I f choline was omitted from the diet, a significant increase of f a t t y acid synthetase activity was observed after two feedings of the deficient diet. Compared with controls, the increase of f a t t y acid synthetase activity was of a magnitude t h a t could account for the amount of triglyceride accumulating in the hepatic floating lipid fraction. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the floating lipid triglycerides showed an increased content of pa]mitic acid due to choline deficiency; this increase could be predicted from the increased f a t t y acid synthetase activity and its characteristic yield of pahnitic acid. STUDIES ON TttE FORI~ATION OF C7-OXYGENATED CHOLESTEROL AND ~-SITOSTEROL 1VIETABOLITES IN CELL-FREE PREPARATIOI';[S OF
McClung elected chairman of Northern California Section Dave M c C l u n g , CPC I n t e r n a t i o n a l , was e l e c t e d c h a i r m a n of the Northern California Section of the AOCS. Other o f f i c e r s e l e c t e d were: C h a i r m a n - e l e c t , Dick P u r d y , P V O International; program chairman, Lloyd Smith, University o f California, Davis; t r e a s u r e r , B e t t y Miller, C u r t i s & Tompkins; secretary, Cameron Lyon, USDA; and members h i p c h a i r m a n , S h e r m a n Lee, G l i d d e n - D u r k e e . A b o u t 60 m e m b e r s a n d g u e s t s h e a r d L l o y d S m i t h , t h e newly-elected program chairman, speak on polyunsaturated s t e a k at t h e S e c t i o n ' s last m e e t i n g o f 1 9 7 3 h e l d at V e n e t o ' s in San F r a n c i s c o . T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a p r o f e s s o r ' s talk, " G o o d G r i e f - P o l y u n s a t u r a t e d Steaks!" concerned the possible r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n h e a r t disease a n d i n t a k e of s a t u r a t e d f a t s a n d t h e p r o g r e s s in t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f m e a t a n d dairy products containing greatly increased ratios of polyunsatur a t e d t o s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids. M e t h o d s f o r a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h i s b y f e e d i n g p r o t e c t e d or e n c a p s u l a t e d p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d oils were d e s c r i b e d . •
259A
ABSTRACTS : BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION
RAT LIVELY. L. A r i n g e r a n d P. E n e r o t h (Dept. of Chem. t ( a r o l i n s k a Inst., a n d the t t o r m o n c Lab., Dept. of Obstetrics a n d Gym, K a r o l i n s k a S j u k h u s e t , S-104 Stockholm 60 Sweden). J. Lipid Res. 14, 563-72 (1973). The microsomal f r a c t i o n a n d the 18,000 g s u p e r n a t a n t fluid obtained f r o m livers f r o m n o r m a l rats, f r o m c h o l e s t y r a m l n e - t r e a t e d r a t s or f r o m r a t s with a bile fistula have been used to compare the 7ah y d r o x y l a t i o n of [4-~C] cholesterol a n d fl-[4-'4C] sitostero] (24c~-ethyl-cholesterol). I t was n o t possible to increase the specific f o r m a t i o n of 7c~-hydroxy-fl-sitosterol above 0.05% with a n y of the p r e p a r a t i o n s . This conversion was less t h a n 1% of t h a t f o u n d for cholesterol. The inhibitory effect of a d d e d 7-oxo- a n d 7fl-hydroxy-fl-sitosterol on the 7a-hydroxylation of cholesterol was f o u n d to be m u c h less t h a n t h a t of the corr e s p o n d i n g cholesterol compounds. 7a-Hydroxy-fl-sitostero] was w i t h o u t effect. I t is concluded t h a t the activity of the cholesterol 7c~-hydroxy]ase is d e p e n d e n t upon the s t r u c t u r e of the steroid side chain. SPECTROPHOTOMETI~IG
~/IETHOD
FOR
DETERI~IINATION
OF
TOCOPH-
EROL IN RED BLOOD CELLS. ]:I.J, ]~ayden, C.K. Chow and L.~(. Bjornson (N.Y. Univ. Med. Center, N.Y. 10016). J. Lipid Res. 14, 533-40 (1973). A relatively r a p i d procedure is described f o r the s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n of total tocopherol in red blood cells (:RBC) b a s e d on a moclification of the original E m m e r i e - E n g e l reaction. The critical f e a t u r e in this m e t h o d is t h e presence of a l a r g e a m o u n t of an added antioxidant, pyrogal]ol or ascorbie acid, d u r i n g the saponification a n d extraction stages a n d the use of thin-layer c h r o m a t o g r a p h y for tocopherol purification. The total tocopherol levels of p l a s m a a n d e r y t h r o c y t e s were d e t e r m i n e d for a n u m b e r of h u m a n subjects, for p a t i e n t s with a b e t a l i p o p r o t e i n e m i a and f o r rats. I t w a s f o u n d t h a t these levels h a d a wide r a n g e in n o r m a l h u m a n s u b j e c t s b u t t h a t the ratio of R B C to p l a s m a toeopherol was relatively c o n s t a n t and equal to 0.18, uncorrected, a n d 0.21 when both R B C and p l a s m a values were corrected to 100% recovery. Tile IlBC-to-plasma ratio for r a t s was 0.39. The accuracy of this ratio d e t e r m i n e d by the s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i e procedure was verified by m e a s u r i n g the d i s t r i b u t i o n of [~4C] toeopherol in R B C alid p l a s m a when radioactive v i t a m i n E was i n t r o d u c e d into the blood by both in vitro a n d in vivo techniques. A L T E R A T I O N S IN BILIARY LIPIDS OP MICE DURING DEI-IYDROCHOLIC
ACID rEEmNG. N.W. DiTnllio a n d E.J. Stack ( S m i t h K l i n c & F r e n c h Lab., P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n . 19101). J. Lipid Res. 14, 552-6 (1973). Mice were f e d a lithogenic diet consisting of P u r i n a chow a n d 0.5% dehydroehoIic acid ( D H A g r o u p ) . Controls received P u r i n a chow. E v e r y 2 wk. for 20 wk. a n i m a l s were killed, a n d biliary phospholipid, cholesterol and bile salt c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were determined, as well as the extent of gallstone f o r m a t i o n . W i t h time there was a g r a d u a l , significant decline in tim concentration a n d the relative composition of phospholipid in both g r o u p s c o m p a r e d with initial values. There was a significant increase in biliary cholesterol concent r a t i o n a n d relative a m o u n t in the D H A group compared with t h e control. No significant differences were f o u n d in the relative a m o u n t s of bile salt or phospholipid between the two g r o u p s . F e e d i n g D H A resulted in an increased concentration of bile s a l t s a n d the s u m of m e a s u r e d lipid compared with controls. A f t e r 8 wk., gallstones were f o u n d in a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 % of a u t o p s i e d a n i m a l s a n d correlated with increased cholesterol concentration. Our d a t a s u p p o r t the hypothesis t h a t t h e r e is a c o m p o n e n t of cholesterol secretion t h a t m a y not be bile salt- or phospholipid-dependent. Our d a t a also s u g g e s t t h a t bilJary phosphollpid secretion decreases with age. C~LYCEROLIPID S Y N T H E S I S IN RAT ADIPOSE T I S S U E . I I . P R O P E R T I E S AND DISTRIBUTION OF P H O S P H A T I D A T E PHOSPHATASE. S.C.
J a m d a r a n d H . J . F a l l o n (Depts. of Med. a n d P h a r m a c o l . , Univ. of N o r t h Carolina Sch. of Med., Chapel Hill, N.C. 27514). J. Lipid Res. 14, 517-24 (1973). The properties a n d subcellular d i s t r i b u t i o n of p h o s p h a t i d a t e p h o s p h a t a s e (EC 3.1.3.4) f r o m adipose tissue have been i n v e s t i g a t e d . The enzyme was a s s a y e d u s i n g both a q u e o u s p h o s p h a t i d a t e a n d m e m b r a n e - b o u n d p h o s p h a t i d a t e as s u b s t r a t e s . W h e n m e a s u r e d with aqueous s u b s t r a t e , activity was detected in the miteehondria, t h e microsomes a n d the soluble fraction. M g 2÷ at
Tess elected president of PRI trustees Roy W. Tess, an AOCS member since 1948, was recently elected president of the Paint Research Institute of the Federation of Societies for Paint Technology. He is employed by Shell Chemical Co., Houston, Tex. • 260A
low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t i m u l a t e d tile p h o s p h a t i d a t e p h o s p h a t a s e from soluble a n d microsomal f r a c t i o n s b u t h a d no effect on the m i t o c h o n d r i a l p h o s p h a t i d a t e phospbatase. A t h i g h e r conc e n t r a t i o n Mg 2÷ was inhibitory. I n the presence of Mg 2+, the p h o s p h a t i d a t e p h o s p h a t a s e front soluble and microsomal fractions was active a g a i n s t m e m b r a n e - b o u n d p h o s p h a t i d a t e . No activity was d e m o n s t r a t e d with m e m b r a n e - b o u n d s u b s t r a t e in tile absence of M g 2+. M i t o c h o n d r i a did n o t contain activity t o w a r d the m e m b r a n e - b o u n d s u b s t r a t e . The rate of utilization o f aqueous p h o s p h a t i d a t e was always higher t h a n t h a t of m e m b r a n e - b o u n d s u b s t r a t e . These results indicate t h a t there are a t least two different p h o s p h a t i d a t e p h o s p h a t u s e s in adipose tissue. A REGIONAL SURVEY OF I~,IYELIN DEVELOPMENT: SOftIE COI~POSITIONAL AND I~[ETABOLIC ASPECTS. M.E. Smith ( N e u r o l o g y Service, V e t e r a n s A d m i n . Hosp., Palo Alto, Calif.). J. Lipid Res. 14, 541-51 (1973). A survey of differences in composition a n d m e t a b o l i s m of myelin f r o m five a r e a s of the central nervous s y s t e m w a s m a d e in b r a i n a n d spinal cord slices of the r a t f r o m 20 days to 20 m o n t h s p o s t n a t a l age. Purified myelin f r o m the f o r e b r a i n a r e a s showed a composition characteristic of i m m a t u r i t y longer t h a n did myelin f r o m the h i n d b r a i n a n d spinal cord. The t r e n d of chemical m a t u r i t y is in a g r e e m e n t with the a n a t o m i c a l observations t h a t myelination b e g i n s in the h l n d b r a i n a n d proceeds rostrally. Myelin recovery per 100-mg slice increased continually f r o m 20 days to 20 m o n t h s of age, while the u p t a k e of [1-~'C] acetate into nlyelin lipid a n d of [1-uC] leueine into myelin p r o t e i n decreased p r e c i p i t o u s l y with age. The metabolic characteristics of myelin f r o m the cerebral cortex (including the corpus ca]losum), the t h a ] a m i c area, a n d the cerebellum were very similar, while m y e l i n f r o m b r a i n s t e m a n d spinal cord was metabolically m o r e active, especially at the early ages. Synthesis of lipid in the myelin s h e a t h r e p r e s e n t s a b o u t 5 0 % of the lipid s y n t h e s i s of the whole b r a i n a n d a b o u t 75% of t h a t of t h e spinal cord.
NEONATAL IMPRINTING OF LIVER MICROS01~IAL HYDROXYLATION AND REDUCTION OF STEROIDS. ]~. E i n a r s s o n , J.-A. G u s t a f s s o n , a n d A. S t e n b e r g (Dept. of Med., Serafimerlasarettet, Dept. of G e r m f r e e Res. a n d Dept. of Chem., K a r o l l n s k a Inst., Stockholm, Sweden). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4987-97 (1973). The m e t a b o l i s m of 4-[4-~C]androstene-3,17-dione, 4-[4-~4C]pregnene3,2a-dione, 5a-[4-~C]androstane-3a,17fl-diol, 4,16-[7a-3H]andro stadien-3-one, [4-~4C] cholesterol and 7a-hydroxy-4- [6fl-aH] cholesten-3-one was studied in the microsomal fraction of livers f r o m a d u l t male a n d f e m a l e r a t s which h a d been c a s t r a t e d neonatal]y or p o s t p u b e r t a l l y . B a s e d on these findings the microsoma] steroid-metabolizing enzyme activities m a y be g r o u p e d into three classes with r e g a r d to the m e c h a n i s m s r e g u l a t i n g their a c t i v i t y : ( a ) e n z y m e s with a b a s a l activity Icvet r e g u l a t e d by n o n g o n a d a l f a c t o r s b u t reversibly inducible by a n d r o g e n s ; ( b ) enzymes irreversibly " i m p r i n t e d " or " p r o g r a m m e d " by a n d r o g e n s d u r i n g the p r e p u b e r t a l period and reversibly s t i m u l a t e d by a n d r o g e n s p o s t p u b e r t a l l y ; and (c) enzymes p r i m a r i l y r e g u l a t e d by n o n g o n a d a l f a c t o r s and only slightly affected by a n d r o g e n s . T H E PLASMA IViEMBRANE OF ISOLATED FAT CELLS. ~. IDIgNTI~ICATION 0 F T R Y P S I N - S E N S I T I V E MEMBRANE PEPTIDES BY S O D I U ~ DODECYL SULFATE POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPItORESIS. M . P .
Czech and W.S. L y n n (Dept. of Biochem., Duke Univ. Medical Center, D u r h a m , N.C. 27710). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5081-8 (1973). A n a l y s i s of purified p l a s m a m e m b r a n e s f r o m isolated f a t cells by s o d i u m dodeeyl s u l f a t e p o l y a c r y l a m i d e gel electrophoresis resolved at least 11 m a j o r peptide components which r a n g e d in a p p a r e n t molecular weights f r o m 168,000 to 22,000. The isolated f a t cell p l a s m a m e m b r a n e f r a c t i o n consisted of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 % protein, 4 0 % phospholipid, 16% cholesterol a n d 4 % n e u t r a l c a r b o h y d r a t e . E s s e n t i a l l y complete removal of phospholipid a n d cholesterol f r o m m e m b r a n e s could be a t t a i n e d by e x t r a c t i o n with ethanol at room temp e r a t u r e f o r 15 min. P O S I T I O N A L S P E C I F I C I T I E S OF ACY~ COENZYME A : GLYCEROPHOSP H A T E AND ACYL COENZYME A : MONOACYLGLYCEROPHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASES IN E S C I t E R I C H I A COLI. H . O k u y a m a and
S.J. W a k i l (Dept. of Biocbem., B a y ] o r Coll. of Med., H o u s t o n , Tx. 77025). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5197-205 (1973). A particu]ate p r e p a r a t i o n isolated f r o m Escheriehia coli B catalyzes the acylation of 1-acyl-sn-g]ycerol 3-phosphate (1-acyl-GP) with both oleoyl-CoA and pahnitoy]-CoA. The o p t i m u m conditions were d e t e r m i n e d for the acyl-CoA: 1-acyl-GP acyltransferase. The a c y l t r a n s f e r a s e is specific for the 1-acyl-GP a n d does not acylate 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (2-acyl-GP) J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION
u n d e r t h e conditions used. D u r i n g the aeylation of radioactive g]ycerophosphate with u n s a t u r a t e d acyl-CoA, radioactive m o n o a c y l - G P is t r a p p e d effectively by the addition of nonlabeled 1-acyl-GP b u t ineffectively by a d d i n g nonlabeled 2-acyl-GP. The m o n o a c y l - G P t r a p p e d in the presence of either 1-acyl-GP or 2-acyl-GP is mostly the 1-acyl-GP isomer. T h u s , the p a t h w a y of diacyl-GP s y n t h e s i s f r o m glycerophosp h a t e in E. call is p r i m a r i l y via the 1-aeyl-GP as i n t e r m e d i a t e r e g a r d l e s s of w h e t h e r the s u b s t r a t e is s a t u r a t e d or u n s a t m ' a t e d acyl-CoA. TWO FORMS OF A STRUCTURAL LIPOPROTEIN IN THE ENVELOPE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI. FURTHER CHARACTERIZATION OF TIIE FREE FORM. A. IIirashima, II.C. Wu, P.S. Venkateswaran and M. Inouyo (Dept. of Bioehem., State Univ. of N.Y. at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11790). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5654-9 (1973). A m a j o r envelope protein o f Eseheriehia cell w a s
previously f o u n d to exist in two different f o r m s in the ceil envelope: the free f o r m a n d the b o u n d f o r m which is covalently linked to the peptidoglyean. Chemical properties of the free f o r m were f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d compared w i t h those of the b o u n d f o r m . The envelope f r a c t i o n labeled w i t h b o t h [ ~ C ] p a l m i t i e acid a n d [ 3 H ] a r g i n i n e was analyzed b y s o d i u m dodecyl s u l f a t e - p o l y a c r y l a m i d e gel electrophoresis a f t e r r e m o v a l of p h o s p h o l i p i d b y extensive e x t r a c t i o n with the mixture of chloroform and m e t h a n o l ( 2 : 1 ) . The palmitic acid c o n t e n t of the free f o r m was f o u n d to be identical with t h a t of the bound f o r m on the basis of their a r g i n i n e contents. A s in the e a s e of the b o u n d f o r m , p a l m i t i c acid was r e l e a s e d front the free f o r m by b o t h alkali a n d acid hydrolysis. T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t palmitic acid a t t a c h e s to the free f o r m by both ester a n d amide linkages. I t was f o u n d t h a t the free f o r m c o n t a l n c d neither diaminopiinelic acid n o r glueosamine. Prel i m i n a r y purification of the free f o r m of the lipoprotein is also reported. SUBCELLULAR
LOCALIZATION
OF
ACETOACETYL-CoA
DEACYLASE
AND ITS ROLE IN ACETOACETATE SYNTHESIS. ]:I.E. B u r c h a n d A.R. W e r t h e i m ( V e t e r a n s A d m i n . HosE., 4101 Woolworth Ave., O m a h a , Neb. 68105). Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26, 814-22 (1973). W e have shown t h a t acetoacetyl-CoA deacylase activity resides in b o t h the m i t o c h o n d r i a a n d s u p e r n a t a n t of r a t liver cells. M i t o e h o n d r i a l d a m a g e was not responsible f o r s u p e r n a t a n t deacylase activity. This was shown in two ways. F i r s t , f a i l u r e to d e m o n s t r a t e appreciable activity of the m i t o e h o n d r i a l m a r k e r , g l u t a m i c d e h y d r o g e n a s e , in s u p e r n a t a n t f r a c t i o n s and, second, lack of change in the specific a c t i v i t y of s u p e r n a t a n t deaeylase when v a r y i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of sucrose were u s e d to p r e p a r e h o m o g e n a t e s . GANGLIOSIDES AND 1KEI~IBRANE RECEPTORS FOR CHOLERA TOXIN. P. C u a t r e c a s a s (Dept. of Med. and the Dept. of P h a r m a e o l . a n d E x p e r i m e n t a l T h e r a p e u t i c s , J o h n s t I o p k i n s Univ. Seh. of Med., Baltimore, Md. 21205). Biochemistry 12, 3558-66 (1973). B r a i n g a n g l i o s i d e s and the glyeoprotein, f e t u i n , i n h i b i t the Iipolytic response of f a t cells to cholera toxin b u t n o t to epinephrine. T h e ability of various coneentratlons of g a n g l i o s i d e G ~ to i n h i b i t the b i n d i n g of ~'~LI-labeled cholera toxin to f a t cells or liver m e n l b r a n e s parallels the inhibition of toxin-induced lipolysis by G,~. D u r i n g p r o l o n g e d p e r i o d s of i n c u b a t i o n the g a n g l i o s i d e inhibition of toxin b i n d i n g is reversed a n d b i n d i n g can then exceed t h a t observed in the absence of gangliosides. W h e n isolated f a t cells or liver m e m b r a n e s are p r e i n e u b a t e d with g a n g l i o s i d e s and then w a s h e d , there is a very l a r g e increase in the b i n d i n g of cholera toxin to these tissues. Gangliosides t h u s a p p e a r to be the n o r m a l m e m b r a n e r e c e p t o r s f o r cholera toxin. These receptors can be e x p e r i m e n t a l l y m a n i p u l a t e d to s t u d y the n a t u r e of the toxin-receptor i n t e r a c t i o n a n d its relationship to activation of the biological response. CHOLERA
TOXIN-FAT
CELL
INTERACTION
AND
THE
I~IECHANISBI
OF
ACTIVATION 0~' THE LIPOLYTIC RESPONSE. Ibid., 3567-77. The possible m e c h a n i s m s by which the i n t e r a c t i o n of cholera toxin with isolated f a t cells leads to an e n h a n c e m e n t in the rate of lipolysis were e x a m i n e d , with special e m p h a s i s on the biochemical b a s i s of the m a r k e d lag p h a s e which exists before the onset of the lipolytic response is evident. Cells exposed to cholera toxin can be washed a n d replaced with f r e s h m e d i u m a f t e r 8 rain or a f t e r 60 m i n of i n c u b a t i o n a t 37C w i t h o u t a l t e r i n g the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c 1-hr lag p h a s e or the s u b s e q u e n t course of the lipolytic response. D u r i n g the l a g phase lipolytic m e t a b o l i t e s or p r o d u c t s are n o t secreted a n d a c c u m u l a t e d in the i n c u b a t i o n m e d i u m . I t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t cholera toxin initially f o r m s an inactive t o x i n - g a n g l i o s i d e receptor complex on the cell m e m b r a n e , and thag this complex is t r a n s f o r m e d J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
into a biologically active complex by a special t r a n s i t i o n which involves a m a j o r , s p o n t a n e o u s relocation of the complex within t h e two-dimensional s t r u c t u r e of t h e m e m b r a n e . INACTIVATION OP PIG HEART THIOLASE BY 3-BUTYNOYL COENZYIvIE A, 3-PENTYNOYL COENZYI~IE A AND 4-BRO~OCROTONYL COENZYME A. P.C. Holland, M.G. Clark a n d D.P. B l o x h a m ( I n s t . for E n z y m e Res., Univ. of Wise., Madison, Wise. 53706). Biochemistry 12, 3309-15 (1973). The u n s a t u r a t e d thio esters, 3-pentynoyl-, 3-butynoyl- and 4-bromoerotonyI-CoA, have been i n v e s t i g a t e d as affinity labels of p i g h e a r t thio]ase a n d their properties c o m p a r e d with a known affinity label, 2-bromoacetylCoA. I n c u b a t i o n of thiolase with low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of all of these c o m p o u n d s p r o d u c e d a r a p i d a n d irreversible loss of enzyme activity. I n a c t i v a t i o n by 3-pentynoyl- a n d 4-bromocrotonyl-CoA obeys first-order kinetics. Acetoacetyl-CoA aff o r d s excellent protection a g a i n s t i n a c t i v a t i o n by all aeylCoA esters t e s t e d w h e r e a s aeetyl-CoA protects only a g a i n s t inactivation b y 4-bromocrotonyl- a n d 2-bromoaeetyl-CoA. I n c o n t r a s t to tile 3-acetylenic CoA esters, 2-butynoyl- a n d 4p e n t y n o y l - C o A are relatively weak i n a c t i v a t i n g agents. LIPID CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE SERUI~ LIPOPROTEINS THROUGHOUT GESTATION AND LACTATION. B.C. Raphael, P.S. Dimick a n d D.L. P u p p i o n e ( L i p i d s Lab., P e n n s y l v a n i a S t a t e Univ., U n i v e r s i t y P a r k , P a . 16802). J. Dairy Sci. 56, 1025-32 (1973). L i p i d composition of s e r u m lipoproteins was studied in H o l s t e i n cows t h r o u g h o u t g e s t a t i o n a n d lactation. Blood s e r u m liplds varied with s t a g e of g e s t a t i o n or l a c t a t i o n ; however, the p e r c e n t lipid d i s t r i b u t e d in the cholesteryl esters, p h o s p h o l i p i d s a n d unesterified cholesterol did n o t vary. Cho]estcryl esters a n d p h o s p h o l i p i d s accounted for a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90% of the lipid c o n t e n t of whole serum. The lipid coinposition of the bovine s e r u m lipoproteins was discussed in relation to g e s t a t i o n a n d lactation. A role of the very low d e n s i t y lipoproteins in the t r a n s p o r t of triglyeeride f o r milk f a t s y n t h e s i s was p o s t u l a t e d f r o m their h i g h triglyeeride content. BIOSYNTtIESIS OF ERGOSTEROL IN YEAST. EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPLE PATI-IWAYS. M. F r y b e r g , A.C. Oehlschlager and A.M. U n r a u (Dept. o f Chem. Simon F r a s e r Univ., B u r n a b y 2, B r i t i s h Columbia, C a n a d a ) . J. Amer. Chem. See. 95, 5747-57 (1973). The conversion of Ianosterol to ergosterol in Saccharomyes cerevisiae h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d . Time-course analysis of the sterol content a n d f e e d i n g - t r a p p i n g experim e n t s with suspected i n t e r m e d i a t e s led to the discovery of several a l t e r n a t i v e p a t h w a y s in the l a t t e r s t a g e s of ergosterol biosynthesis. M a i n t e n a n c e of the y e a s t u n d e r anaerobic conditions depleted the sterol c o n t e n t of the o r g a n i s m . The sterols m o s t r a p i d l y c o n s m n e d u n d e r these conditions were those p o s s e s s i n g /~,7 u n s a t u r a t i o n . D u r i n g anaerobic m a i n t e n a n c e squalene a c c u m u l a t e d . A s u b s e q u e n t change to aerobic conditions was a c c o m p a n i e d by accelerated sterol production. Time-course a n a l y s i s of the c h a n g i n g stere/ composition d u r i n g a e r a t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t the initial s t r u c t u r a l modifications following t h e f o r m a t i o n of lanosterol involved nuclear dem e t h y l a t i o n at C4 a n d C~ as well as alkylation at C~,. COMPARISON OF SERU~,£ CHOLESTEROL VALUES IN AI~IERINDIANS EROM SURINA~I "WITH THOSE OF I)UTCII CONTROLS. R.A. Geerdink, P.M. Bree], P.C. S a n d e r a n d J.M. Schillhorn-Van Veen (Dept. of Med., Univ. IIosp. U t r e c h t a n d St. E l i s a b e t h tIosp., A m e r s f o o r t , The N e t h e r l a n d s ) . Atherosclerosis 18, ] 7 3 - 8 (1973). A description is given of a c o m p a r a t i v e s t u d y of s e r u m cholesterol values in 250 I n d i a n s of the Trio anal W a j a n a tribes in S u r i n a m , a n d in a D u t c h control group. F r m n childhood on, these values are h i g h e r in the D u t c h controls t h a n in t h e I n d i a n s . No increase of s e r u m cholesterol levels w i t h i n e r e a s h i g age is d e m o n s t r a b / e in fee I n d i a n s . ACID I~IUCOSUBSTANCES UNDERLYING LIPID DEPOSITS IN AGEING TENDONS AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC ARTERIES. C.W.M. A d a m s a n d O.B. B a y l i s s (Dept. of Pathol., Guy's Hosp. Med. Schl., London, Great B r i t a i n ) . Atherosclerosis 18, 191-5 (1973). Esterifled cholesterol is deposited focally in a g e i n g t e n d o n s a n d
AIChE elects 1974 officers and directors Officers and directors recently elected by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers are: President, Irving Liebson; vice president, Kenneth E. Coulter; secretary and executive secretary, F.J. Van Antwerpen; treasurer, A.S. West; and directors, John A. Babcock, David M. Himmelblau, Harold L. Hoffman, and James G. Knudson. • 261A
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION atherosclerotie a r t e r i e s ; ~n both cases it is p r o b a b l y m a i n l y derived f r o m p l a s m a low-denslty lipoprotein. U n d e r l y i n g these deposits at both sites, is a m i x t u r e of acid m u e o p o l y s a e c h a r i d e s ( g l y e o s a m i n o g l y e a n s ) , c o m p r i s i n g h y a l u r o n i c acid a n d ehondroitln sulphates. These m u e o s u b s t a n e e s are n o r m a l l y m a s k e d b u t can be detected histologically when the lipid h a s been removed with a suitable solvent. These observations provide direct histological s u p p o r t for the previously-expressed view t h a t acid m u e o p o l y s a e c h a r i d e s in the arterial wall e n t r a p and bind p l a s m a low-density lipoprotein. STUDIES oN CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM IN RATS BY APPLICATION OF DzO AND I~{ASS SPECTROI~IETRY. S h i - K a u n g PeaR, K a n g - J e y tIo, B. Mikkelson a n d C.B. T a y l o r (Dept. of Pathol., A l b a n y Med. Col. of U n i o n Univ., A l b a n y , N.Y. 12208). Atherosclerosis 18, 197-213 (1973). The e x p e r i m e n t was d e s i g n e d to s t u d y the d y n a m i c aspects of cholesterol m e t a b o l i s m in r a t s by application of I)~O a n d m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y . T h l r t y - s i x control r a t s were f e d a cholesterol-free diet and 34 experim e n t a l r a t s were on a 2 % cholesterol diet for 3 m o n t h s and were then given a c o n s t a n t concentration (0 to 2 0 % ) of D._,O in their d r i n k i n g water. D e u t e r i u m in a t o m percent of body water, serum, tissue and fecal cholesterol was determined. DaiIy fecal o u t p u t of n e u t r a l a n d acid sterols was also measured. The results showed no c h a n g e in s e r u m a n d tissue cholesterol c o n c e n t r a t i o n in control a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s in spite of the f a c t t h a t t h e l a t t e r h a d a m e a n daily cholesterol absorption of 182 m g / k g a n d a dietary contribution of 76% of the b o d y e x c h a n g e a b l e cholesterol. The experimental g r o u p also exhibited a 2-3 fold shorter t u r n o v e r time a n d u 4 0 % s u p p r e s s i o n of e n d o g e n o u s s y n t h e s i s which e m n p e n s a t e d perfectly for the i n t e s t i n a l influx of d i e t a r y cholesterol. Cholesterol m e t a b o l i s m was d i s t u r b e d only when a h i g h level ( 2 0 % ) of D._,O was given to the animal. TIlE EFFECT OF HYPERTENSION ON THE ACCUMULATION OF LIEIDS AND THE UPTAKE OF [~H]-CHOEESTEROL BY THIg AOKTA Ot~ NORMAL-FED AND CHOLESTEROL-FED RABBITS. D.J. Campbell, A . J . Day, S.L. S k i n n e r a n d R.K. T u m e (Dept. of Physiol., Univ. of Melbourne, Parkville, -Vie., A u s t r a l i a ) . Atherosclerosis 18, 301-19 (1973). The relationship between blood p r e s s u r e a n d arterial wall lipids was studied in n o r m a I - f e d and cholesterol-fed r a b b i t s with a n d w i t h o u t r e n a l h y p e r t e n s i o n . I n n o r m a l - f e d a n i m a l s h y p e r t e n s i o n h a d little effect on i n t i m a l pbospholipid f a t t y acid composition, b u t was associated with a s h i f t t o w a r d s u n s a t u r a t i o n in the f a t t y acid composition of i n t i m a l cholesterol ester a n d triglyceride similar to t h a t produced by cholesterol f e e d i n g alone. I n addition, cholesterol f e e d i n g alone p r o d u c e d a significant increase in the lino]eic ( 1 8 : 2 ) and decrease in the arachidonic ( 2 0 : 4 ) acid comp o n e n t s of the i n t i m a l phospholipids. I n cholesterol-fed rabb i t s h y p e r t e n s i o n did n o t have a n y f u r t h e r effect on cholesterol ester a n d triglyceride f a t t y acids, b u t was associated with a significant increase in the p a h n i t i c ( 1 6 : 0 ) a n d decrease in t h e araehidonic ( 2 0 : 4 ) acid c o m p o n e n t s of the intima] phospbolipids. LIPID ABSORPTION AND SECRETION IN TIlE CIIICK : EFFECT OF RAW SOYBEAN MEAL. D. Sklan, P. Budowski, I. Ascarelli a n d S. H u r w i t z ( F a c u l t y of Agr., t I c b r e w Univ. of J e r u s a l e m , Rehovot, I s r a e l ) . J . N u t r . 103, 1299-1305 (1973). L i p i d absorption was m e a s u r e d in 19-day-old chicks a f t e r f e e d i n g diets c o n t a i n i n g r a w or h e a t e d s o y b e a n m e a l s for 4 days. 9ty served as an u n a b s o r b e d reference substance. There was considerable secretion of total f a t t y acids, lipid p h o s p h o r u s , cholesterol a n d bile acids into the d u o d e n u m , a c c o m p a n i e d by r a p i d a b s o r p t i o n of all components between the d u o d e n u m a n d u p p e r j e j u n u m . A b s o r p t i o n of residual lipids a n d bile acids decreased steadily in the lower j e j u n u m a n d ileum. R a w s o y b e a n meal caused g r e a t l y e n h a n c e d secretion of t o t a l f a t t y acids, lipid phos-
Taber named assistant research director at ArmourDial AOCS member David Taber was named assistant research director of Armour-Dial, Inc., Phoenix, Ariz. Formerly associate research director, he will continue to head all activities in the areas of research service, government liaison, safety and clinical testing. Taber's appointment, along with a research and development staff realignment and several personnel appointments, was announced by another AOCS member, Eric Jungermann, vice president and director of research. • 262A
phorus, cholesterol a n d bile acids into t h e d u o d e n u m as comp a r e d to chicks f e d h e a t e d s o y b e a n meal. There was also n m a r k e d l y increased absorption of lipids a n d bile acids between the d u o d e n u m a n d u p p e r j e j u n u m , b u t a reduced rate of d i s a p p e a r a n c e of the residual a m o u n t s of these c o m p o u n d s in the ileum and colon. The overall n e t absorption of f a t t y acids was slightly reduced by raw s o y b e a n meal, b u t quantitatively this effect was very small c o m p a r e d to the increased secretion a n d absorption. BIOSYNTI~ESIS OF I~IILK FAT. ~:~.~. E m e r y (Dept. of D a i r y Sci., M i c h i g a n State Univ., E a s t L a n s i n g , Mich. 48823). J. Dairy Sci. 56, 1187-95 (1973). Milk f a t r e p r e s e n t s a loss of e n e r g y to the cow. T h i s e n e r g y is potentially available for production of more milk when secretion of milk f a t is suppressed by diet or by f a t t y acids u n s u i t e d to f o r m a t i o n of milk glycerides. Full realization of this potential for g r e a t e r milk production depends u p o n e n e r g y l i m i t i n g milk production and upon p r e v e n t i n g deposition of the e x t r a e n e r g y in adipose tissue. D i e t a r y m a g n e s i u m oxide seems to inhibit f a t dcpositlou by decreasing adipose lipoprotein lipase and glyceride synthesis. L a c t a t i o n i n h i b i t s these same reactions more d r a m a t i c a l l y , and a fuller u n d e r s t a n d i n g of ]actatimmI inhibition of f a t t e n i n g could m a n i f e s t w a y s to facilitate diversion of f a t t y acids to the m a n u n a r y gland. Evidence for lipoproteins in blood which p r e f e r e n t i a l l y t r a n s f e r f a t to m a m m a r y rather t h a n adipose tissue offers one possible control while the effect of p r o l a e t l n on m a m m a r y lipoprotein lipase offers another. ]POTENTIAL PRECURSORS OF N-NITROSOPYRROLIDINE IN BACON AND OTHER FRIED FOODS. D.D. Bills, K.I. H i l d r u m , R.A. Scanlan a n d :L.M. L i b b e y (Dept. of Food Sei. a n d Teehnol., Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, O r e g o n 97331). J. A g r . Food Chem. 21, 876-80 (1973). The possibility of p r o d u c i n g N-nitrosopyrrolidine f r o m several c o m p o u n d s in a s y s t e m designed to s i m u l a t e the f r y i n g of f a t t y foods c o n t a i n i n g small a m o u n t s of w a t e r was i n v e s t i g a t e d . W i t h the exception of tests on N-nitrosoproline, equimolar a m o u n t s of the compound to be tested a n d sodium n i t r i t e were a d d e d to the system prior to heating. W i t h a h e a t - u p time of 10 rain plus 10 rain at 170C, N-nitrosopyrrolidine was produced f r o m N-nitrosoproline, pyrrolidine, spermidinc, proline a n d putreseine in yields of 2.6, 1.0, 1.0, 0.4 a n d 0.04% theoretical, respectively. STEt~0ID STRUCTURE AND ANDROGENIC AC~I'IVITY. ~PECIFICITIES INVOL'v'ED IN THE RECEPTOR BINDING AND NUCLEAR RETENTION OF VARIOUS ANDROGENS. S. Liao, T. IAang, S. F a n g , E. C a s t a n e d a a n d T.C. Shoo (Ben M a y Lab. for Cancer l~es. an(] the Dept. of Bioehem., Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. 60637). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6154-62 (1973). Most of the h i g h l y active synthetic a n d r o g e n s t h a t could bind to fl-protein were £¢-3-ketosteroids w i t h o u t an a n g u l a r m e t h y l g r o u p at C-10. Since they can bind to fl-protein t i g h t l y , their a n d r o g e n action m a y b y p a s s the action of A~-3-ketosteroid-5a-oxidore ductase t h a t a p p e a r s to be n e c e s s a r y f o r the action of testosterone. These findings, t o g e t h e r with molecular model building, indicate t h a t the bulkiness a n d flatness of the steroid molecule play a more i m p o r t a n t role in receptor b i n d i n g t h a n the detailed electronic s t r u c t u r e at the ~X4 bond of R i n g A. STIMULATORY AND INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF GUANYL NUCLEOTIDI~S ON FAT CELL ADENYLATE CYCLASE. J . P . Harwood, H. Low a n d M. Rodbell (Section on M e m b r a n e R e g u l a t i o n , Natl. Inst. of A r t h r i t i s , Metabolism a n d Digestive Diseases, Bethesda, Md. 20014). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6239 45 (3973). Two i n d e p e n d e n t effects of g u a n y l nucleotides are observed on the activity a n d response of f a t cell a d e n y l a t e cyelase to hormones (glucagon, adrenocorticotropin a n d e p i n e p h r i n e ) . G T P inhibits m a r k e d l y b a s a l activity, giving m a x i m a l effects a t 10 -6 M, in either f a t cell g h o s t s or h i g h l y purified p l a s m a m e m b r a n e s p r e p a r e d f r o m r a t adipoeytes. I t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t the inhibitory effects of G T P on b a s a l activity combined with the stimulatory effect of G T P on h o r m o n e action m a y p l a y an i m p o r t a n t r e g u l a t o r y role in the f a t cell by i n h i b i t i n g the production of adenosine 3 ' , 5 ' - m o n o p h o s p h a t e by a d e n y l a t e cyclase in the absence of the lipolytic h o r m o n e s a n d by e n h a n c i n g the responsiveness of the s y s t e m to these hormones. BLOOD GROUP A ACTIVE GLYCOLIPIDS OF HOG GASTRIO MUCOSA. ~SOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTEKIZATION. A. Slomiany and M.I. Itorowitz (N.Y. Med. College, Basic Sci. Bldg., Dept. of Bioehem., Valhalla, N.Y. 10595). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 6232-8 (19.73). Glycolipids with blood g r o u p A a c t i v i t y were purified f r o m h o g s t o m a c h m u c o s a powder. T h e active lipids were isolated by c h l o r o f o r m - m e t h a n o l extraction, p a r t i t i o n with aqueous KC1 followed by p r e c i p i t a t i o n of the p o l a r ]ipids with J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION acetone. Then the A active glycolipids were purified by DEAE-cellulose and Florisil column chromatography. Final purification of the A aetlve compounds was achieved by sequential preparative thin-layer chromatography in two solvent systems. Sphingenine and heptadecasphinganine were the major long chain bases found in both fractions. The carbohydrate composition of Fractions L and U was identical and was found to be (in moles per 1 mole of glucose): galactose, 3.04; fucose, 1.09, N-acetylglucosamine, 0.99, N-acetylgalactosamine, 0.93. N U C L E A R MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDIES OF T H E INTERACTION OY' VALINOI~YCIN W I T H UNSONICATED L E C I T H I N BILAYERS. M .
Hsu, and S.I. Chan (A.A. Noyes Lab. of Chemical Physics, Calif. Inst. of Techno]., Pasadena, Cal. 91109). Biochemistry 12, 3872-6 (1973). The interaction of valinomycin with nnsonicated lecithin bilayers has been investigated by delayed Fourier t r a n s f o r m proton magnetic resonance and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicate that valinomycin interacts with dipahnltoylleeithin bilayers predominantly in the region of the polar head groups. No evidence was obtained for gross disruption of the hydrophobic region of the phospholipid bilayer in this case.
R . Schexnailder and M. Griffith (Dept. of Poultry Sci., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803). Poultry Sci. 52, 1188-94 (1973). Two trials were conducted to determine the effect of several nutrients on liver fat, egg production and egg weight of White Leghorn hens. One trial used a diet containing adequate protein and supplemented with methionine, while the other used a 15.9% protein basal diet unsupplemented with methionine. A third trial was conducted to study the effect of temperature on liver fat. Choline supplementation or a combination of choline and vitamin B~ caused an increase in egg production and egg weight, and a decrease in liver fat. A combination of methionine and vitamin /~2 caused a decrease in liver fat, b u t the decrease was not as large as t h a t obtained by feeding choline. Supplementing the diet with inositol, riboflavin, pyridoxine, Ca pantothenate, vitamin E, folic acid, biotin or terramycin had no effect on liver fat. Liver f a t was significantly higher in hens kept at a high temperature t h a n for those kept cool. Supplementing the diet with a combination of vitamins reduced liver f a t in hens kept under hot conditions, b u t not when they were kept under cool conditions. BY CHOLINE AND OTHEI% N U T R I E N T S .
ZINC: E F F E C T OF I:M~IUNOGLOBULIN CLASS AND AFIoIf,7ITY ON T H E I N I T I A T I O N OF C O M P L E M E N T - D E P E N D E N T DAMAGE TO L1POSOMAL :MODEL MEMBRANES S E N S I T I Z E D W I T H DINITROPHENYLATED PHOS-
PHOLIPIDS. H.R. Six, K. Uemura and S.C. iKinsky (Depts. of Pharmacol. and Microbio]., Washington Univ. Sch. of Med., St. Louis, Mo. 63110). Biochemistry 12, 4003-11 (1973). The principal goal of this investigation was to examine some of the factors t h a t determine how much antigen m u s t be incorporated into liposomal model membranes to render them susceptible to inmmne damage by the classical complement pathway. Control experiments are described using a mouse mye]oma I g A protein which has anti-Dnp specificity; this immunoglobulin does not promote glucose release in the presence of guinea pig serum c o n s i s t e n t with the fact t h a t I g A antibodies are unable to activate the classical complement pathway. Interaction of this I g A protein with ]iposomes was, however, demonstrated by loss of marker which occurred upon subsequent addition of rabbit anti-myeloma protein antiserum; this represents the first case of passive liposomal sensitization to antibody-complement by an antigen t h a t is not an amphipathic lipid. N A T U R A L ABUNDANC~ aaC NUCLEAR ~{AGN]~TIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF T H E LIPID IN INTACT BOVINE RETINAL ROD OUTER SEGZIENT
!~[EI~IBRANES. F. Millett, P.A. Hargrave and M.A. R a f t e r y (Dept. of Chem., Univ. of Ark., Fayetteville, Ark.). Biochemistry 12, 3591-2 (]973). Natural abundance ~3C n m r spectra for intact bovine retinal rod outer segments have been recorded. Resonances due only to the lipid components of the disk membranes were observed and these resonances have been assigned. Presumably resonances due to rhodopsin and other proteins are not observed due to their low intensity and broad line widths. :H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of intact disks were extremely broad with little definition; :~C T: values for the lipid resonances were measured for beth unbleached and bleached rod outer segments. No changes were observed for the T~ values on bleaching, nor were any chemicalshift changes observed. These findings are discussed in terms of the role played by the lipid phase in functional properties of rod outer segments. STUDIES
01~ T~IE
TOPOGRAPHY
01~ T H E EAT
CELL
PLASMA
IVfEIV£-
BRANE. M.P. Czech and W.S. Lynn (Dept. of Biochem., Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, ~.C. 27710). Biochemistry 12, 3597-601 (1973). Purified plasma membranes from .isolated f a t ee]ls are composed of at least 13 major peptide components including two major glycopeptides, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel eleetrophoresis. Gel electrophoresis of the isolated plasma membranes derived from catalytically iodinated intact f a t cells revealed that essentially all the label was associated with the glycopeptlde of 94,000 molecular weight and, to a lesser extent, the lighter g]ycopeptide. These studies indicate t h a t the two major membrane g]ycopeptides represent most of the protein on the exterior of the isolated f a t cell surface. Procedures used to isolate the plasma membrane fraction from these cells apparently severely disrupt the highly organized structure of the intact cell surface which may account, at least in part, for the relative insensitivity of isolated membranes to effects of insulin and other hormones.
A TRACE E L E M E N T E S S E N T I A L IN V I T A M I N A METABOLISM.
J.C. Smith, Jr., E.G. McDaniel, F . F . F a n and J.A. Halsted (Vet. AdInin. Hosp., Washington, D.C. 20422). Science 181, 954-5 (1973). Zinc is necessary to maintain normal coneencentrations of vitamin A in plasma. By using animals deficient in both zinc and vitamin A, it was demonstrated that zinc is necessary for normal mobilization of vitamin A from the liver. These results suggest that cases of depressed vitamin A in plasma, unresponsive to vitamin A therapy, m a y respond to zinc supplementation. GAS
CHRO]tIATOGRAPHIC ASSAY
OF EPOXIDE
HYDRASE
ACTIVITY
WITH 3-1~ETHYLCHOLANTHlZENE-11,12-OXIDE. T.A. Stoming and E. ]~3resnick (Dept. of Cell and Molec. Biol., Med. College of Georgia, Augusta, Ga. 30902). Science 181, 951-2 (1973). Epoxide hydrase has been measured in rat tissue with 3methy]cl!olanthrene-li,I2-oxide as substrate; diol formation was assayed by gas chromatographic separation of the trimethyl-silylated derivative of trans-ll,12-dihydro-ll,12dihydroxy-3-methyl-cholanthrene from the corresponding derivative of the 11 (or 12)-hydroxy-3-methylcholanthrene o n 3% OV-17, which is formed from the 11,12-oxide during the derivatization. The po]ycyelic hydrocarbons were extracted initially from the incubation mixture with ethyl acetate. The assay is simple, inexpensive and sensitive. LOW AND HIG~I Et~UCIC ACID RAPESEED OILS IN RATIONS FOR LAYING HENS. I{. Vogtmanu, D.I% Clandinin and A.R. Robblee (Dept. of Aninlal Sci., Div. of Poultry Sci., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada). Poultry Sci. 52, 955-62 (1973). The effects of including 10% of different types of rapeseed oil in rations for White Leghorn pullets nearing peak of production on energy intake, egg production, egg weight, lipid content of egg yolk and distribution of f a t t y acids in egg yolk lipids were studied. Daily energy intake increased in all groups from pretreatment to treatment periods. It was highest in the groups fed the control ration and the ration containing 10% soybean oil. I n these two groups egg production and egg weight were increased during the treatment period. Feeding regular rapeseed oil led to a marked decrease in egg weight. I n this group a tendency for decreasing yolk weight occurred whereas for the soybean oil fed group the reverse was true. Although the total lipid content of egg yolk
1 I I
I
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i I
I I !
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AOCS member Meyer Yablonsky was one of five longtime employees of Nopco Chemical Division, Diamond Shan~ock Chemical Co., Motristown, NJ., honored at an annual service awards patty. Yablonsky worked at Nopco for 46 years.
LIVER FAT AND EGG PRODUCTION OF LAYING H E N S AS INFLUENCED
J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
i i [ ~ I i [ J,
I t
263A
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION r e m a i n e d constant, the f a t t y acid p a t t e r n c h a n g e d significantly while f e e d i n g the oil-containing diets. Oleie levels of e g g yolk f a t were h i g h e r in e g g s p r o d u c e d by h e n s fed the rapeseed oil c o n t a i n i n g diets t h a n in e g g s f r o m hens f e d the control or s o y b e a n oil e o u t a i n i n g diet. W h e n diets c o n t a i n i n g rapeseed oils were fed, the a m o u n t of gadoleie acid in e g g yolk liplds was i n c r e a s e d w h e r e a s t h e contents of palmitie a n d stearic acid were decreased m a r k e d l y . No s u b s t a n t i a l a m o u n t s of erucic acid were found in the eggs. I{ELATIONSHIP BETVVEEN PLASI~IA CHOLESTEROL LEVELS AND FECAL STEROID EXCRETION OF COCKEI~ELS FED LOW-CHOLESTEROLCONTAINING DIETS. I. B a r t o v a n d R. Reiser (Dept. of Biochem. a n d Biophys., T e x a s A&M Univ., College Station, Tx. 77843). Poultry Sci. 52, 992-7 (1973). Cockerels h a v i n g relatively h i g h p l a s m a cholesterol levels when f e d a commercial diet low in cholesterol, excreted significantly h i g h e r a m o u n t s of bile acids in their feces t h a n those with low p l a s m a cholesterol levels on the same diet. N e u t r a l steroids balance in these birds was n o t consistent. P l a s m a cholesterol levels of all the chickens and the a m o u n t of bile acids excreted by those with the h i g h p l a s m a cholesterol levels both decreased slightly when 2.5% s t r i p p e d lard was a d d e d to the diet. No relationship was observed between p l a s m a cholesterol levels of individual chickens before a n d a f t e r feeding" 0.25% cholesterol. The differences in p l a s m a eholesterol levels observed a m o n g individuals f e d cholesterol did not seem to be due to differences in n e u t r a l steroids r e t e n t i o n or fecal bile acid excretion. E x c r e t i o n of bile acids was increased five-fold when cholesterol was fed, while the a m o u n t of fecal n e u t r a l steroids i n c r e a s e d only two-fold. The chickens seemed to p a r t i a l l y control the h i g h positive balance of n e u t r a l steroids observed when they h a d been f e d cholesterol, by eonsiderably i n c r e a s i n g the a m o u n t of bile acids excreted, ttyodeoxyeholie acid was the m a i n fecal bile acid. D u r i n g high cholesterol i n g e s t i o n a considerable a m o u n t of f e t a l lithoeholie acid was also observed. METABOLISM O1~ FREE AND ESTERIFIED CHOLESTEROL BY LEYDIGCELL TUMOUR ~IITOCHONDRIA. w . n . Moyle, R.L. J u n g a s a n d R.O. Grecp (Lab. of H u m a n :Reproduction a n d R e p r o d u c t i v e Biol. a n d t h e D e p t . of Biol. Chem., H a r v a r d Med. Schl., Boston, Mass. 02115). Biochem. J. 134, 415-24 (1973). E x p e r i m e n t s were designed to localize i n t r a c e l l u l a r l y the enzymes a n d sterol s u b s t r a t e s required for steroidogenesis in ]eydig-cell t u m o u r s . Subcellular f r a c t i o n s were p r e p a r e d by differential e e n t r i f u g a tied of t m n o u r h o n m g e n a t e s . B o t h free a n d esterified cholesterol were associate] p r i m a r i l y with the f r a c t i o n s s e d i m e n t i n g at 1400g a n d t h e lipid layer floating on the s u r f a c e of t h e isolation t u b e s ; t h e y were n o t f o u n d in the m i t o c h o n d r i a , where the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone occurred. H y d r o l y s i s of esterified cholesterol was required before it Gould be oxidized to pregnenolone. The findings s u g g e s t t h a t cholesterol was n o t r a p i d l y a c c u m u l a t e d by the m i t o c h o n d r i a l f r a c t i o n in vitro a n d t h a t m e c h a n i s m s m a y be required to facilitate cholesterol t r a n s p o r t into m i t o c h o n d r i a in i n t a c t t u l n o u r cells d u r i n g the periods in which steroidogenesis is stimulated maxinmlly. EFFECTS
0P
ETHANOL
AND
FAT
ON
TIIE
TRANSPORT
OF
REDUCING
EQUIVALENTS INTO R A T LIVER IVIITOCHONDRIA. A.I. C e d e r b a n m , C.S. Licber, A. Toth, D.S. Beattie, a n d E. R u b i n (Depts. of Biochenl., Med., a n d Pathol., Mt. Sinai Sch]. of Med. of the City Univ. of N.Y., N.Y. 10029). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4977-86 (1973). Cl~ronic ethanol intoxication in r a t s accelerated the rate of e t h a n o l m e t a b o l i s m , b u t decreased the activity of alcohol d e h y d r o g e n a s e . Chronic c o n s u m p t i o n of ethanol decrezsed the activities of eytochrome oxidase a n d succinie d e h y d r o g e n a s e in m i t o c h o n d r i a a n d in cell-free h o m o g e n a t e s , whereas total h e p a t i c m i t o c h o n d r i a l p r o t e i n was n o t a l t e r e d by ethanol feeding. R e c o n s t i t u t e d m a l a t e - a s p a r t a t e , f a t t y acid,
Polish symposium proceedings available Four Corners correspondent H. Niewiadomski reports that the proceedings of a 1971 symposium on deterioration of lipids held in Gdansk, Poland, are available. In addition, JAOCS Abstracts Editor, R.A. Reiners, is in the process of abstracting some of the papers for the Journal's abstracts section. For more information on this international symposium, the first scientific meeting of this type believed to have taken place in Europe, contact: Prof. dr. inz. H. Niewiad~mski, Technical University, Gdansk, Poland. " 264A
a n d a - g l y c c r o p h o s p h a t e shuttles were equally effective in transp o r t i n g reducing equivalents into the m i t o c h o n d r i a f r o m ethanol-fed a n d control rats. The activities of enzymes involved in the shuttles, such as cytoplasmic a n d m i t o e h o n d r i a l a-g]ycerophosphate d e h y d r o g e n a s e a n d g l u t a m i c oxalaeetic t r a n s a m i n a s e , were either decreased or u n c h a n g e d by chronic ethanol e o n s m n p t i o n . BIOGENESIS 0]? I~ITOCttONDRIA. THE EFFECTS OF ALTERED 1ViE!VIBRANE LIPID CO~IPOSITION ON CATION TRANSPORT tly MITOCI~ONDRIA OF SACCItAROI~IYCES CEREVISIAE. J.~{. H a s l a m , T.W. Spithill, A.W. L i n n a n e a n d . I . R Chappell (Dept. of Bioehem., M o n a s h Univ., Clayton, Vic. 3168, A u s t r a l i a ) . Bioehem. J. 134, 949~57 (1973). The f a t t y acid composition of the m e m b r a n e ]ipids of a f a t t y acid d e s a t u r a s e m u t a n t of Saeeharomyces cerevisiae was m a n i p u l a t e d by g r o w i n g the o r g a n i s m in a m e d i u m c o n t a i n i n g defined f a t t y acid supplem e n t s . Mitochondria were obtMncd whose f a t t y acids c o n t a i n between 20% and 80% u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids. M i t o c h o n d r i a with h i g h p r o p o r t i o n s of u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids in their lipids have coupled oxidative phosphorylation with n o r m a l P / O ratios, a c c u m u l a t e K* ions in t h e presence of v a l i n o m y e l n a n d an energy source, a n d eject p r o t o n s in an energyd e p e n d e n t fashion. The loss of energy-linked r e a c t i o n s is accompanied by an increased p a s s i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y of the m i t o e h o n d r i a to p r o t o n s . F r e e f a t t y acids uncouple oxidative p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n in y e a s t m i t o e h o n d r i a a n d the effect is reversed by bovine s e r u m albumin. I t is suggested t b a t the loss of energy-linked reactions in y e a s t mitoehondria t h a t are depleted in u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids is a consequence of the increased passive p e r m e a b i l i t y to p r o t o n s , a n d is caused by a c h a n g e in the p h y s i c a l properties of the lipid p h a s e of the inner mltoehondrial membrane. EFFECTS OF DICHLOROACETATEON THE lV[ETA]~OLIShI OF GLUCOSE, PYI%UVATE, ACI~TATE~ 3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE AND PALI~ITATE IN RAT DIAPIIRAGM AND HEART ]YIUSCLE IN VITRO AND ON EXTRACTION OF GLUCOSE, LACTATE, PYRUVATE AND FREE FATTY ACIDS BY DOG HEART I~ VIVO. A. McAllister, S.P. Allison and P.J. l~andle (Dept. of Biochem., Univ. of ]3ristol, Medical Schl., Univ. W a l k , ]~ristol BS8 1TD, U . K . ) . Biochem. J. 134, 1067-81 (1973). The e x t r a c t i o n s of glucose, lactate, p y r u v a t e a n d free f a t t y acids by dog h e a r t in rive were calculated f r o m measurem e a t s of their a r t e r i a l a n d corollary sinus blood concentration. Elevation of p l a s m a free f a t t y acid concentrations by i n f u s i o n of i n t r a l i p i d a n d h e p a r i n resulted in increased e x t r a c t i o n of free f a t t y acids add diminished extractions of glucose, l a c t a t e a n d p y r u v n t e by t h e heart. I t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t m e t a b o l i s m of free f a t t y acids by the h e a r t in rive were reversed by injection of dichloroaectate, which also improved e x t r a c t i o n of lactate and p y r u v a t e by the h e a r t in rive in alloxan diabetes. Possible n l e c h a n i s m s for the c h a n g e s in cell e l t r a t e concentration a n d f o r inhibitory effects of dichloroacetate on the oxidation of acetate, 3 - h y d r o x y b u t y r a t e and p a l m i t a t e are discussed. ON THE ORGANIZATION AND ~ECHANISI~ OF PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE. P. W l o d a w e r a n d B. Sanmelsson (Dept. of Chem., K a r o l l n s k a Inst., S-101 01 Stockholm 60, Sweden). J. Biol. Che~. 248, 5673-8 (1973). The o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d m e c h a n i s m of p r o s t a g ] a n d i n s y n t h e t a s e in the vesicular g l a n d of sheep was s t u d i e d by d e t e r m i n i n g the isotope effects -in the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of [5,6,8,9,1],12,14,15]-octadeutero-arachidonic acid into p r o s t a g l a n d i n E~ (PGE~), ll-dehydrop r o s t a g l a n d i n Ff~ (PGP,_,~), PGF._,~, a n d 12-hydroxy-5,8,10h e p t a d e c a t r i e n o i c acid. The first two p r o d u c t s were f o r m e d f r o m d e u t e r a t e d araehidonic acid by cleavage of earbondeuteriunl bonds at C-9 a n d C-11, respectively, whereas the l a s t two p r o d u c t s were f o r m e d w i t h o u t c a r b o n - d e u t e r i u m cleavage. E l i m i n a t i o n of the h y d r o g e n ( d e u t e r i u m ) at C-9 in the i n t e r m e d i a t e endopcroxide is the r a t e - l i m i t i n g step in the f o r m a t i o n of PGE2 f r o m the endoperoxide. The h i g h relative D : H ratio of PGF_o~ excludes the existence of a s e p a r a t e s y n t h e t a s e f o r PGFe~ a n d indicates t h a t a c o m m o n s y n t h e t a s e provides the endoperoxide precursor for b o t h PGE2 and P G F ~ . REGULATION OF FATTY ACID UTILIZATION IN ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT HEARTS. J . F . d r a m , S.L. B e n n e t c h a n d J.R. Neely (Dept. of Physiol., Milton S. H e r s h e y Med. Center, P e t a l S t a t e Univ., Hershey, P a . 17033). J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5299-5309 (1973). R e g u l a t i o n of f a t t y acid utilization was s t u d i e d in the isolated, p e r f u s e d r a t heart. T h e effects of i n c r e a s i n g t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p e r f u s a t e f a t t y acid a n d the level of ventrieular p r e s s u r e development on the r a t e s of f a t t y acid u p t a k e a n d oxidation a n d on the tissue levels of CoA a n d c a r n i t i n e derivatives were
J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY A N D N U T R I T I O N
determined. The tissue c o n t e n t o f long chain aeyl-carnitine increased with acceleration of oxidative m e t a b o l i s m even t h o u g h the levels of both aeyl-CoA a n d aeetyl-CoA decreased. The m a s s - a c t i o n ratio f o r the e a r n i t i n e p a l m i t y l - t r a n s f e r a s c s y s t e m s h i f t e d t o w a r d acylearnitine f o r m a t i o n . I n c o n t r a s t to p a l m i t a t e , oxidation of octanoate was f a s t e n o u g h to m a i n tain h i g h levels of aeetyl-CoA when f a t t y acid oxidation was accelerated by increased cardiac work. These r e s u l t s s u g g e s t e d t h a t the rate of t r a n s l o e a t i o n of aeyl u n i t s across the i n n e r m i t o e h o n d r i a l m e m b r a n e limited the rate of long chain f a t t y acylcarnitine oxidation at h i g h levels of v e n t r i c u l a r p r e s s u r e development. STUDIES ON THE IJRIDINE DIPHOSPHATE-GALACTOSE:LIPOPOLXSACCHA!~IDE GALACTOSYLTRANSFERASEREACTION USING A FATTY ACID MUTANT 01~ ESCHERIC'HIA COLl. I.R. B e a c h a m and D.F. Silbert ( W a s h i n g t o n Univ. Schl. of Med., Dept. of Biol. Chem., St. Louis, Mo. 63110). J. B w l . Chem. 248, 5310-18 (1973). The U D P - g a l a c t o s e : l i p o p o l y s a c c h a r i d e g a l a e t o s y l t r a n s f e r a s e reaction h a s been s t u d i e d u s i n g an u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid a u x o t r o p h of Escherichia coll. The u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid residues of the E. coli m e m b r a n e p h o s p h o l i p i d have been varied with respect to chain l e n g t h , position, n u m b e r a n d configuration (cis v e r s u s t r a n s ) of the ethylenie bond. A l t h o u g h the galactose c o n t e n t of the lipopolysaccharide f r o m cells w i t h m e m b r a n e p h o s p h o l i p i d altered in this w a y is n o t a p p r e c i a b l y reduced, the reaction itself is f o u n d to be sensitive to c h a n g e s in the f a t t y acid s t r u c t u r e of t h e phospholipid. In general, the activity was g r e a t e r u n d e r conditions know-n to restrict the p a c k i n g of the f a t t y acid residues of p h o s p h o l i p i d ; for example, s h o r t e r chain length, a n ethylenic b o n d n e a r the carboxyl t e r m i n u s , and eis- r a t h e r t h a n t r a n s - u n s a t u r a t e d fatty adds. OF GROWTH I I O R M O N E ON P L A S M A TRIGLYCERIDES IN ~ t N . F. Azizi, W.P. Castelli, M.S. !Ruben and M.L. Mitchell (L. S h a t t u c k Hosp., F r a m i n g h a m H e a r t Study, New E n g l a n d Med. Center Hosp. a n d the Dept. of Med., T u f t s Univ. Schl. of Med., Boston, Mass. 02111). Proe. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, 1187-90 (1973). Twelve h o u r s a f t e r the i n t r a m u s c u l a r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a single 10 m g dose of h u m a n g r o w t h h o r m o n e ( I t G H ) , f a s t i n g blood samples were obtained and analyzed for levels of triglyeerides a n d cholesterol. Growth hormone was f o u n d to raise f a s t i n g p l a s m a triglycerides significantly in a g r o u p of 6 m i d d l e - a g e d a n d elderly diabetic s u b j e c t s b u t n o t in 10 n o n d i a b e t i c middle-aged a n d elderly controls. Smaller a n d less c o n s i s t e n t increases were also observed in a g r o u p of 6 n o r m a l y o u n g m e n a n d in 6 y o u n g women who were t a k i n g contraceptive pills at the time. I n no g r o u p s was there a n y significant change in p l a s m a cholesterol level 12 h r following g r o w t h h o r m o n e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . EFFECT
IRESPONSE OF PLASMA LIPIDS AND PLATELET AGGREGATION TO INTRAVENOUS ARGININE. R. Caren a n d L. Corbo (Cedars-Sinai Med. ires. I n s t . and the Div, of Med., Cedars-Sinai Meal. Center, Los Angeles, Cal. 90048). Proc. Soe. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, 1067 71 (1973). I n t r a v e n o u s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f 400 ml 5 % a r g i n i n e in distilled w a t e r to 7 m e n a n d 10 women caused depression of p l a s m a lipids a n d inhibition of epinephrineinduced platelet a g g r e g a t i o n in m e n only. There was no depression of p l a s m a lipids (except F F A ) nor inhibition of platelet a g g r e g a t i o n m women. Saline ( 0 . 4 5 % ) h a d no effect on p l a s m a lipids or platelet a g g r e g a t i o n . The s i m i l a r i t y of response of p l a s m a lipids a n d platelet a g g r e g a t i o n in m e n following a r g i n i n e with t h a t a f t e r g l u e a g o n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n indicates the findings in men were p r o b a b l y due to s t i m u l a t i o n o f p a n c r e a t i c glucag'on secretion by arginine. No e x p l a n a t i o n can be given for th6 lack of response in women. ANTICOI~IPLEI~IENTARY ACTIVITY OF LIPID A ISOLATED FROI~.I D.C. Morrison a n d P. V e r r o u s t (Dept. of E x p e r i m e n t a l Pathol., Scripps Clinic a n d Res. ]~'ound., L a Jolla, Ca]. 92037). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, 1025-30 (1973). W e have e x a m i n e d in detail the relationship between t h e solubility of the isolated lipid A portion of bacterial llpopolysaecharides a n d biological activity. Lipid A, isolated by mild acid h y d r o l y s i s of t h e ]5PS of E. eoli 0111:B4, was shown to be an i n a e t i v a t o r of complement. W e conclude t h a t the biological activity of lipid A is h i g h l y d e p e n d e n t upon its solubility.
LIPOPOLYSACCttARIDES.
TIlE EFFECT OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY AND ]'~E~,VCASTLE DISEASE ON LYMPHOID CELL SYSTEMS IN CHICKENS. B.G. B a n g , M.A. F o a r d a n d F.B. B a n g ( J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v . Seh]. of H y g i e n e a n d Public H e a l t h , Dept. of Pathobiol., Baltimore, Md. 21205). Proe. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, ] 1 4 0 - 6 (1973). A diet w i t h o u t v i t a m i n A b u t otherwise n u t r i t i o n a l l y emnp]etc J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
was given to chicks f r o m time of h a t c h i n g . Control diets with a d e q u a t e v i t a m i n A were given to two other groups. A t age 21 days, Newcastle disease v i r u s ( N D V ) was n a s a l l y inoculated into all 3 g r o u p s ; controls of each g r o u p r e m a i n e d u n i n o e u l a t e d . Between D a y s 1 a n d 3 a f t e r N D V inoculation the A-depleted chicks showed significant loss of l y m p h o c y t e s f r o m the cortex of both the t h y m u s a n d the b u r s a of Fabricius, while those on control diets did n o t show a n y loss. DIET-INDUCED ATHEROSCLEI~OSIS IN THE MARMOSET. S. Drcizen, B.M. L e v y a n d S. Bernick (Univ. of T e x a s D e n t a l Sei. Inst., H o u s t o n , Tx. 77025). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, 1218-23 (1973). Atheroselcrosis h a s been produced in captive cotton top m a r m o s e t s f e d a purified diet c o n t a i n i n g 5 % cholesterol a n d 23%. lard. The a n i m a l s exhibited both site-specific a n d t i m e - r e l a t e d differences in v a s c u l a r susceptibility to the disease. Athcrosclerotie lesions in tile lingual a r t e r i e s a n d distal extensions of the coronary arteries a n t e d a t e d those in the a o r t a a n d other vulnerable vessels. The t o n g u e arteries were particularly prone to atheroselerosis u n d e r the e x p e r i m e n t a l conditions as d e m o n s t r a t e d by the e x t e n t a n d severity of a t h e r o m a f o r m a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t the cours~e of these vessels. INFLUENCE OF THEOBROMINE MAGNESIUM OLEATE ON FOR~,~ATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROMA. R.L. Woosley and D.U. Will (Dept. of Medicine, V a n d e r b i l t Univ. Sch. of Med., Nashville, T e n n . 37205). Proe. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, 1098-1105 (1973). Forty-five r a b b i t s were f e d a n a t h e r o g c n i c diet for three months. One g r o u p (23 r a b b i t s ) received t h e o b r o m i n e m a g n e s i u m oleate ( T M O ) orally in two equal doses daily (60 mg/kg/day). The control g r o u p received a placebo. P l a s m a cholesterol levels were d e t e r m i n e d at 0, 1, 2 a n d 3 m o n t h s a f t e r the r a b b i t s were placed on the a t h e r o g e n i c diet. The a t h e r o g e n i c diet increased the p l a s m a total cholesterol in both g r o u p s of a n i m a l s and for the first m o n t h the m e a n values were similar in both g r o u p s b u t by the end of the second m o n t h the g r o u p receiving T M O s h o w e d - a lower level of p l a s m a cholesterol. These results have been i n t e r p r e t e d as evidence t h a t T M O is capable of i m p e d i n g atherogensis. HUNGER DRIVE DURING STARVATION IN RATS ENRICHED V¢ITH ODD-CARBON FATTY ACIDS. D. Q u a r t e r m a i n , M.E. J u d g e , a n d T.B. V a n Itallie (Dept. of N e u r o l o g y a n d M i l b a n k Res. Labs., N e w Y o r k Univ. Schl. of Meal., N e w York, N.Y. 10016). Proc. Soe. Exp. Biol. Med. 143, 929 31 (1973). R a t s with depot f a t enriched with u n d e c a n o a t c m a i n t a i n significantly h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of liver g/ycogen a n d p ] a s m a glucose d u r i n g p r o l o n g e d s t a r v a t i o n t h a n do conventionally fed controls. W h e n food m o t i v a t e d behavior was tested fly m e a n s of a p r o g r e s s i v e ratio schedule of r e i n f o r c e m e n t , the undecanoate-enriehed r a t s exhibited a significantly lower drive f o r food a f t e r 48 hr of s t a r v a t i o n t h a n did their n o n e n r i c h e d controls. ANALYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDE 3IIXTURES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPtIYMASS SPECTRONCETRY. T. M u r a t a and S. T a k a h a s h i ( A n a l y t i c a l Appl. Lab., X y o t o Lab., Shimadzu Se~sakusho Ltd., N a k a g y o ku, Kyoto, J a p a n ) . Anal. Chem. 45, 1816 23 (1973). A combined s y s t e m of a g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h a n d a m a s s spectrometer p e r m i t s r a p i d analysis of triglyeerlde samples. A sample is first s e p a r a t e d on the carbon n u m b e r basis by a gas chrom a t o g r a p h a n d the c o n s t i t u e n t f a t t y acids are identified b y a m a s s spectrometer. T h u s the f a t t y acid composition a n d the molecular w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n were determined. The f a t t y acid composition of 14 g r o u p s of 78 t y p e s of triglyeerides, r a n g i n g f r o m 28 to 54 in carbon n u m b e r were d e t e r m i n e d a n d the r e s u l t s eompere~t with those of preparative g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y .
Lanolin manufacturers form trade association A g r o u p o f A m e r i c a n c o m p a n i e s e n g a g e d in t h e m a n u facture of lanolin and lanolin derivatives have formed the U.S. Lanolin and Derivative Manufacturers Association, a n o n p r o f i t t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n . P u r p o s e s o f t h e a s s o c i a t i o n are possible representation of industry position in tariff and regulatory matters, the gathering and dissemination of industry statistics, and the promotion of increased use of the industry's products in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and i n d u s t r i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s . M e m b e r s h i p is o p e n t o a n y o r g a n i zation or individual whose major activity in the lanolin i n d u s t r y is t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f l a n o l i n a n d l a n o l i n d e r i v a tives. •
265A
ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION
TRIGLYCERIDE LOWERING COMPOSITIONS. P.L. Creger ( P a r k e , D a v i s & Co.). U.S. 3,773,946. P h a r m a c e u t i c a l compositions comprise a carrier a n d an a,a,a',a'-tetramethylalkanedioie acid h a v i n g a total of 10-14 carbon atoms, or a salt or alky] ester of such an alkanedioic acid. M e t h o d s f o r lowering s e r u m triglycerlde levels b y a d m i n i s t e r i n g the c o m p o u n d s are also described.
• Edible Proteins A ~ I N o ACIDS COMPOSITION 0P PROTEINS FR01~I SOltIE OILSEEDS. J. J a n i c k i et al. Roczniki Technol. Chem. Zywn. 22, 251-60 (1973). T h r e e c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c techniques (column, paper, a n d t h i n - l a y e r ) were applied to d e t e r m i n e a m i n o acids composition of proteins of rapeseed, sunflower seed, soybean. The p r o t e i n s of exanfined seeds have a h i g h c o n t e n t of arglnine, a s p a r t i e acid a n d lysine. Only sunflower seed h a s a low c o n t e n t on lysbm. (Rev. F r a n c . Corps E r a s ) USE OF SUNFLO~,VERPROTEINS IN BAKERY PRODUCTS. V.~NT. Sirko. Pishchevaya Tehnol. 1973(2), 129 30. The w a t e r soluble f r a e t i n n of sunflower p r o t e i n s cannot be s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e meal because this fraction is d e n a t u r a t e d d u r i n g p r e s s i n g a n d extraction. The f r a c t i o n dissolved in s o d i u m chloride can be s e p a r a t e d by triple extraction with 5 % NaC1 solution. Crystallized p r o t e i n s are obtained. This f r a c t i o n was m i x e d w i t h wheat flour. U s i n g 5 30% of sunflower p r o t e i n in bread, organo]eptic c h a n g e s were not observed; a t the same time, the n u t r i t i o n a l value of t h e b r e a d was increased. (Rev. F r a n c . Corps G r a s ) CONTRIBUTIONS TO A METHOD FOR ISOELECTRIC POINT DETERMINATION IN SOYBEAN PROTEIN EXTRACTS. C. Sandulescu. Lucrari de Ccrcetare 10, 289-93 (1972). A m e t h o d is described for isoelectric point d e t e r m i n a t i o n in s o y b e a n protein extracts by m i n i n m m solubility e s t i m a t i o n of the proteins at different p i t values on the basis of absorbance m e a s u r e m e n t a t 280 n m of u n p r e e i p i t a t e d proteins. PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES FROM OIL SEED "WHEY. A. Pour-el, a n d G.V. R e d d y ( A r c h e r Daniels Midland Co.). U.S. 3,769,437. Alcoholic b e v e r a g e s are produced by f e r m e n t i n g with an alcohol p r o d u c i n g y e a s t u n d e r anaerobic conditions a m i x t u r e c o n t a i n i n g ell seed whey o b t a i n e d as a waste m a t e r i a l f r o m the isolation of oilseed protein, a n d a c a r b o h y d r a t e . I-~/[ETHOD OF MAKING A SII~ULATED MEAT PRODUCT. A.E. Carp a n d D.D. M o h a r (General Mills, I n c . ) . U.S. 3,772,035. B u n d l e s of s p u n protein fibers are i m p r e g n a t e d with an edible s e r u m c o n t a i n i n g a h e a t coagulable binder. The outside of the bundles is h e a t set while the interior is not. M a n y of these b u n d l e s are p u t together, compressed a n d completely h e a t set.
• Drying
O i l s and P a i n t s
INDUSTRIAL FATS IN PAINTS AND VARNISHES IN 1 9 7 1 - - 1 9 7 2 PROSPECTS IN THE FUTURE. G. B o s s h a r d a n d J . P . He]me ( I T E R G , P a r i s ) . Rev. Franc. Corps Eras 20, 405 11 (1973). I n 1971, F r e n c h production of p a i n t s was 730,376 tons. T h e F r e n c h p a i n t i n d u s t r y is the second in E u r o p e behind W e s t G e r m a n y b u t ahead of Great Britain. The p h e n o m e n a of d r y i n g a n d f o r m a t i o n of p o l y m e r s are reviewed. The q u a l i t y of different i n d u s t r i a l f a t s a n d oils used in p a i n t i n d u s t r y is d i s c u s s e d ; the uses of f a t s in this field is restrained b y p o w e r f u l tides. :Nevertheless, derivatives of u n s a t u r a t e d f a t s should be able to m a i n t a i n their position, provided t h a t t h e y remain competitive.
POLYMER-SOLVENT INTERACTIONS FROM GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. R.D. N e w m a n a n d J.M. P r a u s n i t z (U. of Calif..
Horan named president-elect of AACC F r a n c i s E. H o r a n , a n A O C S m e m b e r s i n c e 1 9 6 8 , w a s named president-elect of the American Assn. of Cereal C h e m i s t s a t i t s 5 8 t h a n n u a l m e e t i n g i n St. L o u i s , M o . Horan, director of research, Archer-Daniels-Midland Co., D e c a t u r , Ill., will s u c c e e d J o h n H. N e l s o n o f P e a v e y C o . , Chaksa, Minn. The meeting was attended by more than 800 members and about 140 guests. The technical program featured close to 200 technical papers, symposia, and round table discussions. •
266A
Dept. of Chem., Berkeley, Calif. 94720), J. Paint Technok 4 5 ( 5 8 5 ) , 33-45 ( ] 9 7 3 ) . To increase f u n d a m e n t a l unders t a n d i n g of the d r y i n g of p o l y m e r c o a t i n g films, it is necessary to know the volatility (vapor p r e s s u r e ) of the solvent over the c o a t i n g fihn at small solvent concentrations. A r a p i d a n d convenient m e t h o d is p r e s e n t e d f o r o b t a i n i n g d a t a on the volatility of solvents in c o a t i n g films when the solvent conc e n t r a t i o n is very low. Infinite-dilution g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y is used for f a s t characterization of a large n u m b e r of polymersolvent s y s t e m s . E x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a are p r e s e n t e d for 91 b i n a r y polymer-solvent s y s t e m s in the t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 50 to 200 C. The b i n a r y s y s t e m s i n v e s t i g a t e d include seven polymers c o m m o n l y used in c o a t i n g s a p p l i c a t i o n s and 21 solvents, b o t h polar and non-polar. A simple relation exists between the e x p e r i m e n t a l l y - d e t e r m i n e d retention volume and the infinite-dilution volatility. T h a t volatility can be used to calculate the equilibrium solvent content of a polymer film d u r i n g the d r y i n g process. THER~IAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VARNISHES AND PAINTS WITH THE DERIVATOGRAPH (3). ON TIIE IDENTIFICATION OF PAINT MEDIA IN PAINTING MATERIALS. l~. T a l a s - R o h o n e y and :F. H o r k a y ( B u d a l a k k F a r b e n - u . K u n s t h a r z f a b r i k e n , B u d a p e s t ) . Farbe u. Lack. 7 9 ( ] 0 ) , 944 47 (1973). Identification of p a i n t m e d i a by m e a n s of the t h e r m o a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d was investigated. J u d g i n g by t h e results the t h e r m o a n a l y t i c n l m e t h o d alone, without a d d i t i o n a l ~nvestigations, will suffice for n u m e r o u s s y s t e m s and s u p p l y adequate i n f o r m a t i o n on the m e d i a types. POLYISOCYANATES MODIFIED WITH FATTY ACIDS. D. Dhein a n d L. Fleiter ( B a y e r AG, K r e f e l d - U e r d i n g e n ) . Farbc ~t. Lacl~ 7 9 ( 1 0 ) , 957-9 (1973). P o l y i s o c y a n a t e s modified with f a t t y acids were developed which are readily soluble in or compatible with v a r n i s h solvents of m o d e r a t e s t r e n g t h and which t h e r e f o r e m a y be used as " s y s t e m - s u i t a b l e " c u r i n g additives in air-curling alkyd resin varnishes. CURAI]LE EPOXIDIZED FATTy C03£POUND/POLYESTER COATING CO1V£PGSm:IO~S. 13.D. T a f t ( A s h l a n d Oil, I n c . ) . U.S. 3,770,675. The compositions which may, p r e f e r a b l y , exist as a two p a c k a g e s y s t e m prior to use, are improved as to pot life and gloss, adhesion, a n d t o u g h n e s s in the cured film by c o m b i n i n g the polyester c u r i n g a g e n t with a modified epoxy c o m p o n e n t such as a vinyl modified component.
• Detergents RECENT PIIYSICOCHEMICAL DATA ON ALKALI SOAPS. 1:~. P e r r o n a n d C. M a d e l m o n t (C.N.R,S., 2 rue t I e n r y - D u v a n t , 94320 T h i a i s ) . Rev. Franc. Corps Eras 20, 26].-8 ( ] 9 7 3 ) . The new k n o w l e d g e a n d certain less recent results not pointed out in preceding reviews are analyzed according to the physical m e t h o d s used to obtain them. X - r a y diffraction, D T A , DSC a n d d i l a t o m e t r y , then N M R a n d I R spectrometry, are successively considered. F r o m this a n a l y s i s the need to s t u d y the "liquid s t a t e " of chains in m e s o m o r p h o u s p h a s e s s t a n d s out. P r o b a b l y by i m p r o v e m e n t s in N M R techniques a better description ,nay be obtained of this very p a r t i c u l a r liquid state. The a u t h o r s will soon publish the results of their research in this field. LAUNDRy DETERGENTS RASED ON TALLOW SOAP. G. Maerker, W.M. Linficld ( E a s t e r n Reg. Res. L a b . , A R S , U S D A , Philadelphia, P a . ) . Rev. Franc. Corps Eras 20, 255 60 (1973). H o m e l a u n d r y d e t e r g e n t s whose p r i n c i p a l i n g r e d i e n t is tallow soap a n d which are effectlvc over a wide r a n g e of w a t e r h a r d n e s s a n d t e m p e r a t u r e s are described. The d e t e r g e n t s are formulations of soap, tallow derived lime soap d i s p e r s i n g agents, a n d mildly alkaline sodium silicates. The p r o d u c t s are rapidly biodegradable, non-toxic a n d c o n t a i n no phosphate. I n effectiveness a n d cost, they resemble commercial p r o d u c t s c o n t a i n i n g p h o s p h a t e builder. I n the paper, the d a t a a b o u t the inedible tallow a n d f a t p r o d u c e d a n d used in U S A , f r o m 1950 to 1970, are given. METHODS OF TESTING THE PERFORI~ANCE OF WASHING I~ACHINES. I-I. Brfischweiler ( M a t e r i a l s T e s t i n g I n s t . ( E M P A ) , St. Gallen, Switzerland). Tensidc Detergents 1 0 ( 5 ) , 229-38 (1973). E x i s t i n g s t a n d a r d s , descriptions a n d t e r m s of p e r f o r m a n c e t e s t i n g of w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s are reviewed. General conditions u n d e r which c o m p a r a t i v e t e s t i n g of w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s are carried out are described. This i n c l u d e s the i n s t a l l a t i o n of the machine, power supply, water, detergent, load a n d reference w a s h i n g processes. Methods to t e s t c l e a n s i n g efficiency, mechanical wear a n d r i n s i n g effects are given. Cleansing (Continued on page 26gA) J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
Abbreviations. Without period or degree sign, e.g., ml, g, sec, 100 C or 373 K (for others see CBE Style Manual, Third Edition, Am. Institute of Biological Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1972). Other Items of Form. Metric system wherever feasible; decimals in preference to fractions; per cent symbol (%) only after numbers; characters subject to misinterpretation, e.g., Greek letters, spelled in margin, formal name and E.C. number for enzymes at first mention-trivial name subsequently, if more convenient; commercial products expressed by c o m m o n name or scientific name (if one exists) followed by trade names in parentheses only if essential; promotional statements concerning commercial products are not accepted.
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•
changes other than correction of printing errors.
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FORTHEAUTHOR'STHOUGHT The experienced reader appreciates the additional effort an author puts forth to present his work concisely and clearly because it permits the reader to gain the greatest return for the time he invests in reading. The author's success in this effort is a primary determinant of the time interval in which editors and reviewers complete their tasks, the alacrity with which acceptable manuscripts are published and the effectiveness of the service provided for progress in lipid science. •
Abstracts...
(Continued f r o m page 266A) efficiency is e v a l u a t e d with artificially soiled f a b r i c s c o n t a i n i n g different t y p e s of soilings. Mechanical a n d chemical wear are m e a s u r e d with an unsoiled s t a n d a r d f a b r i c a n d t h e r i n s i n g effects b y a n a l y z i n g s u b s t a n c e s r e m a i n i n g on the w a s h e d textiles. M e t h o d s to test w a s h i n g p r o g r a m s for woolens, s y n t h e t i c fibers a n d w a s h a n d wear articles are described as well as some special t e s t s i n c l u d i n g one for water e x t r a c t i n g efficiency. R e s u l t s of w a s h i n g , bleaching, w h i t e n e s s retention, wear a n d r i n s i n g tests u n d e r different w a s h i n g conditions are given. M e t h o d s described m a y be used to test d e t e r g e n t s a n d textiles. ~/[ODEL EXPERIMENTS ON TI-IE DEIIAVIOR O~ NONIONIC RA'W MA" r/'ERIALS IN SPRAY DRYING. G. I t o h f e l d ( F a r b . H o e c h s t AG, vorm. Meister L u c i u s & Brfining, F r a n k f u r t / M ) . Seifen-OleF e t t e - W a c h s e 9 9 ( 2 1 ) , 601-2 (1973). The effects of antio x i d a n t s on d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f c o n s t a n t s a n d of polyglyeol cont e n t is discussed. ORGANIC BUILDER SALTS
AS
REPLACEMENTS
g e n t s are the w a t e r soluble ionic salts or nonionie esters or amides of alkauoie acids which are s u b s t i t u t e d by a t least one g r o u p c o n t a i n i n g an electronegative arran. The s u b s t i t u t e n t is a t t a c h e d to a carbon atom 2 to 5 positions f r o m t h e carboxyl group. G a m m a s u b s t i t u t e d alkanoie acid derivatives are preferred. The d e t e r g e n t s are b i o d e g r a d a b l e and have improved resistance to p r e c i p i t a t i o n in h a r d water. SODIUM TRIPOLYP~IOSPHATE. W. H u t t i n g e r , tI. yon A l m a s y a n d J. Buehwald (Chemische W e r k e A l b e r t ) . U.S. 3,770,644. A process for i n c r e a s i n g the h a r d n e s s of sodium t r l p o l y p h o s p h a t e hollow spheres comprises s p r a y d r y i n g a solution of rochea n d disodium p h o s p h a t e which h a s been a d j u s t e d to a ratio of Na : P of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 : 3 to yield a product c o n t a i n i n g more t h a n 10% condensed p h o s p h a t e . The p r o d u c t is calcined and then t r e a t e d at a t e m p e r a t u r e of less t h a n 80C with sufficient m o i s t u r e to yield a p r o d u c t h a v i n g an ash loss of 0 2 - 7 % . A d e t e r g e n t composition c o n t a i n i n g this sodium t r i p o l y p h o s p h a t e hollow spheres as an essential i n g r e d i e n t is also claimed.
FOR SODIU~J: TRI-
POLYPHOSPHATE ( I [ ) . E.A. M a t z n e r , M.M. Crufehfield, R.P. L a n g g u t h a n d R.D. Swisher ( M o n s a n t o Ind. Chems. Co., St. Louis, Me. 63166). Tenside D e t e r g e n t s 1 0 ( 5 ) , 239 245 ( ] 9 7 3 ) . Technical f a c t o r s involved in developing s a t i s f a c t o r y replacem e n t s for sodium t r i p o ] y p h o s p h a t e in d e t e r g e n t s are reviewed. The difficulty of this task has p r o b a b l y been u n d e r e s t i m a t e d b y those u r g i n g removal a n d those seeking s u b s t i t u t e s . The obvious r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r an:), s u b s t i t u t e are t h a t it be safe, f u n c t i o n a l l y effective, e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y acceptable a n d economically practical. The technical implications of these deceptively simple r e q u i r e m e n t s with respect to acceptable molecular s t r u c t u r e s are discussed in g r e a t e r detail. The classes of c o m p o u n d s which have been considered by m a n y investigators in the c o n t i n u i n g search are reviewed. ]~Ionsanto h a s now e v a l u a t e d m a n y h u n d r e d different chemical s t r u c t u r e s . The a p p r o a c h to the selection of potential c a n d i d a t e s is described i n c l u d i n g screening tests a n d p a s s - f a i l s t a n d a r d s . The imp o r t a n c e of certain key t e s t s such as sequestration, detergency p e r f o r m a n c e , b i o d e g r a d a b i l i t y , toxicity and physical characteristics is highlighted.
NONIONIC SURFACTANTS HAVING ENIIANCED DETERGENCY. ~¢[. Cenker a n d E.A. W e i p e r t ( B A S F W y a n d o t t e Corp.). U.S. 3,770,701. Liquid, biodegradable, water miscible, nonionic s u r f a e t a n t s are p r e p a r e d f r o m s t r a i g h t chain a]iphatic alcohols h a v i n g 8-22 carbon a t m n s in the aliphatie chain a n d a m i x t u r e of ethylene oxide a n d p r o p y l e n e oxide.
G . Singh ( I n s t . of Medical Sciences, B a n a r a s H i n d u Univ., Varanasi-5, I n d i a ) . Soap~Cosmetics~Chemical Specialties 49 (10), 34-6, 74 (1973). A s t u d y was carried out to determine the value of m e d i c a t e d soaps in p r e v e n t i o g skin infections. An e x p e r i m e n t a l model o f p r o d u c i n g skin i n f e c t i o n s with Staph. aureus in h u m a n s was employed. W a s h i n g with m e d i c a t e d soaps p r e v e n t e d t h e development of lesions when the skin w a s challenged with the o r g a n i s m . B a r soaps c o n t a i n i n g hexachlorophene were as effective as those c o n t a i n i n g h a l o g e n a t e d salieylanilides. The effect of a germicidal soap g r a d u a l l y d i m i n i s h e s a n d does n o t last beyond 48 h o u r s if n o t replenished by s u b s e q u e n t use of the soap.
]?RODUCTION OP GRANULAR MIXTURES.. A.G.M. t t u s s a i n (ColgatePalmolive Co.). U.S. 3,773,671. A process f o r m a k i n g a g r a n u l a r e n z y m e p r o d u c t comprises m i x i n g a n a q u e o u s slurry of powdered enzyme p r e p a r a t i o n with h y d r a t e d p e n t a s o d i u m t r i p o l y p h o s p h a t e while a g i t a t i n g .
GERMICIDAL ACTION OF MEDICATED BAR SOAPS.
EI-A. I. H e i b a and A.L. W i l l i a m s (Mobile Oil Corp.). U.S. 3,770,643. The deter-
BIODEGRADABLE HARD WATER DETERGENTS.
268A
MANUFACTURE 0P SCOURING CLEANSER. R.A. I n s i g n a r e s (Colg a t e - P a h n o l i v e ) . U.S. 3,772,204. Scouring cleansers are m a d e by n e u t r a l i z i n g a d e t e r g e n t acid with an excess of calcium carbonate, w h e r e b y a c a l c i u m - d e t e r g e n t salt is produced t o g e t h e r with calcium c a r b o n a t e scouring m a t e r i a l Such cleansers have improved f o a m i n g power, and bleaches p r e s e n t in t h e m are more stable on s t o r a g e t h a n in s i n d l a r products c o n t a i n i n g a c o r r e s p o n d i n g s o d i u m - d e t e r g e n t salt. I)4PROVED PROCESS FOR -WASHING POLYESTER MATERIALS. R.P. ]qerni and B.A. Grifo ( G A F Corp.). U.S. 3,771,951. A soil anti-deposition a g e n t for use in l a u n d r y applieations is disclosed. The a g e n t comorises a s y n e r g i s t i c m i x t u r e of polyvlnylpyrrolidone a n d polyvinyl alcohol.
SOAP INSERT. E.A. Bredice. U.S. 3,773,672. A plate-like insert a d a p t e d to keep the soap f r o m b r e a k i n g as it is used is positioned w i t h i n the center of a b a r of soap. The insert is p r e f e r a b l y resilient and d e s i g n a t e d to stick to the soap. I:~LEACHING COMPOSITION. P.A. J e n k i n s a n d A. Ritchie ( P r o c t e r & G a m b l e ) . U.S. 3,773,673. The compositions comorise mixtures of p e r s u l f a t e bleaching c o m p o u n d s a n d o r g a n i c peroxyc o m p o u n d s in p r o p o r t i o n s such t h a t the weight ratio of avail(Continued on page 270A) J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1974 (VOL. 51)
•
organic liquid and the s u r f a c t a n t composition; (el textile tre,~tlng compositions comprising the fluid carrier composition and a textile t r e a t i n g agent. Also disclosed is a blend of a textile softening agent and the s u r f a e t a n t composition.
Abstracts...
(Continued from page 268A) able oxygen f r o m the persulf,qte to that f r o m t;he organic peroxy compounds is up to 3:1. The compositions are particularly useful for washing and bleaching at lower temperatures. DETERGENT COMPOSITION CONTAINING ENZY~IES, W,E. A d a m and C. P a r r o t ( P r o c t e r & Gamble). U.S. 3,773,674. The g r a n u l a r detergent composition contains (a) an organic detergent, (b) an alkaline builder, (el glucose polymers with an a-1,4 main linkage, (d) a compound of the general f o r m u l a R ~ - ( C t I O H ) ~ - Y , wherein Y represents a salt or an ester radical derived f r o m a earboxylie radical, n is 3 or 4, and ira is CtL..OH or CHO, and (el an a-amylase. The glucose polymers and the compound of the general f o r m u l a R ~ ( C H O H ) r Y protects the c~-amylase a g a i n s t denaturation and degradation. DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS. ]~.C. Pord, Jr. a n d J.D. Zeeh (Atlas Chemical Inds., I n c . ) . U.S. 8,773,804. The detergent compositions comprise salts of p a r t i a l f a t t y acidphosphoric acid esters of polyalkoxylated polyols having 4-6 carbon atmns. Amine salts of compositions having 1 8 polyoxyalkylene groups, 1-4 f a t t y acid ester groups, and 1-2 phosphoric acid groups per reel of po]yo] are particularly useful as ashless fuel oil sludge dispersants. LIPOPHILIC
SURFACTANTS EOP~ SOLVENT/]VATER SYSTESIS AND TEXTIDE TREATING COMPOSITIONS, I~.W. Graft ( I C I America I n c . ) . U.S. 3,775,051. Disclosed are (a) a s u r f a c t a n t composition eomprising a blend of a cationic sur~actant and an anionic s u r f a e t a n t ; ( b ) a fluid carrier composition for the t r e a t m e n t and processing of textile materials which comprises water, an
DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS FOR CARPETS. N . A , L Va~i P a u s s e n (China-y, 1,'abriek Van Chenaischo P r o d u k t e n N . K . ) . U.S. 3,775,052. The carpet shampoo eontains as the essentla] ingredient a mixture of 10-70% of a detergent and 90-30% of a finely divided adsorbent solid. The shampoo can be p r e p a r e d in the f o r m of an aqueous concentrate dilutable for actual use and conveniently in the f o r m of an aerosol. ~0FTENING FINISHES FOR "WASHED LAUNDRY. M. ]C~erg, W. ]q'ries. J. H a r t e n s t e i n and C. W e r n e r (Henkel & Cie). U.S. 3,775,316. The compositions comprise 92 10 of a f a t t y acid-hydroxyalkylpolyamine eondensatlon product and 8 - 9 0 % of a quarternary anmionimn conlpound mixture of 0 100% of textile softeners and 100-0% of a germicidal q u a t e r n a r y anamonlmn compound which is water dispersible. CI.zaR RINS~ AGENTS Y0~ ~CI~aNICAI, DIStIWaSI:~IX(~. }t. ~ a t k a and T. Altensch/Apfer (JcIenkel & Cie). U.S, 3,775,830. The clear-rinse agents comprise an aqueous solution of an adduet of 5 20 reels of ethylene oxide and 1-10 mole of propylene oxide with alkanedio]s having a linear alkanc chain of 10 20 carbon atoms and vieinal, nonterminal hydroxyls. MANUFACTURE OF ENZYME SPIIERES. G. ])orre]lo (ColgatePalmolive Co.). U.S. 3,775,331. The process consists of mixing the enzyme with a synthetic organic surface active agent to form a lmnmgeneous mixture, compressing the mixture and mechanically working it to make it plastic, forcing the worked mixture t h r o u g h small openings to produce filaments, and rolling the filaments to break off pieces and round the edges to f o r m spheres. The composition so-formed has inere~ased stability upon storage and upon exposure to oxidizAng agents. SOLID
ACTIVATED
PER-COS[POUND
COMPOSITIONS
AND
METIIOD
OF
ACTIVATING THE~[. A. Heius, D. I~uhling and H. ]3loching (Henkel & Cie). U.S. 3,775,332. The method utilizes diaeylated 2,5-diketopiperazine as an activator. N-ACYL AZOEINONES ~'tS PEROXYGEN BLEACtI ACTIVATORS. F. F r e d and ]~.E. Misner (Amerleml Cyanamid Co.). U.S. 3,775,223. The cmnpounds are effective bleach activators in compositions comprising hydrogen peroxide or a hydrogen peroxide releasing compound. The activated bleaching compositions are useful for various applieation~, particularly when incorporated in detergent laundering compositions in which they show good storage stability and high effectiveness at low t e m p e r a t u r e s (i.e., 50-70C).
DEVELOPMENT
CHEMIST
We ~re a $38,000,000 corporation in specialty chemicals, baked goods and fine foods. Our commitment to a strong diversification program has created an opportunity to assist in the planning, development and execution of developmental research programs primarily in the cosmetics and toiletries areas. Incumbent will report to the Manager, Product Development and Service, Industrial Products Division. Ideally, the qualified candidate will possess a B.S. in Chemistry or allied field, two years' experience in the formulation of cosmetics and toiletries, skills from a technical writing and communications standpoint, and ability to relate to marketing and sales input and react to them. Competitive compensation program and complete fringe package. Send resume to: CORPORATE P E R S O N N E L M A N A G E R C. J. PATTERSON COMPANY 3947 Broadway Kansas City, Mo. 64111 Art Equal Opportunity Employer M / F
WASHING AND CLEANSING COMPOSITIONS. G. Jakobi and P. ]~'erth (Henkel & Cie). U.S. 3,775,3.f& The compositions comprise one p a r t of surface active agent and 0.5 20 p a r t s of a mixture of builder salts consisting of (1) 25-75% of pentasodium triphosphate, (2) 10-50% of sodimn citrate and (3) 10-60% of sodium carbonate. DETERGENT FORIV[ULATIONS CONTAINING ALKYL POLYETIIOXY SULFATE ~IXTURES. M.E. Tuve]I, C.F. Yaneey and tt.D. Gorsleh ( E t h y l Corp.). U.S. 3,775,349. Certain mixtures of alkyl sulfate and alkyl alkoxy sulfate detergents have superior properties when used in h a r d w a t e r where the alkyl groups of the sulfates r a n g e f r o m 10 to 20 carbon atoms and 10-50% of the alkyl g r o u p s are deeyl. •
Northeast Section to hold symposium April 9
MECHANICAL
OR CHEMICAL
ENGINEER
We are a large Midwestern agri-husiness company in search of an individual to manage the operations of our soybean processing plants. Duties involve employee supervision, public relations, safety, environmental compliance, design and processing plant efficiency. Applicants must possess a mechanical or chemical engineering degree and experience in vegetable oil seed processing or grain processing. Supervisory and management expermnce is also required. The successful candidate will receive excellent compensation and full benefit coverage with the opportunity for professional growth. If interested, send resume and salary requirement in
confidence to :
270A
Box 172 American Oil Chemists' Society 508 South Sixth Street Champaign, IL 61820
The Northeast Section of the AOCS will hold its 13th annual symposium April 9 at the Robert Treat Hotel, Newark, N.J. Registration will be held from 8:30 until 9 a.m. Manny Eijadi is chairman and Jack Marcus co-chairman. The program is: 9-9:45 a.m., Market and Availabilities for Short Chain Monobasic Acid, C5-C 14 ; 9:45-10:30 a.m., coffee; I0:30-11:15 a.ln., Synthetic Lubricants for Aviation, Automobiles, and Industrial Uses; 11:15-12 noon, Selecting Emulsifiers by the Cohesive Energy Ratio System; 12-1:30 p.m., l u n c h recess; 1:30-2:15 p.m., The O u t l o o k f o r E n e r g y in t h e U.S. a n d t h e R e s t o f t h e N o n - C o m m u n i s t World; 2 : 1 5 - 3 p . m . , O p e r a t i n g E x p e r i e n c e w i t h Biological Cooling Towers; 3-3:45 p.m., Optimization of Caustic Refining. • J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., February 1 9 7 4 (VOL. 51)
