bstroots EDITOR: S. KORITALA 9 ABSTRACTORS: J.C. Harris, M.G. Kokatnur, F.A. Kummerow, G. List, B. Matijasevic, K.D. Mukherjee, D.B.S. Min, R.A. Reiners, and P.Y. Vigneron

9 Drying

O i l s and P a i n t s

OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS--THEIR EFFECT ON THE YELLOW APPEARANCE OF LINSEED OIL PAINT. H. Hakoff and L. E. Gust, J. Coatings TeehnoL 50(642), 84-5 (1978). Three optical brighteners were incorporated into separate samples of commercial linseed oil paint and, after storage in the dark, panels coated with these paints were evaluated spectrophotmnetrieally and visually. The samples containing the optical brighteners achieved a smaller yellowness index t h a n did the paint without optical brightener; in addition, each of these samples appeared less yellow to the h u m a n eye t h a n did a paint with the same yellowness index b u t not containing an optical brightener. POLYESTERS BASED ON BORIC ACID. C.R. Desai and S.P. Points, Paintindia 28(4), 21-9 (1978). Available information on the chemistry of polyesters based on boric aeld and polyhydric alcohols like glycols, trimethylol propane, glycerol pentaerythritol has been summarized. The applications of these boric acid based polyesters in different fields have been highlighted with specific reference to the special characteristics they impart to the ultimate compositions. EPOXY-ESTER MODIFIED BITUMINOUS COATING COMPOSITIONS. A.M. Naser and M.A. Moustafa, Paintindia 28(3), 20-3 (1978). The u p g r a d i n g and utilization of local bituminous materials were carried out for the purpose of producing protective and durable coating compositions. Blending mixed epoxy esters of abietic acid and linseed or dehydrated castor oil f a t t y acids with the base material, in amounts of 10 to 20% by weight, produces bituminous coating compositions of improved fihn perforumnees.

9 Fats and O i l s INDIVIDUAL LIPIDS AND PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS FOODS. 4. COMMERCIAL CAKE MIXES. T.S. Rudolf, et al., J. Agr. Food Chem. 26, 842-7 (1978). Commercially prepared cake mixes were purchased from several supermarkets. Samples were analyzed for water, protein, total fat, ash, f a t t y acids, sterols, and cis, cis-methylene interrupted polyunsaturated triglycerides. The data indicate t h a t in the process of making cake mixes the ulanufacturer used either vegetable oil alone or a mixture of animal and vegetable fat. Animal f a t alone was not used in the mixes tested. The amount of total f a t ranged from 8.2 to 15.3 g/100 g of product and the cholesterol from 0 to 22 m g / 1 0 0 g of product. CHANGING LIPID CLASS PATTERNS DURING MATURATIONOF SWEET ORANGES. S. Nagy, H.E. Nordby, and J.M. Smoot, J. Agric. Food Chem. 26, 838-42 (1978). Hamlin, Pineapple, and Valencia sweet oranges were harvested monthly from trees between J u l y 1971 and May 1972. Vesicular lipids were extracted from each cultivar and separated into neutral lipids ( N L ) , resin acids and glycolipids ( R A G L ) , and phospholipids and other polar lipids ( P P L ) by silica gel chromatography. The N L and RAGL fractions from each cultivar showed varying trends in their percentage distributions during the ripening period. While ripening occurred fastest in Hamlin (early m a t u r i n g f r u i t ) , the rate of senescence (as measured by phospholipid loss) also occurred at the f a s t e s t rate in this cultivar. A STUDY OF LIPIDS IN DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM). I.R. Singh, et al., J. Food Sc~. Technol. 15, 16 (1978). The polar and neutral lipid contents and p a t t e r n s in seven varieties of wheat ( K ' - - 2 2 7 ' , 'S-308', 'C-273', 'K-68', 'S-413', 'Argelto' and 'Sharbati Sanora') were examined by thin layer chromatography. All the samples showed varied amounts of free f a t t y acids indicating the presence of lipase activity in the stored wheat grains. A m o n g J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 1978 (VOL. 55)

the neutral lipids, glycerides formed the m a j o r component whereas among the phospholipids and glycolipids, phosphatidyl choline and galaetosy] diglyceride formed the m a j o r component. On the basis of lipid composition, variety 'S-308' appears to have better baking qualities and likely to possess better retention power of its flour. COMPOSITION OF GHEE-RESIDUE. I.M. Santha and K.M. N a r a y a n a n , J. Food Sci. Technol. 15, 24 (1978). Gheeresidues obtained by cream, creamery-butter and desi-butter methods showed t h a t the moisture, protein and ash contents were more in butter ghee-residues t h a n in cream ghee-residues. Butter ghee-residues contained more phospholipids t h a n cream ghee-residues. As the period of heating increased, there were decreases in all the major phospholipids and a slight increase in lysophospholiplds. COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF METAL STEARATES. N.Y. Tarasenko, et al., Int. Arch. Oceup. Environ. Health 37(3), 179-92 (1976). Experiments on rats were undertaken to determine the toxicity of stearates of calcium, barium, zinc, cadmium and lead. The threshold levels of acute toxicity were determined. The cumulation coefficients, determined at the threshold level, were 0.2-0.3. At intratracheal administration of 50 rag. of the studied substances, the pathologic processes were presented mainly in the lungs. Observation revealed the marked skin resorption effect of all the stearates. Recommendations for the protection of workers are given. (World Surface Coatings Abs. No. 433) HEATS OF ICIYDROGENATION OF LARGE MOLECULES. I I . SIX UNSATURATED AND POLYUNSATURATEDFATTY ACIDS. D.W. Roger, et al., J. Chem. Soc, Far. Trans. I 74(1), 46-52 (1978). The heats of hydrogenation of the 16 C and 18 C u n s a t u r a t e d a n d polyunsaturated f a t t y acids, palmitoleic, oleie, elaidic, linoleic, linelaidic and linolenie acids, have been determined. (World Surface Coatings Abs. No. 434) CHARACTERISTICS OF QuALTY FOR THE PROCESSING OF RAPESEED. G. RSbbelen, Fette, Seifen, AnsSrichm. 80, 99-103 (1978). F r o m two experiments with industry scale processing of rapeseed from new varieties low in erucic acid and glucosinolate, results were obtained in ]975 and 1976 confirming the technological equivalency of the traditional and the new rapeseed varieties. Simultaneous genetic improvement of oil and protein content is limited by a negative physiological correlation between these two i m p o r t a n t quality characteristics. B u t probably the m a x i m u m capacity with regard to these traits is not yet realized in the present varieties. According to the results of an experiment with more t h a n 4,000 plants and their progenies progress in protein selection varies within different subgroups of a total of breeding stocks preselected for oil content and thousand-seed-welght, respectively. EXPERIMENTS ON THE USE OF SEED AND MEAL OF RAPESEED LOW IN GLUCOSINOLATE CONTENT IN FEEDING RATIONS FOR MONOGASTEIC ANIMALS. B. B r a k and H. Henke], Forte, Seifen, Anstrichm. 80, 104-8 (1978). Glucosinolates and their components in seed and meal of rapeseed may confine feed-uptake by animals. W i t h broilers as experimental animals, the feeduptake and consequently the growth rate were dependent on the amount of glucosinolates in the feed rations. Using shortterm heat treated rapeseed meal with a low glucosinolate content ( ' E r g l u ' ) the feed-uptake was normal; with heat treated products rich in glucosinolates the feed-uptake could be increased only partly. H e a t i n g inactivates those enzymes in rapeseed which split glucosinolates to nitrils; most of the glucosinolates, however, remain intact. There exists a good correlation between content of nitrils in rapeseed products and repression of feed-uptake with broilers. EXHAUST AIR PROBLEMS IN THE FAT INDUSTRY AND RELATED FIELDS. A. Krause, Fette, Seifen, Anstriehm. 80, 77-80 (1978). A f t e r considering the legal basis for emission control

897A

ABSTRACTS: FATS A N D OILS

and the most important statutory instrument in this connection, the "Clean Air Manual" (TA-Luft), the paper goes on to name the air pollutants giving rise to emission problems in the relevant production processes and branches o f industry, and quotes examples of analytical results which support this information. Detailed attention is paid to the processing of edible oils and fats, and also ~eehnical greases; the foods industry, with examples taken from production of ready meals and the curing of meat; and other related fields such as abattoir by-product processing and fish-meal production. The paper claims that with few exceptions the number one exhaust air problem of these industries consists in preventing the cmission of exhaust air charged with malodorous substances. The problems of defining "'odour nuisance" in the form of a transgression of critical values are explained, as are the difficulties involved in analytical identification of the substances responsible. /:>RECONDITIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION RAPESEED FROM NATIVE HARVEST. I ) .

OF

HI(~H

QUALITY

IN

Brauer, Fette, Seifen, Anstriehm. 80, 53-66 (1978). A historical d r a f t on the production of rapeseed in Germany in the previous 100 years includes the change-over of the rapeseed production to genetically zero erucic acid rapeseed varieties in 1974. For the characterization of this new type of quality the federation mark SINOLA, registered at the German federal patent office, will be awarded upon application by the CMA for seed for sowing, for seed for crushing, and for seed oil from rapeseed. A controlled low content of erucic acid in the seeds o f a commercial production and in the seed oil from rapeseed produced from it, can be reached only by the use of certified seed with S I N O L A quality with an erucie acid content of le~s than 2%. From this point of view the accurate accomplishment of the maintenance breeding and the seed multiplication is of decisive importance. BREEDING

OF

ZERO-ERUCIC

et al., Fette,

Seifen,

MIGRATION

COMPONENTS

RAPE

IN

Anztriehm.

HUNGARY.

E.

Kurnik

80, 67-71

(1978). The latest results of rape breeding in Hungary are discussed with reference to the characteristics of winter rape (Brassica napus) currently grown in Hungary. For the breeding of new varieties of rape, zero-erucic varieties of Canadian and Polish origin were used in addition to those of Hungarian origin. Cross breeding of the aforesaid varieties yielded a zero-erucic line (IR-0) and a low-erueic line (IR-1). The characteristics of these new varieties are reported. The new varieties are currently being tested in Government laboratories. The results obtained so far show many favorable properties of the new varieties. OF

OF

PACKAGING

MATERIALS

IlqTO

FAT-RELEASIIqG FOODSTUFFS. e . G . v o m Bruck et al., Fe~te, Seifen, Anstriehm. 80, 72-6 (1978). A practicable legislation dealing with foodstuffs in contact with packaging material should be constructed in that way that responsibility for the observance of laws can be divided among the user of packaging material, the nlanufacturer of packaging material and the producer of polymers. I n order to be able to formulate the corresponding legal texts, profound knowledge as to the interaction between packaging material and the foodstuff, particularly the fat-releasing foodstuff is required. The possibilities for a characterization of f a t t y foodstuffs as being fat-releasing arc discussed as well as the influence of the foodstuff on the mechanical properties of the packaging and the migration of components of the packaging material into or onto fat-releasing foodstuffs. According to the diffusion rate of the components in the packaging material and the interaction between foodstuff and packaging material, three types of this system are discussed. SOME CONTEMPORARY APPLICATIONS OF 0PEN-TUBULAR GASLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY IN ANALYSES OF METHYL ESTERS OF

LONGER-CHAIIff FATTY ACIDS. R.G. Ackman and C.A. Eaton, Fette, Seifen, Anstrichm. 80, 21-38 (1978). The application of wall-coated open-tubular (capillary) gas-liquid chromatographic columns to some current analytical problems in f a t research is described. The liquid phase SILAR-5CP in commercially available stainless steel colmnns has been found to be particularly suitable for rapid screening of fats and oils for total doeoscnoic acid without interference from other components. Differentiation of two important 22:1 isomers (erueic acid from vegetable oils and cetoleie acid from marine oils) is possible and the erucic acid content of an o i l or f a t can be estimated in approximately 20 m i n u t e s . ' The effects of '

898A

partial hydrogenation of f a t s on the gas-liquid chromatography of these f a t t y acid structural details are reviewed. The use of other liquid phases such as.butanediolsueeinate polyester, and the advantages of SILAR-7CP for study of geometrical isomers in wall-coated open-tubular columns arc discussed briefly, and also the potential of support-coated opentubular columns for similar analyses of longer-chain f a t t y acids. SEPARATION

OF

SOLIDS

FROM

FATS

AND

OILS

BY

ELECTRO-

PHORESIS. M. Schmidt, Fette, Seifen, Anstriehm. 80, 38-4B (1978). The development of PETRECO a ELECTROF I L T E R T M SEPARATOR provides the food industry with plants that enable the separation of solid particles, including those in the submieron region ( < 0.5 /am), from fats and oils with the aid of high-voltage electrical field. The most important commercial application is the removal of bleaching earth and nickel catalyst; a final polishing filtration becomes unnecessary. Results of pilot plant operation show, for example in the removal of nickel catalyst from hydrogenated soybean oil, a continuous reduction of nickel from 500 ppm to < 0.15 ppm. These plants are completely closed systems under slight pressure with a definite precalculated capacity for solids; the latter can be removed by a simple regeneration process involving rinsing with the product to be treated. This regenerating liquid is a pumpable suspension containing ca. 5% solids; it is subjected to further treatment. Plants of various sizes with respect to maximum flow rate and capacity are available. The layout is always done for the specific application.

EVALUATION OF PACr=AGIZCG ~rATE~IALS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF HEALTH. 1~. l~ranck, Fette, Seifen, Anstriehm. 80, 9-14 (1978). In the past three decades, the conventional materials used for food packaging, such as wood, straw, metallic sheet, stoneware, porcelain and glass, have been more and more replaced by the new packaging material, plastic. The macromolecular synthetic resins arc, as such, hygienically unobjectionable and especially suitable as packaging materials, since they are insoluble due to their high molecular weight. For the production of plastics, however, low molecular additives are used, which might migrate from the plastics and contaminate the packed foodstuffs. Modification of analytical methods has enabled us to recognize that residual traces of starting materials, such as aery] nitrile, vinyl chloride etc., which are objectionable from the viewpoint of health, may be present in plastic packaging materials. This aspect is critically evaluated and the criteria discussed, on the basis of which the Federal Center for Health may accept additives for plastics used in consumer articles according to the law governing food and consumer articles. SURFACE

LIPLDS

AND

LIPID

POLYMERS

OF

PLANTS.

~.H.

Brieskorn, Fe~te, Seifen, ~4nstrivhm. 80, 15--20 (1978).

The protective skin of higher plants, or cuticle, consists of a lipid coating and the characteristic polymer lipids curia and suberin. The lipid coating contains hydrocarbons, wax, triterpenes, sterols and sometimes aldehydes and ketones. Cutin, an estolid, insoluble in water and organic solvents, is built up by hydroxylated f a t t y acids with 16 and 18 C-Atoms. Suberin is in its constitution very similar to cutin. Its characteristic compounds are hydroxylated diearbonie acids. To the degradation of eutin and suberin by men and animals some references have been given.

9 Biochemistry

and N u t r i t i o n

C H A N G E S IN T I l E STRUCTURAL AND METABOLIC I:IETEROGENEITY OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES I N THE DEVELOPING RAT LUNG. G .

Okano and T. Akino, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 528, 373-84 (1978). In the present study the developmental profiles of the structural and metabolic heterogeneity of rat hmg phosphatidylcholine are presented. The individual molecular species of phosphatidylcholine at different stages of the developing rat lung were analyzed as diacylglycerol derivatives. The metabolic heterogeneity of rat lung phosphatidyleholine was also studied by incubation using lung slices with radioactive precursors. These results suggest that the lysophosphatidylcholine pathway which is mainly attributed to transaeylation mechanism between 2 molecules o f lysophosphatidyleholine may contribute to the marked production of dipalmitoylphosphatidyleh0line ifi the lung in the last stage of gestation. J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 1978 (VOL. 55)

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION COMPARISON OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF GLYCEROLIPIDS IN RAT LUNG. G. Okano, T. Kawamoto and T. Akino, Biochim. Biophys. Aeta 528, 385-93 (1978). The m a j o r individual molecular species of glycerolipids fiuch as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethano]amlne, phosphatidylglyeerol, phosphatidylinositol a n d diaeylglycerol of r a t lung were determined quantitatively as diacylglycerol acetates. I n three glycerolipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglyceroi, and diacylglycerol, the main molecular species was dipalmitoy]. The species was not detectable in phosphatidylethanolamine and was not of quantitative importance in phosphatidylinositol. The pentaenoie and hexaenoic species of all glycerolipids examined consisted mainly of palmitoyl types. E F F E C T S OF DIETARY VITAMIN B-2 A N D VITAMIN E

O N T H E ~i9

DESATUEASE AND CATALASEACTIVITIES IN THE RAT LIVER MICR0SOMES. T. Okayasu et al., Biochim. Biophys. Aeta 489, 397402 (1977). The effects of dietary vitamin B-2 and vitamin E on Ag-desaturation of stearoyl-CoA, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and electron t r a n s p o r t components in rat liver microsomes have been investigated. A~desaturase activities were decreased on diets deficient of vitamin B-2, E and supplemented with E. A m o n g the peroxidescavenging enzymes, only the catalase activity in microsomes correlates significantly with Ag-desaturase activity. I n vitro addition of bovine eatalase had no effect on microsomal 5 r desaturation in microsomes on vitamin B-2 deficient diet which contained low catalase and high superoxide dismutase activities, compared to those in microsomes of control diet. I t is suggested t h a t the hydrogen peroxide-generatlng a n d -decomposing systems may play an i m p o r t a n t role on the Ag-desaturase activity in microsomes.

REGULATION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLAND PHOSPHOLIPID SYNTHESIS IN TETRAHYMENA. H. Okuyama et al., J. Biol. Chem. 253, 3588-94 (1978). The enzyme systems responsible for the synthesis of triacylglycerol and phospholipids in Tetrahymena pyriformis were characterized. Formation of diacy]glycerophosphate f r o m glycerophosphate by mierosomes occurred mainly via 1-aeylglyeerophosphate. 1-Aeylglyeerophosphate phosphatase activity was 3 to 11 times higher t h a n the diacylglyeerophosphate phosphatase activity. The former was localized in mierosomes while the latter resided mainly in the soluble fraction. These results show t h a t fluctuations in the activities of the enzymes catalyzing triacylglyeerol and phospholipid formation can be brought about by changes in Tetrahymena growth conditions. ACTIVATION 0F MITOCHOm)RIAL F A T ~ ACID OXIDATION BY CALCIUM. CONVERSION TO THE ENERGIZED STATE. I).V. Otto and J.A. Ontko, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 789-99 ( 1 9 7 8 ) . The oxidation of (1-~4C)palmitate by isolated r a t liver mitochondria was increased by calcium chloride, and was quantitatively accounted for by an increased production of ketone bodies (acetoacetate plus ~-hydroxybutyrate). ~4CO2 production was depressed by Ca ~+. These changes were associated with an elevated fl-hydroxybutyrate:acetoacetate ratio, reflecting an increased mitochondrial N A D H : N A D + ratio. The results indicate t h a t the effect of Ca2+ on f a t t y acid oxidation was responsible for the elevation of the mitoehondrial N A D H : N A D + ratio. The effects of Ca ~+ on palmitate oxidation and the pyridine nucleotide oxidation-reduction s t a t e showed a n absolute requirement for carnitine, CoA, A T P , and Mg 2+. DISTRIBUTION OF PROSTAGLANDIN BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS IN ORGANS AND TISSUES OF THE FETAL LAMB. C.~. Pace-Asciak and G. R a n g a r a j , Biochim. Biophys. Aeta 528, 512-4 (1978). Five prostaglandins, i.e. prostaglandins E~, F ~ a n d D2, 6keto-prostaglandin F ~ and thromboxane B_o, were measured by mass spectrometry. Homogenates of fetal lamb brain, lung, liver, spleen and kidney and the ductus arteriosus, aorta and pulmonary artery formed different amounts of each product. Although the m a i n prostaglandin in the fetal organs was prostaglandin E_~, arterial tissue formed mostly 6-keto-prostaglandin F ~ . These results demonstrate significant differences between organs and tissues in the relative direction of the 'prostaglandin synthetase' enzyme complex. PLASMA MEMBRANE FHOSPHOLIPID, CHOLESTEROL AND FATTY ACYL COMPOSITION OF DIFFEEENTIATED AND UNDIFFERENTIATED L6 MYOBLASTS. E.G. Perkins and R.E. Scott, Lipids 13, 334-7 (1978). The lipid composition of p l a s m a membranes isolated f r o m differentiated and undifferentiated I~ myoblasts h a s been compared. I n general, the plasma membranes of J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 1978 (VOL. 55)

differentiated L myoblasts have a higher cholesterol to phospholipid molar ratio than plasma membranes of undifferentiated cells. Differentiated L~ myoblasts have increased relative amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine in their plasma m e m b r a n e and a decreased relative amount of sphingomyelin when compared with the plasma membranes of undifferentiated myoblasts. I n addition, preliminary results show t h a t differentiated L~ myoblasts plasma membrane phospholipid shows differences in the f a t t y acyl composition, specifically there appears to be relatively more 17:0 and 24:1 and less 16:1 and 18:1 t h a n in p l a s m a m e m b r a n e pbospholipids of undifferentiated L~ myoblasts. These observations indicate t h a t significant changes in plasma membrane lipid composition occur during myoblast differentiation. The rote t h a t changes in lipid composition play in control of cellular differentiation, however, remains to be elucidated. STER0m-PROTEIN

INTERACTIONS:

40.

THE

EFFECT

OF

FATTY

ACIDS ON PROGESTERONE BINDING TO I:IUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN. B.L. Ramsey and U. Westphal, Bioehim. Biophys. Acta 529, 115-22 (1978). H u m a n serum albumin was delipidated by solvent extraction or by t r e a t m e n t with charcoal. Progesterone complexes formed with these albumin preparations had higher association constants t h a n those formed with the untreated samples. The charcoal method of delipidation resulted in somewhat higher affinity constants than extraction with chloroform/methanol. Addition of 5 tool ]auric acid per mo] albumin reduced the association constant of the progesterone complex by approx. 50%. Studies with lauric, myristic, and pahuitic acid showed t h a t the decrease of binding affinity for progesterone was proportional to the a m o u n t of f a t t y acid added to albumin, and to its chain length. These results confirm a n d extend our previous findings of inhibition of progesterone binding to h u m a n albumin by long-chain f a t t y acids. REDUCTION IN MEDIUM CItAIN ACIDS AND MONOENOIC ACIDS IN LIVERS A N D

PLASMA

OF RATS FED EICOSA-5,8,X1,14-TETRAYNOIC

ACID. G.A. RaG, K. Siler, and E.C. 'Larkin, Lipids 13, 356-9 (1978): Male Sprague-Dawley r a t s were fed for 8 weeks a corn oil (CO) diet or a hydrogenated coconut oil (HCNO) diet. These diets were fed in the absence or presence of eieosa-5,8,II,14-tetraynoic acid ( T Y A ) . The inclusion of T Y A in the t t C N O diet reduced the levels of 12:0 and 14:0 in the total f a t t y acids of livers and plasma. W i t h either diet, the presence of T Y A caused an alteration in the f a t t y aeld composition of these tissues so as to reduce the values of the ratios: 1 6 : 1 / 1 6 : 0 , 1 8 : 1 / 1 8 : 0 , and 2 0 : 4 / 1 8 : 2 . These results suggest t h a t dietary T Y A can influence the hepatic metabolism of medium chain f a t t y acids a n d t h a t it m a y inhibit the d e s a t m ' a s e enzyme involved in the synthesis of not only 20:4 b u t also of monoenolc f a t t y acids. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUDANOPHILIC LESIONS IN THE AORTA OF RABBITS FED A LOW-CIt0LESTEROL DIET FO~ v r TO SIX MONTHS. M.R. Roach, J.F. Cornhill and J. Fletcher, Atherosclerosis 29, 259-64 (1978). Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were placed on a diet containing 0.25% cholesterol and 6% corn oil for periods of up to 6 months. The animals were divided into 4 groups and sacrificed after 2, 3, 4, and 6 months. The aortae were removed, stained with Sudan I I I , and analyzed with the polar coordinate technique. While the periorificial lesions developed more slowly on this diet t h a n on the diet with 2% cholesterol and 6% corn oll we had used previously, there was no difference in either the location or the shape of the lesions. I n the descending thoracic aorta, lesions developed initially distal to orifices; however, significant lateral and proximal components were observed as atherogenesis progressed. The coronary lesions completely surrounded the ostia in all stages of development. The total area of the lesions was more related to time (r 0.74, P < 0 . 0 1 ) , than to serum cholesterol ( r = 0 . 5 1 , P < 0.05) or to cholesterol-time product ( r = 0.69, P < 0.01). OXIDIZED CHOLESTEROL BILAYERS. DEPENDENCE OF ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES .ON DEGREE OF OXIDATION AND AGIN(~. l~.L. Robinson and A. Strickholm, Bioehim. Biophya. Avta 509, 9-20 (1978). Black lipid membranes made from oxidized cholesterol were examined for their specific resistance, capacitance, and physical stability, as a function of cholesterol oxidation time and of age. Membranes formed from cholesterol oxidized in n-octane were n o t physically stable even a f t e r 7 h of oxidation unless they were aged for a t least a month. Membranes formed

899A

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION from cholesterol oxidized in deeane and tetradecane ( 1 : 1 ) were stable immediately after 2-6 h of oxidation. Membrane resistance ordinarily decreases with storage time. The rate of these changes with age is dependent on the extent of initial cholesterol oxidation a n d subsequent oxidation, with long term stability best in the least oxidized membranes.

chicken sample. Ninety-two percent of the processed or cured meats and 38% of the fresh meats contained less t h a n ] ~g/g. Sixty percent of the fresh meat samples ranged between 1 # g / g and 6 # g / g . Cooking led to only slight increases in MA in most samples, but up to 10-fold increases in roasts cooked for 3 hr.

EQUAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS FED CHOLESTEROL-FREE, LOW-FAT DIET OR CHOLESTEROL-SUPPLEMENTED DIET. A.C. BOSS, C.R. Minick and D.B. Zilversmit, Atheroselerosis 29, 301-15 (1978). This study compares the atherogenicity of a cholesterol-free, low fat, semi-synthetic diet and a cholesterolsupplemented chow diet. ]~abbits fed the semi-synthetic cholesterol-free diet developed endogenous hypercholesterolemia with cholesterol concentrations of 240-656 m g / d l plasma during a 182-250 day study. When equal plasma cholesterol concentrations were maintained in pairs of rabbits with either cholesterol-induced hypercholestero]emia or endogenous hypercholesterolemia, no differences in atherosclerotic disease, as judged by visual grading or by aortic cholesterol concentrations were found.

STIMULATION OF LEAD ABSORPTION BY VITAMIN D ADMINISTRATION. C.M. Smith et al., J. Nutv. 108, 843-7 (1978). Two methods for the determination of lead absorption have been developed using the r a t as the test animal. One is an everted intestinal sac method in which the time course of ~a~ transport across intestinal wall can be followed in vitro; and the other, m~ absorption from the intestine following gastric intubation can be followed in vivo. By using these techniques it can be clearly demonstrated t h a t vitamin D markedly enhances lead absorption. Both techniques provide evidence t h a t the distal small intestine is the major site of lead absorption and the site of greatest vitamin D stimulation. Lead acetate is apparently absorbed to the exent of 45% as it passes through the small intestine at a concentration of 0.01 mM.

DETERMINANTS OF FATTY ACID AND ALCOHOL MONOMER ACTIVITIES IN MIXED MICELLAR SOLUTIONS. V.L. Sallee, J. Lipid Res. 19, 207-14 (1978). The determinants of monomer activities of lipids dissolved in mieellar bile salt solutions have been studied using polyethylene discs as the organic phase of a partitioning system. The studies show that f a t t y acids and alcohols interact with mieelles as a partitioning system so t h a t the monomer activity is determined by mleelle volume and the lipid's partition coefficient as well as mass of lipid in the solution. Influence of the partition coefficient is seen in the dependence of monomer activity on chain length, unsaturation and carboxyl or alcohol polar groups. D a t a provided allow calculation of monomer activities of f a t t y acids and alcohols in m a n y complex micellar solutions. Such data are important for evaluating such processes as intestinal absorption and gallstone formation and dissolution. A SIMPLE AND NOVEL METHOD FOR TRITIUM LABELING OF GANGLIOSIDES AND OTHER SPHINGOLIPIDS. G. Schwarzrnann, Bioehim. Biophvs. Aeta 529, 106-14 (1978). A very simple method for introducing tritium specifically into the cerarnide portion of gangliosides, neutral glyeosphingolipids and sphingomye]in has been developed using potassium borG [SIll hydride and palladium as catalyst. In this way six different gangliosides, five different neutral glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin with high specific radioactivity were prepared for the first time. This simple procedure which does not require sophisticated apparatuses is suitable for large scale preparation of tritium-labeled sphingolipids as well as for n a n o g r a m quantities of individual sphingolipids so as to serve for analytical purposes. During the course of the labeling procedure no degradation of even the most labile trisialosyl-gangliotetraosu:eerarnide has been observed. The yield of tritiated compounds is almost quantitative. The specific radioactivity depends on the u n s a t u r a t i o n of the ceramide moiety and the specific activity of the borg [~l:I] hydride employed.

TREATMENT OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA WITH TIBRIC ACID AND CLOFIBRATE. CROSS-OVER STUDIES, EFFECTS ON LIPOPROTEINS AND ABSENCE OF POST-DRUG REBOUND. F.R. Smith, R.P. Noble and D.S. Goodman, Xfherosclerosis 29, 345-54 (1978). I n 34 patients with primary hypertriglyeeridemia, the effectiveness of tibrie acid and elofibrate have been compared using a cross-over design after weight and diet stabilization. I n 26 patients, cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in very low density ( V L D L ) , low d e n s i t y ( L D L ) , and high density ( H D L ) lipoproteins were measured while on drugs, then 6 weeks a f t e r the drugs were discontinued. The m a j o r effect of both drugs was on V L D L levels with only quantitatively very small effects seen on L D L and H D L lipid levels. HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND PREMATURE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS. F.~. Smith, Lipids 13, 375-7 (1978). In the ,last decade, understanding of the relationship between plasma lipoprotein concentrations and arteriosclerosis has advanced considerably. Prospective and case-control epidemiologic studies in the genera] population have established a direct correlation between low density lipoprotein and an inverse correlation between high density ]ipoprotein concentrations a n d the risk of coronary disease. Detailed studies of patients and families with genetic hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and combined hyper cholesterolernia hypertriglyceridemia have identified subpopulations at particular risk. Skin fibroblast lines from patients with genetic hyperlipidemias have been used to provide important new information on the regulation by plasma lipoproteins of cellular cholesterol metabolism. We are entering a phase of investigation where epidemiologieal and biochemical data supplement each other in such a way t h a t the old hypothesis linking plasma lipids to atherosclerosls has new life.

MODULATION OF THE ORGANIZATIONOF ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE PHOSFHOLIPIDS BY CYTOPLASMIC A T P . THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OP ISOIONIC ~D'MAN ERYTHROCYTE GI=fOSTS TO A~I~ACK BY DETERGENTS AND PHOSPHOLIPASE C. S.D. Shukla et al, Bioehirm. Biophys. Aeta 509, 48-57 (1978). H u m a n erythrocyte ghosts were prepared in media of physiological ionic composition, and these "isoionic" ghosts were then lysed and resealed in media of varying Ca ~+, Mg 2+ and A T P concentrations. The susceptibilities of these ghosts to limited attack by various detergents and by phospholipases C were then compared with the susceptibilities of intact cells to similar attack: attack was assessed by measurements of lysis and of phospholipid hydrolysis. I t therefore seems t h a t interaction of A T P with sites on the cytoplasmic surface of the erythrocyte membrane can, without A T P hydrolysis, cause changes in the organization of the outer surface of the membrane t h a t specifically render phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingornyelin less accessible to attack by extraccl]ular phospholipases.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF DIETARY PLANT STEROLS IN SERUM LIPOPROTEINS AND LIVER SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS OF RATS. M. Sugano et al., Lipids 13, 427-32 (1978). R a t s were fed plant sterol8 containing campestcrol a n d fl-sitosterol in the different proportions, and their distribution in serum lipoproteins and in liver subcellular fractions was determined. I n serum lipo+ proteins, the percentage as well as the concentration of plant sterols increased with the increase in the density of lipoproteins. Thus, high density lipoprotein ( H D L ) contained the highest and very low density lipoprotein ( V L D L ) the lowest. Also, there were distinct differences in the ratio of eampesterol to sitosterol among lipoproteins, it was the highest in V L D L and lowest in HDL. Quantitatively, more t h a n 75% of campesterol and 80% of sitosterol were carried in H D L ; the values were significantly different from those of cholesterol (ca. 70%) in relation to total cholesterol. The distribution of plant stcrols in liver subcellular fractions was virtually the same with t h a t of cholesterol. Both nuclei and microsomes contained approximately 40% of total plant sterols.

A SURVEY OF THE MALO~ALDEHYDE CONTENT O1~ RETAIL MEATS AND FISH. G.M. Siu and H.H. Draper, J. Food Sei. 43, 1147-9 (1978). A survey was made of the malonaldehyde (MA) content of 96 fresh and processed m e a t and fish samples obtained f r o m supermarkets. MA content ranged f r o m 0.14 /~g/g in a cooked h a m sample to 10.05 ~ g / g in a cooked

CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS IN NORMAL AND ATHEROSCLEROTIC HUMAN CORONARY ARTERIES. M. T a m m i et al., Atheroselerosis 29, 191-4 (1978). H u m a n coronary arteries with various degrees of atherosclerosis were analyzed for the concentration of different types of g]ycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The changes in GAGs were considered a g a i n s t the

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j. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 19"/8 (VOL. S5)

ABSTRACTS:

BIOCHEMISTRY

background of macroscopic atherosclerosis, and the concentration of glycoprotein-hound hexosamines, collagen, calcium and cholesterol. The concentration of calcium was increased and t h a t of hyaluronic acid decreased even in mildly atherosclerotic coronary arteries. The additional changes in advanced atherosclerosis included the increase of collagen and dermatan sulphate and the decrease of heparan sulphate. Cholesterol was increased in mild, and even f u r t h e r in advanced, atherosclerosis. The concentrations of ehondroitin sulphates and glycoprotein-bound hexosamines were not significantly affected by atherosclerosis, COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED LIPIDS ON HEPATIC LIPOGENESIS AND CHOLESTEROGENESIS IN VIVO IN THE MEAL-FED RAT. J. Triseari, J.G. Hamilton and A.C. Sullivan, J. Nutr. 108, 815-25 (1978). The effects of saturated and u n s a t u r a t e d ]ipids on in vivo rates of hepatic lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis were compared. Lipogenic and cholesterogenic rates were determined in meal-fed rats either after feeding 1%, 5%, 10%, or 20% dietary corn oil or hydrogenated soybean oil for 14 days, or a f t e r intragastric administration of f a t t y acyl ethyl esters (18:0, 18:1, or 18:2) for 1 and 3 days. Dietary hydrogenated soybean oil was not absorbed, whereas dietary corn oil and the intragastrica]ly administered f a t t y acyl ethyl esters were well absorbed. F a t t y acid synthesis measured from 8HaG and (14C)alanine was inversely correlated with u n s a t u r a t e d dietary f a t content, but was unchanged by saturated dietary fat. EFFECT

OF

EXOGENOUS

FATTY

ACIDS O N

THE

RETENTION

OF

PHOSPHOLIPID ACYL GROUPS BY MOUSE L FIBROBLASTS. P. Tsai and R.P. Geyer, Biovhim. Biophys. Aeta 528, 344-54 (1978). Exogenous oleic or linolcic acid, given at a high but nontoxic level (1 m g f a t t y a c i d / d a y for 20 • 106 cells in 50 m] medium), caused substantial redistribution of the otherwise permanently retained phospholipid acy] in mouse L fibroblasts. 18-40% of the preformed phospholipid aeyls were shifted to triglyccrides but most returned to phospholipids when the supply of exogenous f a t t y acid was removed. The phospho~ lipld acy]s could be reshuttled back to triglycerides again whenever an adequate amount of exogenous f a t t y acid was provided. Daily changes of medium containing oleic acid bound to bovine serum albumin caused a still greater total loss of phospholipid acyls into the medium. The removal of the prelabeled phospholipid acyls also occurred with phospholipid acyls which had been synthesized from (1-~4C)acetate 3 days earlier. The results demonstrate the f a c t t h a t the apparent permanently retained phospholipid acyl groups found in L-cells could in fact be displaced through experimental manipulations. FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM OF PHOSPHOLIPID ACYL GROUPS IN STRAIN L ~IOUSE FIBROBLASTS. P. Tsai and R.P. Geyer, Biochi~n. Biophys. Acta 489, 381-9 (1977). Strain L mouse fibroblasts grown in medium supplemented with 2.5% delipidized horse serum were found capable of desaturating olcic and linoleic acid to dicnoic and trienoic a c i d ( s ) , respectively. Although 40-60% of de novo f a t t y acid synthesis from (2-3H)acetate was inhibited by the administration of exogenous oleic or linoleic acid, sterol synthesis was only slightly affected. Within 24-48 h after incorporation, phospholipid f a t t y acyl groups could undergo active exchange between phospholipids. After this dynamic transition period was over, Dot only were the phospholipid acyls retained b u t some vieinal f a t t y acyl pairs of phospho]ipid also appeared to be stable and remained together throughout the depletion period. At any time in the experiment, however, introduction of exogenous f a t t y acid perturbed this phospho]ipid acyl retention, delayed the time at which the phospholipid acyl groups no longer moved between phospholipids and also decreased the ultimate number of phospholipid aeyl groups retained by strain L mouse fibroblasts. FATTY ACID COMPOSITIONS OF 15 SPECIES OF FISH FROM TROPICAL WATERS. P.G. Viswanathan Nair and K. Gopakumar, J. Food Sci. 43, 1162-4 (1978). F a t t y acid composition of five species of freshwater fish, three marine fish and seven brackish water fish were determined by GLC. Of the saturated f a t t y acids C~6:o and C~8:o are found to be the dominant ones with C~:o accounting for 50-55% of the total s a t u r a t e d acids. Anlong the monounsaturated f a t t y acids C~n and C~sn and polyunsaturated f a t t y acids C~8:.~, C~s~3, Cm:4, C~:5 and C~:e are found to be the important ones. Stinging cat fish contained the highest amount of C~6:~ (16.52%). The level of J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 1978 (VOL. $5)

AND

NUTRITION

arachidonic acid was fairly high in most of the fish lipids analyzed. The ratio C18:1/C~s:~ is higher for marine fish than for the freshwater fish and is fairly constant for each group. The f a t t y acid composition of brackish water fish do not show any definite pattern. C01~PARISON OE GUINEA-PIG SERUM LIPOPROTEINS AFTER IODINATION BY TWO DIFFERENT METHODS. P . K . Weech, F. M c T a g g a r t and G.L. Mills, Bioehem. J. 169, 687-95 (1978). 1. Guinea-pig low-density lipoproteins were isolated by ultracentrifugation and iodinated either by the IC1 method or by the chloramine-T procedure. 2. The efficiency of labelling by both methods was essentially the same. 3. When the two products were compared by ultracentrifugation, gel chromatography and immunodiffusion analysis, no significant difference in their properties was detected. 4. W h e n they were compared by gradient-gel electrophoresis, aggregates were found in the product of the IC1 method, but not in the ]ipoprotein iodinated by the ehloramine-T process. 5. Both products were metabolized by the guinea pig with essentially the same fractional catabolic rate. 6. The fractional catabolic rate of lipoprotein iodinated by the chloramine-T method was not significantly different from t h a t of ]ipoprotein biologically labelled in the protein moiety with (~Se) selenomethionine. 7. I t is concluded t h a t the products of both methods of iodination are ahnost equally acceptable, provided t h a t the optimum conditions for the chloramine-T reaction are carefully established. CEREBRAL PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS DURING THE DIETARY AND PATHOLOGICAL STRESSES OF ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS. P.G. Weston and P.V. Johnston, Lipids 13, 408-14 (1978). Rats of the Lewis strain were fed diets adequate of deficient in essential f a t t y acids ( E F A ) . At 70-80 days of age experimental allergic encephalomyelitis ( E A E ) was induced using a d j u v a n t s containing either Mycobaeterium butyricum or Myeobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. When the former Mycobacterium was used, the incidence of E A E was greater in the EFA-defieicnt t h a n in E F A - a d e q u a t e controls; but when the r a t s challenged with M. tuberculosis, the incidence of the disease was the same in both dietary groups. The results indicate a possible role for P G F synthesis in the degree of susceptibility of the r a t s to E A E under different dietary regimens. EVIDENCE FOR A DUAL MECHANISM OF LIPOLYSIS ACTIVATIONBY EPINEPHRINE IN RAT ADIPOSE TISSUE. L.S. Wise and R.L. J u n g a s , J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2624-7 (1978). Whole homogenates prepared from tissue previously exposed to epinephrine displayed a 3-fold increased rate of lipolysis of endogenous substrate. When the aqueous i n f r a n a t a n t phase of such homogenates was collected by centrifugation and assayed against exogenous triolein emulsions, no hormone effect could be demonstrated. T r e a t m e n t of such i n f r a n a t a n t s with cAMPdependent protein kinase prepared from muscle increased their lipase activity against exogenous triolein by 80%. The data suggest t h a t a second pathway of lipolysis activation occurs in response to epinephrine in addition to t h a t involving a cAMP-mediated increase in the state of phosphory]ation of the hormone-sensitive lipase. THE IN VITRO INHIBITION OF BOVINE MILK LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE BY A GLYCOPROTEINPREPARATIONFROM HUMAN ATHEROSCLEROTIC INTIMA. P.V. W a g h and T. Olivecrona, Atherosclerosis 29, 195-204 (1978). I n t i m a l tissue from h u m a n atherosclerotic aortae was collected by the Dermatome procedure. The tissue was extracted with 5 mM Tris HC1 buffer containing 0.3 M NaCI and 1 mM EDTA, p H 7.4. The ammonium sulfate precipitate between 0.4-0.8 saturation obtained from the extract was fraetionated on a DEAE-cellulose column and the effluent was monitored for ]ipoprotein lipase inhibition employing purified bovine milk enzyme. The substrate used was an emulsion of purified olive oil and tritiated triolein. H u m a n serum was the source of activator of the substrate. LIPID AUTOXIDATION

AND

AlbINO ACID

CHANGES

IN PROTEIN-

ENRICHED SWEET POTATO FLAKES. W.M. Walter Jr. et al., J. Food Sci. 43, 1242-7 (1978). Three sweet potato flake formulations, containing soy flour plus methionine, casein a n d no supplementary protein, were prepared and stored at room temperature (21-23~ in air for 16 months. The formulations were analyzed periodically to ascertain changes in carotene content, amino acid levels and water-binding

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ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND N U T R I T I O N capacity. On the basis o f carotene d e g r a d a t i o n as a m e a s u r e of lipid a u t o x i d a t i o n , it w a s f o u n d t h a t a f t e r a n i n d u c t i o n period of 19 days required by the flakes s u p p l e m e n t e d with soy-methionine, all f o r m u l a t i o n s were oxidized in a n identical m a n n e r . A m o n g t h e a m i n o acids, only g l u t a m i c acid was lost f r o m all three f o r m u l a t i o n s , a n d isoleucine levels decreased in the control f o r m u l a t i o n only. L y s i n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n in the fortified flakes decreased while h i s t i d i n e decreased in the soy-methionine f o r m u l a t i o n . S t o r a g e h a d no effect on the w a t e r - b i n d i n g c a p a c i t y of a n y of t h e t h r e e f o r n m l a t i o n s . THE INDISPENSABILITY OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND UBIQUINONE IN MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSFER FROM SUCCINATE TO CYTOCHROME C. L. Y u , C. u a n d T.E. K i n g , J. Biol. Chem. 253, 2657-63 (1978). The i n d i s p e n s a b i l i t y of phospholipid a n d u b i q u i n o n e (Q) in mitochondria] electron t r a n s f e r was s t u d i e d by d e p l e t i n g p h o s p h o l i p i d a n d Q in suecinatec y t o c h r o m e c r e d u c t a s e a n d t h e n r e p l e n i s h i n g t h e depleted enzyme. More t h a n 9 0 % of phospholipid a n d Q was removed by r e p e a t e d a m m o n i u m sulfate-cholate f r a c t i o n a t i o n . The depleted succinate-cytochrome c r e d u c t a s e showed no e n z y m a t i c activity for s u c e i n a t e -> c or QH_~ -> e a n d y e t r e t a i n e d m o s t of the succinate -> Q activity. All e n z y m a t i c activity was restored upon t h e addition of Q a n d phospho]ipid. R e s t o r a t i o n required the a d d i t i o n of Q p r i o r to t h e addition of phospbolipid. R e p l e n i s h i n g the p r e p a r a t i o n w i t h phospholipid b r o u g h t a b o u t the reoxidation of cytochrome c~ in t h e absence of electron acccptor or oxygen. HEAD-GROUP CONFORMATION IN PHOSPHOLIPIDS: A PHOSPHORUS 31 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE STUDY OF ORIENTED MONODO~IAIN DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYERS. ]:~.G. Griffin, L. Powers, a n d P.S. P e r s h a n , Biochemistry 17, 271822 (1978). A n g u l a r - d e p e n d e n t 31p N M R s p e c t r a of oriented biaxial m o n o d o m a i n D P P C 9 H20 m u l t i l a y e r s a r e employed to s t u d y h e a d - g r o u p c o n f o r m a t i o n in this phospholipid. T h e res u l t s indicate t h a t the O-P-O p l a n e o f t h e p h o s p h a t e , where the O's are t h e nonesterified o x y g e n s of t h e phosphodiester, is tilted a t 47 ~ 5 ~ w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e b i l a y e r normal. T h i s PO~ o r i e n t a t i o n could result in the choline m o i e t y b e i n g extended parallel to t h e b i l a y e r plane, a n d it will explain the b r e a d t h of the axially s y m m e t r i c ~ P powder s p e c t r u m observed f o r D P P C in excess water. LOCATION AND INTERACTIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND CHOLESTEROL IN HUMAN LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN FROM mP NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE. P . L . Y e a g l e et al., Biochemistry 17, 2707-10 (1978). The m a j o r phospholipids, phosp h a t i d y l c h o l i n e a n d s p h i n g o m y e l i n , of low d e n s i t y lipoprotein ( L D L ) are accessible to s m a l l a m o u n t s of P r a+, s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the head g r o u p s of all mobile p h o s p h o l i p i d s a r e on t h e s u r f a c e of t h e particle in c o n t a c t with t h e a q u e o u s m e d i u m . The m a j o r source o f t h e nuclear O v e r h a u s e r effect enhancem e n t of a~P r e s o n a n c e s is the N - m e t h y l p r o t o n of t h e choline moiety, i n d i c a t i n g close N - m e t h y l p h o s p h a t e g r o u p interactions, p r o b a b l y similar to those f o u n d previously in phospholipid vesicles. STUDY OF CULTURED SKIN FIBROBLASTS FROM PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE. G. F r i e d m a n et al., Atherosclerosis 30, 185-98 (1978). T h e a i m of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y was to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r skin fibroblasts derived f r o m p a t i e n t s with ischemic h e a r t disease ( I H D ) , w h i c h could not be related to accepted risk factors, would show a m e t a b o l i c a b n o r m a l i t y with r e s p e c t to lipid or lipoprotein m e t a b o l i s m . T h u s , w h e r e a s no significant difference w a s e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e lipid a n d ]ipoprotein m e t a b o l i s m in cells of p a t i e n t s w i t h I H D w i t h o u t risk f a c t o r s a n d controls, some i n c r e a s e in L D L m e t a b o l i s m was seen in cells f r o m p a t i e n t s with I H D a n d w i t h a h i s t o r y of s m o k i n g . I t r e m a i n s to be d e t e r m i n e d w h e t h e r this increase w a s causally r e l a t e d to smoking. ~HOLESTEROL CONTENT OF THE HUMAN ATRIUM IS RELATED TO PLASMA LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS. P . J . N e s t e l a n d A. P o y s e r , Atherosvlerosis 30, 177-83 (1978). The cholesterol c o n t e n t o f cells is t h o u g h t to be s t r o n g l y influenced b y t h e p l a s m a lipoproteins. W e have e x a m i n e d this b y m e a s u r i n g t h e concent r a t i o n o f cholesterol in t h e a t r i a l wall, a tissue t h a t is directly exposed to t h e lipoproteins in p l a s m a . A t r i a l biopsies were o b t a i n e d d u r i n g coronary a r t e r y s u r g e r y f r o m 38 s u b j e c t s whose p l a s m a lipoproteins h a d been m e a s u r e d previously. Significant, positive correlations were f o u n d in t h e whole g r o u p b e t w e e n a t r i a l cholesterol c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d V L D L cholesterol levels a n d , in t h e 10 s u b j e c t s w i t h t h e h i g h e s t

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a t r i a l cholcstcrol values, a correlation w a s f o u n d between a g e a n d a t r i a l cholesterol c o n c e n t r a t i o n w h i c h w a s i n d e p e n d e n t of ]ipoprotein lipids. EFFECT O F METFORMIN ON LIPID METABOLISM IN THE RABBIT AORTIC WALL. G. Marquie, Atherosclerosis 30, 165-75 (1978). T h e ainl of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y was to i n v e s t i g a t e w h e t h e r m e t f o r m i n w a s capable of a l t e r i n g aortic lipid m e t a b o l i s m . P r e t r e a t m e n t of r a b b i t s f o r 8 d a y s w i t h 120 m g / k g per os m e t f o r m i n reduced by 5 0 - 7 0 % t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of a 20 ~Ci tracer dose of (4-1~C)cholesterol (given orally 24 h b e f o r e ) into v a r i o u s s e g m e n t s of aorta, p l a s m a , liver, i n t e s t i n e a n d lung, as c o m p a r e d with control animals. However, as i n t e s t i n a l a b s o r p t i o n o f cholesterol was also d i m i n i s h e d in t h e s a m e proportion, it was t h e n decided to i n j e c t t h e labelled cholesterol directly into t h e blood. U n d e r t h e s e conditions, m e t f o r m i n i n d u c e d the s a m e reduction in (4-14C)cholesterol specific activity in t h e aorta, b u t n o t in other tissues. MONTE CARLO STUDIES OF PHOSPHOLIPID LAMELLAE. EFFECTS OF PROTEINS~ CHOLESTEROL~ BILAYER CURVATURE, AND LATERAL MOBILITY ON ORDER PARAMETERS. H.L. Scott a n d S.L. Cherng, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 510, 209-15 (1978). I n t h i s p a p e r we p r e s e n t the r e s u l t s of a M o n t e Carlo s t u d y of t h e effects of protein, cholesterol, bilayer c u r v a t u r e , a n d m o b i l i t y on t h e chain order p a r a m e t e r s of a lipid layer. T h e Monte Carlo m e t h o d used is identical to the version developed earlier. T h e effect of cholesterol is d e p e n d e n t u p o n t h e l e n g t h of t h e lipid h y d r o c a r b o n chains relative to t h e cholesterol d e p t h of p e n e t r a t i o n . Our c o m p u t e r s t u d i e s of b i l a y e r c u r v a t u r e show the m a n n e r in which t h i s c u r v a t u r e d i s r u p t s chain p a c k i n g a n d a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l results. ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLA.MINE FATTY ACYL CHAINS IN THE MEMBRANE OF VISICULAR STOMATITIS VIRUS. B.S. F o n g a n d J.C. Brown, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 510, 230-41 (1978). The m e m b r a n e of vesicular stomatitis virus ( V S V ) c o n t a i n s two distinct pools o f p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e molecules which reside in t h e i n n e r a n d o u t e r phospholipid monolayers, respectively. 3 6 % of t h e t o t a l m e m b r a n e p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a l n i n e is f o u n d in t h e outer monolayer while 6 4 % is f o u n d in t h e inner. T h e two pools o f V S V p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d operationally by the f a c t t h a t only outer p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e is reactive in i n t a c t virions with the m e m b r a n e - i m p e r m e a b l e reagent trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS). Although fatty acyl chain a s y m m e t r y a n d p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e a s y m m e t r y are correlated in VSV, no simple rules can be discerned which u n i q u e l y relate t h e two p a r a m e t e r s . SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES 0F SPECIFICALLY DEUTERIUM LABELED MEMBRANE SYSTEMS. NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF CHOLESTEROL IN MODEL SYSTEMS. E. Oldfield et al., Biochemistry 17, 2727-40 (1978). D e u t e r i u m nuclear m a g n e t i c resonance spectra of dimyristoylp h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e s specifically labeled in p o s i t i o n s 2', 3', 4', 6', 8', 10', 12', a n d 14', of t h e 2 chain, o f a n N - d e u t e r i o m e t h y l phosphatidylcholine, a n d o f cholesterol-3a-dl, h a v e been obt a i n e d by t h e F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m m e t h o d a t 5.46 a n d 3.52 T on two " h o m e - b u i l t " widebore s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g m a g n e t spectrometers, as a f u n c t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e a n d composition. Results o f calculations of chain l e n g t h a n d m e m b r a n e t h i c k n e s s of a d i m y r i s t o y l p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e - 3 0 tool % cholesterol memb r a n e s y s t e m at 23 ~ C give excellent a g r e e m e n t when comp a r e d with recent h i g h - r e s o l u t i o n diffraction d a t a obtained on specifically d e u t e r i u m labeled lecithin-cholesterol s y s t e m s . These results a r e in a g r e e m e n t with similar effects reported recently f o r t h e d i p a l m i t o y l p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e - e h o l e s t e r o l syst e m a n d m a y indicate a b e n t configuration f o r t h e 2 chain, in t h e lecithin-cholesterol s y s t e m . THE GROWTH-PROMOTING ACTIVITY OF SEVERAL LIPID-RELATED COMPOUNDS I N T H E FREE-LIVING NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS BRIGGSAE. N.C. L u et al., Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 158, 187-91 (1978). The g r o w t h - p r o m o t i n g activities of a n u m b e r of lipid-related chemical c o m p o u n d s were s t u d i e d in C. briggsac. I t was f o u n d t h a t several such c o m p o u n d s , T w e e n 80 (20 m g / m l ) , Tween 85 (10 m g / m l ) , s o d i u m oleate (1.0 m g / m l ) , sodium s t e a r a t e (1.0 m g / m l ) , e t h a n o l (4.0 m g / m l ) , n - p r o p a n o l (4.0 m g / m l ) , a n d p o t a s s i u m a c e t a t e (5.0 m g / m l ) , g r e a t l y s t i m u l a t e d p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h in C. briggsae a n d were m u c h more p o t e n t t h a n a casein h y d r o l y s a t e ( c a s a m i n o a c i d s ) . These findings have led to the recognition of a lipid-related f a c t o r f o r C. briggsae a n d to t h e s u c c e s s f u l d e v e l o p m e n t of a 1. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 1978 (VOL. 55)

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION completely chemically defined medium for the cultivation of C. briggsae without the presence of a proteinaceous factor. SUPPRESSION O~ CALCIFIC FIBROUS-F&TTY PLAQUE FORHATION I N RABBITS BY AGENTS NOT AFFECTING ELEVATED SERUM CHOLESTEIr LEVELS. T H E EFFECT OF THIOPHENE COMPOUNDS. C . T .

Chan, H. Wells and D.M. Kramseh, Circ. Res. 43, 115-25 (1978). We tested the suppressive effect of antihypercalcemiehyperphosphatemie agents on atherogenesis. We studied five groups of rabbits for 8 weeks, one control group and four groups on a fibrogenic atherogenic diet. One group received the atherogenic diet alone, and the remaining three atherogenie groups were treated simultaneously with 2-thiopheneearboxylic acid (ThCA), 5-methyl-2-thiophenecarboxylic acld (5-CHsThCA), and 5-bromo-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde (5-Br-ThCA). Treatment with all three drugs normalized the elevated serum calcium but not the cholesterol levels, and effectively inhibited all aspects of the atherosclerotic process as determined morphologically and biochemically. The order of effectiveness was: 5-CH~-ThCa ~ 5-Br-ThCA ~ ThCA. No bone resorption occurred in the treated groups. The normalizing effects of the thiophene compounds on serum phosphorus levels were not significant at the dosages used. PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE HOBILITY IN LIVER HICROSOHAL MEMBRANES. A.M.It.P. Van den Bellelaax et al., B~oehim.

Biophys. A o t a 510, 242-55 (1978). Purified phosphatidylcholine exchange protein from bovine liver was used to exchange rat liver microsoma] phosphatidylcholine for egg phosphatidylcholine. I t was found at 25 and 37~ rat liver microsomal phosphatldylcholine was completely and rapidly avail able for replacement by egg phosphatidylcholine. In contrust, phosphatidylcholine in vesicles prepared from total microsomal lipids could only be exchanged for about 60%. These results are discussed with respect to the localization and trans-membrane movement of phosphatidylcholine in liver microsomes. MOLECULAR WEIOHT DISTRIBUTIONS OF POLYDISPERSE S Y S T E H S : APPLICATION TO VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. S.T.

Kunitake et a L, Biochemistry 17, 1936-42 (1978). A technique is described which directly yields a distribution of molecular weights. A density gradient is constructed in a centrifuge tube. Then, 0.5 mL of a dilute solution of very low density ]ipoproteins in a dense solvent is introduced beneath the gradient. The tube is then centrifuged until the largest lipoproteins have just floated to the top and the rest are located along the length of the tube according to their flotation coefficients. The tube is then carefully removed, mounted in a support, and scanned with an argon-ion laser. All the data are then available for the construction of the distribution of molecular weights, buoyant densities, and frictional coefficients for the lipoproteins in the polydisperse sample. ISOLATION OF SUBFRACTIOBIS OF H U M A N VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS BY ZONAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION. W . Putsch

et el., J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4911-5 (1978). Very low density lipoproteins ( u have been isolated and subfractionated on the basis of their differing flotation rates. The procedure consists of a single 45-rain zonal ultracentrifugation step using a linear density gradient of d = 1.00 to 1.15 g/ml. Appropritate fractions of the zonal rotor effluent containing the entire VLDL spectrum were characterized by analytical ultracentrifugation, gel filtration chromatography, and complete chemical analysis. This procedure provides a reliable methodology for a rapid isolation of VLDL subfractions and the accurate determination of their flotation rates. T H E ROLE OF PHOSPHATIDYLGLYCEROL I N THE ACTIVATION OF C T P : P H O S P H O C H O L I N E CYTIDYLYLTRANSFEEASE FROM RAT LUNG.

D.A. Feldman e~ al., J. Biol. Chem. 253, 4980-6 (1978). The reaction eatalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine eytidylyltransferase in the reverse direction, i.e. the formation of CTP and phosphocholine from CDP-choline and pyrophosphate, is slightly faster than the reaction in the forward direction. The reverse reaction is optimal at 2raM pyrophosphate and 6 mM Mg ~+, in both fetal and adult preparations. The enzyme from adult lung can be dissociated into a form identical with the low molecular weight species found in fetal lung. The dissociated species can be converted back to a high molecular weight form in the presence of phosphatidylglycerol. FU~CTmN oF

PHOSPHOLIPIDS I N E S C H E R I C H I A COLI. CHARACTERIZATION OF A MUTANT DEFICIENT IN CARDIO:LIPIN SYN-

ff. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., December 1978 (VOL. 55)

G. Plusehke, Y. Hirota, and P. Overath, J. Biol. Chem. 253, 5048-55 (1978). Screening of a collection of temperature-sensltive mutants of Esoherichia coli for defects in phospholipid metabolism led to the isolation of a mutant deficient in cardiolipin synthesis. The defective gene, named e/s, is closely linked to the trp marker and maps at about Minute 27 on the E. coli chromosome. The e/s mutation confers a 5-times reduction in the turnover of the phosphate moiety of phosphatidylglycerol. LIPID ~ETAEOLISH IN THE VITAMIN-B~:-DEPEr~ED RAT. C. Fehling e t a l . , Nutr. Metab. 22, 82-9 (1978). Rats were deprived of vitamin B~ in order to study the effect of this deprivation on the metabolism of lipids in the liver and the nervous system. Serum vitamin B~ concentrations of 102.7 and 78 p g / m l were found at sacrifice after 5 and 6 months, respectively. Neurological testing failed to reveal signs of neuropathy. The total liver lipids were decreased in the vitamin-Bl~-deprived animals, but no changes were detected in the lipid concentration or in the phospholipid composition of the nervous system. Some animals were given propionate, and in these, contrary to expectations, pentadecanoic acid and heptadeeanoie acid were found in smaller amounts in the liver triglycerides of the vitamin-B~-deprived rats than in the control rats. This could be due to the inhibitory effect of methylmalonyl CoA on fatty-acid synthesis, demonstrated by others in vitro. 9 THESIS.

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