Rbs,roo,s EDITOR: S. KORITALA 9 ABSTRACTORS: N.E. Bednarcyk, J.C. Harris, M.G. Kokatnur, F.A. Kummerow, G. Lakshminaraynana, G. List, B. Matijasevic, K.D. Mukherjee, D.B.S. Min, R.A. Reiners, and P.Y. Vigneron

9 Detergents STABILIZATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY. F.L. DieM, E. Zeffren and E.J. Milbrada (Procter & Gamble). U.S. 4,011,169. A detergent composition consists of 5-99% of an organic surface active agent and 50-0.1% of a mixture comprising (i) an enzyme suitable for use in detergent compositions a n d (ii) an a m i n a t e d polysaccharide selected f r o m the group consisting of aminated starch and animated cellulose having 0.01-2% of nitrogen in its elemental composition. The ratio of enzyme to aminated polysaccharide ranges from 1:500 to 1:1. MARBLED DETERGENT BARS. J.tt. Pickin, R.E. Compa, and H.H. Joshi. U.S. 4,011,170. A method for producing the bars comprises supplying a base detergent material to the inlet of the upper barrel of a double barrel plodder, extruding the detergent nmterial through a pressure plate and into a vacuum chamber in the form of strands, s p r a y i n g a coloring agent onto the falling strands in the vacuum chamber, plodding the resultant mixture to form a marbled detergent mass, extruding the mass as a billet, cutting the billet into bars, and pressing the bars into the desired shape. BLEACHING ARTICLES. M.S. Marsan, F.L. Diehl and J.B. Edwards (Procter & Gamble). U.S. 4,011,172. An article for bleaching fabrics in an automatic clothes dryer comprises a thickened chlorine bleaching composition having 0.5-15% available chlorine and a pH of 8-11, and a water-insoluble dispensing means for holding the bleaching composition. The composition is thickened with one or more of the following thickeners: colloidal silicas, water-swellable and water soluble polyaerylamides, cellulose derivatives, and clays. The holder is in the form of a pouch having perforations of 0.05-3 mm diameter or embossed in such a m a n n e r t h a t upon rupture perforations are formed with the desired diameters. ADDITIVES EOR CLOTHES DRYERS. J. Rudy and A.A. Rapisarda (Lever Bros. Co.). U.S. 4,012,326. A solid composition for the application of an a d j u v a n t to a fabric in a tumble-type dryer consists of up to 95% of one or more of the following: fabric softeners, optical brighteners, and anti-static agents. The distributing agent is selected from the group consisting of ammonium carbonate and water soluble lower molecular weight, innocuous, hydroxy earboxylic acids. UNIQUE ALL SYNTHETIC DETERGENT SHAIV[PO0 BAR. P. Orshitzer and A. Macander (American Cyanamid Co.). U.S. 4,012,341. The bar comprises 10-60% of a water soluble, solid, polycthoxylated dialkyl phenol, 30-60% of a sodium or potassium higher alkyl sulfate, and 10-40% of a monoethanolamide of stearic acid. COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LAUNDERING EFFECTS--PART II. R. Griesser (Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basle). Soap, Cosmet., Chem. Spee. 53(2), 39-40, 76-7 (1977). P a r t I of this report appeared Soap, Cosmet., Chem. Spec. in J a n u a r y , 1977. In it, the whiteness formula used for the evaluations was described. I n this part, reflectance/emission curves and reflectance curves are given for various soiled and laundered samples, and the data are discussed. The tests described show the effectiveness of tinting dyes incorporated in detergents at m a i n t a i n i n g whiteness of laundered fabrics. NONPHOSPHATE DETERGENT COMPOSITION. J.A. Yurko (ColgatePalmolive Co.). U.S. 4,009,114. A detergent composition devoid of phosphate or nitogen-containing builders comprises (a) 12-16% linear alkyl aryl sulfonate, (b) 8-12% soap, (c) 1225% citric acid or salt of citric acid, and (d) 45-75% builder salt mixture of alkali metal silicates and alkali metal carbonates. The ratio of silicate to carbonate is 1:0.25-4. OPACIFYING AGENTS. R. Widder, P. Diessel, and D. Distler ( B A S F Ag.). U.S. 4,009,189. Opacifying agents for liquid detergent, cleaner, and cosmetics which are stable in the presence of detergents and electrolytes consist of an aqueous dis-

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pcrsion, of 30-50% solids and a particle size of 0.2-1 tzm, produced by the free radical polymerization of styrene or styrenc with up to 50% of an acrylate or alkyl methacrylate in aqueous emulsion in the presence of 1-10% of sodium po]yacrylate and 1 - 8 % of the sarcoside of an u n s a t u r a t e d carboxylic acid. PROTECTION OF MATERIAL~. R.J. Green a n d R.S. J o h n s o n (Lever Bros. Co.). U.S. 4,009,113. A n alkali stable, water dispersible, precursor-containing body for use in an alkaline powder detergent composition consists of (a) 40-80% of a particulate precursor compound capable of reacting with hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous medium to form a peracid bleaching species below 60 C; and (b) an inert carrier m a t e r i a l of laurie acid, sodium dodecyl hydrogen phthalate, sodium dodecyl hydrogen succinate, sodium lauryl sulfate, or liquid paraffin. The carrier material is evenly distributed with the precursor compound to form a composite particle having an outer protective, non-deliquescent, coherent layer of polyvinyl alcohol, a polyaerylamide, a starch, a water soluble cellulose ether or a water soluble g u m for preventing aqueous alkaline attack on the precursor compound. SUPERFACTANT COMPOSITION. L.B. Lindy (DoT Chemical Co.). U.S. 4,018,699. The composition consists of an aqueous solution of (a) an alkali metal salt, a m m o n i u m salt, a n d / o r magnesium salt of laurylsulfate, and (b) a mono-n-butyl ether of ethylene glycol. LAUNDRY DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS IN EMULSION SUSFENSION. S.P. Lengyel (Procter & Gamble). U.S. 4,018,720. The composition consists of (a) 7-25% s u r f a c t a n t , (b) 6-25% inorganic phosphale builder, (c) 3-20% alkali metal sulfate as stabilizing electrolyte, and (d) 4-75% water. The s u r f a c t a n t comprises 3-25% of s u r f a e t a n t A which is selected from the group consisting of sodium alkyl sulfate and sodium alkyl ether sulfate, and s u r f a c t a n t B which is sodium alky] benzene sulfonate. DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS. G. Bevan (Lever Bros. Co.). U.S. 4,020,015. A built laundry detergent composition in powder form includes a soil release agent selected f r o m the group consisting of (a) a copolymer of polyoxyethylenc glycol a n d polyethylene t e r e p h t h a l a t e ; (b) a condensation product of polyoxyethylene glycol, adipic acid, and caprolactam or hexamethylene diamine; or (c) a cellulose containing an ether linked, unsubstituted C~-C4 alkyl group and an ether linked s u b s t i t u e n t based on a C2-C4 hydroxyl alky] group. There is claimed an improvem6nt comprising the incorporation of the soil release agents into the composition in the form of granules. The granules consist of 5-70% of the agent dispersed t h r o u g h o u t a solid, water soluble, detergent compatible carrier. CLEANING COMPOSITIONS EFFECTIVE IN DISSOLVING SOAP CURD. C.S. Sokol (The Drackett Co.). U.S. 4,020,016. The composition consists of (a) 1-5% of a member selected f r o m the group consisting of ammonium, alkylamine, or hydroxyalkylamine salt of nitrilotriacetic acid, and an alkylene polyamine polyearboxylic acid; (b) 0.75-2% of a nonionic s u r f a c t a n t having an H L B n u m b e r of at least 13.5 selected f r o m the group consisting of (1) ethoxylated linear p r i m a r y alcohols, (2) ethoxylated linear secondary alcohols, (3) an ethoxylated linear p r i m a r y alcohol which is a clear liquid h a v i n g an H L B number of 14, and (4) ethoxylated octyl phenols; and (c) up to 98.25% water, TOILET SOAPS--PRACTICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TEST I~ETHODS. D. Osteroth ( D y n a m i t Nobel AG, Wittcn, G e r m a n y ) . Soap, Cosmet., Chem. Spec. 53(4), 29-33, 52-6, 1977. This article deals with the cracking behavior of toilet soaps. A method for causing cracking under s t a n d a r d conditions followed by objective evaluation of the degree of cracking has been developed at D y n a m i t Nobel AG and is described a n d illustrated -with colored photographs. Factors such as shape, processing ( C o n t i n u e d o n page 6 5 7 A ) J. AM, OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS 9 A b s t r a c t s ( C o n t i n u e d f r o m page 6 5 6 A ) eondltions, composition, and raw material characteristics as they affect cracking are discussed in detail. The effects of various ingredients on lathering behavior are also discussed. The main points made are: (1) the primary factor affecting crack formation in soaps use is the shape of the soap tablet itself; (2) f a t t y acid composition, titer, and degree of drying of the base soap have some effect on susceptibility to cracking; (3) a number of additives, notably polyols, may be used to improve crack resistance; (4) production line equipment can have a substantial influence on cracking behavior; the highest degree of compression of the soap mass is of special importance; (5) no agreement has so far becn reached on a standard method for testing cracking behavior; (6) lathering is in large measure determined by the f a t t y component; additives may either improve or degrade lathering performance.

9 Drying

Oils and Paints

U R E T H A N E COATINGS FROM RICE BRAN OIL AND COFFEE MEAL OIL.

I.S. Gupta, M. Singh, P. Singh and K . Singh. Res. Ind, New Delhi 20, 64-5 (1975). The possibility has been investigated of utihsing the oils to form coatings by reacting toluene 2,4diisocyanate with their glycerolysis products containing monoand diglycerides. A study of their characteristics infers that the oils can be used as partial substitutes for soybean and linseed oils. (World Surface Coatings Abs. No. 417) Atanus. Mod. Paint Coatings 56 No 7, 39-42 (1976). A computer system program has been used to build up a library tape containing mass spectral data on 31 common lacquer solvents, obtained either directly or from the literature. Unknown solvent peaks in lacquer thinner mixts, are then identified in another program from a gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy scan. Examples of the procedure are given. (World Surface Coatings Abs. No. 417) IDENTIFICATION OF SOLVENTS IN LACQUER THINNERS.

H.

B . M . Rudenko et al. Lakokras. Mat. 1975 No 3, 12-4. The olefin modification was carried out in the presence of sulfur and at various temps, and the experimental results were correlated. Some products derived from linseed oil and sunflower oil were prepared and characterised. Products capable of giving films of best weathering resistance were obtained at a 50:50 oil:styrene ratio or a 65:35 linseed oil:cyclopentadiene ratio. (In Russian) (World Surface Coatings Abs. No. 415) CYCLOPENTADIENE- AND STYRENE-MODIFIED OILS.

~IrELLOWING AND OTHER FILM PROPERTIES OF LINSEED-DERIVED PAINTS INFLUENCED BY LINOLENATE CONTENT. H . Rakoff, F.L.

Thomas and L.E. Gast. J. Coatings Tech. 48 No 619, 55-7 (1976). Extent of yellowing on storage in the dark (measured spectrophotometrically), drying time and hardness were determined on four experimental paints prepared from one of the following as vehicle: an alkali-refined linseed oil, a decolourised linseed oil, pure trilinolenin or a bleached hydrogenated linseed oil. These oils ranged in llnolenate content from 0-100%. The trilinolenin paint dried the fastest and yellowed the most. The alkali-refined linseed oil paint yellowed just a little more than did the decolourised linseed oil paint. The bleached hydrogenated linseed oil paint dried slowly, did not yellow perceptibly and reached about one-half the Sward Rocker hardness of the other three paints. (World Surface Coatings Abs. No. 414) ]~ECENT ASPECTS ON THE PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF SOME POLYESTERAMIDES FOR SURFACE COATINGS. P A R T 1: PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE FORMATION OF VARIOUS DIHYDROXY-DIETHYLAMIDE DERIVATIVES OF FATTY ACIDS. A . M . Naser, M.A. E1-

Azmirly and A.Z. Gomaa (Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, A1-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt) J. Oil Colour Chem. Assoc. 60, 18-22 (1977). Hydroethylamide derivatives of f a t t y acids are used as starting materials in the formulation of the recently developed "polyesteramide" resins. Parameters affecting the formation of such compounds from oils and diethanolamine-such as the type and concentration of catalyst used and the reaction temperature-are investigated. The course of the reaction is followed by a thin layer chromatographic technique and by a turbidity technique. Bis(hydroxyethyl) amide derivatives of various f a t t y acids are prepared in high percentage yield by reacting the oil (one mole), DEA (three moles) and zinc oxide (0.0014 mole) at 200 ~ C. Lead oxide catalyst behaves in a manner similar to zinc oxide, except that the product shows a darker colour. J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

The time of formation of such amide derivatives depends upon the temperature, catalyst concentration and the type of f a t t y acid unsaturation present. Saturated oils require longer times than those containing unsaturated acids.

9 Edible

Proteins

EXTRACTION OF PROTEINS FROM VEGETABLE SEED COMPOSITIONS.

L.C. Wang (U.S. Secy. of Agriculturc). U.S. %018,755. The procedure comprises the steps of sonicating a vegetable seed composition in a suitable solvent for a time sufficient to solubilize 50-100% of the total protein, separating the solids from the supernatant solution of protein, and recovering the protein from the supernatant solution. The sonic frequency used is 20 KHz. PROTEIN FIBERS. A.J.M. Segeren and J.V. Boskamp (T.J. Lipton, Inc.). U.S. 4,018,903. A process for preparing soy protein fibers by spinning an aqueous soy protein solution comprises preheating the solution at 60-85% for a time sufficient to gel the 7S protein fraction but not gel all of the protein followed by extruding the partially pregelled solution into a coagulating medium for a time sufficient to gel the 118 fraction of the soy protein.

9 Fats and Oils BFs-MEOI~ : ETHYLENIC

A SINGLE REAGENT FOR 0ZONOLYSIS OF MON0UNSATUR~TION. R.G. Ackman (Environment

Canada, Fisheries and Marine Service, Halifax Lab., Halifax, Nova Scotia B3J 2R3, Canada) Lipids 12, 293-6 (1977). Ozonolysis of monoethylenic f a t t y acids in BFs-MeOH, or in MeOH with subsequent adddition of BFz-MeOH, gives oxidative fission acid products as methyl esters in a nominal 100% yield and a purity ~ 98% of principal acid products. The in situ esterification step requires ca. 1 hr of heating with 7 or 14% BFs, but other time requirements are much less, totalling no more than half an hour. Different liquid phases for opentubular gas liquid chromatography of some products are compared. MYRISTICIN. T H E MAJOR VOLATILE COMPONENT I N :MATURE SEED OF PORTENSCHLAGIA RAMOSISSIMA. M . A . Bohannon and R.

Kleiman (Northern Reg. Res. Ctr., ARS, USDA, Peoria, Ill. 61604) Lipids 12, 321-3 (1977). Portenschlagia ramosissima (Port.) vis. (Umbelliferae) seed contains 15% essential oils, 70% of which is the aromatic ether myristicin. These structural assignments were made from nuclear magnetic resonance, combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and infrared and ultraviolet data. GC-MS data also indicate the presence of pinene, cymene, terpinene, elemicin, methyl eugenol, and a variety of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. 4-BROMOMETHYL-7-METHOXYCOUMARIN AS A N E W FLUORESCENCE LABEL FOR FATTY ACIDS. W . ])unges (Pharmako]ogisches Inst.

der Univ. Mainz, ])-6500 Mainz, West Germany) Anal. Chem. 49, 442-5 (1977). Reaction with 4-bromomethy]-7-methoxycoumarin (Br-Mmc) allows the fluorescence labeling of f a t t y acids. With the aid of microliter reflux techniques and thinlayer chromatography, an extensive screening program was performed. All unsubstituted and most substituted aliphatic monocarboxylic acids gave Mmc derivatives with strong blue fluorescence. Mmc esters of different f a t t y acids were prepared in millimole amounts. Their structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry and elementary analysis. Thin-layer chromatographic separation and in sltu fluorescence measurement of their Mine esters allows the determination of picomole amounts of f a t t y acids. NOVEL SPRAY ]KEAGENT FOR PHOSPHOLIPID DETECTION. S.K. Kundu, 8. Chakravarty, N. Bhaduri, and H.K. Saha (Dept. of Chem., Univ. Col. of Sci., Calcutta 700009, India) J. L i p i d Res. 18, 128-30 (1977). Ammonium pentachlorooxomolybdate in a solution of 7-9N H2SO4 was found to be an excellent spray reagent for the specific detection of phospholipids on thinlayer chromatograms. I t is better than the usual molybdenum blue reagent due to its greater sensitivity and its ability to eliminate the problem of the development of background blue color on prolonged exposure. A

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF PURE 9-D-RYDROPEROXIDE OF LINOL]~IC ACID AND METHYL LINOLEATE BASED ON THE POSITIONAL SPECIFICITY OF LIPOXYGENASE IN TOMATO FRUIT.

J.A. Matthew, H.W.-S. Chan and T. Galliard (Agr. Res. Council, Food Res. Inst., Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UA,

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ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS U . K . ) Lipids 12, 324-5 (1977). Incubation of linoleic acid with crude homogenate of tomato f r u i t gave a high yield (69%) of linoleic acid hydroperoxides with a ratio of 9- to 13-hydroperoxide isomers of 96:4. A f t e r chromatography of the products, as free acids or methyl esters, hydroperoxides with 9- to 13-isomeric ratios of > 99:1 were obtained. The m a j o r product was characterized as 9-D-hydroperoxy-octadecatrans-lO,cis-12-dienoic acid. The results demonstrate the positional specificity of lipoxygenase from tomato fruit. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF CHOLESTERYL ESTERS. A.V. P r a b h u d e s a i (Dept. of Biochem., M a r h a r a s h t r a Assoc. for the Cultivation of Sci., Poona 411 004, I n d i a ) Lipids 12, 242-4 (1977). A simple and convenient procedure for the synthesis of cholesterol esters of long chain s a t u r a t e d and u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids is presented. Condensation is achieved with thionyl chloride as a catalyst.

TITRATION OF STEROL DOUBLE BONDS WITH DIBROMOPYRIDINE SULFATE. F.U. Rosenstein, R. Caruso, and H.W. Kircher (Dept. of Nutr. and Food Sci., The Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721) Lipids 12, 297-300 (1977). Cis and trans-22-dehydrocholesteryl acetates and c/s and Yrans-22-cholesten-3~-yl acetates were prepared a n d compared to A~-phytosterylacetates by titration with dibromopyridine sulfate. The cholesterol derivatives absorbed close to the theoretical q u a n t i t y of bromine (1 Br~ per double bond), whereas the A~-C2~-alkylated sterols consumed 0.14 to 0.23 Br: in excess of the calculated values. This excess is attributed to the formation of additional u n s a t u r a t i o n during brominatlon. A7 and As(m-sterols consume more than 2 and 3 moles Br~, respectively, which indicates t h a t at least one or two new double bonds are formed in these molecules during the bromination step. STEROID 0XETANONES. 3. SYNTHESIS GI~ 5,7u-EPOXY-5~CHOLESTAN-6-ONES. A.T. Rowland, R.S. D r a w b a u g h and J.R. Dalton (Dept. of Chem., Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pa. 17325) J. Org. Chem. 42, 487-90 (1977). Bromination of 5=hydroxy-6-oxo cholestanes with pyrldinium hydrobromide perbromide in hot acetic acid gave the corresponding 7a-bromo derivatives accompanied by significant a m o u n t s of by-products. Epimerization at C-7 by ]ithlum bromide in dimethylformamide produced the 7fl-bromo isomers which, upon t r e a t m e n t with methanolic potassium hydroxide in dimethyl sulfoxide, gave 5,7a-epoxy-La-cholestan-6-ones and 5-hydroxy-7a-methoxy-Lacholestan-6-ones. Spectroscopic data verify the structural assignments for the bromo ketones, oxetanones, and methoxy ketones. Among the few literature reports concerning the preparation of steroid oxetanones, this is the first to describe the production of a-methoxy ketones as competing products. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF CHOLESTERYL ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS OF DIFFERENT DEGREES OF UNSATURATION. T. Takagi, A. Sakai, Y. I t a b a s h i and K. H a y a s h i (Dept. of Chem., Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univ., Hakodate, J a p a n ) Lipids 12, 228-32 (1977). Cholesteryl esters prepared f r o m the f a t t y acid methyl esters of linseed oil, pig liver lipids, a n d J a p a n e s e anchovy oil have been separated on the basis of their chain lengths and number of double bonds by gas liquid chromatography on a cyanosiloxane S I L A R 10C column. The equivalent chain lengths of cholesteryl esters having acyl groups with 14-22 carbons and 0-6 double bonds are presented. A significant influence of the column temperature on the equivalent chain lengths of the polyenoic f a t t y acid cholesteryl esters has been found. Separation of the cholestanyl and epicholestanyl esters of linseed oil f a t t y acids, respectively, under the same conditions is also described. CONJUGATED POLYENE FATTY ACIDS AS FLUORESCENT PROBES: BIOSYNTHETIC INCORFORATION OF PARINARIC ACID BY ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STUDIES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS. E.S. Teconla, L.A. Sklar, R.D. Simoni and B.S. H u d s o n (Depts. of Biol. Sei. and Chem., S t a n f o r d Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305) Biochemistry 16, 829-35 (1977). The use of the fluorescent f a t t y acid, parinarlc acid (9,11,13,15-octadeeatetraenoic acid) ( P n A ) , was studied in cells of an u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid auxotroph of Eseheriehia vol~. Growth conditions were f o u n d t h a t permitted biosynthetic incorporation of P n A (up to 3 % ) into membrane phospholipids during growth on eleic or elaidic acid. Fluorescence m e a s u r e m e n t s of incorporated P n A revealed phase transitions in cells, membranes, and phospholiplds at temperatures t h a t reflected the f a t t y acid composition of the sample. Transitions had a well-defined onset f r o m high temperature, while the lower end point was less well defined. c/s- and ~rans-PnA (cis, ~rans, ~rans, eis, and all trans, respectively) gave comu, roble results. Similar phase transitions

658A

were detected with P n A , which was not biosynthetically incorporated. Fluorescence of t r y p t o p h a n was measured in E. coli m e m b r a n e s as a function of concentrations of P n A . Significant quenching of t r y p t o p h a n fluorescence by P n A w a s observed. INFLUENCE OF PHOSPHORIC SUBSTANCES ON THE SEPARATION OF THE CATALYST FROM THE HYDROGENATED FATS IN AN ELECTROSTATIC FIEND. T.G. Titova et al. Maslozhir. P r o m - s t 1975(1), 16-7. The degree of separation of the catalyst from hydrogenated f a t s in an electrostatic field is determined by the q u a n t i t y of phosphoric substances in the oil for h y d r o g e n a t i o n a n d not by their composition. The presence of the phosphatides in the oil for hydrogenation implies the necessity to use substances which will initiate the precipitation of the catalyst on the electrodes. (Rev. Fr. Corps Gras) MODIFICATION OF COLOR ON THE SURFACE OF THE MARGARINE WRAPPED IN IMITATION PARCHMENT. I . e . Mikhaylova et al. Maslozhir. Prom-st. 1975(1), 17-20. To explain the causes of color modification on the superficial layer of the m a r g a r i n e during the process of storage, the authors examined the w r a p p i n g of m a r g a r i n e in imitation parchment. I n the environmental conditions, the superficial layer of the m a r g a r i n e t u r n s yellow a f t e r 2-3 days, which is in the first place connected with the water evaporation f r o m the surface t h r o u g h the pores of imitation parchment. (Rev. Fr. Corps Gras) INFLUENCE OF SOME PHOSP~IORIC EMULSIFIERS ON THE CONTENT OF WATER IN THE SKIN. I.V. Titova et al. Muslozhir. Prom-st. 1976(1), 25-7. Between the h y d r a t i n g activity of the preparations of this emulsifier and their chemical structure, there exists a relation. The g r e a t e s t h y d r a t i n g activity a p p e r t a i n s to "hostaphate" KW-340 (of Hoechst) containing an alkyl radical on C 16-C 18. The decrease of the length of the alkyl radical until C 12 (hostaphate KL-340) or the presence of an u n s a t u r a t e d bond in the radical (hostaphate KO-340) leads to a decrease of the h y d r a t i n g activity of the product. (Rev. Fr. Corps Gras) L o s s oF FATTY ACIDS WITH THE E~FLUENT WATER ELIMINATED FROM THE BAROMETRIC WELL DURING DISTILLATION. M.V. Irodov et a]. Maslozhir. Prom-st. 1975(1), 21-3. Extensive loss of f a t t y acids with residual waters depends on the n a t u r e of the acids which are being distilled; m u c h greater still is the influence of some technological factors (such as vacuum, q u a n t i t y and temperature of the vapor, temperature of the water for cooling) on the content of f a t t y acids in the effluent waters. Stabilization of the conditions of work for the installation of distillation (increase of the vacuum in the system, regulation of the q u a n t i t y and pressure of the vapor and of the water for cooling) allows the reduction of the losses of f a t t y acids. (Rev. Fr. Corps Gras) SEPARATION OF MIXTURES OF FATTY ACIDS. A.Kh. iNabiev et al. 1976(1), 24-5. Most of the processes separate f a t t y acids into s a t u r a t e d and u n s a t u r a t e d fractions. The processes are time consuming and have a high consumption of solvent and a low t e m p e r a t u r e for cooling. The a u t h o r s proposed the cooling of the solution of f a t t y acids in the essence of extraction. I n this way, a s a t u r a t e d crystalline fraction which is separated by filtration is obtained. The filtrate is again cooled under the same conditions and the process is repeated 3 times. (Rev. F r . Corps Gras)

Maslozhir. From-s~.

I~EFINING OF LINSEED OIL WITHOUT ALKALI. T.Sh. g o y f m a n et al. ( V N I I Z ) . Maslozhir. Prom-st. 1975(1), 36-8. Linseed oil contains 0.07-0.15% of phosphatides which are not completely eliminated with water during degumming. O f t e n phosphoric acid is applied before neutralization of the oil to better eliminate the phosphatides. The method elaborated by the authors consists of phosphatides elimination with phosphoric acid without neutralization. The experiments have been done in the laboratory and in the factory. The oil is t r e a t e d with phosphoric acid at 50-55C a n d with water at 55-70C. A f t e r phosphatides separation a n d drying, bleaching with active earth is applied. The experiments have been done in the factory in Rzhev on the "Gianazza" installation with a daily capacity of 25 t. The resulting oil satisfied GOST s t a n d a r d for standoil. (l~ev. F t . Corps Gras) INFLUENCE OF HUMIDITY ON THE STORAGE OF COTTONSEEDS. F.M. K a n e e p o l s k a j a et al. Maslozhir. Fro~-st. 1975(2), 10-2. D u r i n g the storage of low quality seeds, a decrease of oi1 content (about 3 - 4 % ) a n d an increase of acidity of the oil in the seeds a n d of the degree of oxidation of the oil occur. These changes are more pronounced if the h u m i d i t y of the J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. $4)

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND O I L S stored seed is higher. P a r a l l e l to t h e decrease of oil c o n t e n t in t h e seed d u r i n g storage, a n increase in the q u a n t i t y of glycerides a n d of free f a t t y a c i d s in t h e lipoprotein f r a c t i o n s occurs. (Rev. F r . Corps GraB) INFLUENCE O1~ PHOSPHORIC ACID HYDRATED AND NON-HYDRATED SUBSTANCES ON THE ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIBILITY OF SUNFLOWERSEED OIL. T.V. M g e b r i s h v i l i ct al. Maslozhir. l~rom-st. 1 9 7 5 ( 2 ) , 13-5. T h e a u t h o r s s t u d i e d t h e influence of t h e f o r m s of phosp h a t i d e s on the conductibility of t h e oil-agents of t r e a t m e n t s y s t e m w h i c h react on the process o f electroprecipitation of the d i s p e r s e d s y s t e m s a n d on t h e e n e r g y loss in t h e case where electrotechnology is applied. C o m p a r i n g w i t h t h e n o n - h y d r a t e d p h o s p h a t i d e s , t h e h y d r a t e d p h o s p h a t i d e s increase the cond u c t i v i t y o f t h e sunflowerseed oil 3 to 5 times. A t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s ( 1 9 0 - 2 0 0 C ) , an a b n o r m a l decrease of conductivity of t h e oil-added a g e n t s s y s t e m is observed. (Bey. F r . Corps GraB) I~EFINING OF SUNFLOWERSEED OIL WITHOUT THE USE OF ALKALINE SOLUTIONS. S.N. V o l o t o v s k a j a et al. Maslozhir. Pram-st. 1 9 7 5 ( 2 ) , 15-7. The e x p e r i m e n t s done b y t h e a u t h o r s show t h a t t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f p h o s p h a t i d e s a n d coloring m a t t e r s is m o s t i m p o r t a n t f o r t h e refining of sunflowerseed oil. The free f a t t y acids are e l i m i n a t e d d u r i n g distillation f r o m the oil which is free o f p h o s p h a t i d e s a n d coloring m a t t e r s . T h e acid value of t h e oil decreased f r o m 3 to 0.21 a n d t h e distilled f a t t y a c i d s have a l i g h t color. (Rev. Fr. Corps GraB) GRANULOMETRIC COMPOSITION OF THE ADSORBANTS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE EFFICIENCY OF CLARIFICATION OF OILS. V.V. K l j u t c h k i n e et al. Maslozhir. Prom-st. 1 9 7 5 ( 2 ) , 17-20. M a x i m a l values o f t h e a d s o r p t i o n o f c a r o t e n o i d s a n d t h e n e c e s s a r y c o n t a c t time depend as m u c h on the h o m o g e n e i t y as on t h e size of used a d s o r b e n t s . I n c r e a s i n g t h e u n i f o r m i t y of t h e l a t t e r i n c r e a s e d a d s o r b e n t p o w e r of t h e earths. F o r the e x a m i n e d b l e a c h i n g e a r t h s , t h e critical d i m e n s i o n o f t h e d i a m e t e r of p a r t i c l e s (below it, it is not r a t i o n a l to c r u s h the a d s o r b a n t ) r e p r e s e n t s 0.1-0.2 ram. (Rev. F r . Corps GraB) PURIFYING TECHNICAL FATS BEFORE SPLITTING WITH SURFACE ACTIVE SUBSTANCES. ~'.P. Gavrilko et al. Maslozhir. Prom-st. 1 9 7 5 ( 2 ) , 23-7. T h e s h o r t c o m i n g s of t h e m e t h o d s u s e d t o d a y for purification of t e c h n i c a l f a t s before s p l i t t i n g are discussed. I n s t e a d o f the t r e a t m e n t of f a t s w i t h s u l f u r i c acid, it is proposed to use a w a t e r solution of s o d i u m - a l k y l s u l f o n a t e . This t r e a t m e n t allows some a d v a n t a g e s c o m p a r e d with s p l i t t i n g with s u l f u r i c acid. T h e elaborated m e t h o d w i t h t h e u s e of s u r f a c e active s u b s t a n c e s can be done c o n t i n u o u s l y . (Rev. Fr. Corps GraB) ACCUMULATION OF THE 3,4-BENZOPYRENE IN THE SUNFLOWER SEED DURING DRYING. Ju.M. K o b e r v e i n e et al. Maslozhir. Prom-st. 1 9 7 5 ( 3 ) , 17-9. The a i m of this work was to s t u d y the influence of t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e d r y i n g a g e n t , t h e time of t h e process, a n d t h e initial h u m i d i t y of t h e seeds on the f o r m a t i o n of 3,4-benzopyrenc in sunflower seeds d u r i n g d r y i n g w i t h t h e flue g a s o b t a i n e d by b u r n i n g of a c o m b u s t i b l e gas. T h e o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s show t h a t in the s t u d i e d conditions, 3,4b e n z o p y r e n e doesn't a c c u m u l a t e . (Bey. F r . Corps GraB) EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURES OF OLIVE FOOT CAKES, INFLUENCE OF THE MOISTURE CONTENT AND THE STORAGE TIME ON THE OILS QUALITY EXTRACTED BY HEXANE. ~. Cano Munoz, J.R. H e r m i d a B u n a n d J. C o n t r e r a s Cano Grasas Aeeites (Seville) 2 7 ( 4 ) , 245-53 (1976). A f t e r several s t o r a g e t i m e s it is considered the influence t h a t t h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t a n d t h e s t a g e of t h e olive f o o t cakes h a v e on t h e oil q u a l i t y e x t r a c t e d by hexane. T h i s is m e a s u r e d by t h e acidity, peroxide a n d h y d r o x y - a c i d values as well as by t h e specific extinction a t 270 n m , b e i n g deduced t h e m o s t convenient m o i s t u r e s f o r the storage. T h e equilibrium i s o t h e r m a t 39 ~ C is o b t a i n e d c o r r e l a t i n g t h e d a t a o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e B.E.T. i s o t h e r m . T h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d show t h e m o i s t u r e influence on the h y d r o l y s i s of t h e glyeerides, b u t n o t on t h e o x i d a t i o n d e g r a d e d p h e n o m e n a . OLIVE PRESS CAKE EXTRACTION. INFLUENCE OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE OIL YIELD. (.~. Cano Munoz, J.R. H e r m i d a B u n a n d E. A s c a n i o H i d a l g o Grasas Aeeites (Seville) 2 7 ( 5 ) , 303-8 (1976). The b i b l i o g r a p h y r e p o r t s t h e influence of diverse factors on t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f f a t e x t r a c t i o n b y solvents. T h e conclusions f o r oleaginous seed can n o t be g e n e r a l i z e d to f a t t y olive p r e s s cake due to t h e p e c u l i a r i t i e s o f t h i s p r o d u c t , t h o u g h t h e y can be o r i e n t a t i o n s . T h e m e c h a n i c a l e x t r a c t i o n of olive oil a n d t h e p r e s s cake m a n i p u l a t i o n p r i o r to solvent e x t r a c t i o n , determine the factors affecting this extraction: moisture, J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' S O t . , August 1977 (VOL. 54)

g r a n u l e m e t r y , oil c o n t e n t a n d s t r u c t u r e , h e r i n t r i n s i c f a c t o r s being: temperature, time and solvent/solid relationship. Most of those f a c t o r s a n d t h e i r i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h a v e been a n a l y z e d , a n d t h e conclusions call be u s e d as o r i e n t a t i o n s in o r d e r to improve t h e yields. THE TIME FACTOR IN THE CONVERSION OF FATS INTO METHYL ESTERS. R.M. U t r i l l a , M. J u ~ r e z a n d I. M a r t i n e z ( I n s t i t u t o de P r o d u c t o s L~eteos. C.S.I.C. A r g a n d a del Bey ( M a d r i d ) Grasas Aceites (Seville) 2 7 ( 5 ) , 323-8 (1976). F o u r o f t h e m o s t u s e d m e t h o d s f o r f a t s m e t h o x y l a t i o n , u s i n g as c a t a l y s t s H2SO4, BF3, C H a O K a n d K O H , a r e c o m p a r e d . W i t h n - p e n t a decane, n - n o n a d e c a n e a n d n - t e t r a e o s a n e as i n e r t i n t e r n a l s t a n dards, t h e relative a b u n d a n c e in m e t h y l esters c h a n g i n g t h e reaction t i m e in each m e t h o d is d e t e r m i n e d by g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . T h e p r o g r e s s of t h e r e a c t i o n w i t h t h e two l a t e r c a t a l y s t s is also followed b y t h i n l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . STUDY ON OLIVE OILS FROM -A_RGENTINE. ( Y e a r s 1971 to 1973). I.G. de K u c k , L.G.F. de Wetzler, E. M a r t i n o v i e h , E. de S a Souza a n d R.A. M a e e h i ( D e p a r t a m e n t o de T e e n o l o g i a d e l o s Alimentos. I n s t i t u t o N a c i o n a l de Tecnologia I n d u s t r i a l . Miguelete-Provincia de Buenos Aires-Argentina) Grasas Aveites (Seville) 2 7 ( 6 ) , 397-403 (1976). A s t a t i s t i c a l s t u d y on t h e i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t i o n of olive oil in every z o n e o f A r g e n t i n e is m a d e . T h i s s t u d y covers t h e period f r o m 1971 to 1973. Q u a l i t y a n d i d e n t i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e oils w e r e determined. T h e e m p l o y e d a n a l y t i c a l technics were t h o s e o f the recommended International Standard by FAO/OMS. In general, A r g e n t i n e p r o d u c t i o n is w i t h i n t h e limits fixed b y F A G , except f o r Bellier index, t h a t f o r a confidence level o f 9 5 % i t s u p p e r limit exceeds t h e value o f 17,0 ~ C; V i z e r n reaction (to detect seed oils) w a s n e g a t i v e with all t h e 375 a n a l y s e d samples. APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN DETERMINATION OF THE FAT CONTENT IN OLEAGINOUS. I. SUNFLOWER~ SOYA AND SAFFLOWERSEEDS. F. R o m e r o G u z m ~ n a n d J. G r a e i a n T o u s ( I n s t i t u t o de la G r a s a y SUB Derivados. Sevilla) Grasas Aceites (Sevilte) 2 7 ( 6 ) , 373-9 (1976). A series of e x p e r i e n c e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g by N.M.R. t h e f a t c o n t e n t in sunflower, soya, a n d s a m o w e r seeds, a r e realized. T h e s p e c t r o m e t e r u s e d w a s a N e w p o r t Mk I I , a t c o n s t a n t f r e q u e n c y a n d v a r i a b l e m a g n e t i c field, e l i m i n a t i n g the p r o t o n s i g n a l of t h e solid p h a s e . P r e viously the o p t i m u m level of r a d i o f r e q u e n c i e s a n d t h e r e s i d u a l c o n t e n t of n o n detectable water, a r e d e t e r m i n e d a n d a n a n a l y t i c a l p r o c e d u r e is established. V e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s are o b t a i n e d w i t h the s a m p l e s used, with a s t a t i s t i c a l p r e c i s i o n of a n a l o g o u s order to t h e o b t a i n e d by t h e e x t r a c t i o n m e t h o d in Soxhlet. DIRECTED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF FATS. I I I . TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE SOLID AND LIQUID PHASES AT EQUILIBRIUM AND THE APPLICATION TO A TOTAL COMPOSITION MATHEMATIC MODEL. F . J . Nieto R o d r i g u e z Brochero ( I n s t i t u t o de P r o d u c t o s LScteos. P a t r o n a t o <> (C.S.I.C.) A r g a n d a del Bey ( M a d r i d ) Grasas Aceites (Seville) 2 7 ( 6 ) , 389-97 (1976). W h e n a m a t h e m a t i c t r e a t m e n t of t h e directed t r a n s e s t e r i f i e a t i o n r e a c t i o n is a p p l i e d to the e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m processes a t d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e with f a t s of different s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a c i d s content, it is a r r i v e d to e s t a b l i s h two f u n c t i o n s which r e l a t e w i t h the t e m p e r a t u r e t h e s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e liquid p h a s e a n d t h e solid p h a s e composition, b o t h a t equilibrium. T h e s e f u n c t i o n s allow to calculate t h e g l y c e r i d i c composition a t t a i n e d by a n y f a t w i t h o u t a sensible difference f r o m those tested, a f t e r b e i n g directly t r a n s e s t e r i f i e d in only one s t a g e a t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n 12 a n d 34 ~ C. STUDIES ON COMPOSITION, STORAGE AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SUNFLOWER OIL. Ch. P a r v a t h i a n d P. Geervani (College o f H o m e Science, A n d h r a P r a d e s h A g r i c u l t u r a l U n i v e r s i t y , H y d e r a b a d 4) J. Food Sci Technol. 13, 192 (1976). The chemical composition o f sunflower oil p r o d u c e d in H y d e r a b a d w a s d i f f e r e n t f r o m sunflower oil o f C a n a d a in respect of e s s e n t i a l f a t t y acids. H e a t i n g r e s u l t e d in a decrease in linoleic a n d i n c r e a s e in oleic acid f r a c t i o n . S t u d i e s on s t o r a g e b e h a v i o u r i n d i c a t e d t h a t sunflower oil b e c a m e r a n c i d earlier t h a n g r o u n d n u t oil. B o t h p r o l o n g e d h e a t i n g a n d storage, accelerated r a n c i d i t y in oils, the effect b e i n g m o r e p r o n o u n c e d in sunflower oil. Cons u m e r s ' a c c e p t a b i l i t y revealed t h a t m o s t c o n s u m e r s f e l t t h a t flavour q u a l i t y o f sunflower oil w a s similar to o t h e r v e g e t a b l e oils. TURBIDITY REDUCTION IN TRIGLYCERIDE STANDARDS. D . P . B o n d e r m a n . U.S. 4,011,045. A m e t h o d f o r p r e p a r i n g s e r u m w h i c h is suitable f o r u s e as a t r i g l y c c r i d e s t a n d a r d c o m p r i s e s ( a )

659A

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS reducing the triglyceride level normally present in the serum; (b) adding glycerides of f a t t y acids h a v i n g 5-10 carbon atoms to the serum to achieve a concentration of a t least 0.03% along with an effective amount of an alkyl-phenoxy polyethoxyethanol s u r f a c t a n t to solubilize the glycerides; and (c) preserving the serum by lyophilizing or freezing. METHOD OF PREPARING ESTERS OF GLYCEROL AND POLYGLYCEROLS AND C~-Co MONOCARBOXYLIC FATTY ACIDS. B.K. Tjurin, A.L. Momot, N.L. Volodin, V.T. Peremitina, A.V. Evdokimova, V.P. Churov, S.M. I~rugly, and G.G. Garifzyauov. U.S. 4,011,251. The method comprises reacting the still residue f r o m the distillation of synthetic glycerol produced by a chlorine method and containing glycerol, polyglycerols, sodium hydroxide, and sodium chloride with C5-C9 f a t t y acids at 140210 C with continuous distillation of water present in the reaction zone. The reaction mixture contains the desired esters which are then isolated. METHOD AND REAGENT FOR THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TKIGLYCERIDES. B. Carl and J. Stourac (Dr. Bruno L a n g e G m b H ) . U.S. 4,012,287. I n the method for the quantitative analysis of triglycerldes by enzymic hydrolysis in a n alkaline aqueous medium to form glycerol, followed by quantitative analysis of the glycerol, there is described an improvement consisting of adding a catalytic amount of a low molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbon to the hydrolysis medium to accelerate the hydrolytic cleavage. PROCESS FOR EXTRACTING ANTIOXIDANTS. ]~. Viani (Nestle S.A.). U.S. 4,012,531. A process for extracting antioxidant substances f r o m organic plant material of the Labiate or Umbelllfer family comprises t r e a t i n g the organic material with an aqueous buffer solution with a p H of 7-11.5. The insoluble fraction is separated, and the soluble fraction containing the antioxidant substances is collected. METHOD FOR PREPARING EDIBLE OIL. T. Okumori, u Tadokoro, Y. Takagi and N. u (Nisshin Seiyu K a b u s h i k i K a i s h a ) . U.S. 4,009,290. The process comprises the steps of mechanically expelling crude oil from the vegetable seeds, s e p a r a t i n g the expelled oil f r o m the cakes, passing the crude oil t h r o u g h a layer of the separated cakes to filter sediment f r o m the oil, and extracting the crude oil from the cakes with a solvent. CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR THE SEPARATION OF MIXTURES OF FATTY SUBSTANCES OF DIFFERENT MELTING POINTS. W. Stein and H. H a r t m a n n (Henkel & Cie). U.S. 4,009,223. F a t t y alcohol mixtures, consisting of liquid and solid phases are dispersed in aqueous solution containing a wetting agent. The dispersion then separates into two phases by gravity, and the top phase containing the liquid f a t t y alcohol is removed. The lower phase is removed and heated to melt the f a t t y alcohol which is then removed. The aqueous wetting agent solution thus recovered is then combined with fresh feed material to repeat the process. PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ALKANES BY OXIDATION. H.R. Gerberich, Jr, a n d E.F. Dougherty (Celanese Corp.). U.S. 4,011,252. The process comprises (a) oxidation of C2o-C3o nornial alkanes with molecular oxygen to produce C~-C6 f a t t y acids which dissolve in an aqueous phase and C~ and higher f a t t y acids which dissolve in a hydrocarbon phase; (b) hydrogenation of at least the hydrocarbon phase to reduce the degree of u n s a t u r a t i o n by at least 50% without otherwise affecting the f a t t y acids; (c) nitric acid oxidation of the hydrogenation product to produce an aqueous phase containing most of the C~-C6 f a t t y acids a n d a hydrocarbon phase containing most of the C~ and higher f a t t y acids; and (d) recovery of the desired f a t t y acids. METHOD OF PREPARING FATTY ACIDS FROM THEIR CORRESPONDING SOAPS. A. Gueant a n d S. Mercier ( P r o d u i t s Chem. Ugine K u h l m a n n ) . U.8. 4,018,805. The method comprises dissolving a melted soap in a melted C~-C3~ f a t t y acid in the absence of oxygen to f o r m a liquid solution, contacting the solution with an aqueous solution of a strong mineral acid in a stoichiometrically equivalent amount to the soap, a n d allowing the cations of soap a n d strong acid to exchange phases. PROCESS FOR RECOVERING SYMMETRICAL DIGLYCERIDES FROM GLYCEEIDE MIXTURES. G.R. Wyness and R.W. Lodge (Procter & Gamble). U.~. 4,018,806. A process for recovering 1,3-diglycerides from a glyceride mixture comprising 5-60% triglyceride, 15-70% 1,3-dlglyeeride, 1-40% 1,2-diglyeeride, a n d 8-50% monoglyceride consists of f o r m i n g a solution of the glyceride mixture with a nonpolar hydrocarbon solvent a n d a polar

660A

organic solvent; inducing and m a i n t a i n i n g crystallization of solid 1,3-diglyceride f r o m the solution while m a i n t a i n i n g the temperature of the solution below the saturation temperature of the 1,3-dlglycerlde and above the s a t u r a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e of the r e m a i n i n g components of the glyceride m i x t u r e ; and recovering solid highly pure 1,3-diglyceride. The polar organic solvent is sufficiently polar to dissolve the monoglycerides in the original glyceride mixture. PROCESS FOR DEEP FAT COOKING. E.S. W r i g h t , J.W. A n g s t a d t , and G.L. Oarrow (Blaw-Knox Food and Chemical Equipment, Inc.). U.S. 4,020,189. The cooker h a s two cooking zones a n d a separate source of heated cooking oil. The heated oil is introduced into the bottom of the first cooking zone, a n d t h e uncooked food is introduced into the top of it. Upon removal of moisture, the food floats and is moved horizontally into the second cooking zone along with the cooking oil. Cooking is finished in the second zone a f t e r which the food is continuously removed and the oil is recycled t h r o u g h the heater to the first cooking zone. A SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF 0IL CONTENT OF SEED AND ITS FATTY ACID COMPOSITIOLVBY GLC USING SMALL AMOUNT OF SAMPLE. e . K u m a r and K. F u j i m o t o ( F a c u l t y of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai) Yukagaku 25, 41-2 (1977). A simple method for determination of oil content and f a t t y acid composition in small seed sample ( ~ 2 m g ) is presented u s i n g methyl heptadecanoate as internal standard. U s i n g this method, the possibility of loss of oil is eliminated, and simultaneous extraction and m e t h y l esterification of oll in a test tube can be efficiently carried out. A comparison of the present method with conventional one revealed a close agreement with regard to oil content and f a t t y acid composition of two major rapeseed crops, viz., Brassica napus and Brassica

campesYris. STUDIES ON THE METAL-PROTEIN COMPLEX. X. INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF L-AMIN0 ACIDS AND PEPTIDES ON THE OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY OF METAL IN OIL. S. Yamashoji, H. Yoshida a n d G. K a j i m o t o ( F a c u l t y of Nutrition, Kobe Gakuin University, K o b e ) , Yukagaku 25, 28-31 (1977). Crystalline Glu, Lys and Cys had the antioxidative activities and inhibited the oxidative activity of ferrous chloride by the Active Oxygen Method (98 ~ C). The inhibitory activities of the mixtures of L-amino acids containing Glu, Lys or Cys on the oxidative activity of ferrous chloride were proportional to those of L-amino acids described above. The inhibitory activities of peptides on the oxidative activity of metal salt were not proportional to those of the mixtures of the constituent L-amino acids. Polypeptides a n d proteins had small inhibitory activities on the oxidative activity of iron ( I I ) chloride in comparison with Glu or Lys. P e p t i d e s and the mixtures of the constituent L-amino acids inhibited the oxidative activity of copper ( I I ) sulfate. Iron a n d copper seem to adhere loosely on the surface of crystalline peptides under the conditions of Active Oxygen Method on the basis of I R spectra of the obtained metal-peptide complexes. However, the loss of the oxidative activities of metal salts was not proportional to the a m o u n t s of metal in the metal-peptides or metal-L-amino acids complexes. EVALUATION OF HEAT TREATED FRYING OILS. I I L COMPONENTS IN SUBFRACTIONS OF POLAR FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS FROM HEAT TREATED SOYBEAN OIL. S. Torlyama and C. U r a k a m i ( F a c u l t y of the Science of Living, Osaka City University, Osaka), Yukagaku 26, 17-27 (1977). Polar fractions of f a t t y acid methyl esters ( P E A ) prepared f r o m soybean oil heated 30 h by f r y i n g whale m e a t ( W h ) and potato (Po) were subjected to f r a c t i o n a t i o n by TLC and silicagel column chrom a t o g r a p h y (CC), monitoring each fraction for its UVabsorbance (at 233 n m ) . H i g h l y UV-active f r a c t i o n s were analyzed by GLC and GC-MS to compare with the chromatographic p a t t e r n s obtained f r o m W h a n d Po a n d to comprehend the n a t u r e of UV-active components. The fractions with R f in a range of 0.23-0.96 by TLC (developed with petroleum ether-diethyl ether-ethanol 5 0 : 5 0 : 2 ) contributed nearly 90% of the total UV-absorption of P E A and amounted to 5 6 - 6 9 % (on the weight basis) of P E A . These fractions showed strong intensities of absorption at 790-795 and 765-770 cm -1 in the I R region. The e h r o m a t o g r a m s obtained f r o m both samples were quite similar, indicating similar n a t u r e of components being involved in both samples. The most remarkable UVactive subfractions obtained by CC (1~ 0.81-0.96) as well as five subsequent f r a c t i o n s (R~ up to 0.73) were f o u n d to be composed of short chain esters, chiefly Cl~-C15, h a v i n g UVactive conjugated systems such as diene, enal (or enone), a n d formylenol. Compounds h a v i n g a carbonyl or a hydroxyl group ~. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY A N D N U T R I T I O N in their m i d c h a i n s were also detected in G L C f r a c t i o n s eluted at h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s . On t h e other h a n d , a s u b f r a c t i o n with i t s Rf 0.59-0.67 w a s f o u n d to be composed of chiefly C~ comp o u n d s either in a n o r m a l chain or cyclohexyl f o r m h a v i n g the c o n j u g a t e d s y s t e m s as m e n t i o n e d above a n d also a keto or h y d r o x y l group. Other c o m p o u n d s f o u n d were 8-phenyloctanal, C, a n d Cs-esters c a r r y i n g in their molecules t h e 5-oxo-l-cyclop e n t e n y l residue, a n d dioctyl p h t h a l a t e . ]~ECENT ADVANCES IN INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS OF LIPIDS. E.G. P e r k i n s , J.C. M e a n s a n d M.F. Picciano Rev. Er. Corps Gras 2 4 ( 2 ) , 73-84 (1977). P r o g r e s s in k n o w l e d g e of t h e c h e m i s t r y a n d b i o c h e m i s t r y of lipids h a s c u s t o m a r i l y been m a d e as a r e s u l t of p r i o r a d v a n c e s in a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d o l o g y developed f o r use with liquid c h r o m a t o g r a p h y a n d gas-llquid c h r o m a t o g r a phy, N M R a n d m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y . D i f f e r e n t m e t h o d s a r e reviewed: h i g h p e r f o r m a n c e liquid c h r o m a t o g r a p h y , gas-chrom a t o g r a p h y - m a s s s p e c t r o m e t r y , pyrolisis by laser, N M R . Applications of i n s t r u m e n t a l a n a l y s i s to lipids a r e discussed. USE OF PALM OIL-KERNEL OIL MIXTURES FOR FOOD PURPOSES. M.T. R i c h e r t Oldagineuz 32, 21-3 (1977). T h i s s t u d y could be of i n t e r e s t to W e s t A f r i c a n a n d I n d o n e s i a n c o n s u m e r s : p e r f o r m a n c e of blends of p a l m o i l / k e r n e l oil on different planes, consistency at a few t e m p e r a t u r e s , o x i d a t i o n stability, etc. P o s s i b i l i t y of u s i n g blends of crude p a l m oil a n d refined kernel oil (in p a r t i c u l a r 50/50 b l e n d s ) for food p u r p o s e s , as a c o m p l e m e n t to p a l m oil. INTERESTERIFICATION: EDIBLE APPLICATIONS. L. F a u r ~ e v . ~ r . Corps Gras 24, 85-91 (1977). The p u r p o s e s of interesterification, its d i f f e r e n t f o r m s , t h e end p r o d u c t s o b t a i n e d a r e first described. Then, the best p r o c e d u r e s are specified, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e f a t t y r a w m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( f r e e f a t t y acids, w a t e r a n d peroxide contents, a c c o r d i n g t h e process, b a t c h or cont i n u o u s ) . T h e m a i n edible uses are reviewed: f a t s t o c k f o r soft m a r g a r i n e w i t h a h i g h c o n t e n t in p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids, special m a r g a r i n e s for baker's p r o d u c t s , s h o r t c n i n g s , cocoa b u t t e r s u b s t i t u t e s f r o m interestcrifled p a l m or lard. The flexibility of t h e process a n d v e r s a t i l i t y of t h e end p r o d u c t s p r o p e r t i e s a r e p o i n t e d out. THE AFZELIA BELLA HARMS OIL, AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF CREPENYNIC AND DEHYDROCREPENYNIC ACIDS. N. K a b e l e , A. Vieux, M. L i s i k a a n d C. P a q u o t Rev. Fr. Corps Gras 24, 99-102 (1977). The A f z e l i a Bella H a r m s seeds provide an oil which consists of a b o u t 4 0 % alkynoic acids ( e r e p e n y n i c a n d deh y d r o c r e p e n y n i c a c i d s ) . T h e yield a m o u n t s to 25%.

oBiochemistry and Nutrition EFFECT OF A SINGLE CIS DOUBLE BOND ON THE STRUCTURE OF A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER. A. Seelig a n d J. Seelig (Dept. of Biophys. Chem., B i o c e n t e r of t h e Univ. of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, S w i t z e r l a n d ) Biochemistry 16, 45-50 (1977). The o r d e r i n g of the h y d r o c a r b o n c h a i n s a n d t h e r a t e s of lipid m o t i o n a r e two i n d e p e n d e n t p a r a m e t e r s c h a r a c t e r i z i n g the s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e d y n a m i c s , respectively, of a b i l a y e r m e m brane. I n t h i s work, d e u t e r i u m m a g n e t i c r e s o n a n c e h a s been u s e d to elucidate t h e influence of a single cis double b o n d on t h e h y d r o c a r b o n chain ordering of a p h o s p h o l i p i d bi]ayer. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3 - s n - p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e w a s specifically d e u t e r a t e d a t v a r i o u s s e g m e n t s of t h e p a l m i t i c acyl c h a i n a n d at t h e 9,10 p o s i t i o n of t h e o]eic acyl chain, a n d t h e s e g m e n t a l order p a r a m e t e r s were deduced f r o m t h e q u a d r u p o l e s p l i t t i n g s of t h e u n s o n i c a t e d b i l a y e r p h a s e s . T h e s h a p e of t h e order profile of t h e p a l m i t i c acyl c h a i n is similar to t h a t observed for t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g f u l l y s a t u r a t e d m e m b r a n e , b u t t h e m a g n i t u d e of the order p a r a m e t e r s is d i s t i n c t l y s m a l l e r in t h e uns a t u r a t e d s y s t e m . T h i s d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e presence of a double b o n d in a m e m b r a n e causes a m o r e disordered conf o r m a t i o n of t h e h y d r o c a r b o n chains. CHEMICAL MODIFICATION BY TRINITROBENZENESULFONATE OF A LIPID AND PROTEINS OF INTRACYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANES ISOLATED FROM CHROMATIUM VIIgOSUM AND AZOTOBACTER VINELANDII. K. S h i m a d a a n d N. M u r a t a (Dept. of B i o p h y s . a n d Biochem., F a c u l t y of SeL, U n i v . of Tokyo, t t o n g o , Tokyo, J a p a n ) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 455, 605-20 (1976). T h e s t r u c t u r e of i n t r a c y t o p l a s m i e m e m b r a n e s of a p h o t o s y n t h e t i c b a c t e r i u m Chromatium vinosum a n d a n i t r o g e n - f i x i n g b a c t e r i u m Azotobacter vinelandii w a s s t u d i e d by chemical modification of a m i n o g r o u p s of p h o s p h a t i d y ] e t h a n o l a m i n e a n d p r o t e i n s w i t h t r i n i t r o b e n z e n e s u l f o n a t c . I n t h e chemical modification of t h e i n t r a c y t o p l a s m i c m e m b r a n e p r e p a r a t i o n s , 3 0 % of p h o s p h a t i d y l J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

e t h a n o l a m i n e a n d 1 5 % of p r o t e i n a m i n o g r o u p s in C. vinosum a n d 4 5 % of p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e a n d 2 0 % o f p r o t e i n a m i n o g r o u p s in A. vinelandii were e s t i m a t e d to be e x p o s e d to t h e a q u e o u s p h a s e . I n t h e s i n g l e - l a y e r e d liposomes composed of p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e a n d p h o s p h a t i d y l g l y c e r o l w i t h a r a t i o of 2:1, 4 0 % of p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e were e s t i m a t e d to be e x p o s e d to t h e a q u e o u s phase. THE PREFERENCE OF CHOLESTEROL FOR PHOSP~IATIDYLCHOLINE IN MIXED PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE-PHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE BILAYERS. P . W . M . V a n D i j e k , B. De K r u i j f f , L L . M . V a n D e e n e n , J. De Gier a n d R.A. D e m e l ( L a b . of Biochem., S t a t e U n i v . of U t r e c h t , Univ. Ctr. "De U i t h o f , " P a d u a l a a n 8, T r a n s i t o r i u m 3, U t r e c h t , T h e N e t h e r l a n d s ) Biochim. Biophys. A c t a 455, 576-87 (1976). T h e f o l l o w i n g p h o s p h a t i d y l e t h a n o l a m i n e s were s t u d i e d b y d i f f e r e n t i a l s c a n n i n g c a l o r i m e t r y : 1,2-dipalmitoleoyl-, 1,2-dioleoyl-, 1,2-dilauroyl-, 1,2-dielaidyl-, 1,2-dimyristoyl- a n d 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl-ethanolamine. T h e s a t u r a t e d a n d t r a n s - u n s a t u r a t e d species u n d e r w e n t t h e r m o tropic p h a s e t r a n s i t i o n s at t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o u t 2 0 - 3 0 ~ h i g h e r than the corresponding phosphatidylcholines but the enthalpy c h a n g e s were n e a r l y identical. T h e t r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r t h e c i s - u n s a t u r a t e d species were a b o u t t h e s a m e as t h o s e o f the c o r r e s p o n d i n g p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e s b u t here t h e e n t h a l p y c h a n g e w a s m a r k e d l y decreased as c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e phosp h a t i d y l c h o l i n e s . F r e e z e - f r a c t u r e electron m i c r o s c o p y revealed p h a s e c h a n g e s f r o m a l a m e l l a r to a h e x o g o n a l p h a s e f o r 1,2-dipalmitoleoyl- a n d 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerophosphory]ethanola m i n e at 20 a n d 0~ respectively. A t t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s no t r a n s i t i o n s were a p p a r e n t in t h e c a l o r i m e t e r scan. C*ERAMIDE AMINOETHYLPHOSPHONATE IN THE FUNGUS PYTHIUM PROLATUM. M . K . W a s s e f a n d J . W . H e n d r i x (Dept. of P l a n t P a t h . , Univ. of K y . , L e x i n g t o n , K y . 40506) Biochim. Biophys. A c t a 485, 172-8 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . C e r a m i d e a m i n o e t h y ] p h o s p h o n a t e w a s c h a r a c t e r i z e d f r o m t h e lower f u n g u s P h y t h i u m prolatum. T h e c o m p o u n d w a s purified by silicic acid c o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y , D E A E - c e l l u l o s e c o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y , t h e a c t i o n of p h o s p h o lipase D, a n d t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l t h i n - l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . Inf r a r e d s p e c t r a lacked ester b a n d s a n d s u g g e s t e d t h e p r e s e n c e of a b o n d e d N H group. T h e c o m p o u n d w a s h y d r o ] y z e d by s t r o n g acid. S p h i n g o s i n e c o m p r i s e d 9 9 % of t h e long c h a i n bases. T h e p r e d o m i n a n t f a t t y acids were p a l m i t a t e , oleate, linoleate, a n d a n u n i d e n t i f i e d long chain acid. T h e a q u e o u s p o r t i o n of t h e h y d r o l y s i s p r o d u c t s gave an e l e m e n t a l a n a l y s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h 2 - a m i n o e t h y l p h o s p h o n a t e . On p a p e r a n d t h i n l a y e r e h r o m a t o g r a m s , t h e a m m o n i u m salt o f t h e a q u e o u s hydrolysis p r o d u c t chromatographed with 2-aminoethylphosphonate but not 1-aminoethylphosphonate, 2-aminoethano], serine or alanine. T h i s a p p e a r s to be t h e first r e p o r t of a phosphonolipid from fungi. THE TURNOVER RATE OF LIPOPROTEIN OF D < 1.006 FROM PLASMA OF LAYING TURKEY HENS. W . L . B a c o n a n d M.A. M u s s e r (Dept. of P o u l t r y Sci., Ohio A g r . Res. a n d Develop. Ctr., W o o s t e r , Ohio 44691) Poult. Sci. 56, 35-41 (1977). T h e t u r n o v e r r a t e of p l a s m a "low d e n s i t y f r a c t i o n " ( L D F , d ~ 1.006) l i p o p r o t e i n w a s d e t e r m i n e d in two l a y i n g t u r k e y s hens. L D F w a s labeled by i n j e c t i n g 1 - 1 4 C - p a l m i t a t e w h i c h w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d into t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e ( T G ) of c i r c u l a t i n g L D F . T h e t u r n o v e r r a t e s were d e t e r m i n e d f r o m c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d h a l f life (t 1/2) of the u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a l l y - i s o l a t e d L D F . T h e s e v a l u e s were 22 ~. equiv. of TG f a t t y acid ( T G F A ) p e r ml. p l a s m a a n d 431 min. T h e t u r n o v e r r a t e o f L D F w a s 17.57 mill equiv. T G F A / d a y as s t e a r a t e . I t w a s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 3.2 g. of L D F - T G F A / d a y were r e m o v e d as e g g yolk. FATTY ACIDS DIFFUSION IN LECITHIN MULTILAYERS: HYDRATION a n d p H EFFECTS. J.L. R i g a u d , C.M. Gary-Bobo, A. S a n s o n a n d 1~. P t a k ( L a b . de Physiol. Ccllulaire, College de F r a n c e , 11, P l a c e M a r c e l i n B e r t h e l o t , 75231 P a r i s Cedix 05, F r a n c e ) Chem. Phys. Lipids 18, 23-38 (1977). T h e d i f f u s i o n of t h e s o d i u m salt of m o n o c a r b o x y l i c f a t t y acids, f r o m f o r m a t e to s t e a r a t e , h a s been s t u d i e d as a f u n c t i o n of w a t e r c o n t e n t a n d p H in l e c i t h i n - w a t e r l a m e l l a r p h a s e s . E v o l u t i o n o f t h e diffusion coefficients w i t h i n c r e a s i n g c h a i n l e n g t h reflects t h e differe n t localizations of f a t t y a c i d s in t h e s y s t e m . F r o m f o r m a t e to b u t y r a t e , w h i c h a r e m a i n l y r e s t r i c t e d to t h e h y d r o p h i l i c l a y e r of t h e p h a s e , diffusion r a t e s decreases rapidly. F r o m b u t y r a t e to s t e a r a t e , f a t t y acids ( a n c h o r e d a t t h e hydrophiliclipophilic i n t e r f a c e ) u n d e r g o l a t e r a l diffusion a n d t h e n t h e decrease of D w i t h i n c r e a s i n g chain l e n g t h is m u c h slower. The diffusion o f s t e a r a t e is a l r e a d y c o m p a r a b l e to t h e diffusion of t h e lecithin molecule itself. T h e diffusion r a t e s s t r o n g l y d e p e n d u p o n p h a s e h y d r a t i o n a n d p H : it is s h o w n t h a t b o t h p a r a m e t e r s control t h e f a t t y acid ionization. T h e v a r i a t i o n s

661A

ABSTRACTS: BIOCHEMISTRY AND NUTRITION

in diffusion rates observed m a y be ascribed to the f a c t that, depending upon their state of ionization, f a t t y acids assume a dit~erent localization and therefore experience different interactions in the lamellar system. AMPHIPATHIC HELIXES AND PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS: THERMODYNAMIC AND GEOMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS. J.P. Segrest (Depts. of Pathol., Biochem. a n d Microbiol., Comprehensive Cancer Ctr., and Inst. of Dental Res., Univer. of A l a b a m a in Birmingh a m Mcd. Ctr., B i r m i n g h a m , Ala. 35294) Chem. Phys. Lipids 18, 7-22 (1977). I n this paper analyses are made of the thermodynamic and geometric properties of the predicted association between amphipathic helixes and phospholipid vesicles. F r o m thermodynamic considerations it is proposed t h a t a m a j o r driving force for such an association is the negative free energy gained by the t r a n s f e r of a number of hydrophobic residues (contained within the non-polar faces of amphipathic helixes), from water to the interior of a phospholipid bilayer. The mechanism proposed is t h a t in the aqueous state a potentially a m p h i p a t h i e sequence forms a non-helical hydrophobic patch on the surface of the apolipoprotein. On the basis of geometrical considerations a model for an intermedla%e state of high density lipoprotein ( H D L ) synthesis is proposed. This model consists of a cholesterolcontaining phospholipid bilayer disc whose 'naked' hydrophobic edges are shielded from the aqueous phase by amphipathic helixes of the apolipoproteins. Exposure of these 'bicycle tire' micelles to the enzyme lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) is postulated to result in the formation of mature spherical t I D L particles with cholesteryl ester forming a neutral lipid core. INHIBITION OF LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE ACTIVITY BY A MONOCLONAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN IN AUTOIMMUNEHYPERLIPIDEMIA. J.-L. B e a u mont, M. Berard, M. Antonucci, B. Delplanque and R. Vranckx (Univ. P a r i s Val-de-Marne, I N S E R M et Assoc. ClaudeBernard, I N S E R M U32, Hopital Henri-Mondor, 94010 Creteil, France) Atheroselerosis 26, 67-77 (1977). A u t o i m m u n e hyperlipidemia ( A I H ) m a y be induced by a variety of antibodies which inhibit different stages of the lipolytic process by which the lipid load is removed f r o m the circulating lipoproteins. In a patient h a v i n g a monoclona] g a m m o p a t h y and a nephrotic syndrome with a glomerulonephritls aDd a marked hypertriglyceridemia, it was found previously t h a t the monoclonal IgG k Lac. reacted with h u m a n V L D L as well as with h u m a n serum albumin. Here it is demonstrated t h a t the purified IgG k inhibits the lipolysis of triglyceride substrates by reacting with a substance (Lac. S) necessary for lipoprotein lipase activity. The Lac. substance is different f r o m the P g and As substances which were found to react with I g A a n t i - P g and IgG anti-As anti-bodies in previously reported antilipoprotein A I H . THE EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS HEPARIN INFUSION FOR ONE YEAR ON SERUM CHOLESTEROL AND TRIGLYCERIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE DOG. P . J . Biackshear, T.D. Rohde, R.L. Varco and H. Buchwald (Dept. of Surgery, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. 55455) Atherosclerosis 26, 23-7 (1977). Fourteen norreal dogs received continuous infusions of intravenous heparin for one year by means of an implantable infusion pump. Heparin was administered at an overall mean rate of 666 u n i t s / k g / d a y , a dose sufficient to prolong the Lee-White clotting time to greater t h a n twice normal. Eight control, animals, under the same dietary and activity regimen, received continuous infusions of bacteriostatie water for one year by means of implanted pumps. Serum cholesterol concentrations rose to 50% above control values a f t e r one m o n t h of heparin infusion, and remained significantly (P < 0.05) elevated a t this level for the remaining 11 months. Serum triglyceride levels were unchanged. A possible mechanism for this elevation resides in the known effect of heparin to increase plasma free f a t t y acid concentrations by its activation of lipoprotein ]ipase. These results m a y have implications for the long-term use of heparin anticoagulation in the t r e a t m e n t of atherosclerotic states in man. ACCELETATED "ATHEROSCLEROSIS". A MORPHOLOGIC STUDY OF 97 SAPHENOUS VEIN CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTS. B.H. Bulkley and G.M. H u t c h i n s (Cardiovascular Div. of the Dept. of Med. and the Dept. of Pathol., The J o h n s Hopkins Univ. School of Med. a n d Hosp., Baltimore, Md.) Circ. Res. 55, 163-9 (1977). I n t i m a l thickening of uncertain cause has been noted in saphenous vein bypass g r a f t s . To study the developm e n t of these changes, 97 vein g r a f t s in 55 autopsied p a t i e n t s were examined by a n g i o g r a p h y a n d histology. Significant alterations in the g r a f t s were confined to the intima a n d

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included thin layers of circumferential thrombus, concentric fibrous plaque and occlusive t h r o m b u s with organization. Circumferential nonocclusive intimal t h r o m b u s was present in 36 (73%) postoperative patient grafts. Concentric fibrous plaque, found in all twelve p a t e n t late g r a f t s , showed changes characteristic of atheromata, including smooth muscle and f o a m cells. I n t i m a l fibroelastosis was absent in the g r a f t s , indicating t h a t concentric plaque is not a simple response to increased pressure, or an "arterialization" of the vein. The findings suggest t h a t early a p p e a r i n g concentric intimal t h r o m b u s is converted into fibrous plaque, and t h a t this early t h r o m b u s is a factor in the development of accelerated "atherosclerosis" in saphenous vein bypass g r a f t s . EFFECT OF ACUTE ETHANOL INGESTION Olq FAT ABSORPTION. M. Boquillon (E.R., 188 C.N.R.S., U.E.R., Nutr., Sci Mirandc, Campus Univ., 21 000 Dijon, F r a n c e ) Lipid8 11, 848-52 (1976). A test meal (300 m g casein, 600 m g sucrose, 100 m g corn oil, tracer does of 9.108H oleic acid) was given to f a s t i n g adult rats with intestinal lymph fistulas. One group received an acute oral dose of ethanol (3.2 g / k g body weight) simultaneously with the test meal. Controls received 2.5 m] of water instead of ethanol. Ingestion of ethanol temporarily delayed the removal of lipid radioactivity f r o m the stomachs. More than 25% of radioactivity fed remained 8 hr a f t e r feeding whereas with control r a t s less t h a n 10% of lipid radioactivity fed remained 6 hr a f t e r feeding. I n controls and ethanol-treated rats, the a m o u n t s of exogenous ]ipids in the intestinal lumen and mucosa were low and similar enough. Quantities of endogenous and exogenous ]ipids found in the lymph collected d u r i n g 24 hr a f t e r feeding were similar in the two groups, b u t the f a t absorption peak was found a f t e r 6 hr in alcoholic r a t s and before 6 hr in controls. This delay was probably due to the retention of lipids in the stomach. More of the exogenous lipid was always t r a n s p o r t e d by small particles moving in the region of al globulins in cellulose acetate electrophoresls t h a n by larger particles r e m a i n i n g at the origin. This proportion was enhanced in the ethanoltreated animals. The larger f a t particles were richer in endogenous f a t t y acids in alcohol-treated r a t s t h a n in controls. IDENTIFICATION 0F 6-KETOPROSTAGLANDIN FI~ FORMED FROM AEACHIDONIC ACID IN BOVINE SEMINAL YE~ICLES. W.C. Chang and S.I. Murota (Dept. of Pharm., Tokyo Met. Inst. of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaccho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo-173, J a p a n ) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 486, 136-44 (1977). The prostaglandin synthesizing system in bovine seminal vesicles was characterized by a radiometric assay. Two m a i n products were formed from [1-14C]-arachidonic acid, a n d their structures were confirmed by m a s s spectrometry. The less polar product was identical with p r o s t a g l a n d i n E.o and the more polar one was identical with a new prostaglandin, i.e., 6-ketoprostaglandin Fla. THE INTERACTION OF FATTY ACID SYNTHETASE WITH CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN IN THE CONTROL OF THE CHAIN-LENGTH OF FATTY ACIDS SYNTHESISED BY THE LACTATING RABBIT MAMMARY GLAND. E.M. Carey (Dept. of Biochem., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, U . K . ) Biochim. Biophys. Aeta 486, 91-102 (1977). F a t t y acid synthetase f r o m rabbit m a m m a r y gland can be separated f r o m the protein which modifies the chainlength at which f a t t y acids are released f r o m the enzyme complex in the soluble fraction. This can be achieved by ultracentrifugation, precipitation with specific antibody or ammonium sulphate. The chain-length m o d i f y i n g protein in the s u p e r n a t a n t fraction f r o m rabbit m a m m a r y gland was less active towards cow m a m m a r y gland f a t t y acid synthetase t h a n rabbit m a m m a r y gland f a t t y acids synthetase in the synthesis of medium-chain f a t t y acids. The f a t t y acid synthetases f r o m these two tissues are also immunologically non-identical. I t is proposed t h a t there is a loose but specific interaction of rabbit m a m m a r y gland f a t t y acid synthetase with the chain-length m o d i f y i n g protein in r e g u l a t i n g product chain l e n g t h which is dependent on the concentration of i n t e r a c t i n g proteins. COMBINED ACTION OF LIPASE AND MICROBIAL PHOSPHOLIPASE C ON A MODEL FAT GLOBULE EMULSION AND RAW MILK. G.L. Chrisope a n d R.T. Marshall (Dept. of Food Sci. a n d Nutr., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65201) J. Dairy Sei. 59, 2024-30 (1976). Phospholipase C f r o m Pseudomonas fluoreseens hydrolyzed phospholipids adsorbed to f a t globules in a model emulsion composed of butteroil emulsified with crude soy lecithin. Modification of the m e m b r a n e by this enzyme enhanced ]ipolysis when steapsin was introduced to the emulsion contained in a Bio-fiber beaker-type dialysis system. Following an initial period of induction, the velocity of lipolysis in the model emulsion was greater in the presence of phosJ. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

A B S T R A C T S : BIOCHEMISTRY A N D N U T R I T I O N

pholipasc C than in its absence. Phospholipase C also enhanced the activity of milk lipase in raw milk. The magnitude of enhancement was much greater in milk than in the model emulsion. Presumptive data suggested that lipolysis by phospholipase C varied with intrinsic differences among various animals. ETHER LIPID CONTENT OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES FROM THE RETINA AND BRAIN OF CHICKEN AND CALF. R.V. Dorman, H. Dreyfus, L. Freysz and L.A. Horrocks (Ctr. de Neurochem. du CNRS, 11 rue ttumann, 67085 Strasbourg-Cedex, France) Bioehim. Biophys. Acta 486, 55-9 (1977). Phospholipid contents and compositions were dctermincd for chicken and calf retinas, chicken brain and calf gray matter. Retinal phospholipid compositions differ from brain phospholipid compositions by including a higher percentage of choline phosphoglycerides and lower percentages of ethanolamine and serine phosphoglycerides. The proportion of sphingomyelin is lower in calf retina than in calf brain. The alkylacyl glycerylphosphocholines comprised 4.0% of the retina choline phosphoglycerides. Overall, a smaller proportion of retin a] phospholipids than of brain phospholipids contained alky] or alk-l-enyl ether groups and the ratio of alkyl groups to alk-l-enyl groups was greater in retina than in brain. FECAL FAT, BILE ACID, AND STEROL EXCRETION AND BILIARY LIPID CHANGES IN JEJUNOILEOSTOMY PATIENTS. W.W. Faloon, A. RubulJs, J. Knipp, C.D. Sherman and M.S. Flood (Dept. of Med., Highland Hospital and the Univ. of Rochester School of Med. and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y.) Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30, 21-31 (1977). Fecal fat, bile acid, and neutral sterol excretion and biliary bile acid, phospholipid, and cholesterol were studied in 36 patients 6 to 12 months after jejunoilestomy for obesity. No relationship was observed between the degree of steatorrhea and weight loss, although fecal fat rose sharply in all except 2 patients. Mean neutral sterol excretion in feces was unchanged a f t e r operation except in cholecystectomized patients. No relationship could be demonstrated between serum cholesterol decrease and fecal bile acid, which rose 3-fold, or between cholesterol and the sum of fecal f a t and neutral steroh Fecal excretion of cholic and deoxycholic acid together increased more than the total excretion of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acid. Bile saturation ratio and lithogenic index were not consistently changed postoperatively. No clear cut increase in lithogenic potential or in bile a c i d (lithocholic acid) hepatotoxic potential after jejunoileostomy was demonstrable. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINES OF XZOSHIDA ASCITES HEPATOMA AND LIVER CELLS FROM HOST RATS FED A CONTROL AND AN ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID-DEFICIENT DIET. A. Fallani, D. Tombaccini and S. Ruggieri (Inst. of Gen. Path., Univ. of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, Florence, Italy 50134) Bioehim. Biophys. Aeta 450, 210-24 (1976). I n order to study the effect of a dietetic manipulation on the phospholipid molecular structure of a poorly differentiated tumor, the phosphatidy]cholines from the u hepatoma cells (AH130) grown either in essential f a t t y acid deficient or control rats were analyzed comparatively to those from the host livers. Due to essential f a t t y acid deficiency, the host rat liver exhibited an increased level of mono-unsaturated 1,2-diacylsn-glycero-3-phosphocholines, a reduced level of the species contained linoleic acid, and the substitution of tetra- and polyunsaturated-l,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholines with equivalent amounts of species containing eicosatrienoie acid. F D A CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING NEW HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS. M.J. Finkel (New Drug Evaluation, Bureau of Drugs, Food and Drug Admin., 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, Md. 20852) Lipids 12, 64-5 (1977). Food and Drug Administration policy being considered for new marketed hypo]ipidemic agents includes: long-term safety to be demonstrated in postmarketing studies; evidence of clinical effectiveness to be demonstrated within a specified time period. Effectiveness is to be judged by one or more of the following: reduction in xanthomata, reduction in atherosclerotle plaque, reduction in morbidity of coronary artery disease or peripheral and cerebral atherosclerosis, and reduction in mortality. Randomized double blind trials are deemed necessary. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BASE-EXCHANGE REACTION AND THE MICROSOMAL PHOSPHOLIFID POOL IN THE RAT BRAIN IN VITRO. A. Gaiti, M. Brunetti, H. Woelk and G. Porcellati (Dept. of Biochem., The Univ. of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy) Lipids 11, 823-9 (1976). The calcium-stimulated incorporation of ethanolamine, choline and L-serine into rat brain microsomal J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

phospholipids has been investigated. The membranes were prelabeled in vitro in their choline or serine phosphoglycerides by base-exchange and then chasing experiments were done by displacing the lipid-bound base by ethanolamine, choline, or L-serine labeled with a different isotope. The results indicate that membrane phosphatidylcholine is presumably a substrate for the exchange with all the three bases, whereas phosphatidylserine exchanges only with ethanolamine and Lserine but not with choline. A small phospholipid pool (3-7% of the total available pool) is active in the calcium-dependent exchange with choline, ethanolamine, and L-serine. When the microsomal membranes are prelabeled in vitro in their phosphatidylcholine moiety throu~,h the cytidine-dependent pathway and then chasing experiments are performed with the three nitrogenous bases, as above, the small phospholipid pool is hardly detectable. In view of these and other results, it is suggested that at least two different pools of phosphatidylcthanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylcho]ine might exist in rat brain microsomes. VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN. DISSOCIATION OF APOLIPOPROTEIN C DURING LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE INDUCED LIPOLYSIS. M.C. Glangeaud, S. Eisenberg and T. Olivecrona (Lab. of Lipid Res., Dept. of Med. B, Hadassah Univ. Hosp., Jerusalem, Israel) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 485, 23-35 (1977). The fate of ape C in rat plasma very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) during lipolysis was studied using VLDL labeled specifically with l~I-labeled ape C and purified bovine milk lipoprotein lipase. Incubations were carried out in vitro and included serum-containing systems and albumin containing systems. Free f a t t y acids generation proceeded with time of incubation in the two systems. It, however, was enhanced 1.5-2 fold by the presence of serum. On the basis of these observations, it is postulated that the removal of ape C during lipolysis of VLDL reflects the nature of the partially degarded VLDL particles, and is independent of the presence of a lipoproteln accepter to ape C. INHIBITION OF MAMMARY CANCER BY RETINYL METHYL ETHER. C.J. Grubbs, R.C. Moon, M.B. Sporn and D.L. Newton ( I I T (Res. Inst., Chicago, Ill. 60616) Cancer Res. 37, 599-602 (1977). Daily feeding of the synthetic retinoid, retinyl methyl ether, beginning one week after the oral administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to female Sprague-Dawley rats, inhibited the incidence of mammary cancer and diminished the number of mammary tumors, both malignant and benign, caused by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Retinyl methyl ether also markedly increased the latent period for appearance of mammary cancers. Retinyl methyl ether caused no evident toxicity and did not affect weight gain in these experiments. This synthetic retinoid was superior to the natural retinoid, retlnyl acetate, for inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis. EARLY CHANGE OF SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF PLASMA AND RED BLOOD CELL CHOLESTEROL FOLLOWING INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF [4-14C]CHOLESTEROL IN MAN. K-J. He, K. Biss and C.B. Taylor (Dept. of Pathol., Univer. of Alabama in Birmingham Med. Ctr., Birmingham, AlE. 35294) Pro. See. Exp. Biol. Med. 153, 459-63 (1976). The tracer [4-1'C]cholestero], incubated at 37 ~ for 1 hr with the subject's own plasma, was administered intravenously to two subjects. The initial rapid decrease of plasma cholesterol specific activity indicated a net disappearance of [4-1~C]cholesterol from the bloodstream, presumably due to phagocytosis of the particulate cholesterol by the reticuleendothelial system. The initially disappeared [4-1~C]cholesterol quickly reappeared in the blood. Complete equilibrium between RBC and plasma-free cholesterol was attained within 12-18 hr, whereas the equilibrium between plasma-free and esterifled cholesterol required 2 days. Therefore, the compartmental analysis should be based on the plasma total cholesterol specific activity obtained 2 days after the injection. STUDIES ON PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL PHOSPHODIESTERASE (PHOSPHOLIPASE C TYPE) OF BACILLUS CEREUS. I. PURIFICATION, PROPERTIES AND PHOSPHATASE-RELEASINGACTIVITY. H. Ikezawa, M. Yamanegi, R. Taguchi, T. Miyashita and T. Ohyabu (Fac. of Pharm. Sci., 1Vegoya City Univ., Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467, J a p a n ) Biochim. Biophys. Aeta 450, 154-64 (1976). A phosphatidylinoslto] phosphodiesterase from the culture broth of Bacillus cereus, was purified to a homogeneous state as indicated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresls, by ammonium sulfate precipitation and chromatography with DEAE-cellulose and CM-Sephadex. The enzyme (molecular weight: 29,000 --+ 1,000) was maximally active at p H 7.2-7.5, and not influenced by EDTA, o-phenanthroline, monoiodoacetate, p-chloromercuribenzoate or reduced glutathione. The enzyme specifically

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h y d r o l y z e d p h o s p h a t i d y l i n o s i t o l , b u t did n o t act on phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin, u n d e r t h e conditions e x a m i n e d . AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A MAJOR APOFROTEIN FROM HEN PLASMA VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS. ~ . J . J a c k s o n , H~Y. L i n , L. C h a n a n d A.R. M e a n s ( D e p t s . o f Cell Biol. a n d Med., Baylor College of Med., H o u s t o n , Tex. 77030) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 250-3 (1977). T h e complete a m i n o acid sequence of a m a j o r a p o p r o t e i n f r o m w h i t e L e g h o r n hen p l a s m a very low d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n s h a s been determined. T h e a p o p r o t e i n , d e s i g n a t e d a p o V L D L - I I , c o n t a i n s two identical p o l y p e p t i d e chains of 82 a m i n o acid r e s i d u e s each which a r e linked by a single disulfide b o n d a t r e s i d u e 76. ASSAY FOR THE TERMINAL ENZYME OF THE STEAROYL COEIqZYME A DESATURASE SYSTEI~I USING CHICK EX~BRY0 LIVER MICROSOMES. V.C. Joshi, A.C. Wilson, and S.J. Wakil (Marts McLean Dept. of Biochem., B a y l o r Col. of Med., H o u s t o n , T e x a s 77030) J. Lipid Res. 18, 32-6 (1977). T h e N A D H - d e p e n d e n t stearoyl CoA d e s a t u r a s e of h e p a t i c m i c r o s o m e s ( E C 1.14.99.5) is a n e n z y m e s y s t e m c o n s i s t i n g of e y t o e h r o m e b~ r e d u c t a s e ( E C 1.6.2.2), cytochrome b~, a n d t h e t e r m i n a l d e s a t u r a s e . W e h a v e developed a simple m e t h o d for routine a s s a y of t h e t e r m i n a l e n z y m e b a s e d on c o m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the e n z y m e with chick e m b r y o liver m i c r o s o m e s l a c k i n g d e s a t u r a s e activity. D e s a t u r a tion o f [ 1 - ~ C ] s t e a r o y l CoA by the e n z y m e - m i c r o s o m e m i x t u r e is t h e n a s s a y e d by t h i n - l a y e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y of the reaction p r o d u c t s a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the a m o u n t of olcate f o r m e d . Microsomes f r o m the livers of s t a r v e d - r e f e d r a t s were u s e d a s t h e source of t h e stearoyl CoA d e s a t u r a s e . T h e e n z y m e alone, solubilized a n d free f r o m c y t o c r o m e b5 r e d u c t a s e a n d e y t o c h r o m e b~, w a s u n a b l e to catalyze t h e d e s a t u r a t i o n of stearoyI CoA. T h e u s e of chick e m b r y o liver m i c r o s o m e s in t h i s m e t h o d e l i m i n a t e s t h e need to use purified c y t o c h r o m e b~ r c d u c t a s e , c y t o c h r o m e b~, a n d liposomes f o r r o u t i n e a s s a y s a n d g r e a t l y r e d u c e s t h e compTexities o f t i m i n g a n d order o f a d d i t i o n e n c o u n t e r e d in t h e e x i s t i n g a s s a y s . MEASUREMENT OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS IN KINETICALLY DEFINED POOLS USING FECAL STEROID ANALYSIS AND DOUBLE LABELING TECHNIQUE IN MAN. M. Kekki, T.A. M i e t t i n e n , a n d B. W a h l s t r o m (Sec. Dept. of Med., Univ. of ttelsinki, Helsinki, F i n l a n d ) d. Lipid Res. 18, 99-114 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s t u d y was to develop a kinetic m e t h o d f o r m e a s u r e m e n t of different p a r a m e t e r s of cholesterol m e t a b o l i s m in nian u s i n g labeled cholesterol p r e c u r s o r s t h a t could i n i t i a l l y be incorp o r a t e d even into t h e slowly e x c h a n g e a b l e cholesterol pool. F o r this purpose, t r i t i a t e d w a t e r a n d [2-~4C]mevalonate were given to five n o r m o c h o l e s t e r o l e m i c s u b j e c t s a n d t h e activities f o r s e r u m cholesterol a n d body w a t e r were m e a s u r e d serially f o r up to e i g h t weeks. E l i m i n a t i o n of cholesterol was m e a s u r e d by fecal a n a l y s i s o f n e u t r a l and acidic steroids. F o r comparison, two s u b j e c t s received a m i x t u r e of [4-~4C]cholesterol a n d [2-~H]mevalonate. T h e s t u d y w i t h [ 2 - S H ] m e v a l o n a t e a n d [4-~4CJcholestero] i n d i c a t e d s y n t h e s i s in pool 2 to be 2 0 - 2 2 % o f the total. U p to 5 0 % of t h e D L [2-~'C]mevalonate dose was i n c o r p o r a t e d into cholesterol. The f r a c t i o n a l i n c o r p o r a t i o n of D L - m e v a ] o n a t e into pool 2 w a s correlated w i t h t h a t of t r i t i a t e d water, i n d i c a t i n g t h a t b o t h p r e c u r s o r s s t u d i e d yielded essentially t h e s a m e kinetic result. EFFECT OF CRUDE FAT AND CRUDE PROTEIN ON REPRODUCTION AND WEALING GROWTH IN FOUR STRAINS OF INBRED ~ICE. J , J . K n a p k a , K . P . S m i t h a n d F . J . J u d g e (U,S, Dept. of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , a n d W e l f a r e , N a t ' l . I n s t . of H e a l t h , Div. of Res. Ser., V e t e r i n a r y R e s o u r c e s B r a n c h , B e t h e s d a , Md. 20014) J . Nutr. 107, 61-9 (1977). D i e t s m a d e f r o m n a t u r a l i n g r e d i e n t s were f e d to f o u r i n b r e a d s t r a i n s o f mice ( B A L B / e A n N , C 3 t t / t t e N , C57BL/61N a n d D B A / 2 N ) to s t u d y t h e effects of different c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of d i e t a r y crude protein, 18% w i t h crude f a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 4 % , 8 % , a n d 12% on r e p r o d u c t i o n a n d w e a n l i n g growth. T h e p a r a m e t e r s m e a s u r e d included t h e n u m b e r of litters a n d p u p s born, t h e n u m b e r of l i t t e r s a n d p u p s weaned, w e a n l i n g m o r t a l i t y a n d w e a n l i n g weight. N e i t h e r crude p r o t e i n n o r crude f a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s h a d significant eff e c t s on a n y o f the r e p r o d u c t i v e p a r a m e t e r s tested. However, a significant f a t x p r o t e i n i n t e r a c t i o n was observed for reproduction. These r e s u l t s indicate t h a t t h e a b s o l u t e concent r a t i o n s of crude p r o t e i n a n d crude f a t in diets f o r i n b r e a d m o u s e p r o d u c t i o n a r e n o t as i m p o r t a n t as t h e ratio of t h e s e two n u t r i e n t s . DIET AND CHOLESTERE:~IA. D, K r l t c h e v s k y ( T h e W i s t a r I n s t . of A n a t o m y a n d Biol., 36th St. a t Spruce, P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n . 19104) Lipids 12, 4 9 - 5 2 (1977). T h e s t a t i s t i c a l correlation 664A

AND

NUTRITION

b e t w e e n elevated s e r u m cholesterol levels a n d i n c r e a s e d risk of c o r o n a r y h e a r t disease h a s c h a n n e l e d t h i n k i n g t o w a r d s reg a r d i n g d i e t a r y f a t a n d cholesterol as t h e p r i n c i p a l c a u s e s of h y p e r c h o l e s t e r e m i a . Since 1909 t h e r e h a v e been a n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s in n u t r i e n t availability in t h e U n i t e d States. P r o t e i n a v a i l a b i l i t y is u n c h a n g e d b u t t h e r a t i o of a n i m a l to v e g e t a b l e p r o t e i n rose f r o m 1.06 in 1909 to 2.37 in 1972. F a t a v a i l a b i l i t y h a s risen b y 2 6 % w i t h t h e ratio o f a n i m a l to v e g e t a b l e f a t f a l l i n g f r o m 4.88 in 1909 to 1.64 in 1972. A review of available data indicates that amount and type of protein may affect cholesteremia a n d a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s in e x p e r i m e n t a l animals. LINOLEIC ACID A M I D E S : EFFECT ON CHOLESTEREMIA AND ATHER0SCLEROSIS. D. K r i t c h e v s k y , S.A. Topper, a n d J . A . S t o r y ( T h e W i s t a r I n s t . of A n a t . a n d Biol., 36th St. a t Spruce, Philadelphia, P e n n . 19104) Lipids 12, 16-21 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . Several o f a series o f linoleie acid a m i d e s h a v e been r e p o r t e d to i n h i b i t cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in r a b b i t s . T h e t h r e e a m i d e s w h i c h h a v e been s t u d i e d to t h e g r e a t e s t e x t e n t a r e (in order o f i n c r e a s i n g a c t i v i t y ) N-cyclohexyl linoleamide ( A C 2 3 ) , N ( a m e t h y l b e n z y l ) linoleamide ( A C 2 2 3 ) , a n d N [ a - p h e n y l - f L ( p tolyl) e t h y l ] linoleamide ( A C 4 8 5 ) . W e h a v e f o u n d AC223 to i n h i b i t cholesterol a b s o r p t i o n in r a t s a n d to s l i g h t l y i n h i b i t e x o g e n o u s b u t n o t e n d o g e n o u s c h o l e s t e r e m i a in r a b b i t s . I n a fiber-free diet, AC223 reduces s e r u m cholesterol a n d liver triglyceride levelS. R a t s were also f e d a b a s a l semipurified diet w i t h a n d w i t h o u t AC223. F e c a l excretion of labeled e x o g e n o u s ( a s [ u C ] c h o l e s t e r o l ) or e n d o g e n o u s ( a s [ " C ] m e v a l o n o l a c t o n e ) steroid w a s 44 a n d 4 3 % h i g h e r in d r u g t r e a t e d g r o u p s . T h e m e c h a n i s m of h y p o c h o l e s t e r e m i c action of t h e linoleamides a p p e a r s to involve i n h i b i t i o n o f cholesterol a b s o r p t i o n . FATTY ACID COMPOSITION Ol~ ADIPOSE TISSUE IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY HEART DISEASE. P.D. L a n g , M. D e g o t t a n d J. V o l l m a r ( K l i n s e h e s I n s t . f o r H e r z i n f a r k t f o r s c h u n g , Dept. o f Med., H e i d e l b e r g Univ., R e r g h e i m e r St. 58, D-6900, H e i d e l b e r g . W. G e r m a n y ) Atherosclerosis 25, 29-39 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . I n o r d e r to s t u d y t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e f a t t y acid c o m p o s i t i o n of a d i p o s e t i s s u e a n d coronary h e a r t d i s e a s e ( C H D ) , 34 consecutive m a l e p a t i e n t s w i t h a c u t e m y o c a r d i a l i n f a r c t i o n a n d 33 h o s p i t a l i z e d m e n free of C H D were c o m p a r e d . P a t i e n t s with d i a b e t e s mellitus, endocrine disorders, liver a n d k i d n e y diseases, r e c e n t c h a n g e s in b o d y w e i g h t a n d d e v i a t i o n s f r o m t h e "norm a l " , c u s t o m a r y diet were excluded. A s t a t i s t i c a l l y significant difference b e t w e e n the two g r o u p s w a s observed only in stearic acid, its p r o p o r t i o n b e i n g lower in C H D p a t i e n t s (3.25% vs. 4.]3~). U s i n g m u l t i v a r i a t e d i s c r i m i n a n t a n a l y s i s , a g e disc r i m i n a t e d b e s t b e t w e e n the g r o u p s , followed b y s t e a r i c acid. The s i g n s observed were positive f o r t h e f o r m e r a n d n e g a t i v e f o r t h e latter. All other acids, relative b o d y w e i g h t , a n d skinfold m e a s u r e m e n t s did n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o n t r i b u t e to t h e d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . A g e did n o t correlate w i t h t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f s t e a r i c acid. Blood lipids f r o m s a m p l e s t a k e n w i t h i n 24 hr of a d m i s s i o n did o n t significantly differ b e t w e e n t h e g r o u p s . T h r e e m o n t h s l a t e r t h e y h a d risen c o n s i d e r a b l y in t h e i n f a r c t patients. The metabolic basis of the relationship between C H D a n d stearic acid is n o t clear a t present. A d d i t i o n a l s t u d i e s a r e n e c e s s a r y to s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e i m p o r t a n c e of t h i s acid as an i n d i c a t o r of CItD. LECITHIN :CHOLESTEROL ACYL TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM 0E RATS FED SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATS. F . W . L a r k i n g a n d W . H . F . S u t h e r l a n d (Dept. of Med., O t a g o Univ. Med. School, P.O. B o x 913, D u n e d i n , N e w Z e a l a n d ) Athcrosclerosis 26, 225-B2 (1977). G r o u p s of r a t s were f e d diets c o n t a i n i n g either b u t t e r , b e e f f a t or safflower o i l A f t e r 20 or 70 d a y s o f f e e d i n g , blood w a s t a k e n f r o m t h e a n i m a l s in a p o s t a b s o r p t i v e state. S e r u m lipid levels a n d l e c i t h i n : c h o l e s t e r o l acyl t r a n s f e r a s e a c t i v i t y were m e a s u r e d . F e e d i n g t h e different f a t s did n o t alter s e r u m t o t a l cholesterol levels b u t f r e e cholesterol a n d t r i g l y c e r i d e s were s i g n i f i c a n t l y lower in t h e safflower oil-fed group. N e t cholesterol esterlficatlon in vitro w a s also s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e p r e s s e d in t h e safflower oil-fed g r o u p a n d this w a s shown to be due to the i n a b i l i t y of t h e ]ipoprotein s u b s t r a t e to s u p p o r t t h e reaction r a t h e r t h a n b e c a u s e of low L C A T e n z y m e activity. RIBOS0~AL-ASSOCIATED PHOSP~IATIDYLSERINE SYNTHETASE FRO~ ESCHERICttIA COLI: PURIFICATION BY SUBSTRATE-SPECIFIC ELUTION FRO~ PHOSPHOCELLULOSE USING CYTIDINE 5'-DIPI4OSPHO1,2-DIACYL-SN-GLYCEROL. T.J. L a r s o n a n d W. D o w h a n (Dept. of Biochem. a n d Mole Biol., U n i v . of T e x a s Med. School, H o u s t i n , Tex. 77025) Biochemistry 15, 5 2 1 2 - 8 (1976). Cytidine 5'-diphospho-l,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol (CDPdiglyceride) : L-serine O - p h o s p h a t i d y l t r a n s f e r a s e ( E C 2.7.8.8, p h o s p h a t i d y l J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

A B S T R A C T S : BIOCHEMISTRY A N D N U T R I T I O N serine s y n t t m t a s e ) is b o u n d t i g h t l y to t h e r i b o s o m e s in crude e x t r a c t s of Escherichia coll. A f t e r s e p a r a t i o n of t h e e n z y m e f r o m t h e r i b o s o m e s b y t h e m e t h o d of R a e t z a n d K e n n e d y , we h a v e purified t h e e n z y m e to 9 7 % of h o m o g e n e i t y . The m a j o r p o r t i o n of t h e overall 5500-fold purification w a s a t t a i n e d by substrate-specific elution f r o m phosphocellulose u s i n g CDPdig]yceride in t h e presence of d e t e r g e n t . The purified e n z y m e m i g r a t e d as a single b a n d w i t h a n a p p a r e n t m i n i m u m m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t of 54,000 when s u b j e c t e d to electrophoresis on polya c r y l a m i d e disc gels c o n t a i n i n g s o d i u m dodecyl s u l f a t e . CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM THE NONPOLAR PHOSPHO- AND GLYCOLIPIDS DURII~G STORAGE OF INTACT LAMB I~USCLES. C.I~. L a z a r u s , J.C. D e n g a n d C.M. W a t son (Dept. of A n i m a l Sci., Univ. of F l o r i d a , I F A S , Gainesville, Fla. 32611) J. ~ o o d Sei. 42, 102-7 (1977). L e a n l a m b muscle tissue f r o m t h e l o n g i s s i m u s a n d s e m i t e n d i n o s i s w a s r e n m v e d f r o m i n t a c t chilled c a r c a s s e s a t 0, 1, 4, 7 a n d 9 d a y s postm o r t e m . F o l l o w i n g s e p a r a t i o n of t h e lipids by silicic acid c o l u m n c h r o m a t o g r a p h y , f a t t y acid m e t h y l esters of t h e nonpolar, phospho- a n d glycolipid f r a c t i o n s were identified b y g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . L a m b l o n g i s s i m u s h a d significantly ( P 0.05) more n o n p o l a r lipid p e r c e n t a g e t h a n t h e s e m i t e n d i n o s u s , while phospho- a n d glycolipid c o n t e n t w a s s i m i l a r ( P > 0.05). A n a l y s i s of v a r i a n c e of t h e d a t a b a s e d on g r a m s f a t t y acid per 100 g tissue r e s u l t e d in m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t differences b e t w e e n m u s c l e s a n d s t o r a g e p e r i o d s t h a n w h e n t h e d a t a a n a l y z e d on a p e r c e n t of t o t a l f a t t y acids. INTRAVENOUS FAT TOLERANCE. CORRELATION WITH VERY LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN APOPROTEIN B KINETICS IN MAN. A. Nicoll, G. S i g u r d s s o n , A. M a r s h a n d B. L e w i s (Dept. of Chem. P a t h . , St. T h o m a s ' s Hosp. Med. Sch., L o n d o n S E 1, G r e a t B r i t a i n ) Atherosc~erosis 25, 17-22 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . T h e i n t r a v e n o u s f a t tolerance t e s t ( I V F T T ) h a s been i n t r o d u c e d as a m e a s u r e of t h e f r a c t i o n a l catabolic r a t e of the e n d o g e n o u s t r i g l y c e r i d e of p l a s m a . To a s s e s s t h e v a l i d i t y o f this t e s t we h a v e comp a r e d this test in 21 n o r m a l a n d h y p e r l i p i d a e m i c s u b j e c t s with direct m e a s u r e m e n t of t h e f r a c t i o n a l catabolic r a t e of a u t o l o g o u s r a d i o - i o d i n a t e d V L D L . T h e r e was a s t r o n g positive correlation b e t w e e n t h e rate c o n s t a n t K~ of the I V F T T a n d t h e f r a c t i o n a l catabolic r a t e of V L D L - a p o l i p o p r o t e i n B (r = + 0 . 8 7 ) . T h e two r a t e s were considerably different in m a g n i tude. The I V F T T a p p e a r s to be a valid i n d e x of t h e fractional catabolic r a t e of V L D L . I t s l i m i t a t i o n s a n d u s e s are discussed. INHIBITION OF GLYCOLYSIS IN BRAIN BY A PHOSPHOLIPID EFFECT ON INTERCONVERSION OF FRUCTOSE PHOSPHATES. A POSSIBLE REGULATORY CONTROL ON UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE. A.L. M a j u m d e r a n d F. E i s e n b e r g , J r . ( L a b . of Biochem. a n d Metabolism, N a t ' l . I n s t . of A r t h r i t i s , M e t a b o l i s m a n d D i g e s t i v e Diseases, Nat'l. I n s t . of H e a l t h , B e t h e s d a , Md. 20014) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 7149-56 (1976). Glucose 6 - p h o s p h a t e a c c u m u l a t i o n in 10,000 X g s u p e r n a t a n t of r a t b r a i n w a s e n h a n c e d u p to 16-fold by the a d d i t i o n of p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e , other c o m m o n phospholipids, or linoleate. T h i s glucose 6 - p h o s p h a t e is of e n d o g e n o u s origin via U D P - g l u c o s e a n d glucose 1 - p h o s p h a t e b u t n o t glucose. The a c c u m u l a t i o n is t h e result of i n h i b i t i o n of glycolysis b y a n effect of p h o s p h o l i p i d on t h e interconversion of f r u c t o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e a n d f r u c t o s e 1,6-biphosphate. B r a i n is t h e r e f o r e capable of g l u c o n e o g e n e s i s f r o m f r u c t o s e 1,6-biphosphate. A r e g u l a t o r y f u n c t i o n f o r p h o s p h o l i p i d which coordinates glycolysls a n d o t h e r m a j o r r o u t e s of u t i l i z a t i o n of glucose 6 - p h o s p h a t e in b r a i n , e.g. inosltol s y n t h e s i s , is proposed. INTERACTION OF APOLIPROTEIN C-Ill WITH PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE VESICLES. DEPENDENCE OF APROPROTEIN-PHOSPHOLIPID COMPLEX FORMATION ON VESICLE STRUCTURE. J.D. M o r r i s e t t , H . J . P o w n a l l a n d A.M. Gotto, J r . (Div. of A t h e r o . a n d L i p o p r o t e i n Res., Dept. of Med., B a y l o r Col. of Med. a n d The M e t h o d i s t Hosp., H o u s t o n , T e x a s 77030) Biochim. t~iophys. A v t a 486, 36-46 (1977). W e h a v e s t u d i e d the i n t e r a c t i o n of a n apolipop r o t e i n f r o m h u m a n v e r y low d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n s ( a p o C - I I I ) w i t h e g g yolk p h o s p h a t i d y l c h o l i n e in t h e f o r m of single- a n d m u l t i - b i l a y e r vesicles. T h e r e a c t i v i t y of single-bilayer vesicles w i t h apoC-III~ a p p e a r s to be g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t of t h e multibilayer vesicles a c c o r d i n g to several t h e r m o d y n a m i c a n d spectroscopic criteria. I n the complexes f o r m e d by the a s s o c i a t i o n of a p o C - I I I w i t h single-bilayer vesicles, t h e a-helical c o n t e n t of t h e p e p t i d e b a c k b o n e a n d t h e a p o l a r i t y of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a r o u n d the t r y p t o p h a n r e s i d u e s are g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t observed in t h e complexes f o r m e d w i t h t h e m u l t i b i l a y e r vesicles. A h i g h e r yield a n d m o r e h o m o g e n e o u s d e n s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n of lipid-apoprotein complexes r e s u l t s f r o m t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of a p o C - I I I w i t h t h e single-bilaycr vesicles relative to those J. AM. OIL CHEMISTS' SOC., August 1977 (VOL. 54)

o b t a i n e d w i t h t h e m u i t i b i l a y e r vesicles. THE TIME COURSE OF METABOLIC CHANGES INDUCED BY DIETARY CHOLESTEROL IN GUINEA PIGS. R. Ostwald, W. u M. L i g h t a n d J. K r o e s (Dept. of N u t r . Sci., Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720) Atherosclerosis 26, 4 1 - 5 3 (1977). T h e t i m e course of t h e effects of d i e t a r y cholesterol on t h e lipid c o m p o s i t i o n of liver, p l a s m a a n d red cells of g u i n e a pigs, of t h e p a t h o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s of t i s s u e s a n d of h e m a t o l o g i c a l p a r a m eters w a s studied. T h e p u r p o s e w a s to i d e n t i f y the p r i m a r y i n j u r y a n d so to c o n t r i b u t e to t h e e l u d i c a t i o n of t h e m e c h a n i s m ( s ) f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e h e m o l y t i c a n e m i a o b s e r v e d in t h i s species a f t e r l o n g - t e r m cholesterol s u p p l e m e n t a tion. T h e r e s u l t s showed t h a t the i n i t i a l effects observed w i t h i n 1 week occur in t h e liver lipids a n d h i s t o l o g y a c c o m p a n i e d by c h a n g e s in p l a s m a a n d R B C lipids. T h e s e e v e n t s were followed by f u r t h e r , slower i n c r e a s e s of t i s s u e lipids w i t h o u t m a j o r q u a l i t a t i v e changes. The earliest s i g n s of a n a n e m i a were o b s e r v e d b e t w e e n weeks 5 a n d 7. W e conclude t h a t t h e p r i m a r y i n s u l t of cholesterol is liver d a m a g e l e a d i n g to the p r o d u c t i o n of a b n o r m a l p l a s m a l i p o p r o t e l n s w h i c h in t u r n cause a n e t increase of RBC-cholesterol t h a t is a c c o m p a n i e d by t h e i r m o r p h o l o g i c a l a b n o r m a l i t i e s . T h e h e m o l y t i c a n e m i a does n o t seem to be caused directly b y either t h e a l t e r e d c o m p o s i t i o n of R B C n o r t h e i r a l t e r e d m o r p h o l o g y . EFFECTS OF COLESTIPOL HYDROCHLORIDE AND NEOMYCIN SULFATE ON CHOLESTEROL TURNOVEa IN THE RAT. W . A . P h i l l i p s a n d G.L. E l f r i n g ( T h e U p j o h n Co., K a l a m a z o o , Mich. 49001) L i p i d s 12, 10-5 (1977). T h r e e g r o u p s of m a l e r a t s were f e d diets cont a i n i n g t h e bile acid s e q u e s t r a n t colestipol h y d r o c h l o r i d e ( 1 % ) , n e o m y c i n s u l f a t e ( 0 . 2 5 % ) , or b a s i c diet d u r i n g t h e test. A f t e r 15 days, each r a t w a s i n j e c t e d I V w i t h 3.9 /zCi cholesterol1,2-~H complexed w i t h s e r u m l i p o p r o t e i n s ; specific r a d i o a c t i v i t y of t h e t o t a l s e r u m cholesterol w a s m e a s u r e d a t several t i m e i n t e r v a l s f o r a period of 7 weeks. C o m p u t e r a n a l y s i s of t h e d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e t u r n o v e r of cholesterol could best be fitted b y a three-pool model. I n pool 1, colestipol HC1 c a u s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t increase in p r o d u c t i o n r a t e (10.99 to 15.96 m g / d a y ) a n d t h e excretion r a t e c o n s t a n t (0.53 to 0.79 d a y -1) of cholesterol w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r i n g t h e size of t h e pool or s e r u m cholesterol c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T h e s e r e s u l t s are comp a t i b l e w i t h a n a g e n t capable of b i n d i n g bile acids in t h e r a t b u t do n o t cause a decrease of t h e sterol pool b e c a u s e of an a d e q u a t e c o m p e n s a t o r y increase in cholesterol b i o s y n t h e s i s . N e o m y c i n SO4 caused a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n in s e r u m cholesterol ( 9 % ) w i t h o u t a l t e r i n g t u r n o v e r p a r a m e t e r s a n d app a r e n t l y exerts its h y p o c h o l e s t e r o l e m i a b y some m e c h a n i s m o t h e r t h a n bile acid s e q u e s t r a t i o n . CARBON-13 N M R STUDIES ON CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIZED FROM [lSC]~EVALONATES. G. P o p j ~ k , J. E d m o n d , F . A . L . A n e t , a n d N.R. E a s t o n , Jr. (Dept. of Biol. Chem., School o f Med., U n i v . of Calif., L o s A n g e l e s , L o s A n g e l e s , Calif. 90024) J. A m . Chem. Soy. 99, 931-5 (1977). Two s p e c i m e n s of [18C] cholesterol, one b i o s y n t h e s i z e d f r o m [5-1"C]mevalonate a n d t h e o t h e r f r o m [3',4-18C~]mevalonate, were e x a m i n e d b y F o u r i e r t r a n s f o r m 1"C N M R spectroscopy. T h e o b s e r v a t i o n s confirmed t h e b i o c h e m i c a l l y p r e d i c t a b l e p o s i t i o n s of 18C labels in cholesterol a n d p r o v i d e d also a n u n a m b i g u o u s p r o o f of t h e a s s i g n m e n t s of t h e laC r e s o n a n c e s f o r 16 of t h e 27 carbon a t o m s in t h e 1"C N M R s p e c t r u m of cholesterol. N e w a n d additioflal evidence is p r o v i d e d for a 1 : 2 m e t h y l s h i f t , f r o m p o s i t i o n 14 to 13, d u r i n g t h e cyclization of s q u a l e n e oxide to lanosterol. T h e s t e r e o c h e m i s t r y of t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e 2 4 ( 2 5 ) double b o n d in t h e side c h a i n of l a n o s t e r o l (or o f d e s m o s t e r o l ) , determ i n e d b y others, a n d t h e m a g n e t i c n o n e q u l v a l e n c e of C-26 a n d C-27 in cholesterol led to t h e a s s i g n m e n t of t h e r e s o n a n c e a t 22.9 p p m downfield f r o m t h e r e f e r e n c e to C-27 (derived f r o m C-3' of m e v a l o n a t e ) , t h e p r o - ( S ) - m e t h y l g r o u p a t t a c h e d to C-25. T h e r e s o n a n c e of C-26, t h e p r o - ( B ) - m e t h y l g r o u p attached to C-25, o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m C-2 of m e v a l o n a t e , is a t 22.7 p p m downfield f r o m t h e reference. O n e - b o n d ( s p a) a n d triple-bond (vicinal) ~3C-~C c o u p l i n g c o n s t a n t s a r e also reported. CO~POSITION-STRUCTURE-FUNCTION CORRELATIOlqS IN THE BINDING OF AN APOLIPOPROTEIN TO PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYER MIXTURES. H . J . Pownall, J.D. M o r r i s e t t a n d A.M. Gotto, J r . (Dept. o f Med., B a y l o r Col. of Mcd. a n d T h e M e t h o d i s t Hosp., H o u s t o n , T e x a s 77030) J. L i p i d Res. 18, 14-23 ( 1 9 7 7 ) . W e h a v e s t u d i e d t h e lipid b i n d i n g of a p o C - I I I w i t h two t y p e s of m i x e d vesicles of D M P C ( d i m y r i s t o y l p h o s p h a t l d y l choline) a n d D P P C ( d i p a l m i t o y l p h o s p h a t i d y ] c h o l i n e ) . D M P C vesicles m i x e d w i t h t h o s e o f D P P C p r o d u c e a m a c r o s c o p i c m i x t u r e in w h i c h the D M P C a n d D P P C vesicles r e m a i n i n t a c t .

665A

ABSTRACTS

: BIOCHEMISTRY

AND NUTRITION

The circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of apoC-III in the presence of this macroscopic mixture exhibit m a j o r changes near the transition temperature of each of the pure lipids, confirming the independent existence of the two PC's. Combining D M P C : D P P C macroscopic mixtures with apoC-III above the transition temperature, Tc 23~ of DMPC produces an isolatable complex consisting of 4:1 D M P C : D P P C . I f the DMPC and D P P C are within the same vesicle, this microscopic lipid mixture has properties t h a t are functions of the temperature and lipid composition. The temperature dependence of the binding of apoC-III to the microscopic mixtures m a y be due to phase separation or to cocrystallization; our data support the latter process. E F F E C T OF I~LUOTIDE ON T H E SERUM L I P I D S OF GUINEA PIGS.

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POSITION WANTED

Indian researcher, A g e 38 y e a r s , P h . D . in Oils & F a t s (1968), w i t h 7 y e a r s o f teaching and 4 years industrial research experience in I n d i a , p r e s e n t l y e m p | o y e d as R & D c h e m i s t , w i t h s i x published papers, Instrumental a n a l y s i s , s e e k s research, teaching, analytical o r industrial position. D e s i r e d s a l a r y m i n i m u m $12,000 b . a . R e p l y t o : Rex 227 American Oil Chemists' Society 508 S. Sixth Street Champaign, I L 61820

I).

Townsend and L. Singer (Dept. of Biochem., 227 Millard Hall, Univ. of Minn., Minneapolis, Minn. 55455) J. Nutr. 107, 97-103 (1977). The effects of fluoride intake on the serum lipids of guinea pigs were determined in animals provided with either high or low levels of f a t in their diet and fluoride in their drinking water. Evidence of the difference in fluoride intake were reflected by serum fluoride contents. The results suggested that, in guinea pigs receiving excess dietary cholesterol, an inadequate fluoride intake is rcflectcd in increased serum cholesterol. Fluoride intake also influenced the serum triglyceride levels, but the direction of the response was dependent on the amount of dietary fat. Serum free f a t t y acids and phospholipids were not influenced by fluoride intake.

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