50

THE JOURNAL OF TIlE AMERICAN ()[b CHEMISTS' SOCIETY

Table I b u t is 14% higher in liuoleic acid. The presence of 1% of a p p a r e n t epoxy acid in the present sample of M. bicornis is based only on I I B r absorption and is not conclusive. The compositions of the two Euphorbia oils are similar to each other and to the composition of several Euphorbia oils reported earlier (2, 5). The E. mar.qinata oil reported here differs significantly however from the literature report of 45% linolelliC acid and 45% linoleie acid. This discrepancy m a y be resolved, or the variability of the species m a y be revealed more clearly as additional samples are analyzed in the screening program. Oils of the eight Labio,tac in this s t u d y are similar in composition to other Labiatae oils with high iodine values. Only two of these oils are reported by Hilditch (5), and the COnlposition of the present samples art; distinctly different. The earlier samph; of Ocim~lm basilicum was reported to have 21% lilmlenic acid and 60% ]inoleie acid in contrast to 50% "linol e n i e " and 22% " l i n o M e " acid fonnd ill the present sample. Similarly the previous r e p o r t shows Pcrilla frutescens (P. oeymoidcs) oil to contain 63 to 70% linolenic acid and frl>m 0 to 16% linoMc aeid whereas the present sample contains only 55% " l i n o l e n i e " acid and 11% " l i n o l e i v " acid. Regardless of the diserepancy, which m a y result fronl differences in the sources of samples, the (;olnposition of the eight Labiatac oils are sufficienlly similar to suggest that lhey wouhl all serve in al)l)lications where perilla oil has been used in the past; several of them are I)robably superior to perilla oil of average composition. The toillOt amolmts of al)parent epoxy acid and of conjugated u n s a t u r a t i o n i,l Thymus vtdgaris oil have no value and for most applications probably would not be detrimental. The absence of saturated acids fronl the oil of Monarda fistutosa m a y p e r h a p s indicate the presence of some component which responds a b n o r m a l l y to either the iodine value procedure or the alkali isomerization in the determination of polyu n s a t u r a t e d acids, or it m a y result from the chance accumulation of errors in tile procedures. Complete absence of s a t u r a t e d acids would be nlost unusual, but such a result is often within the accepted precision of the method. The 4% of material in this same oil moving" more slowly than the C~s acids, has not been identified but might be araehidie acid, which has been reported in several oils of the Labiatac (2, 5). The tests of d r y i n g time and film hardness, while

ABSTRACTS

VOL. 37

not precise, s u p p o r t the generality that oils with higher iodine values d r y more r a p i d l y and produce harder fihns. The oil f r o m Nepeta mussini is anomalous in that it dries more r a p i d l y than three oils of higher iodine value but produces a softer fihn t h a n five oils of eolnparable or lower iodine value. This behavior m a y indicate greater or lesser amounts of trace constituents which affect the rate or extent of oxidation and polymerization in the drying film. I n general, the analyses reported in Table I suggest that all these oils should be equal or superior to linseed oil as d r y i n g oils. They should receive serious consideration if a n y can be produced more economically, if a n y are especially adapted to areas of the country which require an alternative crop, if they are sufficiently good to permit p e r f o r m a n c e equal to linseed a f t e r dilution with a cheaper oil, or if over-all denland for d r y i n g oils should increase sufficiently to j u s t i f y production of additional ones. Extensive study of any of the species reported in this p a p e r nlay reveal that the sample tested is not typical but m a y be better or worse t h a n the average. Until proved otherwise, it must be assumed in a screening p r o g r a m that the sample analyzed is sufficiently representative to serve as a guide to f u r t h e r study of oils for specific uses.

Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of L. II. Mason, who provided gas chromatographic data on two of the oils, to H. M. Teeter, who provided advice on the d r y i n g tests, and to E. II. Melvin for i n f r a r e d exanfination of the oils. REFERENCES 1. Earle, F. R., Melvin, E. H., Mason, L. H., Wan EAten, C. H., "Wolff, [. A., and Jones, Quentin, J. Am. Oil Chemists' Soe., 36, 304307 (1959). 2. Eekey, E. %V., "u Fats and Oils," New York, lr ]?uhlishing Corporation, 1954. 3. Fernald, M. L., "Gray's Manual of Botany," 8th ed., New York, American Book Company, 1950. 4. Gardner, H. A., and Sward, G. G., "Physical and Chemical Examination of Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, arid Colors." 10th ed., Henry A. Gardner Laboratory Ine., Bethesda. Ns 1946. 5. Hilditch, T. P., "The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats," New York, John Wiley and Sons Inc., 1956. 6. Hopper, T. H., and Nesbitt, L. L., Oil and Soap, 14, 34-36 (1937). 7. Lathrop, C. A., Ind. Eng. Chem., 24, 826-827 (1932). 8. Majors, K. R., and Milner, R. T., Oil and Soap, 16, 228-231 (1939). 9. deMello, Ih. M., and Castro, O. I~., Agron. Lusitana, 18, 61 73 (1956). 10. Zeleny, L., and Coleman, D. A., U. S. Dept. Agr. Teeh. Bull. 554 (1937). [R e c e i ve d S e p t e m b e r 21, 1959]

. . . .

R . A . REINERS, Editor

A B S T R A C T O R S : Lenore Petschaft Africk, R. R. Allen, S. S. Chang, Sini'tiro Kawamura, F. A. K u m m e r o w , Louise R. Morrow, and E. G. Perkins

9 Fats

and

Oils

ESTIMATION OF CATALYST ACTIVrrv v'oa HYDROGENATION OF FATS. I. K a g a n o w i c z . Prace I n s t . i Lab. B a d a w c z y c h Przemys@u S p o z y w c z e g o 8 ( 4 ) , 33 44 ( 1 9 5 8 ) . A n i c k e l c a t a l y s t w a s prep a r e d b y h e a t i n g n i c k e l f o r m a t e in r a p e s e e d oil a t 245 _+ 4 ~ f o r 2 hours. W h e n t h i s c a t a l y s t w a s used in the h y d r o g e n a t i o n of r a p e s e e d oil, the r a t e of c h a n g e of the iodine n u m b e r of r a p e s e e d oil w a s p r o p o r t i o n a l to the c a t a l y s t a c t i v i t y . The a c t i v i t y of t h e c a t a l y s t was d e t e r m i n e d by m e a n s of the f~r-

m u l a A = ( I i - - I f ) • 88.25/at, where I i a n d I r a re th e iodine n u m b e r s of the oil b e f o r e a n d a f t e r h y d r o g e n a t i o n , a is the a m o u n t of c a t a l y s t i n w e i g h t % b a s e d on t h e oil, t is t i m e i n nl i nut e s , a n d 88.25 is t he n u m b e r of lnl. of h y d r o g e n corresp o n d i n g to a n i o d i n e m n n b e r u n i t . (C. A. 53, 19410) THE APPLIC'&TION OF IO.N-ExCtIANGE RESINS T0 THE ~URIPICATIO~ O~ FATS. A. Ollero G6mez a n d A. Solo C a r t a y a ( U n i v . S e v i l l e ) . Grasa y aecitcs (Seville, S p a i n ) 9, 296-301 ( 1 9 5 8 ) . I o n - e x c h a n g e r e s i n s m a y be us e d f o r n e u t r a l i z a t i o n of f a t s , removM of t r a c e elements, a n d a n a l y s i s of t r a c e elements. T h e

JANUARY, 1960

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND 0ILS

removal of certain trace elements (iron, copper, and zinc) prevents oxidation of natural ant]oxidants in the oil. (C. A. 53, 19409) CHAI~A~TEt~IZATION 0,E THE CARBON ACIDS USED IN THE FAT AND SOAP INDUSTRIES BY ~HI~0MIC ~CID OXIDATION. M. J u r e -

cek and P. Kozak (Chem.-Tech. Hoehschule, Pardubicc, Czech.). Z. anal. Chem. 157, 32-8 (1959). The ratio of the Kuhn-Roth number to the acid number of the sample is greater than 1 for naphthenic acids and less than 1 for f a t t y acids and rosin acids. On steam distillation of CrOs-oxidized sample, the distillate from f a t t y acids is cloudy; from the other 2 it is clear. (C. A. 53, 19409) SYNTHESIS OP FATTY ACIDS. S. C. Bhattacharyya, K. K. Chakravarty, and u Kumar (Natl. Chem. Lab., Poona, India). Chem ~ Ind. 1959, 1352. A method for synthesis of long-chain f a t t y acids containing more than 11 carbon atoms is described. IDENTIFICATION OD~ SOME FLAV01~ COMPGUNDS Fl~Ol~ STORED I N STANT NONFAT DRY MILK. 1~. Bassette (Univ. of Maryland,

College P a r k ) . Univ. Microfilms (Ann Arbor, Mich.), L. C. Card No. Mic 59-1888, 9l pp.; Dissertation Abstr. 20, 267-8 (1959). (C. A. 53, 18321) (A'in Shams Univ., Cairo). A'in Shams Univ. Fac. Agr., Bull. No. 1, 36 pp. (1958). 2-Propanel is the mos~ suitable solvent for rice bran oil extraction. The oil content of the rice bran varies with the variety grown and climatic conditions, as do the properties of the oils. (C. A. 53, 18514) I~ICE-BI~AN

OIL.

S. I. El I-Iinnawy

])IELECTI~IC WATER ])ETER~'~INATI0'N IN OIL PAL~I PRODUCTS.

K. F. tIeinisch and R. A. Partini Maun-Alibazah. Bet. Algem. Procfst. A.F.R.O.S. No. 20, 10 pp. (1958). The moisture content of pahn kernels and pulp is quickly determined with reasonable accuracy with the aid of the dielectric constant. The results of dielectric determinations of palm oil moisture content are unreliable because of the strong effect of the free f a t t y acid present, and the high dispersion of the dielectric constant with change in tempcr'tture. (C. A. 53, 19415) COMPARATIVF~ WATER DETERMINATIONS IN PALM OIL.

K.

F.

Heinis(th and R. A. Part]n] M;,un-Alibazah. Ber. Algem. Proefst. A.V.R.O.S. No. 10, ]0 pp. (]957). A comparative study of methods of determining moisture content shows that the lodemetric determination method of Fischer is the most accurate. (C. A. 53, 19415) USE O,1~ ANTIOXIDANTS FOR ]~]DIBLE OILS~ FATS, AND FOOD CON-

','AINI~G FATS. F. ]). Tollenaa.r (Sci. Dept. FAO, Bangkok, Si'nn). T~uszcze i Srodki Pioarce 2, 273-85 (1958). Maximum amounts of propyl or dodecyl ga]late, 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4mcthoxyphenol, or butylatcd hydroxytoluene used as ant]oxidants are: for lard propyl gallate 0.005-0.01, 2- and 3-terthutyl-4-methoxyphenol 0.01 or buty]ated hydroxytoluene 0.01 (together not more than 0.01), for margarine propyl gallate 0.005, dodecyl gallate 0.01, 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol 0.01 (together not more than 0.015), for powdered milk dodecyl g:flh~te 0.0], for baked goods dodeey] gallate 0.02, 2- and "r 0.02, or butylated hydroxytoluene 0.02% (together not more than 0.05%). (C. A. 53, 18324) I)ROPEaTIES 01~ I~R~u

]PAT ]~ELATE.D T(} F ~ T

ABSORPTION IN

[)GUGHNUT FRYING. S. Stcrn ~md H. Roth (DCA Food Inds., Inc., New 5/ork, N. 5/.). Cereal Set. Today 4, 176-9 (1959). Changes in free-fat acidity ( F F A ) , iodine number, viscosity, ~nd specific gravity of fresh fat subjected to a normal frying schedule were compared with the accompanying changes in f a t absorption. F a t absorption is correlated with F F A , specific gravity, and viscosity, and varies inversely with iodine number. Pat will not change with respect to f a t absorption with high enough f a t turnover in a properly designed fryer. (C. A. 53, 18324) VARIATION OE MILI~-FAT PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL CONSTANTS.

A.

PurSues and E. Grinien~. Kauno Po~iteeh. Inst. Darbai 7, 33-9 (1957). (Russian sunmmry). Butter produced in sumnIer decomposes sooner than winter butter and that produced in winter has shortcomings in its consistency. Month of lactation has a great influence upon milk f a t acidity and the amount of low molecular weight f a t t y acids. Difference in f a t t y :~cid constants in milk cows in their 1-8-month period of lactation was nonsignificant. (C. A. 53, 18322) FATTY OILS OF AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES. X I X . ~ONCONJUGATED STER,0%S AND OTHER UNSAPO,NI]~IABLE C0~V[PONENTS IN THE FATTY OIL FR0,M TONNA LUTEOSTOMA. Tatsuo Tanaka and

Yoshiyuki Toyama. Mem. Fay. Eng., Nagoya Univ. 10, 77-83 (1958). The nonconjugated sterol components of both the flesh

5]

and viscera oils from Tonna luteostoma consist mainly of monoethenoid sterols, among which cholesterol and clionasterol ('y-sitosterol) were identified. For the flesh oil, cholesterol is present in larger amounts than elionasterol, whereas for the viscera oil the reverse is true. Of the unsaponifiable eomponents, other than sterol, batyl alcohol was separated as the main solid component. In the liquid components selachyl alcobol was found among others. (C. A. 53, 18515) ]~ESEARC'H

0N

SYNTHETIC

OLIVE

OIL.

II.

ISGMERIZATION

O]~~

OLEIC ACID BY ESTEI~IFICATIGN. M. Staub and R. Widmer. Mitt. Gebiete Lebens~. u. Hyg. 50, 77-82 (1958). Synthetic olive oils contain at least 50% more solid f a t t y acids which were identified as isoSleic acids. Their determination affords a means of detecting synthetic olive oils. (C. A. 53, 18514) ESTI~ATION

0,F VEGETABLE

OIL

NEUTRALIZATION

EFFICIENCY.

K. Danowski (Inst. Przemy~u T~uszezowego, Warsaw). T~uszcze i Srod~i ]Piroace 2, 238-92 (1958). Analytical procedures for determining glyceride (oil) losses in alkaline refining are discussed. (C. A. 53, 18514) N E ~ / METHOD 0F DETERMINATIO~q OF G0~SYPOL IN OILS. A . L .

Markman and Yu. P. Za]esov. Uzbek. Khim. Zhur., Al~ad. Nauk Uzbe~. S. S. R. 1958, No. 6, 91-3. Gossypol is extracted from oil by aqueous potassium hydroxide ~nd determined gray]metrically by prccipit,~tion as gossypol or volumetrically with Fehling solution. (C. A. 53, ]8513) B. Akkerman iS. M. Kirov Higher Military School, Leningrad). Izvest. Vysshikh Ueheb. Zavedeni{, Pishchevaya Tekhnol. 1959, No. 2, 51-6. Addition of 0.5 g. of ,~seorbic ,~cid and 1 g. of yellow flavon preparation per kilogram of f:~t or butter produced the most stable product. Both water-soluble ,~nd fat-seluble (tocopherol, etc.) ant]oxidants were most effeetiw~ when added to the melted product directly before molding. (C. A. 53, 19208) INFLUENCE 0F ANTIOXIDANTS IN FATS.

]{E'FINING OF WASIIF, I) C0,TTONSF,ED (')I], "~O']~1JSE IN VANASPATI.

C. :R. ])as and Sushil Kmrmr. l'apers Symposium Cottonseed and By-producls, Hyderabad, India 1958, Sect. IV, 30-4. The possibilities of extension it, cottonseed ()il crushing and the precautions to bc taken prior to t'efining r produce a good quality oil for use in Vgin:~sp:lti production are discussed. Currently available w:~shcd cottonseed oil may be refined by either the dry or wet methods. P,oth nn~tho(ls were tried on a plant scale. The wet, or dilute lye method, was more effective. The processes of hle~,ching :tail hy(h'ogen:,tion (low temperalure 250~ are fully descrihed. (C. A. 53, 19207) SPECTROP[IOTOh'YET~IC

1)E'PER:',IINATION

O~'

POLYUN SATURA'YED

FATTY ACIDS IN BUTTI,:m S. Mattsson an([ I'. Swartling (State D:liry Research St;~., A]na,'p, Swed.). Milk Dairy Research (Alnarp) Rcpt. 55, 8 pp. (1958). By using 21% potassium hydroxide ss isomeriz~ltion agent, higher :d)sorption v:,lues of lmtter triglyceridcs were found than with 7-10% potassium hydroxide, especi:jlly at 268, 316, ~,ml 346 m# corresponding to trienoie, tetraenoic, t,nd pent:~enoic acids. With the weak alkali method, the latter :ire included in the tetrtlenoie fraction. Phospholipides, cont;~ining ;,pproxinmtely 0.7% pentf~cnoie acids, should 1)e an;llyzed by the strong alkali method. Only semiqua]itt~tive results can l)e obt~,im,d, owing to the yet incomplete ctn~r:~ctcriz:~tien ef higher uns~tur~ted acids in phospholipides. (C. A. 53, 19202) ISOLATION AND ]~DENTIFICATION O~,~ TIIE HIGII-MOLECULARWEIGHT SATURATED FATTY ACIDS O~,~ I~UTTERFAT. R. P . H a n s e n ,

F. B. Shorland, and N. June Cooke (Dept. Sci. and Ind. Research, Wellington, N. Z.). J. Dairy l~esearch 26, 190-5 (1959). B u t t e r f a t has been shown to contain the normal odd-numbered saturated acid n-nom, decanoic acid (C:,,), n-heneicosanoic acid (C~), and n-trieosanoic acids (C._,:~). The presence of the normal even-numbered acids n-oetadee:moic acid iCes), n-docosanote ,~eid (C~._,), n-tetracosanoie ~cid (C~,), and n-hexaeosa~oi,. acid (C.-,~) is conclusively established, n-Eicosanole acid (C:~) formerly assumed to be present in b u t t e r f a t has been isolated and identified by its physical and ehenfieal properties. (C. A. 53, 19202) LENTIL LIPOXIDASE. J. A. Bhfi~'~, J. J. Doherly and J. P. Todd (Dept. of Bioehem., School of Pharm:ley, Royal Coll. of Sci. and Tech., Glasgow, C. 1). Chem. ~ IncL 1959, 1216 17. The r~mge of activities of lipoxidt~se from lentil was found to overlap that from soya beans. SYNTHESIS OF LINOLEIC~ ~y-LINOLENIC~ ARACHIDONIC,

AND DO-

COSA-4:7:10:13:16-PENTAENOI(~ ACIOS. J. 1\~. Osbond and J. C. WII:K~S (Rese:H'ch ])ept., Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Ga.rdcn City, Herts). Chem. ~" ind. 1959, ~288. A ite•

52

TH[,: JOUICNAI, OF TIIE A M E R I C A N OI[~ C H E M I S T S '

m e t h o d h a s been developed f o r t h e s y n t h e s i s of ' ~ S k i p p e d " polyenoic ac:ds ;lll(l is exemplified by the prepar~dio, of lino]eic, ~-linolenie, arachidonic, a n d docosa 4 : 7 : 1 0 : 1 3 : 1 6 - p e n t a e n o i c acids. SYNTHESIS 0~F 2:3 DISTEAROYL-(~ LVCERYL 2-M YO-INOSITYL PHOSPILATE. J. H. ])Ivies :lnd T. M a l k i n (])ept. of Org. Chem., T h e Univ., B r i s t o l ) . Chem. ~ Ind. 1959, 1155-56. The s y n t h e s i s is described of l-glyceryl 2-myo-inosityl p h o s p l m t e b y ,qn interc h a n g e reaction b e t w e e n glycerol 1-iodide 2:3-dis|ear,Lie a n d silver 2 - ( 1 : ' / : 4 : 5 : 6 - p e n t a c e t y t ) myo-inosityl p h e n y l p h o s p h a t e , followed by t h e remov:fl of p r o t e c t i n g group. (~ONFIGUI~A!rION AND PROPERTIES O1,"]~]I~UCICAN D ]~aASSIDIC ACIDS AND THEIR ESTERS. N. V. B u l a t o v a . ]'ratsi ()des'k. Derzhav. Univ. ira. I. I. Meehnik'ova, Prirodnicbi Navki 1 4 8 ( 3 ) , 145-50 (1958). The r a t e s of h y d r o g e n a t i o n :~nd oxidation for erucie acid a n d its derivntives were h i g h e r t h a n for b r a s s | d i e acid a n d its esters. Saponification rates ;it 25 ~ ~lnd 40 ~ of esters of b r a s s i d i c acid were higher. (C. A. 53, 18852) l ~L'I'I~AVIOLET SPE(YPKOGRAPII 1(J CIIA RA(YrEllISTICS OP ITALIAN /)I,IVE OII,S, WITI1 SPECIAI, [{I.;I,'EICEN(H,; TO TIIOSV, ~{IXEI) ~VITII Ir O~ EXTaANEO, VS On,s. R. Mnttei a n d G. Votpi ( U n i v . l!'lorence). Olearia 13, 55-61 (1115!)). T h e specific coefficients K~:~z a n d K._,7,)can be used to d i s t i n g u i s h virgin olive oils, A a n d B refined oils, a n d to detect sm:dl p e r c e n t a g e s of refined oils in v i r g i n oils. I t will not detect a d u l t e r a t i o n of esterified oils with "nfimal pie|us, n o r d i s t i n g u i s h an oil refined by alkali or ester|tic'dieD. (C. A. 53, 19414)

SOCIETY

Vob. 37

V. PRESENCE OF NITICOGEN- AND PHOSPHORus-CONTAINING ])ERIVATIVES 0!~' GLUCOSE, GLYCEROL, AND INOSITOL IN WOOL FAT. Ibid. 8 3 9 - 4 ] . C h r o m a t o g r a p h i c m e t h o d s i n d i c a t e d the presence of t h e following a m i n o acids in wool f a t h y d r o l y z a t e s : a s p a r a ginie acid, glycine, glutanfic acid, serine, a]anine, cvstine, aa m i n o b u t y r i e acid, o r n i t h i n e (or l y s i n e ) . T r a c e s of glucose, glycerol, a n d inositol were f o u n d in some samples. A lipop r o t e i n p r e s e n t in the u n s a p o n i f i a b l e p o r t i o n of wool f a t would e x p l a i n these results. (C. A. 53, 19410)

E:PFECTtVENESS OF 3,5-DI-(TF~aT-BUTYL)-4-}IYDI~O.XYTOLUENE AND PIr (IALLA'I~EAS ANTIOXIDANTS OF LAIRD. 1). G. K n o r r e , Yu. N. Io'nskovskaya, V. I. P i u l ' s k a y a , a n d N. M. E m a n u e l . Zhur. t'ril:lad. Khim. 32, 1359-63 (1959). The effectiveness of propyl gallate, m e l t i n g a t 146 ~ a n d 3,5-di-(tert-butyl)-4-hydroxytoluene, m e l t i n g at 70 ~ as a n t i o x i d a n t s w a s d e t e r m i n e d by the increase in t h e peroxide n u m b e r as a f u n c t i o n of time. T h e aetiw~tion energies, E, o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e linear f u n c t i o n s log t v e r s u s peroxide n u m b e r , of l a r d c o n t a i n i n g 0.1% propyl g a l l a t e or 3 , 5 - d i - ( t e r t - b u t y l ) - 4 - h y d r o x y t o l u e n e :rod of lard w i t h o u t ~ n t i o x i d a n t s were, respectively, 20.6, 21.0, :rod 21.4 kiloealories (t is t h e time, hours, a t which peroxide n u m b e r = 0.1, t a k e n f r o m the peroxide n u m b e r v e r s u s time curves). T h e s e values of E a p p r o x i m a t e t h e v a l u e s o b t a i n e d f o r butyl hydroxyanisole aDd ascorbic p a h n i t a t e , 23.1 a n d 23.6, respectively. Obviously, in the initial s t a g e s of oxidntion E is indeDeud,mt of the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the a n t i o x i d a n t s and is a f u n c t i o n only of the p r o p e r t i e s of the f a t . (C. A. 53, 18324)

BYI)I~,OGENATION OF COTTONSEEI) OIL. i . L. M a r k m ' m a n d A. A. Abdurtlkhimov. Uzbek. Khim. Zhar., Akad. Nezuk Uzbe/c. S. S. R. 1958, No. 4, 45-51. l l y d r o g e D a t i o n t e s t s r u n on cottonseed oil over nickel-copper c a t : d y s t s show t h a t i n c r e a s i n g t h e a c t i v i t y or a m o u n t of c : l t a l y s t or |nor(rasing the t e m p c | ' a t u r e , deercnses t h e selectivity of t h e process. Incrv:~st, o f h y d r o g e n flow i n c r e a s e s both reactivity and selectivity of t h e process. (C. A. 53, 19414)

STUDY OP LOSSES DURING NEUTRALIZATION OP ALb:AIANE (ILLS. M. N a u d e t . Rev. fermentations et inds. alime~l. 14, 5 1 - 8 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Refining losses, a n d losses of glyeerides by e n t r ' d n m e n t a n d saponification vary, d e p e n d i n g on the 0 u r i t y of the ~lv(,,,r;des. c o m p o s i t i o u of the crude oils processed, conditions of neutralization, a n d composition of refined oils. Some consideration is also given to losses by emulsificatioD. Theories are p r e s e n t e d for the reactions which c o n t r i b u t e to the owe'r-all losses in the p r o c e s s i n g of oils. (C. A. 53, 18513)

SOLVENT EXTRACTION OE COTT()NSEED OIL 1N INDIA. H. ~r P a r e k h ( B h a v n a g a r Chem. Works, [A(I., V a t | e j ) . l'apers Symposivm Cottonse~,d and By-prodltets, llyde'rabad, Indria 1958, Sect. I I I , 1-13.

TI[],] ~)ETERMINATIO,N 0P FATTY-AcID COMPO,SITION BY (IAS CHRO3IATOGR,APIIY AND ULT'IgAVIO~I,ETSPECTROI'IIOTOMETRII', METI[OI)S. L. M:llin. Soap, l ' e r f u m e r y ~. Cosmetics 32, 597-9 (1959). A description. (C. A. 58, 18512)

SOLUBILITY elf COTTONSEED OIL IN ETIIYL ALCOIIOL. U . S. Char|, K. ]lamaling'~m, :rod S. 11. Zahccr ( R e g i o n a l R e s e a r c h Lab., H y d e r a b a d ) . Ibid. 13-15.

A J~API]) ~IEg2HOD FOR ESTIMATING THE OIL CONTENT OF S(;NFL0WJ,:a SEEDS. A. L. S h e w f e l t a n d E. ]). P u t t (Can. Dept. Agr., M o r d e n ) . Can. J. Plant. Sei. 38, 419-23 (1958). The a p p r o x i m a t e m e t h o d consists in p l a c i n g a given l m m b e r of seeds between b~yers of filter paper, p r e s s i n g iu a l a b o r a t o r y llydraulic press, a n d m e a s u r i n g t h e w e i g h t of oil absorbed by the filter paper. The oil values a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 73% of those obtqined by the s t a n d a r d Soxhlet procedure. The m e t h o d is p a r t i c u l a r l y well-suited for m a k i n g p l a n t b r e e d i n g selections. (C. A. 53, 19415)

[~Eb'INING OP INDIAN C0.TTONSFEI) ()If.. I. PP~EI,IMINAaY ST(IDIES. V. V. K r i s h n a ]~ao "~nd K. S. M u r t i (Oil Technol. Inst., A n a n t ~ p u r ) . Ibid. Sect. IV. 1-17. II. SOME OPTIMUM CONDITIONS OF ]~EFINING. Ibid. ] 8 - 2 9 .

RE REFINING OP COTTO,N-SEED OIL FOR USE IN VANASPAT'I ~NDUSTRY BY CONTINUOUS t~EFINING PLANT. K . G. M a t h u r ( K u s u m P r o d s . , Ltd., C a l c u t t a ) . Ibid. 35-9. REPINING OF COTTONSEED OIL. A REVIEW. Pin P r a k a s h , T. R. S h a r m a a n d V. D. A t h a w a l e ( H a r c o u r t B u t l e r Tectmol. Inst., K a n p u r ) . Ibid. 43-50. 22 references. SO~IE I~ABORATOP~YSTUDIES ON [~EFINING COTTONSI~ED OIL. V. P . H a r i g o p a l , S. R a g h v e n d a r Rap, K . T. A c h a y a , a n d S. A. Saletore ( R e g i o n a l R e s e a r c h Lab., H y d e r a h a d ) . Ibid. 51-6. I-[YDROGENATION OF COTrIY)NSEED OIL. J. S. A g g a r w a l ( R e g i o n a l R e s e a r c h Lab., H y d e r a b a d ) . Ibid., Sect. V, 1-6. ItYD~OGENATION OF COTTONSEnD OIL. P. N. M a t h u r ( W h i t e F o o d P r o d s . Co., Ltd., H o w r a h ) . Ibid. 10-19. COTTONSEED AND ITS PI~ODUCTS. V. N e e l k a n t ( K a p a d i a Oil Mills & Refinery, t I y d e r a b a d ) . Sect. V I , 1 7. PROC'ESSING OP C(~TTONSEF~D OIL SOAP STOCK. J. G. K a n e a n d Y. L. P a n d y a ( U n i v . B o m b a y ) . Ibid. 20-39. COMPOSITION AND U-I%EA SEPARATION O'F FATTY ACIDS ~'i~0~ INDIAN

COTTONSEED

OILS.

K. T. Achaya

and

S. A. Sale|ore

(Re-

gioual R e s e a r c h L a b . , H y d e r a b a d ) . Ibid. VII, 1-7. LABORATOI~Y METHOD I~OR EVALUATING THE QUALITY O'P WASHED COTTONSEED OIL. C. R. D a s a~td Sushil K u m a r (D. C. 3~I. Chem. W o r k s , D e l h i ) . Ibid. 16-17. (C. A. 53, 19413) WOOL FAT. I V . VOLATILE AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. I~. J a n e c k e a n d G. S e n f t ( U n i v . F r a n k f u r t / M a i n , Ger.). Deut. Apoth.-Ztg. 97, 820-2 (1957). P a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c examin a t i o n of a s t e a m distillate of wool f a t showed t h e presence of butyric, isovaleric, nonanoic, eapric, a n d lactic acids. T h e presence or a b s e n c e o f c o n j u g a t e d doubly u n s a t u r a t e d or o f t r i p l y u n s a t u r a t e d acids could n o t be confirmed. U l t r a v i o l e t s p e c t r a i n d i c a t e d t h a t a trace of such acids m a y be present.

TIlE OXYGENATED FATTY ACID OF TaAGOPOGON PORRIPO'LIUS SEED OiL. M a r y J. C h i s h o h n a n d C. Y. H o p k i n s (Div. of P u r e Chem., N a t l . R e s e a r c h Council, Ottawa, C a n . ) . Chem. d~ Ind. 1959, 1154-55. The seed o i l of Tragopogon porrifolius L. ( f a m i l y Compositae) yielded a s a t u r a t e d epoxy acid and the evidence ind!cates t h a t i t is cis-9:lO-epoxystearlc acid. T h e c o n t e n t o f 9 : 1 0 - e p o x y s t e a r i c acid is e s t i m a t e d to be 3 % of t h e total f a t t y acids of t h e oil, DETEI~MINATION OE SESAMIN IN SESAME OIL. A. (Jhindemi. Boll. lab. chim. Provinieiali ( B o l o g n a ) 9, 297-310 (1958). Use of t h e P a v o l i n i - I s i d o r o r e a c t i o n p e r m i t s r a p i d a n a l y t i c a l det e r m i n a t i o n of sesamin. S e s a m i n v a r i e d f r o m 0.46 to 0.67% in t h e oils tested. (C. A. 53, 19415) TRANSPOa~IATION OF STEROLS DURING NEUTRALIZATION AND BLEACHING 0'F RAPESEED OIL. H. N i e w i a d o m s k i a n d J. Sawicki. Grasas y aceites (Seville, S p a i n ) 9, 306-9 (1958). Refining of r a p e s e e d oil by n e u t r a l i z a t i o n with s t r o n g alkali and_ b l e a c h i n g on a b s o r b e n t s leads to chemical a l t e r a t i o n of t h e sterols a n d p r e v e n t s p r e c i p i t a t i o n with digitonin. N e u t r a l i z a t i o n i n d u c e s o x i d a t i o n a n d b l e a c h i n g c a u s e s oxidation, d e h y d r a t i o n , a n d possible isomerization. T h e modified sterols are p r o b a b l y physiologically active. (C. A. 53, 19415) V. RELATIO,NSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSICAL AND SUBJECTIVE ~V[EASUI~E2~{ENTS. M. N a u d e t and B. Sanbuc. Ibid., 537 543 (19:~oS. I n this s t u d y t h e a u t h o r s d e t e r m i n e t h e p r e c i s i o n of the r e s u l t s of p h y s i c a l test~ u s i n g a simple s t a t i s t i c a l s t u d y , a n d show t h a t a correlation exists b e t w e e n p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s a n d s u b j e c t i v e evaluations. This, a c c o r d i n g to t h e authors, corr e s p o n d e d to a zone of c o n s i s t e n c e f o r t h e s e r e s u l t s w i t h i n which one could give a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e p h y s i c a l m e a s u r e m e n t s in t e r m s of s u b j e c t i v e evaluations.

JANUARY, 1960 MEASURI~MZNTS

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS OF

SURFACE

AND

INTEI~,FACIAL

TENSION

OF

SUa~ACTANT SOLUTIONS. M m . M a r c o u a n d G u i l l a u m i n ( I . T . E . R.G.). Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 6, 544--555 (1959). A review of the m e t h o d s of d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u r f a c e a n d i n t e r f a c i a l tension. T h e v a r i o u s m e t h o d s are g r o u p e d u n d e r several m a i n h e a d i n g s as follows: e x a m i n a t i o n of d r o p l e t f o r m s , capillary a s c e n s i o n methods, h a n g i n g drop methods, a n d m e t h o d s involving traction measurement. PAl)El% ~HROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS Ot~ :FATS. X X X V I . THE TRANSPARENCE METHOD FOR T}IE IDENTIFICATION 0,F SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS ANALYZF.D ON PAPER. H. P. Kaufmann and G.

Walther

(Deut. Inst. Fettforschung. Munster, Westf.).

Fet~e

Scifcn Anstrichmittel 61, 782-784 (1959). Nonionizuble emulsifiers a n d w a s h i n g a g e n t s are s e p a r a t e d p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h ically b y m a k i n g u s e of p a p e r s i m p r e g n a t e d with paraffin. Because of their w e t t i n g p r o p e r t y , t h e s e p a r a t e d zones can be m a d e visible t h r o u g h a simple t r e a t m e n t with w a t e r or w i t h a d y e s t u f f solution. INI)LUENCE OF TIgACE IlVfPURITIES ON THE QUALITY OF DISTILLED

GLYCERINE DURING STOI~AGE. Mine. H. G o y n b e r g a n d It. S. Z c y c p a n s k a ( I n s t . Corp Gras, V a r s o v i c ) . Oleagincux 14, 5 8 5 589 (1959). I t was f o u n d t h a t t h e q u a l i t y of distilled glycerine d e t e r i o r a t e d u p o n s t o r a g e with the f o r m a t i o n of a precipit a t e a n d a c h a n g e in color. The a u t h o r s showed by m e a n s of c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s t h a t the q u a l i t y d e t e r i o r a t i o n w a s due to trace a m o u n t s of o r g a n i c i m p u r i t i e s ( f a t t y acids, aldehydes, and amino acids). A paper chromatographic method was used for t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the aldehydes p r e s e n t in stored glycerine b a s e d on the p r e c i p i t a t i o n of t h e earbonyl c o m p o u n d s a~ their p h e n y l h y d r a z o n e s . T h e derivatives were s e p a r a t e d on a e e t y l a t e d p a p e r ; e x t r a c t e d f r o m t h e p a p e r g r a m s ; a n d determ i n e d colorimetrically. The m e t h o d p e r m i t s the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of a l d e h y d e s in c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of 0.3 to 30 m i c r o g r a m s dependl u g u p o n the c h a i n l e n g t h of the m a t e r i a l . The r e p r o d u c i b i l i t y a n d the precision of t h e m e t h o d is f r o m 2 - 4 % . T H E M~;C[IANISM. OF EXTI~ACTION OP SOYA RY DIFFERENT SOL-

VENTS. D. F. O t h m e r a n d W. A. J a c t i n e m ( B r o o k l y n Polytech. Inst., Brooklyn, N. Y . ) . Rev. Franc. Corps Gras 6, 408-415 (1959). A s t u d y of the m e c h a n i s m of e x t r a c t i o n of soya indica.ted t h a t the a m o u n t of residual oil a n d the speed of e x t r a c t i o n are e x p o n e n t i a l f u n c t i o n s of the d u r a t i o n of the e x t r a c t i o n . T h e , m x i m u m a m o u n t of e x t r a c t i o n d e p e n d s upon the micella c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d shell thickness. E x t r a c t i o n velocity is s t r o n g l y a u g m e n t e d with the d i m i n u t i o n of shell t h i c k n e s s a n d t h e increase in residual oil c o n t e n t is also a f u n c t i o n of this. T h e action of v a r i o u s solvents depend on t h e i r relative physical properties. T h e e x t r a c t i o n speeds are proportional to the d e n s i t y a n d s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of the solvent a u d inversely proportional to its viscosity. E x t r a c t i o n s with acetone are in good correlation with t h a t of hexane. Other solvents p r e s e n t several variations, especially when t h e oil p r e s e n t in the micella affects t h e physical p r e p e r t i e s of the solvent. TI{OUGIITS CONCERNING UNSATURATED ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS: ]ANOLEIC AND LINOLENIC ACIDS. E. A n d r e (I.R.H.O., Mars(ql]e).

Olea qine'ux 14, 5 8 1 - 5 8 4 (1959). The a u t h o r gives q s h o r t discussion of the history, chemistry, a n d 1)iochemistry of ]inoleic a n d linolenic acids f r o m t h e work of Chevreul in ]813 to the nn)re recent work of T o y a m a c o n c e r n i n g the s t r u c t u r a l determimttion of linoleic acid. POSITIONAI~

DISTRIBUTION

OF SATURATED

AND [TNSATUR.ATEI)

]~ATTY ACIDS ON EGG LECITtIIN. N. H. T n t t r i e (Div. AppL Biology, N a t . Res. Council, O t t a w a ) . J. Lipid Research 1, 60--65 (1959). A m e t h o d is described to deternfine t h e p o s i t i o n of f a t t y acids on lecithin. Purified e g g h,ci~:hin is e n z y m a t i ca.lly h y d r o l y z e d to t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g m i x t u r e of a,fl-diglycerides with lecithinase D. M y r i s t i c acid is i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e e' position of t h e diglyeerides a n d t h e r e s u l t i n g t r i g l y c e r i d e s are h y d r o l y z e d with p a n c r e a t i c lipase, which specifically cleaves f a t t y acids f r o m t h e e a n d a' positions. P a h n i t i c , myristic, a n d s t e a r i c acids were f r e e d by the lipase, p r o v i n g t h a t t h e satur a t e d acids a r e on t h e a' position, while the u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y quids occupy t h e fl p o s i t i o n of e g g lecithin. Siuce snake v e n o m lecithinnse A r e m o v e s the u n s a t u r a t e d acids f r o m leeitMn, t h e site of h y d r o l y s i s m u s t be at the fl position of lecithin. THE MICR0~TITRATION OP TOTAL "~AT'I'Y ACIDS OF SERUM, WITK Noq~]S ON THE ESTIMATION OP TRIGLVCEIgIDES. M a r g a r e t J. A l b r i n k (Dept. I n t e r n a l Med., Yale Univ. Meal. School, N e w H a v e n , Conn.). J. Lipid Research 1, 53 59 (1959). A nIethod is described for t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of totM f a t t y acids of s e r u m b y microtitr'ltion. T h e m e t h o d is d e s i g , c d to p e r m i t also the d e t e r m i n a t i o n of cholesterol c u d lipid p h o s p h o r u s , a n d o f triglyeerides by difference. The essential steps include e x t r a c t i o n

53

of s e r u m lipids, saponifieation, e x t r a c t i o n a n d n f i c r o t i t r a t i o n of the l i b e r a t e d free f a t t y acids. Recoveries of p u r e f a t t y a c i d s a n d t r i g l y c e r i d e s were 9 7 % complete. S h o r t c h a i n acids a n d i n t e r m e d i a t e s of c a r b o h y d r a t e m e t a b o l i s m a r e n o t detected b y this m e t h o d . PAPER CHI%OIvIATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF FATS. X X X V . DETECTIO.N O'F ADULTERATION IN OLIVE OIL WITH THE I-IELP OF PAPER

CHROMATOGRAPHY. ~-[. P . K a u f m a n n a n d M. Aparlcio (Deut. I n s t . F e t t f o r s c h u n g ) . Fettc Scifeu Anstrichmittel 61, 768 770 (1959). A m e t h o d b a s e d on p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y f o r checking the p u r i t y of olive oil is described. The a d u l t e r a t i o n of the oil can be e s t a b l i s h e d by c o m p a r i n g t h e n n m b e r of triglyceride spots on the p n p e r g r a m s in case of p u r e a n d adultera t e d oils. T h e m e t h o d is applicable u p to 5 - 1 0 % of t h e a d u l t e r a n t in oils. QUANTITATIVE ~LASS PAPER C]IROMATOGRAPHY : PHOSPHATIDYL

CHOLINE AND SPHINGO'MYELIN. J. E. Muldrey, O. N. Miller, a n d J. G. H a m i l t o n (Dept. B i o c h e m i s t r y , T u l a n e U n i v . School of Medicine, N e w O r l e a n s ) . J. Lipid Research 1, 48-52 ( ] 9 5 9 ) . A r a p i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c p r o c e d u r e for the s e p a r a t i o n of s p h i n g o m y e l i n , p h o s p h a t i d y l choline, e t h a n o l a m i n e , p h o s p h a t i d y l serine, p h o s p h a t i d y l inositol, a n d free f ' l t t y acids on g l a s s p a p e r coated with s o d i u m silicate is described. P h o s p h a t i d y l choline a n d s p h i n g o m y e l i n were d e t e r m i n e d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y b y densit o m e t r y of t h e c h a r r e d p a p e r g r a m o b t a i n e d by s p r a y i n g the developed p a p e r g r a m with H2SO~ a n d h e a t i n g in a n oven. T h e s e p a r a t i o n of p h o s p h a t i d e s on sodiuul silicate t r e a t e d g l a s s p a p e r is m o r e r a p i d t h a n on silicic acid i m p r e g n a t e d p a p e r a n d simpler to prepare. The a d a p t a b i l i t y of the m e t h o d to the analysis of n'~tural p r o d u c t s for ]i)hospholipid c o n t e n t is di'~eussed. SCINTILLATION COUNTER FOR THE MEASUREMENT O,F RA1)IOACTIVITY O'F VAPORS IN C'ONJUNCTION WITH GAS LIQUID CHROMA-

TOGRAL'HV. G. P o p j a k , A. E. Lowe, ]). Moore, L. Brown, a n d F. A. S m i t h ( H a m m e r s m i t h [tosp., L o n d o n ) . J. Lipid Research 1, 29 39 (1959). T h e iv.strunumt descr bed in ~;his p a p e r was d e s i g n e d to m e a s u r e the r a d i o a c t i v i t y o f C ~ f a t t y acids e m e r g i n g as vapors f r o m n g a s liquid ehronmtogrqphic, e o h m m a n d to r(,cord the radioactiv(, d i s i n t e g r a t i o n s parallel with t h e analyt, ic:d chromatogral~hic record. The c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d perf o r m a n c e ef a liqui(I scintillation counter is descrihcd. T h e resolving power of the ('punter is such t h a t the r'l,tiaaetive f r a c t i o n s need only 25 seconds to pass t h r o u g h the ehrom;~teg r a p h i c a n M y z e r and m a y be clearly distinguishe(I f r o m other radioactive f r a c t i o n s . ]~/IEASUaEMENT OF~ I{ANCIDFI'V IN [dISllER~Y PRO1)U(!TS BY 2TIIIORARBITURIC ACID METIIOD. 1),. A. Ryan and M. E. Stausl)y

(U. S. Bin'. of Comm. Fislwries, S(,atth!, W a s h . ) . Com. Fishcries Rcv. 2 1 ( 1 ) , 2 l - 3 (1959). Whole Pacific h e r r i n g (Cll~pe~a pallasii) were: ( l ) frozen, lightly glazed, a n d sealed in evaeu9~fed p o l y e t h y l e n e b a g s ; or (2) frozen in bh)cks of ice. T h e y were stored a t 0 ~ for 90 d a y s a n d a s s a y e d periodically f o r r n n c i d i t y by s e n s o r y t e s t s a n d by tim 2 - t h i o b a r b i t u r i c acid ( T B A ) test. Good correlation was foulld 1)etween the 2 m e t h ods. T B A v a l u e s ( E ~%/~cm') of 0.05, 0.10 :~nd 0.17 were obtained, respectively, for trace, slight, am[ e x t r e m e r a n c i d i t y . (C. A. 53, 17356) OLEIC,

LINOLEIC,

AND

[ANOLENI(~

ACID

(~ONTENTS

OF

MAR-

GARINE. K . L a m p i , H. :Eikr(,m, :tad M. Antila. Snomen Kcmistilchti 32B, 14-15 (1959). (!omnum m a r g a r i n e s consunled in F i n l ' m d were a n a l y z e d for uns:~tm'ated f a t t y acid content,. The following c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e s were f o u n d : iodine n u m h e r 38.1-54.3, oleic acid 21.0-44.6%, linoh,ic acid 3 , 7 - ] 2 . 1 % , linolenic acid 0.7 3.8%. (C. A. 53, 17354) PHYSICOCIIEMICAL PROPEWP1ES OF ]{IGIi-~[EI/IING ANI) IA)WMELTING ]~VICACTIONS OF M I L K FAT. YH. A. ()lenev (Teetmol.

I n s t . R e f r i g e r a t i o n Ind., L e n i n g r a d ) . I z w s t . Vyssbil,:h Ucht~b. Zavedenig, Pishchcvaya Tclchno{ 1958, No. 4, 19-24. Results on v a r i o u s glyceride f r a c t i o n s of milk f a t showed t h a t the m e l t i n g p o i n t a n d p o i n t s of solidification decrease(l, a n d i n d e x of r e f r a c t i o n a n d iodine n u m b e r s increased, with the increasi n g index n u m b e r of the f r a c t i o n s . The first 3 frt~ctions consisted prim:trily of t h e s a t u r ' t t e d f a t t y acid g l y c e r i d e s ; t h e last 2 consisted of the u n s a t u r a t e d acids. Glyceri(le c o m p o u n d of milk f a t v a r i e d ; it d e p e n d e d on the c o w ' s n u t r i t i o n . (C. A. 53, 17352) PATTY ACID COMI'OSITIO,N OP CARROT (DAuCUS CAROTA) SEED

OIL. Om P r a k a s h , A t m a R a m , a n d J. C. G u p t a (H. B. Technol. Inst., K a n p u r ) . J. Proc. Oil Technologists Assoc. India, KasF~r 13, P t . 1-2, 42 6 (1957). Carrot seeds c o n t a i n a nond r y i n g oil a n d a n e s s e n t i a l oil in a b o u t 11 a n d 1 % a m o u n t s , respectively. T h e f a t t y acids o f the f a t t y oil, o b t a i n e d as a b y p r o d u c t in t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of the essentiM oil by solvent

54

T H E J O U R N A L OF TIlE A M E R I C A N O I L C I t E M I S T S '

e x t r a c t i o n were pahnitic, petrosclinic, oleic, a n d linoleic acids in t h e a m o u n t of 6.87, 55.5, 22.85, "nld 14.78% respectively. (C. A. 53, 17540) DEODORIZATION OF SEEM OIL. a m P r a k h a s h , A t n i a R a m , S. N. C h a t t e r j i , a n d A. S a t t a r ( H . B. Technol. I n s t . , K a n p u r ) . J. Oil Technologisls Assoc. India, Kanpur 13, F t . 1-2, 14-17 (1957). T h e d i s a g r e e a b l e odor of N e e m ( M a r g o s a ) oil can be removed by h e a t i n g at 200 ~ f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.5 hour, t h e n h a i l i n g with alkaline p o t a s s i u m p e r m a n g a n a t e ( 1 . 5 % of t h e w e i g h t of oil) f o r t h r e e hours, w a s h i n g 3 - 4 t i m e s with saline water, a n d finally w a s h i n g with h o t w a t e r a n d d r y i n g . (C. A. 53, 17540) BIr SATURATION OP SAFFLOWEI~ OIL AND ITS ]~STI~cIATION 1;'~ t{.E~RACTIVE ]NI)EX MWeUGD. D. Siva Ra~naiah a n d B. S. K u l k a r n i ( O s m a n i a Uoiv., H y d e r a b a d ) . J. Pro& Oil Teehnolo.qisls Assoc. I~td&*, Km~pu.r 13, P t . 1-2, 6 8 (1957). D e t a i l s of s a t u r a t i o n of satllower oil by /tronfine are given. T h e a m o u n t of s a t u r a t i o n e-in be e s t i m a t e d b y the r e l a t i o n : Brx = 12 ( ~ , , /*,) I.V., where Fh', is the 1)routine required to s a t u r a t e 100 g. of sample, /*~ a m l /*,, :,,'e t h e n '~176 of the s a m p l e a n d original oil, resIleetively, a n d I . t ' . is the iodine wdue of t h e original oil. (C. A. 53, 17540) KEEPING QUALITY OP ~[USTAItD OIL ON STORAGE IN DII?I0"ElCE,NT TYPES OF CONTAINERS. Oln 1)rakash, A. C. G u p t a , T. R. S h a r m a , a n d V. D. A t b a w a l e (II. B. Techuol. Inst., K a n p u r ) . J. Proc. Oil Technologists Assoe. India, Kanpur 13, P t . 1 2, 26-41 (1957). T h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e m e t a l s for k e e p i n g m u s t a r d oil is in t h i s order: t i n n e d iron, galvanized iron, a n d mild steel. (C. A. 53, 17540) i'~ATTY AUID ~OMP(/S1TION OIo II1MALAYAN PINE (PINUS GRI~'FITI[[) S]~ED Oil, BY UR.EA AIIDIICT ~] ETI[OI). OIU. P r a k a s h , T. R. S h a r m a , a n d A. S a t t a r ( l l . B . Techlml. Inst., K a n p u r ) . J. Prec. Oil Technologists Assoc. I~ldia, Kanpter 13, P t . 1-2, 4 7 5l (1957). The cenll)onent f a t t y acids in t h e oil were: palmitic, stearic, oh'ie, linohqe, and limllcnic in tile a m o u n t s of 7.65, 6.50, 13.35, 52.1,5, and ~ respeetive]y. (C. A. 53, 17540) AI,I,:ALI I{EF1NING O1,' S.\IOFIA)WERNI,~EI) elL. ]']. V. A. Cllari ;ind B. S. K u l k a r n i (()smania Univ., l t y d e r a b n d ) . J. Prec. Teehnolo qists Assoc. India, Kanpuv 13, Pt. 1-2, 1-5 (1957). Ill relining strfitower oil by the A.(/.C.S. cup technique, an alkali s t r e n g t h of 14 ~ Ba.um6 a n d an excess of 0.02%, alkali gave the best over-all refining results, yielding good r e s u l t s in r e d u c i n g acid value a n d color. (C. A. 53, 17539) ]~AT'I'Y Oil:, 0p A SNAIl,, EUHADRA HERKLOTSI. T o r u T a k a g i a n d Y o s h i y u k i T o y m n a . Mere. Fac. Eng., Nagoya Univ. 10, 84--7 (1958). F a t t y oils were e x t r a c t e d f r o m Euhadra herlclotsi collected in three localities. The f a t t y acids c o n t a i n e d a p p r o x i n m t e l y 21)% s a t u r a t e d acids, c o n s i s t i n g chiefly of stcaric acid. D i f f e r i n g f r o m p o l y e t h e n o i d a c i d s of a q u a t i c shellfish oils, the polyettmvoid acids of the snail oil c o n t a i n e d a r e m a r k a b l y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of diethenoid acid while p e n t a ethenoid acid was p r e s e n t in a relatively small p r o p o r t i o n a n d h e x e t h e n o i d acid was ,ult p r e s e n t in detectable a m o u n t s . Oleie a n d linoleic acids were identified in n m n o e t h e n o i d a n d die t h e n o i d acid portioa, respectively. Sterol c o m p o u n d s consisted chiefly of cholesterol w i t h o u t uotieeable a m o u n t s of sitosterol. The A s ' 7 - e o n j u g a t e d sterol c o n t e n t of t h e t o t a l sterol was less t h a n 5.5%. (C. A. 53, 17537)

VAlgIATION IN PHYSICAl, AND C.I-tEMICAL ~HAP~ACTEIClSTICS OF ]-IERRING~ IV[ENHADEN, SAL:%ION~ AND TUNA OILS. R. O. Simm o n s ( N o r t h Carolina S t a t e Coll., D u r h a m ) . Com. Fisheries Rev. 2 0 ( 1 1 a ) , 15-7 (1958). T h e index of r e f r a c t i o n , iodine n u m b e r , f r e e f a t t y acid, saponification n u m b e r , nonsaponifiable m a t t e r , a n d G a r d n e r color n u m b e r of 126 m e n h a d e n a n d 14 h e r r i n g b o d y oils a n d 12 t u n a a n d 12 s a l m o n b y p r o d u c t oils collected d u r i n g each of 2 consecutive s e a s o n s a r e reported. (C. A. 53, 17537) FRACTIONAL SEPARATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM CODLING OIL THE ADmTION ]{EAOTIONS WITH UaEA. Zbigniew Jedlifiski and Stanis~aw Szpakowski. Przemys~ Chem. 37, 648-50 (1958). The best selective separation is obtained when methanol is used as the solvent for the fatty acids antl when the products of t h e a d d i t i o n r e a c t i o n s a r e p r e c i p i t a t e d w i t h a m e t h a n o l solution of urea. The o p t i n m m a m o u n t of u r e a is 20 moles p e r 1 nmle of t h e f a t t y acids (i.e. 1.1 mole of u r e a p e r g r a m - a t o m of c a r b o n in t h e f a t t y a c i d s ) . The above m e t h o d c a n be imp o r t a n t in t h e p a i n t a n d lacquer i n d u s t r y . (C. A. 53, 17532) BY

CHEMICAL EXA)4INATION OF THE OIL FlgO~f THE SEEDS 0ti' CLI~eOal~, T]gRNA~F,A. R. D. Tiwari and R. K. Gupta (Univ. Alla-

SOCIETY

VOL. 37

h a b a d ) . J. Prec. Oil Technologists Assoc. India, Kanpur 13, P t . 1-2, 9-13 (1957). A l i g h t yellow s e m i d r y i n g oil obtained f r o m the seeds of Clitoria ternatea by p e t r o l e m n e t h e r extraction, followed by a n a n i m a l c h a r c o a l - f u l l e r ' s e a r t h t r e a t m e n t h a s : specific g r a v i t y ( 2 5 ~ 0.9086; n 25, 1.4748; acid value, 6.2; saponification value, 185.98; acctyl value, 5.22; H e h n e r value, 91.82; R. M. value, 0; iodine value, 92.3; t h i o c y a n o g e u value, 62.3; a n d unsaponifiable m a t t e r , 0.8%. The f a t t y acids f o u n d in the oil were: linoleic, ale]e, palm]tic, stearic, and lignoceric in a m o u n t s of 35.06, 34.10, 6.93, 6.6, a n d 10.03%, respectively. T h e unsaponifiablo f r a c t i o n consisted m a i n l y of a sitosterol with sin-ill a u m u n t of a h y d r o c a r b o n . (C. A. 53, 17539) ]{EFINING OF OILS WITH ETHANOL AS A SELECTIVE SOLVFNT. M. J a k y a n d J. P e r e d i (Research I n s t . for P l a n t Oil a n d Chemical t I o u s e h o l d Article I n d u s t r y , B u d a p e s t ) . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 61, 651-656 ( ] 9 5 9 ) . T h e possibilities of oil relining with e t h a n o l as a selective solvent are e x a m i n e d and ewtluated. Tile exl0eriments carried out on a semi-commercial scale confirm t h e r e s u l t s a u d calculations applicable in case of laboratory experiments. APPLICATION OF INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO FATS AND OILS. ]I. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION O~" UNSATURATED Tl~ANS PATTY ACIDS IN MIXTUI~ES OF TRANS AND CIS ISOMERS ANt) SATURATED COMPOURrDS. H. P. K ' n i f m a n n , F. Volbert, and G. M a n k e l ( G e r m a n I n s t . for F a t Research, Miinster, W e s t f . ) . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 61, 643-651 (1959). I n order to deternfine t h e a m o u n t of trans isomers of f a t t y acids, their caters a n d b a r i u m salts were t e s t e d by various m e t h o d s . The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on m o n o e n e compounds, their n a t u r a l a m l synthetic m i x t u r e s , show t h e i n f r a r e d r e g i o n s w h e r e wu'ious m e t h o d s f o r their e v a l u a t i o n s are practicable. T h e d e t e r m i n a tious of trans c o n t e n t in f a t s show t h a t in c e r t a i n cases glyceride s t r u c t u r e s c a n considerably influence the trans c o n t e n t as d e t e r m i n e d by i n f r a r e d spectroscopy a n d yield f a l s e results. INVESTIGATIONS ON TItE EPOXIDATION OF PETKOSELINIC AND PETI%OSELAIDIC ACIDS. M. O. F a r o o q d u d S. M. O s m a n (Dept. of Chemistry, M u s l i m Univ., A l i g a r h , I n d i a ) . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 61, 636-639 (1959). T h e a u t h o r s describe the e p o x i d a t i o n of the cis a n d trans-isonmrs of 6,7-octadccenoic acid with p e r m o n o p h t h a l i e a n d p e r a c e t i e acids as well as the p r e p a r a t i o n of epoxidcs t h r o u g h chlorohydrin s y n t h e s i s . I n f r a red i n v e s t i g a t i o n s showed t h a t d u r i n g epoxidation, these acids or their esters r e t a i n e d their original configurations. THE CHEMICAL CO,NSTITUT~ON OF PLAS~ALO~ENS. I[. Debuch ( h i s t . Biological Chemistry, Univ. Cologne). Fette, Seifen, Anstriehmittel 61, 639-642 (1959). A f t e r g i v i n g a definition of a c e t a l p h o s p h a t i d e s , also called p l a s m a l o g e n s , t h e a u t h o r discusses t h e n a t u r e of aldehyde-glycerol bonds. T h i s l i n k a g e iu t h e p l a s n m l o g e n molecule exists in an ether-like a n d n o t in a n acetal f o r m . T h e a u t h o r h a s n o t been able to e s t a b l i s h the a t t a c h m e n t os t h e a l d e h y d e f u n c t i o n at the alpha or beta position in t h e p l a s m a l o g e n molecule with certainty. PAPER CHlgO,MATOGI~APIIY IN FAT CHElXIISTRY. X~J~X. TIlE PAPER CHROIViATOGRAPIIIC ANALYSIS OF GLYCERIDES. H. P. Kaufmann and ]el. Schnurbusch (Inst. of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, and the German Inst. for Fat ]~eseareh, Miinster, W e s t f . ) . l~'ette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 61, 523-28 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . The a u t h o r s describe a p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c m e t h o d f o r t h e a n a l y s i s of s o y a oil glycerides. P a r a f f i n oil or silicone oil was employed as t h e s t a t i o n a r y phase, a n d a c e t o n e / a e e t o n l t r i l e m i x t u r e s as the mobile phases. T h e glyeeride s p o t s were detected b y saponification of the spots w i t h K O I t on t h e p a p e r ; t h e r e s u l t i n g f a t t y acids were m a d e visible b y t r e a t m e n t with R h o d a m i n e B, V i c t o r i a Blue R, Nile Blue S u l f a t e , etc. T h e identification of t h e i n d i v i d u a l glycerides is a c c o m p l i s h e d by elution, s a p o n i f i c a t i o n , a n d s u b s e q u e n t s e p a r a t i o n of t h e f a t t y acids in a u n d e c a n e / ~ c e t i c acid-acetonitrile s y s t e m . I n this w a y the a u t h o r s were able to s e p a r a t e five different glycerides of soya oil a n d d e t e r m i u c t h e m q u a n t i t a t i v e l y . A c o m p a r i s o n os a n a t u r ~ I s o y a oil a n d a re-esterified p r o d u c t s h o w s a r e m a r k a b l e difference in the glyeeride s t r u c t u r e . SEPARATION OF FATTY ACID ESTERS BY ~AS CHI%OIVfATOGRAPIIY. A. J a r t ( D a n i s h I n s t . os F a t l~esearch, C o p e n h a g e n ) . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 61, 541-547 (1959). W i t h t h e help of g a s c h r o n m t o g r a p h y the a u t h o r a n a l y z e s various f a t s both q u a l i t a t i v e l y a n d q u a n t i t a t i v e l y a f t e r c o n v e r t i n g t h e f a t s to t h e i r m e t h y l esters. A description of t h e a p p a r a t u s u s e d is g i v e n in t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l p a r t a n d t h e r e s u l t s are discussed. F a t t y acids f r o m e i g h t to t w e n t y - f o u r c a r b o n s in l e n g t h were separated.

JANUARY, 1960

ABSTRACTS: F A T S AND OILS

PAPER CI-IROI~IAT0~IRAPHy IN T]-IE FIELD OP FATS AN]) OILS. X X X I . THE ~)AFER C'HRO.3s SEPARATION OP SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL TRIGLYCERIDE MIXTUI~ES. H. P. K a u f m a n n a n d Z. M a k u s ( G e r m a n I n s t . f o r F a t R e s e a r c h , Miinster, W e s t f . ) . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittel 51, 631-636 (1959). U s i n g u n d e c a n e / a c e t l c acid as t h e mobile p h a s e a n d p a p e r m a d e h y d r e p h o b l c with u n d e c a n e or solid paraffin, t h e a u t h o r s s e p a r a t e d v a r i o u s m i x t u r e s c o n s i s t i n g of 12 s y n t h e t i c a n d 17 n a t u r a l f a t s . N e w m e t h o d s of coloration h a v e b e e n employed to m a k e t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e s visible. THE INFLUENCE OP THE QUALITY OF RAPE SEEDS ON THE STABILITY OF THE OIL. A. R u t k o w s k i a n d Z. M a k u s ( I n s t . f o r t h e F a t I n d u s t r y , W a r s a w , P o l a n d ) . Fette, Seifen, Anstrichmittet 51, 532-535 (1959). T h e s t a b i l i t y of r a p e s e e d oil, o b t a i n e d f r o m the seeds a t different s t a g e s of r i p e n i n g , h a s been inv e s t i g a t e d . T h e a u t h o r s f o u n d t h a t c h a n g e in f a t t y acid c o m p o s i t i o n t o w a r d s t h e l a s t s t a g e s of r i p e n i n g does n o t influence the s t a b i l i t y of t h e oil as m u c h as t h e presence of a c c o m p a n y i n g m a t t e r . Oil f r o m ripe r a p e s e e d s h a s been f o u n d to be t h e m o s t stable. S t o r a g e conditions affect t h e oil stability m a r k e d l y . Refined oil o b t a i n e d f r o m seeds affected b y mold is less stable. The free f a t t y acid a n d peroxide c o n t e n t in t h e case of oil f r o m d a m a g e d seeds is higher.

RELATIVE ANTI01XIDANT ACTIVITIES OF THE SEVEN TOCOPHERE)LS. C. Ill. Lea (Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge) and R. J. Ward. J. S~. Food Agr. i0, 537-548 (1959). The three toeophcrols u n s u b s t i t u t e d in t h e 5 position (8, % a n d @ were more effective t h a n t h e other 4 in p r o t e c t i n g carotene in m i n e r a l oil solution a t 75 ~ I n lard esters at 90 ~ a n d in m e t h y l linoleate at 50 ~ 8, % v, a n d fl were the m o s t a n d e, f, a n d a the least effective, t h e precise order d e p e n d i n g on t h e conditions a n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s used. The tocopherols were m u c h less effective in p r o t e c t i n g l a r d esters exposed to light, 8 b e i n g the b e s t of the series. EDInLE OII~ EI~'IULSIO,NS. B e v e r l y M. E a g o n a n d G. K . Gremi n g e r (l)ow Chemical Co.). U. S. 2,906,626. Edible oil emulsions h a v i n g i m p r o v e d shelf life a n d resistance to m i c r o b i a l "tttaek are m a d e by a process in which a h y d r o x y p r o p y l m e t h y l cellulose (2 to 5 % b y w e i g h t ) is w e t t e d with a n edible oil (5 to '25% by w e i g h t ) and. emulsified by ;~dding to it w i t h a g i t a t i o n to a q u e o u s p r o p y l e n e glycol (5 to 30% b y w e i g h t p r o p y l e n e glycol). Po~i< RIND COOKING PROCESS. E. D. O ' B r i e n a n d R. E. O ' B r i e n . U. S. 2,907,660. A p u f f e d edible food p r o d u c t is p r o d u c e d by h e a t i n g b a c o n r i n d s with b a c o n g r e a s e at p r e s s u r e s of 5 to 20 p.s.i. l lVl)aOGENATE]) LECITHIN AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING SAME. II. I). Cole (Glidden Co.). U. S. 2,907,777. Vegetat)le l)hosplmtidcs are h y d r o g e n a t e d in t h e presence of c h l o r i n a t e d solvents a n d a p l a t i n u m or p a l l a d i u m c a t a l y s t at b e t w e e n 0 a n d 120 ibm g a u g e p r e s s u r e a n d a t e m p e r a t u r e b e t w e e n 32 :tnd 17501,`" ]~ECI,AIMING OIL COMFOSITION AND ~{ETHOD DIP [V[AKING IT. E. A. V a n V a l k e n b u r g h . U. S. 2,908,676. A process for the p r e p a r a t i o n of a tall oil s u i t a b l e f o r use in r e c l a i m i n g r u b b e r is described. I t e a t i n g t h e crude tall oil a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 130 ~ for 24 to 36 h o u r s a n d t h e n a d d i n g 3.5 to 7.5% of a s t a b i l i z i n g sohltion (liquid arom'~tic h y d r o c a r b o n oils, liquid n a p h t h e n i c oils, diethylenc glycol, or m i x t u r e s of such m a t e r i a l s ) p r e v e n t s c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n of t h e abietlc acid. GI~AVy O~ SAUCE 3/IIx. H. ~[. K e l l e r (General Mills, I n c . ) . U . S .

2,909,43i. A d r y g r a v y or sauce m i x consists of s t a r c h or cereal flour ( 6 5 - 8 5 % ) , a l e a v e n i n g a g e n t ( 1 0 - 2 0 % ) , a n d a s e p a r a t i n g m e d i u m f o r tile s t a r c h p a r t i c l e s ( 5 - 1 5 % ) . The separating m e d i u m m a y be a ]iq])id oil, h y d r o g e n a t e d v e g e t a b l e shortening, a n i m a l f a t , or whey solids. FLUID SI~ORTENING. ~ . L. L i n t e r i s (Lever t~ros. Co.). U. S. 2,909,432. A stable liquid s h o r t e n i n g which will p r o d u c e cakes c o m p a r a b l e to t h o s e m a d e with :dl h y d r o g e n a t e d superglycerin a t e d p l a s t i c s h o r t e n i n g consists of a n edible liquid oil containi n g 1 to 8 % of a non-fish oil h y d r o g e n a t e d triglyceride. COATING Ol~ RAISINS AND OTHER FOODS. G. G. W a i t e r s a n d J. E. Brekke (Secy. Agr., U. S. A . ) . U. S. 2,909,435. F o o d s such as raisins w h i c h h a v e s u r f a c e deposits of s u g a r , a r e first coated with s t a r c h a n d t h e n with a w a x plasticized w i t h lecithin or a n a c e t y l a t e d glyceride. WAX POLISH. R. G. L a n d w e r l e n a n d I{. W. V a h l t e i c h (Corn P r o d u c t s Co.). U. S. 2,909,437. T h e a d d i t i t o n of u d~ulkyI citrate (dioleyl or distcaryl) to a c a r n a u b a w a x f o r m u l a t i o n

55

p r o d u c e s a polish which is easily b u f f e d , h a s h i g h gloss, an(] h a s no t e n d e n c y to chalk. SPERI~[ OIL ESTEI~ ADDUCTS. J. Dazzi ( M o n s a n t o Chemical Co.). U. S. 2,909536. A d d u c t s f o r m e d b y h e a t i n g s p e r m oil with a n alkyl f u m a r a t e a r e u s e f u l as p]asticizers f o r v i n y l chloride polymers.

VEGETABL]] OILS. VII. STROPI-IANTHUS SEED OILS. F. D. Gunstone (Chemistry Dept., The University, St. Andrews) and L. J. 5{orris. J. Sci. Food Agr. I0, 522-526 (1959). The fatty acid c o m p o s i t i o n of 13 species of Strophanthus oils were d e t e r m i n e d . All c o n t a i n e d 9-hydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid ( 6 - 1 5 % ) a n d m a y also c o n t a i n m i n o r a m o u n t s (less t h a n 0 . 1 % ) of erythro-9,10-dih y d r o x y s t e a r i c acid. S a t u r a t e d acids were p r e s e n t a t concent r a t i o n s of 24 • 3 % , a n d the oleic a n d linoleic acid c0neentralions v a r i e d inversely. The f o r m e r rose f r o m 29 to 4 5 % while t h e l a t t e r fell f r o n l 37 to 21%. STORAGE OF HAY. I. EFFECTS GF TEMPERATURE ON THE. ~tSoLUBLE'' NITROGEN, SUGAI~, AND FAT CONTENTS. J e a n F. Couchm a n ( F o d d e r C o n s e r v a t i o n Section, C o m m o n w e a l t h Scientific & I n d u s t r i a l Res. Org., Melbourne, A u s t r a l i a ) . J. Set. Food Agr. 10, 513-519 (1959). A f t e r s t o r a g e a~ t e m p e r a t u r e s b e t w e e n - 1 8 a n d 32 ~ the total crude f a t c o n t e n t s of t h e h a y s decreased. Real losses of f a t t y m a t e r i a l s seemed unlikely, b u t it w a s possible t h a t c h a n g e s h a d occurred in the f a t s wMch led to a decrease in t h e i r solubility. I~EFINING 0~" FATTY ACID :ESTERS FOR FOO:D USE. NobIee & Thoerl G.m.b.I-I. Brit. 804,022. A n i m p r o v e d p r o c e d u r e is described f o r deacidifieation in one s t e p of f a t t y acid esters, especially t h o s e i n t e n d e d for h u n m n c o n s u m p t i o n , b y a d d i t i o n o f controlled a m o u n t s of w a t c r a n d alkali. A n a m o u n t of alkali a t least sufficient to m m t r a l i z c t h e free acid p r e s e n t is a d d e d to t h e ester. T h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n is such t h a t t h e total a m o u n t of w a t e r p r e s e n t is _--< 1.5 t i m e s the w e i g h t of soap f o r m e d . T h i s a m o u n t of w a t e r is u s u a l y sufficient to u n i t e these s o a p s into solid c o n g l o m e r a t e s which adsorb other undesirable i m p u r i t i e s , such as nickel c:d:dysts, a n d are readily removed f r o m t h e n e u t r a l oil by c c n t r i f u g a l s e p a r a t o r s . (C. A. 53, 19220) ]~STE~IPICA'PION O]0~ FATqW ACIDS WITll Al,(!oiioI,s. A. Milbers ( M e t a ] l g e s e l l s c h a f t Akt.-Ges.). Gcr. 951,070. F a t t y acids are esterified w i t h glycerol or other :alcohols in vaeuo at "~0 70 ram. to o b t a i n oils or f a t s with snmll a m o u n t s of by-products. T h e process is accelerated by a d d i n g t h e distillation p r o d u c t s (glycerol a n d possibly f a t t y acids) p o r t i e n w i s e to t h c r e a c t i o n vessel, C o n t i n u o u s recycling requires approxim'~tely double the time. C o n d e n s a t i o n of the distillation p r o d u c t s t a k e s pl'~ce a t 3 - 5 ram. U p o n c o n d e n s a t i o n at h i g h v,teuum, m) d'~rkening of the distillate t a k e s plaee. Efficient m i x i n g is n e c e s s a r y f o r h i g h yields. S t e m n is also l)assed in at t h e b o t t o m of the reactor. T h e c r u d e p r o d u c t is refined b y b e a t i n g the re'lotion m i x t u r e in a h i g h v a c u u m a n d distilling off the excess of f a t t y acids a n d o t h e r volatile compounds. C~,t:tlysts a r e p h o s p h a t e s of h e a v y m e t a l s or b e t t e r of alkali or :dknlim~ e'~rth m e t a l s . T h e procedure t a n also be ,~pplie.d to resinous :lml other acids. (C. A. 53, 18517) TRANS~ TRANS-MUC(~N1C ACID AND lg~S'l'l':l~S. I I . S a u e r a n d A. T u s e h (R,iitgerswerke Akt.-Gce.). (;or. 956,502. Adipie acid esters a r e c h l o r i n a t e d in the presence of I/ld:~, or its complex c o m p o u n d s to t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g a,a'-dichloroadipic acid esters a n d hydrochloric acid is split off in u s u a l m a n n e r . (C. A. 53, 18872) APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTION O1~' ()11, (!ONTAIN1NG ~[ATERIALS. P. G o r d i n s k y a n d F . K r u d c w i g ( M i n e Vertricl)sgcsellschaft ln.h.It.). Get. 1,004,309. Addition to (Icl.. 951,031. (C. A. 53,

i9418) APPARATUS FOR EXTRACTION OF FINEI,V POWI)FRI,;I) OIL-CONTAINING ~ATFAglALS. I-I. S t o l t e n b c r g ( T i j m e n v:ln der M e u l e n G.m. b . t t . ) . Get. J,OOg,310. E x t r a c t i o n , for e x a m p l e of polished rice flour w i t h solvents, e.g., benzene, is done in c o u n t e r c u r r e n t flow with t h e a p p a r a t u s described. (C. ,4. 53, 19418) BLEAOIIING OF WAXES) :FATTY OILS, AND FATS. R. Schil'mer, It. Voit, a n d H. H o y e r ( F a r b w e r k e H o e c h s t Akt. Ges. vorm. Meister L u c i u s & B r u n i n g ) . Get. 1,007,918. B l e a c h i n g is accomplished b y u s e of c h r o m i u m trioxide + s u l f u r i c acid in presence of f o a n l destroyers, i f necessary. T h e m i x t u r e t h e n p a s s e s t h r o u g h one or m o r e g a s or vapor s e p a r a t o r s . A t one or more locations in each s e p a r a t o r , f r e s h b l e a c h i n g a g e n t , or a t l e a s t one e ( m s t i t u e n t o f it, is a d d e d to t h e r e a c t i o n m i x t u r e . (C. A. 53, 19416)

56

Tile

,JOURNAL OF

TIlE A M E R I C A N O I L C H E M I S T S '

APPARATUS FOR PERIODIC CLARIFICATION OF ~LEACHED OILY SUSPENSIONS. W. B u d d c b c r g a n d H. v. P o s e r n ( K r a u s s - M a f f e i

I m p e r i a l G.m.b.H. & Co.). Get. 1,007,919. The solid bleaching a g e n t , e.g., b l e a c h i n g earth, is removed f r o m the suspensions by a c e n t r i f u g a l a p p a r a t u s . (C. A. 53, ]9418) MIxrruI~,ES O'P PARAFFIN WAXES AND W A X CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.

II. Kol]ing a n d E. RaI)pen (Rnln'chcmie Akt.-Gcs.). Get. 1,00g,726. T h e k n o w n process f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g h e a t - r e s i s t a n t , anh y d r o u s waxy p a s t e s f r o m m i x t u r e s (C~r p r e p a r e d front paraffin h y d r o c a r b o n s by chlol'i,mti:m, d e h y d r o O d o r i n a t i o n , cata lyric a d d i t i m t of water gas, h y d r o g e n a t i o n , a n d u s e of a n alkali melt is i m p r o v e d by m i x i n g 0.7-3.0 p a r t s by w e i g h t of a C ~ CaD m i x t u r e of a l)artially lime-saponified w a x carboxylie acid :rod paraffin w a x e s c o n t a i n i n g 10 3 0 % calcium soap with 1 p a r t by w e i g h t of a m i x t u r e of paraffin waxes a n d w a x earboxylie acids h a v i n g > 3 0 c a r b o n a t o m s a n d p r e f e r a b l y s e p a r a t i n g 1 0 - 3 0 % eompoun(ls with a h)w solidilieation p o i n t by exh'~clion with carbonyl c()l,_tail:illg solvents (acetone) before imrtial n e u t r a l i z a t i o n of the C:s (L, m i x t u r e . T h e m i x t u r e s are p r e f e r ably p r e I m r c d f r o m solid I)araffn h y d r o c a r b o n s ol)tained by hydrogemd, im~ of CO. (C. A. 53, 18518) ~{EI,'INING AND STADILIZATI(IN ()~' FATTY IHYDROXYL AND CAR-

HOXYL COMPOIJNDS. i . Nichterlein. Ger. 1,001,013. T h e process deals with the t r e a t m e n t of h y d r o x y l t e r m i n a l l y s u b s t i t u t e d c o m p o u n d s a n d cstcrified or unestcrified carboxyl c o m p o u n d s with a n u n s a t u r a t e d carbOl~ chain. O x y g e n accepters, e.g., h)wcr a l i p h a t i c :dd(dlydes, s u l f u r o u s acid, sulfites, bisulfites. (lithionites, or sulfoxyb~tes are use(I, either as such or in t h e f o r m of t h e i r a d d i t i o n coml)ounds with lower a l i p h a t i c aldehydes, at s u p e r a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e a n d an elewtted t e n l p e r a t a r e . Rea c t i o n t a k e s place with exclusion of air at 2-50 a t m o s p h e r e s p r e s s u r e a n d a t e m p e r a t u r e close to the. boiling l)oint of water. Fro" ex'~mple, ranci(1 n e u t r a l f a t s or ft, t t y alcohols with olefinic c h a i n s are t r e a t e d with sulfurolls acid a n d s o d i m n acid sulfite or s o d i m n hyposulfite in a n autocl:~ve a t 3 atnu)sl)heres p r e s s u r e a n d 105 ~ u n t i l t h e pcroxi(h* mmd~er is zero. A total a d d i t i o n of 0.2% is required. The stabilized f a t is s u b s e q u e n t l y deodorized with s t e a m u n d e r reduced pressure until it is pale in color a n d odorless. (C. A. 53, 1941(i) Blfl"ACHING OF ()ILS ANI) FATS. K . K i i h n ( K : d i - C h e m i e Akt.Ges.). Ger. 1,012,014. A h i g h l y viscous solution of a n alkali m e t a l p y r o p h o s p h a t e in h y d r o g e n peroxide C l - 3 : 7 mole ratio) is u s e d a s b l e a c h i n g agent, e.g., 45?'0 Nu~P,OT, 4 4 % ]I~O~, and 1 1 % w a t e r . (C. A. 53, 19516) PURIFICATION OF I~]ICE.LLA-CONTAINING SEDIMENT.

W . De[)ller.

Get. 1~015,560. T h e 1)recess relates to t h e i)urification of micella, f o r example, of oil seeds, i , the solvent f r o m the extractors. ( C . A . 5 3 , 1 9 4 1 8 ) F A T LIQUO,RS FROM NONFI)IRIAr OIL. ~Y. R a d h a n a n d a k i s h o r e a n d g . N a y u d a m m a ( h l d i . l n Coum.iI of A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h ) . India~ 62,348. P o n g a m oil is s u l f o n a t e d to yield a f a t liquor. (C. A. 53, 18518) SEPARATION OF 5]IXTURES 0F SYNTHETIC FAT'r~f ACIDS.

B. N.

T y u t y u n n i k o v , N. K . M a n ' k o v s k a y a , a n d G. B. A l ' t e r r u a n . U. S. S. R. J17,330. The m i x t u r e of s y n t h e t i c f a t t y acids is n e u t r a l i z e d w i t h an alkali a n d the a q u e o u s solution of the neutralized m i x t u r e is t r e a t e d with c a r b o n dioxide a t < 6 5 ~ a n d =<50 a t n m s p h e r e s . The r e s u l t i n g s u s p c n s i m t of acid s a l t s in a n a q u e o u s b i c a r b o n a t e solution a n d a salt o f low molecular w e i g h t f a t t y acids is filtered, c e n t r i f u g e d , or allowed to settle. The p r e c i p i t a t e is t r e a t e d consecutively or s i m u l t a n e o u s l y with a n a q u e o u s alcohol solution a n d a h y d r o p h o b i e s o l v e n t f o r f a t s . The alcohol causes t h e acid s a l t s to dissolve in the h i g h - m o l e c u h l r f a t t y acids, which in t u r n dissolve in t h e h y d r o p h o b i c solvent a n d n e u t r a l s a l t s of Iow-molecular f a t t y acids, which dissolve in t h e a q u e o u s alcohol layer. T h e l a t t e r is m i x e d w i t h a new aliquot of h y d r o p h o b i e solvent, a n d the r e s u l t i n g m i x t u r e is t r e a t e d w i t h c a r b o n dioxide. T h e s e p a r a t i o n of f r a c t i o n s is r e p e a t e d as a.bove. I n a~mther procedure, t h e originM m i x t u r e of f a t t y acid salts is t r e a t e d with c a r b o n dioxide in t h e presence of a h y d r o p h o b i e solvent for f a t s . (C. A. 53, 19417)

9 Fatty SYNTHESIS

Acid

O f LONG-CtIAIN

Derivatives FATTY

ACID AMIDES

OF AMINO

ACIDS. B. W e i s s (Dept. of Bioehem., C o l u m b i a U n i v . a n d N. Y. S t a t e P s y c h i a t r i c I n s t . ) . J. OrE. Chem. 24, 1367 (1959). The no~n a q u e o u s s y s t e m u s e d f o r prep'~ration of l o n g - e h a l n f a t t y acid a m i d e s o f s p h i n g o s i n e a n d d i h y d r o s p h i n g o s i n e h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l l y e x t e n d e d to t h e s y n t h e s i s of several l o n g - c h a i n f a t t y acid a m i d e s o f serine a n d its m e t h y l ester.

SOCIETY

VOL. 37

I~fPREOI~ATING AGENT. A Doser ( F a r b e n f a b r i k e n B a y e r A k t i e n g e s e l l s e h a f t ) . U. S. 2,906,776. Textile m a t e r i a l s are i m p r e g Dated with a q u e o u s solutions or dispersions of stearyl e a r b a m i c acid a n d dried a t t e m p e r a t u r e s above 100 ~ to give waterrepellent finishes. FUNGIC'IDAL PICEPAI~ATIONS. G. S. H a r t l e y a n d P . O. P a r k (Fisons P e s t Control Ltd., B o u r n , E n g l a n d ) . U. S. 2,907,691. A c e r t a i n g r o u p of c o m p o u n d s are claimed to act both as dispersing a g e n t s a n d as s t i c k i n g a g e n t s in a n a g r i c u l t u r a l s p r a y . These c o m p o u n d s are s a l t s of a volatile base ( a m m o n i a , trie t h y l a m i n e , etc.) a n d a long-chain f a t t y acid, either s a t u r a t e d or c o n t a i n i n g a t least 2 double bonds. ]dETHODS PeR PR0JDUCING BE,ADLETS. H . M. K a s c h e r ( E a s t m a n K o d a k Co.). U. S. 2,908,041. A m e t h o d is described f o r beadi n g a solid, f u s i b l e h i g h e r f a t t y acid ester of glyeerine.

WAX E~ULSION POLISHES. G. B a r k e r ( W i l c o Chemical Co., i n c . ) . U. S. 2,908,578. I n g r e d i e n t s include w a x or wax-like resins a n d f r o m 5 to 30% of a reaction p r o d u c t of (1) a watersoluble a m i n e a n d (2) a n a m i d e of an alcohol n o n t e r t i a r y a m i n e in which one reactive h y d r o g e n h a s been replaced by a f a t t y acid acyl radical of 8 to 24 carbon a t o m s aa~d a second reactive h y d r o g e n h a s b e e n replaced by a n aeyl radical of a polycarboxylic acid, e.g., oleic acid a m i d e of m o n o e t h a n o l a m i n e m a l e a t e . ANTI-RUST ElgULSION RESISTANT MINERAL OIL O0MPOSITION.

E. P . C u n n i n g h a m & D. W . D i n s m o r e ( M o n s a n t o Chemical Co.). U. S. 2,908,649. A corrosion inhibitor consists of (1) m h m r a l oil, (2) a reaction p r o d u c t of a f a t t y acid of 10 to 30 carbon a t o m s with a p o l y a l k y l e n e p o l y a m i n e a n d a n alkenyl suecinie a n h y d r i d e , (3) a dimeric acid p r o d u c e d by c o n d e n s a t i o n of u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids of 16 to 18 c a r b o n atoms, a n d (4) alkyl s u b s t i t u t e d p h e n y l esters of p h o s p h o r i c acid. A . W. A n d e r s o n qnd J. L. M e l s t a d ( D e w Chemical Co.). U. S. 2,908,681. F a t t y acid esters o f octakis (2d~ydroxypropyl) sucrose in which 1 to 8 of the h y d r o x y l g r o u p s h a v e been esterified a r e u s e d f o r s u r f a e tants, a n t i - f o a m a g e n t s , plastieizers, t h e r m o p l a s t i c water-soluble resins, s u r f a c e coatings, a n d modifiers in a l k y d or u r e t h a n e resins. ESTERS OF 2-I~YDROXYFR@FYL SUCROSE.

|TACONIC ACID-AMINE NEAOTION PRODUCT. ]~. E. I l a l t e r a n d J. J. M c G r a t h ( G u l f Research a n d D e v e l o p m e n t Co.). U. ,% 2,908,71Z. A n t i - r u s t "~gents are p r e p a r e d b y the reaction of itaconic acid with a d b n n i n e c o n t a i n i n g a n aliphatic radic'fl of 8 to 30 c a r b o n a t o m s ( 3 - " s o y a " - a m i n o p r o p y l a m i n e ) . M],~THOD OF ~OATING ARTICLES OF FOOD AND PRO'DUCT OWPAINED

THEREBY. L o r r a i n e E. P a t t e n a n d H. C. K e l l y (Dew Chemical Co.). U. S. 2,909,434. A typical hot m e l t c o a t i n g consists of ethyl cellulose, a non-toxic plasticizer such as a f a t t y acid derivative, m i n e r a l oil, wax, a n epoxidized n a t u r a l glyeeride o f u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y aeids, a n d a n a n t i o x i d a n t . ALKADIENGDI(}ATE--EUMARATE~ ADDUCTSj METHOD 0,P MAKING, AND POLYVINYL CHLORIDE PLASTICIZED Tt~EI%EWITH. J . D a z z i

( M o n s a n t o Chemical Co.). U. S. 2,909,500. P l a s t i e i z e r s f o r polyvinyl chloride are p r e p a r e d b y t h e r e a c t i o n of alkyl or a l k o x y a l k y l f u m a r a t e (1 to 8 carbon a t o m s in each alkyl radical) with a long-chain (20 to 30 carbon a t o m s ) n o n - c o n j u g a t e d dialkyl alkadienedioate. I n a typical example, all-n-butyl 1,12eicosadienedioate is r e a c t e d with d i m - b u t y l f u m a r a t e by refluxing u n d e r n i t r o g e n f o r a b o u t 8 h o u r s at 240 ~ ~ 0 V E L ~[IGI-IER ALIPHATIC ACID ~ERIVATIVE.S AND C0'MPO,SIT'IONS

CONTAININ~ TI~E SADIE. E. J a n g e r m a n n ( C o l g a t e - P a l m o l i v e Co.). U. S. 2,909,535. The p r e p a r a t i o n of such c o m p o u n d s as menD-sodium m o n o m e t b y l N - l a a r o y l a s p a r t a t e a n d menD-sodium m o n o m e t h y l N - m y r i s t o y l g l u t a m a t e a n d their inclusion in d e n t a l creams, t o o t h powders, a n d m o u t h washes a r e described.

A PROCESS FOR 'rH]~ PREFARATION OF HIGH ~/[OLE.C'ULAR WEIGHT CONDENSATION PRODUCTS. C. B. L i n n ( U n i v e r s a l Oil P r o d u c t s Co.). U. S. 2,909,539. A m o n o b a s i c a l i p h a t i e acid such as oleic is c o n d e n s e d with a diaryl-desoxy-glucitol s u c h a s 1,1-diphenyl1-desoxy-glueitol in the presence of a h y d r o g e n fluoride catalyst to give a p r o d u c t suitable for u s e in t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of s u r f a c e coatings, plastieizers, or d e t e r g e n t s . ~/[ONOGLYCEI~IDE PI~EPARATION. G. E. W o o d s ( A t l a s P o w d e r Co.). U. S. 2~909,540. M o n o g l y c e r i d e s a r e o b t a i n e d by r e a e t i o n of glycerol with t r i g l y e e r i d e oil at t e m p e r a t u r e s of a b o u t 240250 ~ in t h e presence of an alkaline c a t a l y s t . H i g h yields a r e o b t a i n e d if, a t completion o f the reaction, t h e m i x t u r e is cooled r a p i d l y b y a d d i n g glycerol to the m i x t u r e a n d distilling glycerol off w i t h o u t a d d i n g heat. R e v e r s i o n to h i g h e r glyeerides a n d f r e e glycerol is t h u s prevented.

,IANUARY, 1 9 6 0

9 Biology

ABSTRACTS: BIOLOGY AND N U T R I T I O N

and N u t r i t i o n

T H E I~OLE Ot~ Ct-IOLESTEROL ESTEI~S IN THE TRANSPORT OE FATS.

F. T a y e a u a n d R. N i v e t ( F a c . m6d. B o r d e a u x , F r a n c e ) . J . physiol. ( P a r i s ) 49, 399-40'1 (1957). E s t e r s o f cholesterol are considered to p l a y a g r e a t e r p a r t in the t r a n s p o r t of f a t s a n d in the deposition of f a t t y acids in adipose tissue t h a n h a s been supposed. (C. A. 53, 18234) SERU)J: TRIGLYCERIDES IN CORONAP~Y ARTERY DISEASE. M a r g a r e t

J. Albrink, E v e l y n B. M a n , a n d P . B o n d y ( Y a l e U n i v . ) . Trans. Assoc. A m . l~hysicians 71, 162-73 (1958). T r i g l y e e r i d e f a t t y acids of the s e r m n were d e t e r m i n e d by s u b t r a c ' i o n f r o m its t o t a l f a t t y acids t h e s u m of t h o s e p r e s e n t as cholesterol esters a n d in phospholipides. E l e v a t i o n of s e r u m t r i g l y c e r i d e s abovc 5.5 m i l l i e q u i w d e n t / 1 ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y 160 ing./100 cc.) occurred in only 5 % of t h e n o r m a l y o u n g adults, in no m o r e t h a n 3 0 % of the n o r m a l m e n over 50, and, e x c l u d i n g the effects of a c u t e disease, in 8 5 - 9 0 % of p a t i e n t s with coronary a r t e r y disease. Few, if any, other lipide m e a s u r e m e n t s which have been reported effect so clear-cut a s e p a r a t i o n between n o r m a l individuals a n d those with c o r o n a r y disease. A n error in the m e t a b olism of triglycerides is the lipide a b n o r m a l i t y operative in c o r o n a r y a r t e r y disease. (C. A. 53, 19113) EFFECT OF a-ToCOPHEROL ON SEIgUM LIPIDES AND LIPOPI~O'TEINS IN EXPERIMENTAL CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS. B. K r i s h n a ,

R. N. Chakr~varti, a n d S. t i . Zaidi ( C e n t r a l D r u g R e s e a r c h Inst., L u c k n o w ) . J. Sci. Ind. Research ( I n d i a ) 18C, 57-61 (1959). P a r e n t e r ' A a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of DL-a-tocopherol a c e t a t e d u r i n g the d e v e l o p m e n t of e x p e r i m e n t a l atherosclerosis in rabbits produced p r o g r e s s i v e h y p e r c h o l e s t e r o l e m i a a n d fl-lipop r o t e i n e m i a with a m a r k e d rise of t h e total eholesterol/llpide P ratio a n d cholesterol f r o m t h e fl-zonc of a n electrophoretog r m n . I n the n n t l ' e a t e d aninlals f e d with cholesterol in olive oil, peak of hyl)ercholesterolemia was n o t e d at six weeks which was m a i n t a i n e d n p to 12 weeks. F e e d i n g of olive oil did n o t give rise to an increase of s c r m n cholesterol level b u t p r o d u c e d relative increase (if s e r u m fl-lipoproteins. (C. A. 53, 19104) SERUM (?IIOIA,;STFR:)L I{FSPONSE IN ~[AN T0 ORAL INGESTION 0P

AIgACrIIDONIC ACID. A. K e y s , J. T. A n d e r s o n , a n d F. G r a n d e ( H a s t i n g s S t a t e llosp., Minneapolis, M i n n . ) . A m . J . Clin. Nulrition 7, 444-50 (1!159). Six m i d d l e - a g e d m e n i n g e s t e d capsules c o n t a i n i n g a c o n c e n t r a t e of a r a c h i d o n i c acid d u r i n g experim e n t a l periods, or oleic acids d u r i n g control periods. T h r e e other m e n h a d only oleic acid capsules. T h e dosage of araehi(Ionic aeid wqs 4 - 5 g. daily for 11 days. The c o n c e n t r a t i o n of term cholesterol did not c h a n g e d u r i n g the first few days, b u t tended to rise t h e r e a f t e r , a n d it r e m a i n e d elevated following the withdrawal of t h e a r a c h i d o n i c acid. (C. A. 53, 19127) I{IOSYNTItESIS OP (}I[O,LESq'EIg0L AND FATTY ACIDS AND HEPATIC

]r 1+. P a o l e t t i (Univ. M i l a n ) . Rend. ist. lombardo sci. Pt. I Classc N<'i. mat. c nat. 92, 3 8 9 4 0 0 (1958). T h e i n e o f poration of a e e t a t e - / - C TM, b u t y r a t e - l - C ~4, a n d glucose-U-C t+ into r e g e n e r a t i n g liver was s t u d i e d in r a t s a f t e r p a r t i a l h e p n t e c t o m y . T h e ineorporati
TA:mtcIr~. W. W. :Reid (Research Dept., C a r r e r a s Ltd., S t a n h o p e Street, I m n d o n , N . W . 1). Chem. df Iud. 1959, The lipids of t:~baco p l a n t s f e d carbon-14 p r e c u r s o r s were ;,rated a n d f r a c t i o i m t e d . I l i g h e r i n c o r p o r a t i o n of a c t i v i t y f o u n d in the h a r d resin f r a c t i o n .

221 656. sepwas

SERUS[ LIP0,PROTEINS AND ATHEI~OSCLER0~SIS 1N TIlE ELDERLY.

P. G. A e k e r m a n n , G. Tore, a n d W. B. K o u n t z (St. L o u i s Chronic Hosp., St. Louis, M e . ) . Congr. Intern. Assoc. GcrontoL 41h, Merano, I t a l y 2, 18 22 (1957). The a u t h o r s f o u n d t h a t the use of zone eleetrophoresis in a s t a r c h - s u p p o r t e d m e d i u m served as a u s e f u l tool in the s t u d y of the s e r u m l i p o p r o t e i n s in ehlerly individuals. T h e p e r c e n t a g e of cholesterol in t h e flf r a c t i o n increased with a n increase in the total eholesteroh I n :all r a n g e s the p e r c e n t a g e s of cholesterol in the fl-fraetion w a s less for w o m e n t h a n for men. I n c r e a s e d fl-lipoprotein levels :drove t h a t which would be expected f r o m the cholesterol level u s u a l l y indicates a~x i n c r e a s e d t e n d e n c y t o w a r d c a r d i o v a s c u l a r disease. A correlation also exists b e t w e e n the p r e s e n c e of a high a~-lipoprotein level a n d a h i s t o r y of previous m y o e a r d i a ! i n f a r c t i o n s . (C. A. 53, 18225) EEEECT 0P /~-SITO,STElg0L ON SERU3J[ (?ItOLESTEROL CONCENTRA-

'PlO'N IN THE RAT. N a r i n d a r N a t h a n d A. E. H a r p e r ( U n i v . of Wisconsin, M a d i s o n ) . Am. J. Physiol. 197, 102-4 (1959). flSitosterol, a d d e d to a diet c o n t a i n i n g cholesterol alone or with

57

cholic acid, d i m i n i s h e d the a c c u m u l a t i o n of s e r u m a n d liver cholesterol in the rat. A d d i t i o n of fl-sitosterol to a diet containi n g corn oil e n h a n c e d t h e h y p o c h o l e s t e r e m i c effect of corn oil. Calciferol a n d Q275 ( e o e n z y m o Q of L e s t e r , et al.) when f e d to rats, h a d no s i g n i ~ e a n t effect on s e r u m cholesterol concentration, b u t calciferol c a u s e d a n increase in the deposition of cholesterol in the liver. (C. A. 53, 18221) T H E ANTI-CORONARY CLUB, INCLUDING A DISCUSSION 0I~ THE EFFF, CTS OP h PRUDENT D I E T ON THE SERUM CHOLESTEROL LEVEL

OE MIDDLE-AGED MEN. N. Jolliffe, S. H. I/lazier, a n d M. A r c h e r (Dept. of H e a l t h , N e w York, N. Y.). A m . J. Clin. Nutrition 7, 451-62 (1959). The a v e r a g e control cholesterol level of 79 m e n of n o r m a l weight, a g e d 50-59 years, was 251 m g . / 1 0 0 m h T h e y were placed on a diet of 2000-2700 calories with f a t 66-97 g., p r o t e i n 130-150 g., a n d c a r b o h y d r a t e 225-80 g. A f t e r 6 m o n t h s on this diet the g r o u p cholesterol a v e r a g e fell to 222 rag./100 ml. (C. A. 53, 18209) CODLIVE~ OIL AS BOTH SOURCE AND ANTAGONIST 0E VIT'AMIN E .

T. Moore, I. M. S h a r m a n , a n d R.. J. W a r d (Univ. C a m b r i d g e , E n g l . ) . Brit. J. N u t r i t i o n 13, 100~-10 (1959). Codliver oil showed 10 rag. o f a-tocopherol per 100 g. b y chemical tests. O t h e r f o r m s of tocopherol were not present. E v e n t h e inclusion of 19% codliver ell in the diet of r a t s f a i l e d to p r e v e n t t h e a b n o r m a l i t i e s caused b y a v i t a m i n o s i s E. These were r e a d i l y p r e v e n t e d b y a small weekly dose of DL-a-tocopherol acetate. The f a i l u r e of whole cod]iver oil to act as a good source of v i t a m i n E in accordance with the r e s u l t s of chemical t e s t s is e x p l a i n e d b y the a n t a g o n i s t i c action o f i t s other c o m p o n e n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y its h i g h l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids. (C. A. 53, 19065) THE CONVERSION OF ll-CIS- INTO ALL-TItANS-VITAMIN A IN THE RAT. P. A. P l a c k ( N a t l . I n s t . R e s e a r c h D a i r y i n g , Shinfield, E n g l . ) . Brit. J. N v t r i l i o n 13, ] l l 27 (1959). The biological a c t i v i t y of ]l-cis-vitamin A in the rat is due to its conversion predomin,qtely into the all-trans f o r m in t h e small i n t e s t i n e a n d at other sites. 41 references. (C. A. 53, 19066) FEEDING PIGS ON A L0.~V-FAT 1)IET WITH AN[) WITHOUT SUPPLE7vIENTAKY TOCOPHEI~OL. G. A. ( ] a r t o n , W . ]~. H . D u n c a n , K . A.

M a d s e n , P. L. Sharks, :tv(I I. S. l>,e',t+ie (l~<)wett Research Inst., B u e k s b r u n , S c o t l a n d ) . Brit. J. N , t r i l i o n 12, 97-105 (1958). Typical s y m p t o m s of v i t a m i n E deficiency could n o t be r e a d i l y induced. S o m e w h a t a b n o r m a l livers were noted in p i g s h a v i n g s e r u m tocopherol vahies of 25 to 5(} per 100 ml. TAver lesions, especially portal febrosis, seena,d to 1)e assoeiated with toeopherol depletion. No d y s t r o p h i c nmseles were observed in toeopherol deficient pigs. (C. A. 53, 19065) NUTRITIONAL ]~OLE (I~+ ANTIOXII)ANTS IN TIIE 1)IET OF TIlE I~AT.

H. H. l)raper, S. Goodyear, K. ]). Barbee, a n d B. C o n n e r J o h n son (Univ. of Illinois, U r b a n a ) . Brit. J. N~ltrition 12, 89--97 (1958). W h e n s u p p h , m e n t e d with iV, N'-dipheny]-p-phenylenedi'mfinc or m e t h y l e n e blue, v i t a m i n E deficient diets c o n t a i n i n g distilled lard as a f~tt sour(q, s u s t a i n e d r e p r o d u c f i v i t v in 6(} f e m a l e r a t s d u r i n g 2 r e p r o d u c t i v e cycles. (C. A. 53, 19065) INTERRELATION 0,1~~ CITOI,ESTEROL~ PALMITIC ACID~ AND IJ'NSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE (]ROWING MOUSE AND RAT. D. K .

B e s s h a r d t , Maria K r y v o k u l s k y , a n d E. E. IIowe (Merck I n s t i t u t e f o r T h e r a p e u t i c Research, l{ahway, New J e r s e y ) . J. Nutrition 69, 185-190 (1959). W e a n l i n g male mice grow well on a purified diet c o n t a i n i n g 2(1% of p a l m i t i c acid a n d 1 % of cholesterol, b u t s u c c u m b or fail to grow when 0.1% of oleic acid is a d d e d to the diet. F u r t h e r addition of as little as 0.1% of t h i s acid a g a i n a f f o r d s good g r o w t h and survival. I f 0.1% of lino]eic acid is h m o r p o r a t e d into the diet, the critical lethal lew~l of oleie acid becomes 0.8% a n d a g a i n i n c r e a s i n g t h e oleic acid f e d a f f o r d s survival a n d a r a p i d r a t e of growth. M a t u r e nmle miee a n d w e a n l i n g male r a t s survive on these diets b u t lose weight or grow very poorly. A h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of w e a n l i n g f e m a l e mice s u c c u m b ()It a diet c o n t a i n i n g 2 0 % of p a l m i t i c acid with or w i t h o u t cholesterol b u t survive when iras a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids a r e a d d e d to their diets. V-OLATILE ~AT'PY ACU) ]~ATIONS POI~, GROWING LAMAS.

H.W.

Essig, E. E. Itatfield, a n d B. C. J o h n s o n ( D e p a r t m e n t o f Animal Science, U n i v e r s i t y of Illinois, U r b a n a ) . J. Nutrition 69, 135-41 (1959). R a t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g casein a n d cerelose in c o m b i n a t i o n with s a l t s of volatile f a t t y acids were not satisf a c t o r y for 55-1b. l a m b s which h a d been receiving r o u g h a g e . A new r a t i o n w:~s evolved, c o n t a i n i n g soy protein, stareh, sucrose, a n d volatile f a t t y acid salts, which gave a d e q u a t e f e e d i n t a k e s a n d n o r m a l gains. Such r a t i o n s with s a l t s of volatile f a t t y acids as a m a j o r e n e r g y source prodtmed ;,,verage daily g a i n s t h a t were equal to, or b e t t e r t h a n , those c o n t a i n i n g salts of

58

TI-IE J O U R N A L OF TIlE A M E R I C A N 0 I L

volatile fa,tty acids. V a r i o u s r a t i o s of acetic, propionic, a n d b u t y r i c acids f e d as their s a l t s p r o d u c e d equal gains. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OE ALFALFA ~[EAL AND GTHEg BULK[~0,gMING MATERIALS ON SY~cIPTO~IS OF TWEEN 60 TOXICITY IN TIIE IMMATURE MOI;SI,;. B. H. E r s h o f f a n d It. J. t t e r n a n d e z ( D e p a r t m e n t of B i o c h e m i s t r y a n d N u t r i t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y of S o u t h e r n California, Los A n g e l e s a n d N u t r i l i t c P r o d u c t s . Inc., B u e n a P a r k , C a l i f o r n i a ) . J. N u t r i t i o n 69, 172-178 (1959). h n m a t u r e mice f e d a h i g h l y purified low-fiber diet c o n t a i n i n g 7.5% of p o l y o x y e t h y l e n e (20) s o r b i t a n m o n o s t c a r a t e ( T w e e n 60) e x h i b i t e d r e t a r d a t i o n in g r o w t h , diarrhea, a n u n t h r i f t y a p p e a r a n c e a n d decreased survival. These effects were l a r g e l y c o u n t e r a c t e d b y the c o n c u r r e n t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of a l f a l f a meal, or d e h y d r a t e d rye gr'tss, orclmrd g r a s s , w h e a t g r a s s or rescue g r a s s t~t a ] 0 % level in t h e diet or e a r r a g e e n l n , s o d i u m algin a t e or a g a r at a 5 % level of f e e d i n g . Cellulose in t h e f o r m of Solka, Floe or cellophane s p a n g l e s when f e d at a 5 or 10% le,vel, y e a s t a t a 1 0 % level a n d carboxymethyleellulose, eelite a n d calcium silicate at a 5 % level of s u p p l e m e n t a t i o n p r e v e n t e d diarrhc'~ a n d p r o m o t c d SUI'vival b u t were n o t "~s active as the s u b s t a n c e s i n d i c a t c d above in c o u n t e r a c t i n g the r e t a r d a t i o n in growth. FAT ])I(H,ISTIBILITY BY ])AlteY CALVES. D. T. H o p k i n s , R. G. W a r n e r , a n d J. K . Loosli (School of N u t r i t i o n a n d A n i m a l H u s h a n d r y D e p a r t m c n t , Cornell U n i v e r s i t y , I t h a c a , N e w Y o r k ) . J. Dairy Sci. 42, 1815-20 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . T h e u t i l i z a t i o n of f a t in milk r e p l a c e r s by the d a i r y c, lf was studied. W h e n a milk replacer composed p r e d o m i n a n t l y of dried s k i m m i l k was supp l e m e n t e d with tallow, eoeomlt f a t , grease, or b u t t e r , in t h e u n h o m o g e n i z e d stMe, the fat, w a s poorly digested. However, the i n c l u s i o n of crude s o y b e a n lecithin in t h e milk replacer improved t h e u t i l i z a t i o n of tallow, coconut f a t , a n d grease. The digestibility of coconut f a t ~wJs i m p r o v e d to a g r e a t e r (!xicnt t}lan was t h a t of tallow or g r e a s e b y t h e i n c l u s i o n of lecithin in tim milk rel)l:tcer. |)IETAEY MODI~'ICATION 0.~' SEIr CH()LEWPEa()I~ IN THE CIIICK. lk E. March a n d J. Biely ( P o u l t r y N u t r i t i o n L a b o r a t o r y , Uniw,rsity of B r i t i s h Columbia, V a n c o u v e r , C ' t n a d a ) . J. N,utrition 69, 1()5-110 (]95.(}). Chicks were f e d h c r r i n g oil, corn oil, (!riseo, Mrd, b a t t e r , a n d ctdcken f a t in diets c o n t a i n i n g 20 a n d 2 6 % of protein. The chicks f e d the h i g h e r protein level showed lower s e r u m cholesterol levels t h a n t h o s e f e d t h e lower p r o t e i n level w h e t h e r or n o t the diet was s u p p l e m e n t e d with f a t a n d r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e t y p e of f a t a d d e d to the diet. A f t e r t h e e x p e r i m e n t , the w e i g h t s of t h e t h y r o i d g l a n d s of chicks f e d the v a r i o u s diets were d e t e r m i n e d . The (/at:l s a g a - s t th,+ t h , effect of the diet u p o n s e r u m cholesterol level m a y be m e d i a t e d to some e x t e n t t h r o u g h t h e t h y r o i d gland. REPLETIOJN AND. DEPLETION OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN C~BUS MONKEYS. O. W. P o r t m a n , T. H a y a s h i d a , a n d Doro t h y B r u n o (Dept. of N u t r i t i o n , H a r v a r d School of P u b l i c H e a l t h , B o s t o n , M a s s a c h u s e t t s ) . J. Nutrition @9, 245-252 (1959). T h e p a t t e r n of depletion a n d repletion of p o l y u n s a t u rated fatty acids (PFA) in the serum and certain tissues from Cebus m o n k e y s , which were c h a n g e d f r o m diets v e r y rich in linoleic acid to f a t free diets a n d vice versa, were studied. W h e n m o n k e y s f e d diets c o n t a i n i n g 45 or 1 5 % of calories as corn oil f o r 8 m o n t h s were c h a n g e d to f a t free diets, t h e total P F A c o n c e n t r a t i o n s as well as t h e t o t a l f a t t y acid levels in sera declined rapidly. T h e p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in the s e r u m cholesterol e s t e r f r a c t i o n s also declined s h a r p l y a n d were l a r g e l y replaced b y m o n o u n s a t u r a t e d a n d s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids. SERUM POLYUNSATUI~ATED FATTY ACIDS IN GROUPS 0P AVRICANS WITtt LOW AND HIGH FAT INTAKE. O. A. /~oels, P. L e u r q u i n , ~tnd Maria~l T r o u t ( N u t r i t i o n L a b o r a t o r i e s , I n s t i t u t p o u r la Recherche Seientifique en A f r i q u e Centrale (I.R.S.A.C.) Lwiro B u k a v u , B e l g i a n C o n g o ) . J. N u t r i t i o n 59, 195-201 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . T h e r e were no significant differences b e t w e e n two t r i b e s in total s e r u m f a t t y acids, despite t h e i r v a s t l y d i f f e r e n t d i e t a r y f a t intake. The differences b e t w e e n t h e s u m s of t h e polyu n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids f o r b o t h g r o u p s were, however, h i g h l y significant when t h i s s u m w a s e x p r e s s e d either in m i l l i g r a m s per 100 ml. of s e r u m or a s a p e r c e n t a g e of t h e t o t a l s e r u m f a t t y acids. T h e s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r level of p o l y e t h e n o i d f a t t y acids in t h e s e r u m of t h e g r o u p w i t h t h e g r e a t e r f a t i n t a k e is due to their c o n s i d e r a b l y h i g h e r s e r u m levels of dienole a n d t e t r a enoic f a t t y acids, a l t h o u g h t h e i r levels of trienoie, p e n t a e n o i c , a n d h e x a e n o i c s e r u m f a t t y acids a r e significantly lower t h a n those of t h e g r o u p w i t h t h e low f a t diet. PEODUCTION OY' L o w - F A T MILK. I. EFFECT OF QUALITY AND QUANTITY OJF CONCT~NTEATE ON TI-I.E VOLATILE FATTY ACID,S 0F

CHEMISTS'

SOCIETY

VOL. 37

TH]~ ]~.UMEN AND ON THE COMPOSITION 0E THE MILK.

J.

C.

Shaw, R. R. Robinson, IV[. E. Senger, S. L a k s h m a n a n , a n d T. 1~. Lewis ( D a i r y Dept., U n i v . of M a r y l a n d , College P a r k ) . J . N u trition 69, 235-244 (1959). Cows receiving r a t i o n s m a d e u p p r i m a r i l y of cooked h l g h - s t a r c h f e e d s p r o d u c e d milk w i t h a lowf a t content. Cows receiving t h e m o r e c o m m o n l y f e d concent r a t e s w i t h even lower levels o f r o u g h a g e p r o d u c e d m i l k w i t h only s l i g h t decreases in t h e f a t content. COMPARISON OP ATHEROGENESIS IN ~C~ABBITS FED LIQUID OIL, HYI)ROGENATED OIL, WHEAT GEI~M, AND SUCROSE. E. V a n H a n d e l a n d D. B. Z i l v e r s m i t ( D e p a r t m e n t of P h y s i o l o g y , U n i v e r s i t y of Tennessee, MemptKs). J. N u t r i t i o n 59, 2 0 2 - 8 (1959). W i t h r,qbbits f e d cholesterol s u p p l e m e n t e d chow, equicalorie a m o u n t s of t h e following were c o m p a r e d f o r t h e i r effect on a t h e r o g e n e s i s : cottonseed oil, h y d r o g e n a t e d cottonseed oil, w h e a t g e r m , a n d sucrose. S e v e r i t y of atherose]erosis a f t e r 5 m o n t h s was g r e a t e s t on t h e w h e a t g e r m s u p p l e m e n t e d diet, w h e r e a s t h e r e were no differences a m o n g t h e o t h e r t h r e e g r o u p s . T h e r e was no correlation b e t w e e n t h e severity of atherosclerosis a n d either t e r m i n a l p l a s m a or liver cholesterol c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . T h e a n i m a l s on t h e sucrose diet e x h i b i t e d the lowest s e r u m cholesterol levels. One litter, d i s t r i b u t e d a n m n g all d i e t a r y g r o u p s , developed p r a c t i c a l l y no lesions. A n i m a l s on the h i g h f a t diets e x h i b i t e d liver cholesterol c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a b o u t t h r e e t i m e s as high as those on t h e low f a t intake. M o s t of t h i s i n c r e a s e occurred in the cholesterol ester f r a c t i o n . EF~ECT 0F THIAMINE DEPICIENC~ A~D THIAMINE INJECTION ON TOTAL LIVER LIPIDS, PKOSPHOLIPID, PLASMAL0(~EN, AND CHOLESTEROL IN THE :RAT. J. N. W i l l i a m s , J r . a n d C. E. A n d e r son (Dept. of B i o c h e m i s t r y a n d N u t r i t i o n , School of Medicine, Univ. of N o r t h Carolina, Chapel H i l l ) . J. Nutrition 69, 2 2 9 234 (1959). The r e s p o n s e of t o t a l liver lipids, phospholipid, p l a s m a l o g e n s , a n d cholesterol to t h i a m i n e deficiency h a s b e e n s t u d i e d i n t h e rat. A s expected, n e u t r a l lipid, except f o r cholesterol, fell r a p i d l y to well below t h e n o r m a l control levels. P b o s p h o l i p i d s were m a i n l y u n a f f e c t e d d u r i n g t h e deficiency, a n d p l ' t s m a l o g e n s showed a t e n d e n c y to be m a i n t a i n e d a t a high level r e g a r d l e s s of t h e deficiency. Cholesterol was h i g h e r in t h i a m i n e deficient r a t liver t h a n in t h e n o r m a l controls. The s u d d e n r e i n t r o d u c t i o n of t h i a m i n e b y i n j e c t i o n c a u s e d to~ul lipids to r e b o u n d to a h i g h n o r m a l level a n d cholesterol, when e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s of b o d y weight, to reach a level alm o s t twice t h a t of n o r m a l . P h o s p h o l i p i d s a n d p l a s m a l o g e n s followed p a t t e r n s a f t e r t h i a m i n e i n j e c t i o n t h a t c a n be exp l a i n e d in t e r m s o f t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of i m p o r t a n t cellular c o m p o n e n t s t h a t resist d i e t a r y changes. THE FUNCTION 0~ STgATU~I CORNEUM CONJUNCTUM OE SKIN AS THE WATEIr BARRIEI~ IN THE CASI!~ OF HUMAN BEINGS: THE ROLE OF LIPIDS. A. Szakall (Chem. F a b r i k P r o m o n t a G m b H . , H a m b u r g ) . Fette Seifen Anstriehmittet 61, 774-782 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . T h e s e a l i n g of t h e h u m a n b o d y a g a i n s t t h e a c t i o n of f o r e i g n a g e n t s t a k e s place t h r o u g h t h e s t r a t u m c o r n e u m c o n j u n c t u m of the h o r n y l a y e r o f the epidermis. W h i l e exercising i t s f u n c t i o n as the barrier, t h e depot ]ipids p l a y a decisive p a r t . T h e experim e n t s u n d e r t a k e n show t h a t t h e effectiveness of v a r i o u s solv e n t s in their a b i l i t y to r e t a r d t h e b a r r i e r a c t i v i t y b y t h e r e m o v a l of liplds v a r i e s v e r y m u c h . T h e a u t h o r e x a m i n e d f u r t h e r t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e periodic abolition o f t h e b a r r i e r f u n c t i o n a n d t h e r e g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e baa'rier llpids. H e discusses t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e r e p l a c e m e n t of those b a r r i e r lipids which have been lost t h r o u g h extraction, b y t h e oils a n d f a t s which a r e n o r m a l l y f o r e i g n to t h e s k i n ]iplds. QUALITATIVE MICROANALYSIS AND ESTI]~ATI0,N OP SPHINGOLIPID BASES. C. C. Swee]ey a n d E. G. ]~Ioscatelli ( N a t l . H e a r t I n s t . N . I . H . ) . J. Lipid Research 1, 4 0 - 4 7 ( ] 9 5 9 ) . A m e t h o d is d e s c r i b e d f o r the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f s p h i n g o lipid l o n g c h a i n bases, in v a r i o u s a n i m a l a n d p l a n t lipids. S p h i n g o s i n e a n d r e l a t e d bases, isolated as a m i x t u r e f r o m a c i d h y d r o l y s a t e s of sphlngolipids, a r e oxidized b y s o d i u m m e t a p e r i o d a t e a n d t h e f a t t y a l d e h y d e r e a c t i o n p r o d u c t s a r e isolated a n d analyzed, u s i n g g a s c h r o m a t o g r a p h y . A p r e l i m i n a r y s u r v e y of v a r i o u s t i s s u e s is r e p o r t e d a n d t h e t y p e s o f l o n g c h a i n b a s e f o u n d f o r each tissue is given. E v i d e n c e is pres e n t e d f o r the presence o f a new l o n g c h a i n b a s e a s s o c i a t e d with t h e s p h i n g o m y e l l n f r a c t i o n of h u m a n p l a s m a ]ip~ds. BIOSYNTHESIS OP FATTY ACIDS AND CH0,LESTEI~OL CONSIDEI~ED AS CHEMICAL Pg0CESSES. J. W . C o r n f o r t h ( N a t . I n s t . M e d i c a l Research, L o n d o n ) . J. Lipid Research 1, 1-28 (1959). T h e a u t h o r h a s reviewed t h e l i t e r a t u r e a n d h a s p r e s e n t e d a s u r v e y , f r o m t h e viewpoint o f a n o r g a n i c chemist, of t h e p r o c e s s e s l e a d i n g to f a t t y acid a n d cholesterol b i o s y n t h e s i s . W i t h 120 references.

JANUARY, 1960

ABSTRACTS: BIOLOGY AND N U T R I T I O N

THE EFFECT OF DIETARY LINOLEIO ACID ON SERUM CHOLESTEEOL IN THE [RAT. G. S. B o y d a n d E. B a r b a r a M a w e r (Dept. of Biochem., Univ. o f E d i n b u r g h ) . Bioehem. J. 73, 9 P - 1 0 P (1959). R a t s wMeh h a d b e e n m a i n t a i n e d on v a r i o u s low f a t diets were i n j e c t e d w i t h (1-C ~) a c e t a t e a n d t h e r a t e o f i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f C ~* into cholesterol d e t e r m i n e d . M e t h y l linolcate or sunflower seed oil ( 1 0 % o f t o t a l calories of a s t a n d a r d low f a t diet) resulted in t h e h a l f - l i f e o f t h e s e r u m cholesterol b e i n g decreased to 6 0 % o f t h e control a n d t h e r a t e of s y n t h e s i s i n c r e a s e d to 160% o f t h e control. O n f e e d i n g m e t h y l s t e a r a t e ( 1 0 % of calories) t h e " h a l f - l i f e " i n c r e a s e d a n d t h e r a t e of s y n t h e s i s decreased. S e r u m cholesterol levels were also lower f o r t h e u n s a t u r a t e d acid f e d a n i m a l s . I n all cases t h e r a t s g r e w norm a l l y a n d showed no s i g n s of essential f a t t y acid deficiency. BIOSYNTHESIS DE CAE.OTENES IN CAKEOr163 EXTRACTS. V . V . Modi a n d D. K . P a t w a (Dr. K . G. N a i k Biochem. Dept., M. S. Univ. of B a r o d a , B a r o d a ) . Nature 184, 983-984 (1959). Carrot e x t r a c t s c a n f o r m s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t s of c a r o t e n e f r o m glucose as well as fronl a c e t a t e a l t h o u g h t h e a c e t a t e is a somewhat superior substrate. Yeast extract stimulates synthesis in both media, possibly due to t h e presence of coenzyme A a n d a d e n o s i n e t r i p h o s p h a t e in t h e yeast. CERTAI~ ]3LOOD CONSTITUENTS OBSEKVEn IN OF'F'SPI~IN~ OF ALLOXAN-DIABETIC ~t~ABBITS. O. "V. Sirek a n d A n n a S i r e k (Dept. of P h y s i o l o g y a n d B a n t i n g & Best Dept. of Medical Res., Univ. of T o r o n t o ) . Nature 184, 456-457 (1959). Significantly low lev6]s of p l a s m a cholesterol, ;,lbumin, a n d p r o t e i n - b o u n d hexose were observed w i t h i n t h e first 18 h o u r s of life. A L o w ~ ~ONCE:NTR, ATION OF'

[NCOI~POEATIO,N OF" D L - ( 1 - C ad) LEUCINE AND (1-C a~) ISOVALEliIC ACID INTO ~{ILK CONSTITUENTS BY THE PERI~USED COW~S VDnEro R. Verbeke, Monique L a u r y s s e n s , G. P e e t e r s ( P h y s i o l o g ical Dept. of the V e t e r i n a r y College, Univ. o f Ghent, B e l g i u m ) a n d A. T. J a m e s . Biochem. J. 73, 24-29 (1959). A l t h o u g h leucine is r a p i d l y i n c o r p o r a t e d as such into m i l k proteins, it acts n e i t h e r as a p r e c u r s o r o f f a t t y acids n o r as a n e n e r g y yielding s u b s t r a t e . Isovalerie acid, however, is r a p i d l y m e t a b o lized a n d acts as a p r e c u r s o r of b o t h f a t t y acids a n d certain n o n e s s e n t i a l a m i n o acids. Of t h e a d d e d C ~, 2 0 % was f o u n d in the fat. Specific activities of t h e f a t t y a c i d s f r o m t h e u d d e r tissue were a b o u t 100 t i m e s as g r e a t as those of t h e acids in the milk. A c t i v i t y of t h e lower f a t t y acids i n c r e a s e d with i n c r e a s i n g c h a i n l e n g t h to a m a x i m u m a t Go a n d t h e n fell progressively with f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e in chain l e n g t h . N o ineorl)or:~tion of the C ~4 into the b r a n c h e d - c h a i n f a t t y acids could he d e n m n s t r a t e d .

59

T h e sterol a n d w a x alcohol f r a c t i o n s of t h e u n s a p o n i f i a b l e m a t t e r of h u m a n - f o r e a r m s e b m n ( s k i n s u r f a c e f a t ) were studied. The alcohols f o r m e d a h o m o l o g o u s series (C8 to C2o) s i m i l a r to t h a t o f t h e f a t t y a c i d s o f sebum. T h e r e were f e w e r u n s a t u rated a n d h i g h l y b r a n c h e d alcohols in c o m p a r i s o n w i t h t h e acids, a n d the a v e r a g e c h a i n l e n g t h of t h e m a j o r alcohols a p p e a r e d to be l o n g e r t h a n t h a t of the m a j o r acids. I n a d d i t i o n to cholesterol, the sterol f r a c t i o n c o n t a i n e d t r a c e s o f 7-dehydrocholesterol, isocho]esterol, a n d u n i d e n t i f i e d keto steroids. iSOLATION 0dp PATTY ALCOHOLS ~vVITH PLANT-GROWTH PRO:rIOTING ACTIVITY F'I~O/V[MARYLAND [~AMMOTH TOBACCO. A. J. Vlitos (Oaroni L t d . & Ste. M a d e l a i n e S u g a r Co., C a r a p i c h a i m a , TriMd a d ) a n d D. G. Crosby. Nature 184, 462 463 (1959). T h e p l a n t g r o w t h r e g u l a t i n g a c t i v i t y of a tobacco isolate as well as t h a t of 60 l o n g c h a i n f a t t y alcohols a n d related c o m p o u n d s were m e a s u r e d . T h e tobacco isolate a n d C~ to C~2 alcohols a n d their acidic esters exhibited significant activity. T w o ENzu MECHANISMS ]POR HYDROGEN TP~ANSPO~T BY PHENOLIC' ESTROGENS. H. G. W i l l i a m s - A s h m a n , M. O a s s m a n , :~nd M a r g a r e t K l a v i n s ( U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o ) . N a t u r e 184, 427-429 (1959). Two t y p e s of e n z y m a t i c r e a c t i o n s in which n a t u r a l a n d s y n t h e t i c phenolic e s t r o g e n s f u n c t i o n as h y d r o g e n ea,rriers are discussed. STAaLE VITAMIN A FOR AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS. W. E. S t i e g a n d J. A. K a r d y s (Chas. Pfizer & Co., ]inc.). U. S. 2,907,696. An a l i p h a t i c ester of s y n t h e t i c v i t a m i n A, is m i x e d with a n a l i p h a t i c ester o f n e o v i t a m i n A~ a n d the m i x t u r e is s u s p e n d e d in a n a q u e o u s m e d i u m . VITAMIN A ALDEHYDE [DERIVATIVE. 0. H. B e n t o n , J r . ( E a s t m a n K o d a k Co.). U. S. 2,907,76l. V i t a m i n A a l d e h y d e g l y o x a l i d i n e possesses h i g h biological a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d i m p r o v e d oxidative stnbility. I n c a r r i e r s such as geh~tin, g u m arabic, waxes, b e e f tallow, sugar, v e g e t a b l e oil, etc., the derivative is p a r t i c u l a r l y useful f o r f o r t i f y i n g anim'H feeds. PREPAI{ATION O,E VITAMIN A Acll) AND VITA~IIN A ALCOIIOL. H. C. K l e i n (Nopeo Chenfieal Co.). U. S. 2,907,796. V i t a m i n A aldehyde is r e a c t e d at room teml)er:~ture with silver oxide u n d e r alkaline conditions te give vitmnin A Mcehol a n d vitanfin A acid which can r e a d i l y be emlvertcd to the alcohol. P]gOCESS OP ALLEVIA'PION O~' hi,OAT IN l~Ul%IINANTS USING CITrIC ACID ESTEnS. t l . G. L u t h e r (Chas. Pfizer & Co., I n c . ) . U. S. 2,90g,6(h% The :Mnlinistra?ion (~f lower tr:alkvl ( l - to 8carhon a t o m s ) esters of citric m~id or acetyl d e r i v a t i v e s of such c o m p o u n d s will .flleviate bh)at in rmninant a n i m a l s .

INCOIiI'OtCATION OF" SODIUI~ (1-C ~4) ~EXANOATE AND ~ODIU.-~I llYDIC~GEN

(C 14) CAI~BONATE INTO M I L K CONSTITUENTS

BY THE

PEI%PUSED COW~S UDDER. M o n i q u e L a u r y s s e n s , [R. Verbeke, (t. P e e t e r s , a n d A g n e s Donek ( P h y s i o l o g i c a l Dept. of the Vete r i n g r y College, Univ. of Ghent, B e l g i u m ) . Biochem. J. 73, 71-75 (1959). Specific activities of the milk c o n s t i t u e n t s in the h e x a n o a t e e x p e r i m e n t decreased in t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r : citric acid, casein, lower f a t t y acids, h i g h e r f a t t y acids a n d I:lctose. Cholesterol, glycerol, a n d p h o s p h o l i p i d s did n o t show a n y a c t i v i t y . F a t t y acids f r o m u d d e r tissue were a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40 t i m e s as active as the c o r r e s p o n d i n g milk f a t t y acids. Of the a d d e d C TM, 1 4 % was recovered in t h e f a t . I t is t h e r e f o r e a s s m n e d t h a t t h e h e x a n o a t e is b r o k e n down to C2 f r a g m e n t s with h i g h a c e t y l a t i n g c a p a c i t y which a r e utilized f o r t h e synthesis of f a t t y acids a n d are m e t a b o l i z e d b y w a y of t h e K r e b s cycle. T H E LIPIDS OF" W H O L E BLOOD. ~. LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS lh" I[UI%IAN B L O O D IN VITR.O. A. T, J'm]es, J. E. Loveloek, and

J o a n P. W. W e b b ( N a t i o n a l I n s t . f o r Med. Res., lV[ill Hill, London, N . W . 7). Biochem. J . 73, 106-115 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . Cellular c o m p o n e n t s of h u m a n blood are shown to be a convenient syst e m f o r s t u d i e s of f a t t y acids a n d lipid s y n t h e s i s a n d exchange. A f t e r i n c u b a t i o n o f whole blood with (Me-C ~) acetate, all t h e c o m m o n s a t u r a t e d a n d u n s a t u r a t e d acids as well as t h e ' ~essential '~ f a t t y acids (arachidonie, linoleie, a n d linolenic) are f o u n d to be labeled. T h e long c h a i n f a t t y acids are i n c o r p o r a t e d into trig/ycerides a n d some n e u t r a l lipids of undefined structure) as well as into phospholipids, b u t n o t into cholesterol esters. T h e n e u t r a l lipids are r a p i d l y secreted into p l a s m a , w h e r e t h e y a r e i n c o r p o r a t e d into t h e plasma, a l p h a d i p o p r o t e i n s b u t n o t into heta.-lipoproteins. T h e p h o s p h o l i p i d s are m o r e r e a d i l y incorp o r a t e d into t h e p l a s m a beta-lipoproteins. STUDIES 01~ SEBUI%f. 9. PUR,THER STUDIES DIP THE C01Vs162 Ot~ TIlE UNSAPONIFIABLE MATTEK OF" ~-[UI~IAN-FOREAI~:h~ SEBUI~[. R a r b a r a B o u g h t o n (Dept. of Phaxm,',cology, U n i v e r s i t y College London, L o n d o n , W. C. 1). Bioehcm. J. 73, 144-149 (1959).

9 Paints and D r y i n g

Oils

SULPIIUEIZED OILS. I [ . SUfJ'IH;RIZATION OV LINSEED OIL WITH SCL,, S._,CLf, O1r S.~Cr~._,. G. S c h i e m a n n , I[. D u r i n g , a n d M. A c a n a l ( I n s t . of Chenfical E n g i n e e r i n g , School of T e c h n o l o g y , ~Ianover). Forte Seifen A n s l r i e h m l t t t l 61, 575-578 (1959). The a u t h o r s h a v e i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e conditions of m a n u f a c t u r e of s u l p h u r i z e d oils (linseed oil) a n d the r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e m e t h o d s of s u l p h u r i z a t i o n a n d the suital)ility of t h e r e s u l t a n t oil as a film f o r m e r . T h e s u l p h n r i z a t i o n of linseed oil is c a r r i e d o u t with SC1._,, S._,Ck,, :aid S,C1,... IAnseed oil, s u l p h u r i z e d with the above r e a g e n t s in v a r i o u s w a y s gave c o r r e s p o n d i n g sulplmrized oils w h i c h were c o m p a r e d with one a n o t h e r with respect to t h e course o f s u l p h u r i z u t i o n , viscosity, density, color n u m b e r , a n d fihn fDrm.)tion. COPOLYMERIZATIO.N IN THE PIEr~D DE SURe'ACE COATING ]VIATERIALS. I. TIIF~ REACTION 01~ CYCLOI'ENTADIENE ON DIgYIN(t OILS. H. P. K a u f m a n n a n d H. G r u b e r (Deut. I n s t . F e t t f o r s e h u n g , M u n s t e r [ W e s t f . ] ) . Forte Seifen Anstriehraittel 61, 743-748 (1959). T h e c o p o l y m e r i z a t i o n of c y c l o p e n t a d i e n e w i t h d r y i n g oils yields p r o d u c t s which possess characte.ristic p r o p e r t i e s as s u r f a c e c o a t i n g m a t e r i a l s . The a u t h o r s describe t h e m e t h o d s used for the m a n u f a c t u r e o f copolymers told discuss t h e reaction m e c h a n i s m s involved. I t is s u g g e s t e d t h a t it involves a Diels-Alder addition. D i e y e l o p e n t a d i e n e or p o l y e y c l o p e n t a d i e n e serve as dienophile p a r t n e r s w h e r e a s diene c o m p o n e n t s are f u r n i s h e d by t h e oils which isomerize to c o n j u g a t e d oils u n d e r the reaction conditions. ASSOCIATION :REACTIONS FOI~ POLY(ALKYLENE OXIDES) AND POLY1YIEI%IC POLY(CARBOXYLIC ACIDS). K . L. S m i t h , A. E. Winstow a n d D. E. P e t e r s e n (Reseaxch Dept., U n i o n C a r b i d e Chemicals Co., S o u t h Charleston, W. V a . ) . Ind. Eng. Chem. 51,

(;9

T H E ,IOURNAI, OF TIlE A M E R I C A N ()IL C H E M I S T S '

1361-1364 (1959). M e t h o d s for insolubilizing a n d r a d i c a l l y 9altering the physical properties of water-soluble h i g h p o l y m e r s ])y a simple, low-energy reaction were s o u g h t . C o m b i n a t i o n s of p o l y ( a l k y l e n e oxides) or other p o l y n m r ethers with polymeric p o l y ( e a r b o x y l i c acids) have w a t e r insolubility, flexibility, h e a t resistance, a u d elastic recovery c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s diff e r e n t f r o m either c o m p o n e n t Mone. T h i s s u g g e s t s e x t e n s i v e h y d r o g e n b o n d i n g betwemt elhcr al, d earboxylic a'roul)s in t h e polymers. T h e ease of f o r m a t i o n of such a s s o c i a t i o n p r o d u c t s , i n s t a n t a n e o u s l y a n d at room t e m p e r a t u r e , the r e a d y control of such f o r m a t i o n by q v a r i e t y of inhibitors, a n d the wide r a n g e of I)roperties possible in the p r o d u c t s c o m m e n d this r e a c t i o n for eonsideratio.n w h e r e v e r in situ I)roduction of hydrophilie e l a s t o m e r s is desired. DIISOCYANATE COATINGS BASED ON CASTOR OIL. G. C. Toone a n d G. S. W o o s t e r ( N a t i o n a l Aniline l)ivision, Allied Chemical Corp., Buffalo, N. Y . ) . Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 1384-1385 (1959). lit qn a t t e m p t to h)wer t h e a v e r a g e d i s t a n c e betweeD crosslinkiz~g sites, a triol such t~s glycerol was cold blended with castor oil t)efm'e a d d u e t fol'mati(m with tolylene dlisocyanate. I m p r o v e d c o a t i n g s resulted. PREPAICATIGN OF ])RYING 0ILS BY THE P01,VMERIZATI0:N 0P TIlE PROI)IICTS FROM TIlE (JOI)EIIYDI~OGEKATION OF |:~[ITANE AND ETltW, BENZ~:NE. J. C. H u n t , 1). S. Maisel, aml 1). W. W o o d ( E s s o Research & E n g i n e e r i n g Co.). U. S. 2,906,737. A mixture of ethyl benzene and a hydro('arbon such as b u t q . e i': c a t a l y t i c a l l y dehy(lrated to give a m i x t u r e of b u t n d i e n e a n d styrene. The u n s e p a r a t e d m i x t u r e is t h e n polymerized to give a d r y i n g oil. TREATMENT OF [IYI)RO(JARIION [)RYING OII,S WITII E[)OXII)IZED TRIGLYCERIDE OIl,S. G. H. Tulk nnd T. A. N e u h ' m s (Glidden Co.). U. S. 2,907,669. C o a t i n g compositions whose cured films lU)SSeSS inlproved flexibility and :ldhesion are l)relmred by tbe a d d i t i o u of 5 to 5 0 % epoxidized glyeeride oils to h y d r o c a r b o n d r y i n g oils such as liquid p o l y b u t a d i e n e or oily l)ut'ldienecopelymers. COMPOSITION OF 4,4-BIS(HYI)ROKYARYI~)PIqNTANOIC ACID CoESTERS AN]) POI,VEPOXIDES. S. O. (lreenlee IS. C. J o h n s o n & Co., I n c . ) . U. S. 2,907,723. P r o d u c t s useful in the m a n n f a c t a r e of varnishes, lnolding compositions, adhesives, fihns, etc., are p r e p a r e d by t h e reaction of polycl)oxidcs with m i x e d ester of h y d r o x y a r y l s u b s t i t u t e d a l i p h a t i c acids, f a t t y acids, a n d polyhydric alcohols. I f the m o d i f y i n g acids of the m i x e d esters are d r y i n g oil acids, p r o d u c t s qre self-plasticizing as well as a i r d r y i n g . The polyepoxides used include epoxidized alkyd resins or d r y i n g oils. Similar p r o d u c t s h y the same i n v e n t o r a r e deseril)ed in the following: MIXFD ESTERS. U. S. 2.907,724; POLYEPOXIDE, PHENOL-AI,DEI.IVDE CONDENSATES, MIXED ESTER COMPOSITIONS. U. S. 2,907,725; DIPHENOLIC PENTANOIC ACID, ALKYL ACID ESTER, ]:)0LYEPOXIDN ]~EACTION PRODUCTS. U. S. 2,907,726; AUTOESTER PO'I~YEPO.XlDE COI~{POSITIONS. U. S. 2,907,727; (~OIV[POSITIONS OF ])IPHENOLIC ACID CO-A~IDE:S AND POLYEPO,XIDES. U. 8. 2,907,728; EPOXIDE, DIPHENOLIC ACID ALDEHYDE CONDENSATES. U. 8. 2,907,729 ; DIPHENOLEIC ACID, EPOXIDE COMPOSITIONS. U. S. 2,907,730; EPOXIDE, MONOHYDRIC A I.C0 HOL--- DI PII E N0'I,IC A (,T,-~ ~,~Sml,.jr (~OMPOSITIONS AND THE "M0'DIFICATION THERE0~F WFPH ALDEfIYDE (?ONDENSATES. ~. S. 2,907,731; POI~YCARBOXYLIC ACID, EP0tXIDE C01KP0SITIONS AND ALDEHYDE C0.NDENSATE M-0DIFICATIONS THEREON. Dr. 8. 2,907,732; DIPHENOLIC ACID MODIFIED. 0ILALDEHYDE CONDENSATES. U. 8. 2,907,733; COld,POSITIONS OF P(~LYEPOXlDES, A~IKONIA T)ERIVATIVE--ALDEHYDE CONDENSATES AND MIXED ESTERS. U. 8. 2,907,734; ESTERIPIEU EPOXY I:)0LY ESTERS. U. S. 2,907,735; ESTERS OF POLYHYDRIC PHENOLS. U. S. 2,907,736; COMPOSITIONS OF N-OVEL POLYHYDRIC PHENOLS AND POLYEPOXIDES. U. S. 2,907,741; POLYURETHANE OF A POLYIS0,CYANATE, AN ACTIVE HYDROGEN COMPOUND, AND A HYDROXYARYL ALIPHATIC ACID. ~r. S. 2,907,745; ESTERS OF

POLY~YDRIC PHENOL AMIDES. Dr. 8. 2,907,778; UNSATURATED DIESTER ACIDS. U. 8. 2,907,779; POLYURETHANE (~F A POLYISOCYANATE., AN ACTIVE HYDROGEN CO'MPOUNDt AND A t~ESINOUS POLYBASlC ACID AND METHOD OF PREPARING SADIE. POLYURETHANE OF A I~ AN HYDROGEN C0,Z~I)OUND, AND A ~YDROXYARYL ALIPHATIC ALDEHYDE CONDENSATE AND METHOD O~ PREPARING

2,907,~Y18;

Dr. 8. ACTIVE ACII)-SA~E.

U. S. 2,907,729. CLEAR AND PIGMENTED ]~g][UI,q3I-COMPONEN'["0IL-IN-'WATER I:~ESIN EMULSION TEXTILE DECORATING COMP0,SITIGNS AND PROCESS COg PREPARING SA~E. L. A u c r ( J . R. Geigy, S. A. B a s e l ) . U. S. 2,907,720. 0 i l - i n - w a t e r emulsion p i g m e n t colors a r e pre-

SOCIETY

VOL. 37

p a r e d by u s i n g f a t t y acid resin b i n d e r s which are emulsion

polymerized or emulsion a g g r e g a t e d . CLEAR AND I)IGMFgNTED OIL-IN-~VATEI~ :RESIN EMULSIONS CONTAINING FENTAERYTIIRITOL ALKYD RESINS. L. A u e r ( J . R. Geigy, S. A. B a s e l ) . U.S.2,907,72I. I m p r o v e d oil-in-water resin emulsion p i g m e n t colors are p r e p a r e d b y u s i n g a n a l k y d resin ( o f which a t l e a s t 5 0 % of t h e polyol is p e n t a e r y t h r i t e l ) in c o m b i n a t i o n with a n a m i n o - M d e h y d e resin as t h e r e s i n binder. THERMOPLASTIC ADHESIVES 0P POLYAxMIDE I{ESINS AND POLYBASIC ALIPHATIC AOIDS. I). A e l o n g (General Mills, I n c . ) . U. 8. 2,908,58g. H e a t s e a l i n g a d h e s i v e s t h a t do n o t block at room t e m p e r a t u r e a r e p r e p a r e d b y t h e r e a c t i o n of p o l y a m i d e s ( p r e p a r e d f r o m polymeric u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids such as linoleie or llnolenic a n d a p o l y a m i n e such as d i e t h y l e n e t r i a m i n e ) with weak p o l y b a s i c acids such as sueeinic, citric, oxalic, boric, etc. VISCOSITY STABLE OXIDIZED POLYMER S0~LUTIONS. D. F. Koeneeke ( E s s o l~esearch & E n g i n e e r i n g Co.). U. 8. 2,908,585. H y d r o c a r b o n solutions of oxidized b u t a d i e n e p o l y m e r i c d r y i n g oils a r e stabilized b y r e p l a c i n g 1 to 25% of t h e h y d r o c a r b o n solvent with a liquid s a t u r a t e d alcohol c o n t a i n i n g 1 to 9 carbou atoms. CAI%ROXYL lglotr ALIbieD ~ESIN--ETHOXYLINE ]~ESIN C01~IPOSITIONS AND FROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION. J. R o s e n b e r g (General Electric Co.). U. S. 2,909,d95. l l e s i n s with improved electrical p r o p e r t i e s result f r o m the c o m b i n a t i o n of a n a l k y d c o n t a i n i n g f r e e earboxyl g r o u p s , p r e p a r e d b y reaction of a h i g h e r s a t u r a t e d or u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y a n d with hexachloroe n d o m e t h y l e n e t e t r a h y d r o p h t h a l i e acid, with e t h o x y l i n e rosins. PRODUCT OP REACTION OF ~ATTY ACIDS, C=C AROMATICS AND EPOXIDE : R E S I N S . . L . E . E d e l m a n ( W e s t i n g h o u s e Elec. Corp.). U. S. 2,909,497. A i r d r y i n g or b a k i n g c o a t i n g s with excellent alkali a d d w a t e r r e s i s t a n c e a r e p r e p a r e d f r o m d r y i n g oil f a t t y ~cids (or m i x t u r e s o f d r y i n g oil a n d rosin a c i d s ) , styrene, a n d a resinous epoxide. 1)Ru OILS. H. W. Chatficld (A. Boake, R o b e r t s & Co., Ltd., London). U . S . 2,909,537. A m i x t u r e of dryin(~ ~'il (or semid r y i n g ) f a t t y acids a n d a n epoxidized dryiDg oil is h e a t e d at 230 ~ to give a d r y i n g oil which dried r a p i d l y to a h'trd, t o u g h coating.

9 Detergents ANTIOXlDANTS FOg SOAP. A n o n . Manuf. Chemist 30, 324 (1959). Various f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g r a n c i d i t y in soap are discussed. These include metallic intpurities, colors, a,'d p e r f u m e s . H e a t , moisture, a n d l i g h t also c o n t r i b u t e to t h i s oxidation process. T h e r e f o r e a n t i o x i d a n t s n m s t be a d d e d to c o u n t e r a c t these factors. M a t e r i a l s which m a y be used f o r this p u r p o s e include s o d i u m h y d r o s u l p h i t e , s o d i u m sulphoxylate, t h i o s u l p h a t e s a n d sulphites, phenols, a m i n e s , a n d m a n y others. SOAP :PLANT CORROSION CONTP.OL. A n o n . Soap, Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( 9 ) , 161-3 (1959). R e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s in lacquer technology have helped overcome the corrosion p r o b l e m in soap a n d d e t e r g e n t m a n u f a c t u r e c a u s e d b y t h e corrosive effects of f a t t y oils, f a t t y acids, c a u s t i c alkalies a n d o r g a n i c s u l f a t e s a n d s u l f o n a t e s . T h e s e new lacquers are b a s e d on p o l y u r e t h a n e s , a m i n e h a r d e n e d epoxy r e s i n s a n d c o a t i n g s f o r m u l a t e d f r o m m i x e d v i n y l polymers. TEXTILE TRENDS AND DETERGENCY. H. C. B o r g h e t t y a n d G. M. G a n t z (General A n i l i n e & F i l m Corp., N e w Y o r k ) . Soap, Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( 9 ) , 63-5, 199 (1959). N e w textile fibers a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e reviewed with r e s p e c t to t h e i r possible effect on d e t e r g e n t developments. T h e following s u g g e s t i o n s were g i v e n : develop f o r m u l a s with i m p r o v e d soil s u s p e n d i n g properties, find b e t t e r b r i g h t e n e r s or increase b r i g h t e n e r concentration f o r w a s h a n d wear cotton, develop m o r e v e r s a t i l e d e t e r g e n t f o r m u l a t i o n s f o r Dew s y n t h e t i c fibers in b l e n d s w i t h n a t u r a l fibers, develop m o r e versatile d e t e r g e n t f o r m u l a t i o n s to ftmetion in cold, w a r m , a n d h o t water, develop d e t e r g e n t f o r m u l a tions w i t h b e t t e r e m u l s i f y i n g a c t i o n f o r s y n t h e t i e fiber textiles, a n d develop a s y n t h e t i c fiber rinse to e l i m i n a t e pickup of s t a t i c electricity. PI~2~BLE3gS PRESENTED BY SYNDETS IN WATER SUPPLIES. J. ~ . Cohen (U. S. P u b l i c H e a l t h Service, C i n c i n n a t i , O.). Soap, Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( 9 ) , 53-6, 119, 121 (1959). T h e p r o b l e m s in w a t e r s u p p l i e s a n d purification s y s t e m s c a u s e d b y s y n d e t s

JANUARY, 1960

-ABSTRACTS: DETERGENTS

are reviewed. T h e syndets, unlike soaps, are n o t p r e c i p i t a t e d b y h a r d n e s s , are n o t decomposed b y acid t r e a t m e n t s or biological activity, which a r e t h e u s u a l m e t h o d s of w a t e r purification, azld f u r t h e r m o r e , t h e s y n d e t s o f t e n c o n t a i n p o l y p h o s p h a t e which will provide n u t r i e n t s f o r biological life a n d i n c r e a s e b a c t e r i a l contamination. BLEACHES AND BRIGHTENERS. ]~. E . F e r r i s ( P u r e x Corp., S o u t h

Gate, C a l i f . ) . Soap, Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( 9 ) , 79 81, 126-7 (1959). The u s e s of b o t h bleaches a n d b r i g h t e n e r s in lannderi n g procedures were reviewed. Since not all b r i g h t e n e r s a r e stable to chlorine bleaches, a c o m p a t i b i l i t y p r o b l e m exists. T h i s could be solved b y the use of chlorine stable b r i g h t e n e r s which could be i n c o r p o r a t e d into either t h e bleach or t h e detergent. There is a need f o r chlorine stable b r i g h t e n e r s effective on a wider r a n g e of f a b r i c s t h a n are those c u r r e n t l y available. VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SODIUM OLEATE IN THE PgESENC~ OP VAgIOUS ALCOHOLS. R . V . K u c h e r , G. F. Storozh,

a n d A. I. Y u r z h e n k o (I. F r a n k o S t a t e Univ., L v o v . ) . Dopovidi Akad. Naul~ Ulcr. R.S.R. 1 9 5 9 ( 1 ) , 60 3. T h e alcohols used were E t O t t , B u O H , i s o - A m O H , e t h y l e n e glycol, a n d glycerol. A q u e o u s soap solutions show, as is known, 2 b r e a k s in t h e viscosity curves, r e f e r r e d to as 1st a n d 2nd critical concen9t r a t i o n of micelle f o r m a t i o n . ]~y u s e of p u r e N a oleate it was f o u n d t h a t in t h e pure a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n their exists a 3 r d b r e a k in tile curve, i n t e r m e d i a t e b e t w e e n t h e 2 older k n o w n ones, which is t e r m e d " m i d d l e erltical c o n c e n t r a t i o n , " a n d t h i s value c a n be a c c u r a t e l y d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e m i n i m u m of t h e concent r a t i o n curves a t a g i v e n specific viscosity. The v a r i o u s alcohols lower t h i s middle critical c o n c e n t r a t i o n , if a p p l i e d in small a m o u n t s , a n d the w a t e r soluble ones, if a p p l i e d in l a r g e a m o u n t s , raise it. (C. A. 53, 16650) FLOCCULATION-I)EFLOCCULATION IN AGITATED SUSPENSIONS. I. CARBON AND FEI~RIC OXIDE IN WATER. I. R e i c h a n d R . D . V o i d

(Univ. of S o u t h e r n Calif., Los Angeles, Calif.). J. Phys. Chem. 53, 1497-1501 (1959). T h i s s t u d y was u n d e r t a k e n as the initial step in a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n of the effect of defloeculation on soil redeposition d u r i n g detergency. T h e degree of flocculatien of a q u e o u s s u s p e n s i o n s of f e r r i c oxide a n d carbon was s t u d i e d as a f u n c t i o n of c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d of t i m e :rod i n t e n s i t y of agitation. A v e n J g c floe sizes werc d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t u r b i d i t y m e a s u r e m e n t s . T h e a v e r a g e floc size always i n c r e a s e d with i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d with d e c r e a s i n g speed of a g i t a t i o n . THE EQUIVALENT WEI(JK'rS OF WETTING AGENTS. G. R u s s e l l a n d

E. W h i t a k e r ( I l f o r d Ltd., B r e n t w o o d , E n g l . ) . Analyst 84, 253-4 (1959). E q u i v a l e n t w e i g h t s of commercial anionle or cationic w e t t i n g a g e n t s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by p a s N n g a w a r m a q u e o u s solution of t h e a g e n t t h r o u g h a Zeo-Karb-225 ( H ) ione x c h a n g e e o h m m , followed by t i t r a t i o n with s t a n d a r d s o d i u m hydroxide. A p p l i c a t i o n is m a d e to a wide r a n g e of t y p e s of w e t t i n g a g e n t s . (C. A. 53, 16805) I~I~IOIITENEI~S P 0 g SOAPS, BLENDED DETEgGENTS ANI) [JA(INDgY

AIDS. F. H. V i l l a m n e a n d E. A l l a n ( A m e r i c a n C y a n a m i d Co., B o u n d Brook, N. J . ) . Soap, Perfumery, Cosmetics 32, 892-6, 914 (1959). A b r i e f h i s t o r y of optical bleaches a n d some chemical a s p e c t s of their s t r u c t u r e s h a v e been presented. A description h a s been g i v e n of t h e b e h a v i o r of optical bleaches in s o a p s a n d d e t e r g e n t s a n d of several m e t h o d s by which t h e y are evaluated. The v a r i o u s chemical t y p e s of b r i g h t e n e r s avail:lble are described, a n d the differences b e t w e e n t h e m a s to s u b s t a n t i v i t y , degree of e x h a u s t i o n , f a s t n e s s properties, etc., h a v e b e e n p o i n t e d out. T h e differences in behavior of c e r t a i n b r i g h t e n e r s with v ~ r i a t i o n s in t h e d e t e r g e n t f o r m u l a t i o n a n d w a s h i n g p r o c e d u r e have also b e e n shown.

Walter. Melliand Textilber. 40, 646-51 (1959). Skin f a t s have a h i g h cont e n t of lime soaps, a n d in h a r d w a t e r t h e y also f o r m more. I f these a r e n o t completely r e m o v e d in w a s h i n g , t h e y cause yellowing a n d b a d odors in storage, even t h o u g h the goods m a y h a v e been w a s h e d to complete whiteness. Na~P.~O7 ( 3 % ) dissolves Ca soaps, causes tile solution of skirt f a t s , a n d p r o d u c e s the m a x i m u m b r i g h t n e s s of shade. F e c o n t a m i n a t i o n a n d t h e acc o m p a n y i n g straining requires i n c r e a s e d a m o u n t s of Na.~P.~OT, b u t even t h e n t h e removal of F e is incomplete. T h e m e c h a n i s m of the Na~PfO7 reaction d e p e n d s oil the c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e det e r g e n t a n d on t h e n a t u r e of the c o n t a m i n a t i o n . P a p e r ehromatograI)hy reveals t h a t skin f a t s c h a n g e as t h e y age, with res a l t i n g g r o w t h o f m o l e c u l a r size, h a r d e n i n g , al~d f o r m a t i o n of colored s u b s t a n c e s , so t h a t soiled g a r m e n t s are h a r d e r to clean a f t e r storage. T h e f a t t y acids in skin f a t s f o r m first f e r r o u s soaps, which c h a n g e to 1~e203 b y oxidation, so t h a t l o n g e r wear SKIN PATS IN TEXTILES AND Tx~EIg REI~O,VAL. E .

61

a n d s t o r a g e increase t h e yellowing to s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t it m a y not be removable at all withoDt special t r e a t m e n t . Skin f a t s produce noticeable yellowing w i t h 30 rag. of F e / k g . of g o o d s ; with 50 m s . / k s , s t r o n g yellowing occurs. Goods free of F e a n d s k i n f a t s show no yellowing a f t e r '~ y e a r in s t o r a g e in sunlight, b u t t h e y do show a g r a y i n g b e c a u s e of d u s t a n d soot pickup. (C. A. 53, 17522) N-ONIONIC SURFAcE-ACTIVE COIdPOUNDS. I. CR1TIC'AL MICELI,E CONOENTRATIONS OF WATE:R SOLUBLE E ' r H E ~ ALCOHOLS. P .

Becher ( A t l a s P o w d e r Co., W i l m i n g t o n , Del.).

J. Phys. Chem.

63, 1675-6 (1959). T h e critical mieelle c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in aqueous solution of commercial polyoxyethylene lauryl, stearyl, oleyl, a n d tridecyl alcohols, as well as c o m m e r c i a l p o l y o x y e t h y l e n e s o r b i t a n m o n o l a u r a t e h a v e been d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a n s of t h e iodine solubilization technique of Ross a n d Olivier. A s f o u n d by p r e v i o u s workers, t h e r e is a linear d e p e n d e n c e b e t w e e n the l o g a r i t h m of the critical micelle c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d t h e ethylene oxide content. However, it is f o u n d t h a t " w i t h t h e exception of s o r b i t a n m o n o l a u r a t e " these lines v a r y only in slope f r o m one alcohol to a n o t h e r , h a v i n g a c o m m o n i n t e r c e p t a t zero ethylene oxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n . The s o r b i t a n m o n o l a u r a t e h a s a m u c h h i g h e r intercept. The difference is a s c r i b e d to t h e difference in h y d r o p h o b i c i t y of the n o n - e t h y l e n e oxide t m r t i o n of t h e molecule. INFLUENCE 0'F ~q~REE ALKALI CONTENT ON SOAP STABILITY.

W.

Chendor. T~uszce i Srodlci Piorace 2, 213-16 (1958). Experim e n t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s t o r a g e p r o p e r t i e s of soap p r o d u c e d f r o m tallow 60-80, l a r d 0-20, coconut oil 10-20, a n d castor oil 3 - 7 % showed free alkali c o n t e n t s e f 0.1, 0.06, or 0 - 0 . 0 0 3 % to be excessive, a d e q u a t e , or i n a d e q u a t e , respectively. (C. A. 53, 19416) [NFLUENCE OF NA.~I:):~OI(rCACL'_,-H~O P H A S E EQUILIBRIUIVs ON LAUNDERING OF COTT0'N ]~ABRIC. W. J . D i a m o n d ( B r u n s w i c k -

Balke-Collender Co., Muskeg(m, Mich.) a n d J. E. Grove (General F o o d s Co., B a t t l e Creek, M i c h . ) . Textile Research J. 29, 8 6 3 - 7 2 (1959). R edeposition of soil in cotton f a b r i c a n d rinsi n g of d e t e r g e n t f r o m cotton f a b r i c s are s u b s t a n t i a l l y influenced b y t h e p h a s e region of the Ca~-N:I.~P:~()~,, s y s t e m in which w a s h i n g a n d r i n s i n g t:/kes l)laee. R i n s i n g ef d e t e r g e n t is imp r o v e d as the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t r i p o l y p h e s p h a t e is i n c r e a s e d or as t h e Ca ++ c o n c e n t r a t i o n is decreased in t h e d e t e r g e n t b a t h . t l i g h e r t r i p o l y p h o s p h a t e com~cnt,'ations in t h e w a s h cycle ret a r d rcdeposition "rod p r o m o t e the r i n s i n g of d e t e r g e n t f r o m cotton fabrics. Hardiness of watcr definitely influences b o t h r e d e p o s i t i o n a n d rinsability. Thc influence of t r i p o l y p h o s p h a t e on redeposition is m o s t p r o n o u n c e d a t lew soil loads. W. A. I)owney and . l . J . McCallion (Chas. Pfizer & ('o., Inc., I~rooklyn. N. Y.). Soap ,f. Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( ] 0 ) , 45-7, 58 ( 1 9 5 9 ) . ~[ost c a u s t i c cleani n g f o r m u l a t i o n s can benefit f r o m t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n of glucohates. A b i l i t y to ehcl'ttc with d i v a l e n t a n d t r i v a l e n t m e t a l ions m a k e s this versatile anion useful in a wide v a r i e t y of applications. T h e s e include bottle wasldng, p a i n t s t r i p p i n g , a n d particularly a l m n i n u m cleaning. The g l u c o n a t c ion is available in solid a n d liquid f o r m , m a k i n g it a d a p t a b l e for i n c o r p o r a t i o n in either t y p e of c a u s t i c cleaning preduct. (}LUCONATES IN JkIA(AI,INE (!LI,iANEI(S.

~'IoNOLA-VEI~S IN EQIIIIABIillJM WITII ]aENS~;S OF OIL ON WATER. [I. DEI'ENDENCE OF I']QUIIABIr PRESSURES ON P H AND ON CONCENTRATION O~' SUIr ]J~. M. Fowkes, G. S. R o n a y ,

a n d M. J. Sehick (Shell l ) e v e l e i n n e n t Co., Emeryville, Calif.). J. Phys. Chem. 63, 1(;84-(; (1959). T h e e q u i l i b r i u m s p r e a d i n g p r e s s u r e (rr~) of oil solutions of s u r f a c e - a c t i v e sul)stancos /)n a q u e o u s s u b s t r a t e s c a n bc m e a s u r e d easily , n d rapidly. T h e s e are f o u n d u s e f u l as a n a l y t i c M tools to d e t e r m i n e t y p e a n d collc e n t r a t i o n of s u r f a c e active s u b s t a n c e s in the oil phase. S u r f a c e active acids, bases, salts, a n d non-ionizable s u b s t a n c e s are easily d i s t i n g u i s h e d by the p l t del)endence of 7rw. The coL,c , n t r a t i o n dependence

of rrw ca.ll I)e use(l tl) de{:erluille th( ) illolec(i]/lr ;lreft,

a n d 7rw iueasuremenI-s of the s u I ) e r n a t a n t oil (':~n be used to m e a s u r e s u r f a c e a r e a s of solids a n d h e a t s of a d s o r p t i o n thereon. A RADIOTI~ACEK STUDY O1~~ AI)SORI'PION OF AN ETHYLENE OXIDEPgOPYLENE OXIDE CON1)ENSATg ON QUARTZ POWDEKS. I t . R .

I [ e y d e g g e r a n d H. N. D r a i n i n g ( B u r e a u o f Mines, Bartlesville, Okla.). J. Phys. Chem. 63, l ( K 3 - 1 5 (1959). The a d s o r p t i o n i s o t h e r m of a non-ionic d e t e r g e n t , a n e t h y l e n e oxlde-propylene oxide condensate, on a s t a n d a r d q u a r t z powder h a s b e e n determ i n e d by r a d i o t r a c e r methods. B c c a u s e of the h i g h specific a c t i v i t y of the labeled detergent, it was possible to e x t e n d t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s to equilibrium c o n c e n t r a t i o n s as low as one p.p.m. Tile e x t e n t of a d s o r p t i o n is c o n s i d e r a b l y less t h a n t h a t of other non-lonic d e t e r g e n t s tested oil t h e s a m e q u a r t z sample.

62 USE

THE OF ]~ADIOISOTOP]~S

IN DETERGENT

JOURNAL AND

COSMETIC

OF THE

AMERICAN

I~ESEARC~I.

M. F. Nelson (Atlas Powder Co.). J. Soc. Cometic Chemists 10, 320-32 (1959). The various uses of radioisotopes in costactic and detergent problems are outlined. 28 references. C*F T E N A C I O U S L Y B O U N D SOIL IN COTTON. W . C. Powe (Whirlpool Corp., St. Joseph, Mich.). Textile Research J. 29, 879~84 (]969). A serious problem in drycleaning and laundering is the progressive deterioration in the appearance of fabrics caused by the gradual accumulation of unremoved and redeposited soil. Electron micrographs of n a t u r a l soil i~ situ were taken to determine the identity and particle size of this material. These electron mierographs suggest t h a t clay minerMs 0.01-1 # in diameter are the m a j o r particulate material causing soil build-up on cotton fibers. Properties of clay minerals which contribute to their f o r m i n g s t r o n g bonds with cotton fibers are discussed. THE NATURE

TIlE DESOI~PTION ()F SODIUM DODECY1, SULI'ATE SPI~EAD 0b~ Alg AQUEO~rs SITBSTEATE. ~[. L. Rosano and G. I ( a r g (Lever Bros. Co., Edgcwater, N. J . ) . J. Phys. Chem. 63, 1692-5 (]959). Sodium dodecyl sulfate was spread on distilled water and on 5% and 20% SaC1 solutions, and surface pressures were measured as functim~s of time. The author attemI)ted to apply an empirical equstlon for rate of desorption on a soluble monolayer, extrapolating the pressure back to the time of initial spreading. This should permit calculation of the molecular weight of the detergent f r o m the two-dimensional g a s law, provided the measu r e m e n t s are made at sufficiently low surface concentrations. I t was f o u n d th.,t this approach is valid only when the rate of desorption is decreased by h a v i n g sufficient electrolyte present in the substrate. A discussion of the mechanism of desorption of soluble monolayers is presented. A NEW

METHOD

FOR T H E DETEKMINATI0'N O,F CRITICAL IV[ICE,LLE

CONCltN~I*I~ATIONS OF US-IONIZED ASSOCIATION COLLO,IDS IN AQUEOUS O1r IN NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTION. S. ROSS and J. P. Olivier (Rensselner Polytechnic Institute, Troy, :New York). J. Phys. Chem. 63, 1671-4 (1959). A new method for the deterruination of eritic'd mieclle concentration (CMC) of un-ionized surface-active agents is developed, and shown to be applicable in a n u m b e r of different solvents. The method depends on the f o r m a t i o n of a colored iodine-micelle complex. The absorption m a x i m u m of the complex is always s t 360 m~ for different a g e n t s a n d for different solvents. Critical micelle concentrations in water, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and petroleum ether solutions have been determined. The results by the new method are f o u n d to agree with those obtained by independent methods, namely, m e a s u r e m e n t s of static surface tension and relative differential refractive index. Colored impurities in the agent are not troublesome except at high concentrations, and even there an empirical correction can be applied. A n isosbestic point in the absorption spectra is evidence t h a t dissolved iodine is in equilibrium with the iodine in the micelle and t h a t only one type of iodine-micelle complex is present in the solution,

CLEANrNG CO~P0SlTION. S. Spring (Penns'flt Chemicals Corp.). U. S. 2,901,433. A cleansing composition for grease removal consists of a soap, a weak organic acid, a neutral salt, water, a n d a n organic solvent with or without an alcohol, wherein a synergistic relationship exists between the f a t t y acid and the neutral salts in the presence of the soap a n d water, which provides greater s o h b i l i z a t i o n of the grease t h a n would otherwise have been predicted. P~OCESSING OF SOAP. L. D. Jones (Sharpies Corp.). U. N. 2,902,502. Processing of soap to convert grained soap into n e a t soap comprises mixing a n aqueous solution of soap with grained soap in the presence of an electrolyte, limiting the solubility of soap a n d an electrolyte-containing aqueous solution of soap and s e p a r a t i n g the n e a t soap f r o m the aqueous solution. NONTAIgNISHIN~ DETEt%GENT COMPOSITIONS C0~NTAINING STANNOUS SALTS. E. E. Ruff and E. E. Smith (Lever Brothers Co.). U. S. 2,903,431. I t has been f o u n d t h a t polyphosphate deterg e n t compositions will not t a r n i s h copper, nickel and alloys such as g e r m a n silver, if they contain a t a r n i s h i~fl~ibltor such

0IL

CHEMISTS'

VOL. 37

SOCIETY

as a water-soluble inorganic and organic stannous salt, for example, stannous chloride, fluoride, tartrate, etc. PI~.EPAI~ATION OF AC~L TAURIDES. C. T. Walling, L. :F. McKenney, a n d R. Geitz. (Lever Brothers Co.). U. S. 2,903,466. Alkali metal aeyl taurides are prepared continuously a n d in high p u r i t y by continuously mixing violently g stream of acyl chloride with a stream of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal tauride and an alkali metal hydroxide and then continuously withdrawing the end reaction product. SKIm DISINFECTANT. C. H. Davis and C. G. Grand (Carlen Corp.). U. S. 2,904,468. A widely effective skin germicide consists of the combination of a polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol nonionic detergent, an active wetting agent such as organic sulfate or sulfonate salt and a calcium sequestering a g e n t such as ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid or its salts. These three components are readily soluble a n d dispersible in water, a n d are compatible t h r o u g h wide ranges of proportions a n d at various dilutions. GEI~MICIDAL COMP(>SITIONS. 1). Maurlce ( M o n s a n t o C~lelnicals, Ltd.). U. S. 2,906,664. A new germicidal composition derived from dichloro-m-xylenol having a comparatively h i g h activity a g a i n s t g r a m positive bacteria also has an unexpected high activity a g a i n s t g r a m negative bacteria due to the increased solubility of chloro-m-xylenol salts by the addition of a proportion of a soap or other anionic surface-active agent. TOILET DETERGENT COMPOSITION CONTAINING SYNElCGISTIC' DIAND TRI-HALO SALICXfLANILIDE~IXTU/gES. H. C. Stecker. U. S. 2,906,711. A n antiseptic toilet detergent with u n u s u a l lasting germicidal effectiveness consists of a soap or synthetic detergent a n d f r o m 0.1 to 10% by weight of a gernficide consisting of a synergistic mixture of 65 to 9 8 v of 3,5,4'~trihalosalicylanilide and 35 to 2% of 5,4'-dihalosalicylanilide. LIQUID DE'I3gl~GENT COMPOSITION. t~. A. Grlfo (Colgate-Palmolive Co.). U. S. 2,908,651. A clear, single phase, concentrated liquid detergent is prepared consisting of an alkyl aryl sulfohate salt, a foam and detergency improving inorganic salt such as m a g n e s i u m chloride, m a g n e s i u m sulfate or calcium chloride solubilized in a mixture of low molecular weight alcohol and water. IMPttOVEMENTS RELATING TO LIQUID DETERilENT COMPOSITIONS. P. J. Pengilly (Thomas /cIedley & Co.). Brit. 815,850. k heavyduty detergent in the form of a stable, opaque, mucilaginous, aqueous liquid which does not separate into 2 or more layers contains from 10 to 22% of sodium dodecylbenzencsulfonate, from 15 to 22% potassium pyrophosphate, from 2 to 5% f a t t y acid monoethanolamide, f r o m 3 to 5% ethyl alcohol and from 3 to 5% of glycerol or from 1 to 3% propylene glycol. I1VfPI~OVEMENTS RELATIN~ TO LIQUID DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS. R. Ooskie ( T h o m a s Hedley & Co., L t d . ) . Brit. 815,851. A lightduty, liquid detergent composition which remains clear with no phase separation f r o m 40.~ to 80~ can be prepared containing f r o m 10 to 25% sodium dodeeylbenzenesulfonate, f r o m 1 to 5% f a t t y acid monoethanolamide in which the acid moiety contains f r o m 10 to 14 carbon atoms, from 2 to 10% potassium pyrophosphate, f r o m 10 to: 12% urea, f r o m 5 to 10% ethyl alcohol, a n d f r o m 1.5% to 4% citric acid, the balance being water and the p H a d j u s t e d to 5 to 7.

IMPI~OVED GEI~ICIDAL SOAPS. ]?'arbenfabriken Bayer Aktiengesellschaft. Brit. 817,130. The effectiveness of soaps containing germicides such as halogenated hydroxydlphenyl compounds, halogenated or non-halogenated salicylic acid anilides a n d t h i u r a m compounds is improved by the addition of zinc carbonate a n d / o r zinc phosphate during the milling of the soap which provides light stability and permits widening of the effective range of the germicide. SOAPS

AND

L. Lehner.

COSMETICS

SENSITIVE

TO, TENIPEI~ATURI~

CIIANGES.

Ger. 1,002,105. Ag tetralodomereurate is added to

soap. TMs substance changes color upon exceeding a definite temperature limit. Increasing the temperature beyond this point causes destruction of the hormones, enzymes, and similar biological compounds present in the soap. (C. A. 53, 18405)