468

THE JOURNAL OF THE A~IERICAN OIL CHEMISTS' SOCIETY

VOL. 36

0.7E

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EXTRACTION NUMBER Fm. 3. Linear graph for determining the y-asymptote of curve in Figure 2.

Clifford et El. for the determination of fat, wax, and resin in cotton (4). A f t e r testing a v a r i e t y of solvents, these workers correctly concluded that, although hot chloroform was best, no complete separation was possible. The question of how much soluble material remained unextracted n a t u r a l l y arises. Cliff o r d ' s data include a tabulation of the percentage of sample extracted at various time-intervals. The data for the extraction of American cotton with hot chlorof o r m are studied here. The percentage extracted is plotted against the extraction time in F i g u r e 4. The experimental points are seen to lie v e r y close to the best hyperbola which can be d r a w n through them. This hyperbola follows the equation, % = t/(1.269 t + 0.1883). The straight-line function has been plotted in Figq]re 4 also. F r o m this the total soluble material is f o u n d to amount to 0.788%. The longest extraction time reported in this series of extractions was 10 hrs., and in this time 0.776% of the sample had been extracted. The 10-hr. extraction thus removed 98.5% of the soluble material present in the cotton. Summary Successive extractions of mixtures are used to determine the percentage of the more soluble corn-

AB

S TRA

CT

i

0

2

t

i

~

4 8 EXTRACTION%IME I(HRS)

i

I0

t2

FIG. 4. E x t r a c t i o n curve and corresponding l i n e a r graph f o r extraction of A m e r i a n cotton with hot chloroform.

ponents present. A plot of the amount extracted vs. the extraction n u m b e r results in a section of a hyperbola, which is then extrapolated to the limiting value. The solubility thus obtained is independent of arbit r a r y ratios of weights of solute to solvent. The method is applied to the determination of the alcoholsoluble fraction of sugar cane wax, and a l a b o r a t o r y extractor operating at constant t e m p e r a t u r e is described. Also the method m a y be used to analyze other extraction data, e.g., extraction with the Soxhlet extractor, to determine the a m o u n t of soluble material left unextraeted a f t e r a given time.

Acknowledgment This work was s u p p o r t e d by a grant-in-aid f r o m the Graduate School of A l a b a m a Polytechnic Institute. I~EFERENCES 1. Zweig, S., and Taub, A. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 15, 9 (1940). 2. Bunger, W. B., and ]Kummerow, F. A., J. Am. Oil Chemists Soc., 28. 121 (1951). 3. Pickett, O. A., Ind. Eng. Chem., 21, 767 (1929). 4. Clifford, P. tt., Higginbotham, L., and Fargher, 1~. G., J. TecKtile Inst., 15, T120 (1924).

[Received April 1, 1959]

S ....

A B S T R A C T O R S : Lenore Petschaft Africk, R. R. Allen, S. S. Chang, Sini'tiro Kawamura, F. A. K u m m e r o w , E. G. Perkins, and Dorothy M. Rathmann

9 Fats

and

Oils

ISO{}LEIO AOIDS. VI. ISOOLEI0 AOIDS O~ ]~E~I~ LIVEI~ A N D G O A T

~ILK FATS. I. S. Sheno]ikar and M. R. Subbaram (Indian Council Med. Research, Coonoor). J. Sci. Ind. Research (India) 17C, 207-8 (1958). The presence of A s- through A18-octadecenoie acids in the isoSleic acid from beef liver and goat milk fats is proved. (C. A. 53, 11696) DETECTION AND ~EASUREI~IENT OF CIS ~TNSAT~JRATIOCgIN FATTY ACIDS. 1~. T. Holman, Siret Ener, and P. R. Edmnndson (Univ. of Minnesota, .Austin). Arch. Bioehem. Biophys. 80, 72-9

(1959). The absorbanee of f a t t y acids at 2.15 /* is related to the u n s a t u r a t i o a of the samples and f o u n d to be a m e a s u r e of cis u n s a t u r a t i o n , tv[oles c i s a c i d / k g . = 0.76 (k • l 0 s) --0.96. The determination of cis u n s a t u r a t i o n b y its a b s o r p t i o n at 2.15 ~ has the a d v a n t a g e of speed and determines directly and specifically a p r o p e r t y of cis u n s a t u r a t i o n . (C. A. 53, 11697) VAI~IATIONS IN" THE C01:k[POSITION AND CHARACTERISTIC ~UI~BEES OF SUNFLO~VER OIL IN DEPENDENCE OF CLII~ATIC ~4)NDITIONS. G. R ankov and As. Popov. Bulgar. Akad. Nauk., Izvest. Khim. Inst. 5, 203-8 (1957) ( R u s s i s n and German s u m m a r i e s ) . The oils received f r o m different localities varied in iodine

OCTOBEr,1959

.ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS

number and chemical composition. Those from Southern Bulgaria had lower iodine values than those from farther north. The amount of linoleic acid varied between 50.8 and 56.7% and that of oleie acid from 33.4 to 38.5%. No lino]enic acid was found. These are typical semidrylng oils, soluble in ether. (C. A. 53, 10806) REFINING

01~ OLIVE

OILS

CONTAINING

DIAZlNON

I:~ESIDUES.

Maria E. Alessandrini, ~vIirella Doretti, and A. Sampaolo. Rend. ist. super, sanitd 21, 1116-25 (1958). Diazinon [0-(2-isopropyL 4-metbyl-6-pyrimidyl)-O,O-diethyl thiophospbate] is not decomposed by alkali refining, but as much as 200 parts per million of it is destroyed by decolorlzing with a mixture of 3% " R u m s i l " activated clay with 0.3% activated carbon at 95-105 ~ for 0.5 hour. About 90% of diazinon was recoverable from the clay. No breakdown product (POe+~+) and no cholinesterase inhabiters were identifiable hi the refined oil. Deodorization by heating the oil to 200 ~ at 1 ram. mercury for three hours leaves sulfur derivatives. (C. A. 53, 10808) ~EEDS AND OIL O~" S01VIE SORTS OF THE XANTttIUiYs SPE;CIES.

As. Poppy and St. Ivanov. Bulgar. A~ad. NauTs., lzvest. J~him. Inst. 5, 377-87 (1957). Data from the literature are given on several species of Xanthiu~r~. The oil of Xanthium strumarium, Xanthium spinosum and Xanthium italicum gave: n 25/~ 1.4740, 1.4745, 1.4747; acid number 1.1, 1.5, 2.3; saponification number 192.0, 194.7, 190.6; hexabromide number all zero; iodine number (Kaufman) 138.9, 140,0, 140.6. The composition of the oils included linoleie acid 63.3, 64.6, 65.5%; oleic acid 28.0, 26.5, 24.5%; unsaponifiable matter 0.4, 0.9, 0.9; glycol residues all 4.5. They belong to the group of semidrying oils and can be used as such. The oils of Xanthium strumarium and Xanthium spinosum are safe for food purposes; the oil of Xanthium italicum has not been proven to be physiologically safe. The pulp which remained after extraction of the oil is known to contain poisonous substances and cannot be used as a feed. (C. A. 53, 10807) OIL Ot~ WALNUT (JUGLANS ~={EGIA). R. S. Aizenberg.

Trudy Kishinev. Set's]cokhoz. Inst. 11, 63-98 (1956); Re/erat. Zhur., Khim. 1958, Abstr. No. 2690. Oil from nuts of standard grade, from the State Fruit Nursery of IV[oldavian S.S.R. stored for six months as 18-20% has the following constants: u ~/~ 1.4774, n 1~/c 1.474, u ~/~ 1.484, temperature index of refraction 0.00046, d ~~ 0.9172, flash point 327 ~ Turbidity begins to develop a~ --26 ~ Acid value of the oil 0.65, saponification value 193.1, ester value 192.45, glycerol content 10.55%, unsaponifiables 0.68%, Hehner value 95.1, neutralization value of f a t t y acids 203.3 with unsaponifiables, 204.7 without, average molecular weight of f a t t y acids 275.3, value of water-soluble volatile acids 1.52, insolubles 0.2, iodine value (according to ]vlargoshes) 142.1, thiocyanogen value 87.33. The oil contains approximately 28% oleic acid, 55% ]inoleic acid, and 8.5% linolenic acid and is a typical drying oil. On studying the processes of refining and oxypolymerization of the oil, it was found that optimal conditions for manufacture of an immersion oil are refining with a mixture of animal charcoal (2%) and waste aluminum sulfate (6%) and blowing with air at 130-ram. residual pressure for 35 hours. I n order to raise the refractive index, a-bromonaphthalene is added to the oil thus treated. (C. A. 53, 10806) ~r

DISTILLATION O,F SO]~IE PHILIPPINE VEGETABLE OILS.

A. O. Cruz, A. P. Labog, and L. U. Castle (Inst. Sci. and Technol., ]V[anila). Philippine J. Sci. 86, 241-5 (1957). Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Aleurites moluccana, rubber seed (He~ea brasiliensis), and rice (Oryza sativa) oils were molecularly distilled. Some separations of the triglycerides of the coconut and rice oils were achieved but little or no separation in the other two. The drying properties of Aleurites moluccana and rubber-seed oils were not improved by molecular distillation. (C. A. 53, 10806) ETHYL OLEATE USED AS AN ]~XCIPIENT. A. del Pozo and P. Alemany (Dept. Farm. C.S.I.C., Barcelona, Spain). Galcnica acta 11(4), 7-18 (1958). Ethyl oleate containing nordihydroguaiaretic acid, butyl hydroxyanisole, laaryl gallate, propy] gallate, or ethyl gallate, each 0.01%, and each with citric acid 0.005%, or Tenox I I 0.04%, all exerted protective effects, causing delay in rancidification as 87 ~ up to two months. (C. A. 53, 10805) ISOI~fERIZATION O~ F A T I-IYDI~OPEI~OXIDES T O CYC%I0 PEROXIDES.

A. R. S. Karl]is (Maharaja 's Coll., Ernakulam). J. Set. Ind. Research (India) 17B, 284-5 (1958). When f a t peroxides ~re kept in methanol-carbon tetrachloride solution at 30-50% an appreciable decrease in peroxide number is observed within one hour whereas there is no decrease observed in the absence

469

of methanol. The change in peroxide number on contact with methanol is due to isomerization. Hydroperoxides are converted to cyclic peroxides in the presence of alcoholic O~K. Acetic acid also has the same type of isomerizing action as methanol. The p r e s e n t studies demonstrate the possible existence of cyclic peroxides of the nonconjugated unsaturated f a t t y acid derivatives. Further, cyclic peroxides appear to be readily converted back to hydroperoxides. This makes the interrelationship between the two types of peroxides look like tautomerism. (C. A. 53, 11215) ANIMAL F A T S IN FLA~N'T OILS. G. Bigoni (Spa. Gaslini, Genua, Italy). Oli~ minerali, grassi e saponi, colori e ~ernici 36, 1-4 (1959). Animal fats contain tetradecenoie and hexadecenoic acid in greater amounts th~n does olive oil; the ox, sheep, and pig f a t contain 0.6-4.8% tetradecenoie acid and 0.1-6.7% of hexadecenoic acid, while olive oil contains less than 1% of tetradecenoic acid and no hexadecenoie acid. Detection is made as follows: separate the solid f a t t y acids from total freed f a t t y acids with the lead salt method, methylate liquid fatty acids, and distill a first fraction (15%) of the methyl esters. The average molecular weight of the distilled fraction from pure olive oil has saponification number less than 191; when more than 10% aninml fats is present, the saponification number is 194-212. (C. A. 53, 11862) DEODOI%IZATIOIW OF LIQUID "~'HALE OIL IN HYDI%O~EN AT/vIOS-

PHEI~E. T. A. Khorin ( F a t Combine, Troltsk). Maslobo{noZhirovaya Prom. 25(3), 34~5 (1959). Deodorization of whale oil in hydrogen atmosphere at 275 ~ for three hours, or at 300 ~ for forty-five minutes, and the withdrawal of at least 2% of distillate inhibits development of fishy flavors during storage. (C. A. 53, 11862) P : A. Artamonov, E. A. Glokova, and L. N. Goryaeva. Maslobo{no-Zhirovaya Prom. 25(3), 22 5 (1959). Preparation of sodium methoxide as a catalyst for the transesterification of cottonseed oil, as well as the apparatus used in the process, are described in some detail. (C. A. 53, 11861) TI~ANSESTERIFICATION 0F COTTONSEED OIL.

~/[ANUFACTURE OF FATTY AOIDS BY THE SODA SAPONIFICATION

P~OCESS. A. Vickery. M/g. Chemist 30(3), 107-8(1958). A description is given of the technique and soda saponification plant used by P r i c e ' s (]3romborough) Ltd. for preparation of ricinolele and 12-hydroxystearie acids concentrates from natural oils. (C. A. 53, 11861) SELECTI0~ AND ACTIVATION OF CATALYSTS DU~ING FAT HYDROLYSIS. D. A. RozhdestvenskiL Maslobo{no-Zhirovaya Prom.

25(3), 31-4(1959). The acid (up to 5%) hydrolysis of hydrogenated f a t is accelerated by the presence of surface-active anionic and nonionic emulsifying agents (which form heatstable emulsions in the acid medium) and cationic adsorbers. (C. zt. 53, 11861) F A T T Y ACID C0~POSITION 01~ iN~01%THERN E L E P H A N T

SEs

OIL.

Hideo Tsuyuki (Univ. Nihon). Set. Repts. Whales Research Inst. (Tokyo) 13, 323-32 (1958) (in English). The fatty-acid composition of a northern elephant seal oil was saturated acids: myristic 3.52, palmitle 12.82, stearic 3.61, arachidlc 0.41, and behenie acid 0.01%, and unsaturated acids: C~, 0.96 (-2.0 H), C~ 10.02 (--2.5 I t ) , C~ 33.22 (--3.0 H ) , C..,o 24.57 (--~.4 ~l), C,~ 10.27 (-7.1 H) and C~ acid 0.59% (--6.6 H ) . (C. A. 53, 14548) WHALE OIL. X I I I .

THE C05{POSITION OF FATTY ALCOt{0LS IN

BEI~ARDIUS BAIRDII BLUBBEI~ OIL. Zlasamichi Saiki, Shin-Chen Fang, and Takajiro Mort (Univ. Tokyo). Bull. Japan Soc. Sci. Fisheries 24, 578-80 (1958-59). The blubber oil of Berardius bairdii showed specific gravity d ~~ 0.8748, n ~~ 1.4560, acid number 0.3, saponification number 123.2, iodine number 87.4, and unsaponifiable matter 40.05%. The unsaponifiable matter had iodine nmnber 64.41, hydrocarbon 0.05%, and steroi 0.3%. The composition of f a t t y alcohols in the unsaponifiable matter was C~6 saturated 9, C~s saturated 27, C~.o saturated 2, C~6 unsaturated 7, C~8 unsaturated 53, and C~o unsaturated 2%. Urea adduet-methanol method for separation of higher alcohols was very useful for concentrating octadeeenol. (C. A. 53, 14548) A NOTE ON A ~ETHOD FOI% THE EXTI~ACTION O~ FREE FATTY

ACIDS Fl%Ol~ LIPID 1V[ATElZIAL. L. l~. Mattick and F. A. Lee (New York State Agr. Expt]. Sta., Corne]l Univ., Geneva, N. Y . ) . t~ood Res. 24, 451-2 (1959). A method is presented for the extraction of free f a t t y acids from lipid material. This method eliminates the troublesome emulsions formed during the extraction of soap solutions with ether.

470

T I l E J O U R N A L OF TIlE A M E R I C A N O I L C I I E M I S T S '

EFFECT OF COOKING U P O N EDIBLE F A T A N D OIL. IV. QUALITY

0F FAT AND OIL USED IN SAUTl~ING VEGETABLES AND IN ROUX. T. H a s h i m o t o , T. S a k a m a k i , a n d H. M a t s u m a u r o . Ann. Rep. Natl. Inst. Nutrition ( T o k y o ) 1958, 86--8. R a w s o y b e a n oil was c o m p a r e d with t h a t u s e d in s a u t e i n g or in roux p r e p a r a tion of vegetables. No difference in u t i l i z a t i o n of the f a t s u s e d in t h e s e w a y s was evident. (C. A. 53, 12514) PARTIAL ESTE]%S (MoNo- AND DIGLYCERIDES) OF FATTY ACIDS AhrD POLYHYDROXY ALCOHOLS AS EMULSIFYING AGENTS. B. Ya. Golant a n d N. A. P e t r o v . Maslobogno-Zhirovaya Prom. 2 5 ( 2 ) , 16-19 (1959). A review with 23 references. INCOMPLETE ESTERS OF F A T T Y ACIDS A N D P O L Y H Y D R O X Y ALCOHOLS AS EMULSIFIERS. B. Ya. Golant a n d N. A. P e t r o v . Ibid.

2 5 ( 3 ) , 15-18. 53, 12710)

Review o f l i t e r a t u r e with 8 references. (C. A.

QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR DETEKMINATION OF ]~ANCIDITY I~ VEGETABLE OILS. B. A. J. Sed155ek. Nahrung 2, 655-9 (1958). The 2 - t h i o b a r b i t u r i c acid m e t h o d , with m e a s u r e m e n t of color t h r o u g h extinction at 530 m/~, is a p p l i e d to l a r d a n d w a l n u t kernels. O r g a n o l e p t i e p r o p e r t i e s decrease with increase in extinction a n d peroxide n u m b e r . P a r t i c u l a r l y , b e g i n n i n g r a n c i d i t y is a c c o m p a n i e d by a r a p i d rise of t h e extinction, which allows use of the m e t h o d to d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n f r e s h l y refined a n d stored oils. E x t i n c t i o n values a n d peroxide n u m bers for fresh, stored, a n d r a n c i d oils are s u g g e s t e d . (C. A. 53, 12710) PKEPAI%ATION OF ACTIVATED CLAYS A N D CAI%RONS FI%01~ INDIGENOUS R A W i~iATERIALS FOE BLEACHING COTTONSEED OIL.

K . K r i s h n a M u r t h y a n d M. N a r a y a n a R a o ( C e n t r a l F o o d Technol. Research Inst., ~Iysore). J. Proc. Oil Technologists' Assoc., India, K a n p u r 10, 121-6 (1954) ( P u b . 1955). T h e p r e p a r a t i o n of a c t i v a t e d clays f r o m f o u r s a m p l e s of kaolinitic clays a n d of a c t i v a t e d c a r b o n s f r o m v e g e t a b l e r a w m a t e r i a l s i n c l u d i n g s a w d u s t , p e a n u t hulls, cottonseed hulls, a n d rice hulls, was studied. Rice hulls carbon, a n d a c i d - a c t i v a t e d B a g h e s h a p u r a clay g a v e the best results. These c o m p a r e d f a v o r a b l y with other ( f o r e i g n ) sources of carbon a n d e a r t h f o r t h e b l e a c h i n g of cottonseed oil. (C. A. 53, 12710) I'IYDROGENATION

OF NAGESWAK OIL (MESUA

FERI%EA).

Sri Couri

SOCIETY

VOL. 3 6

W e l l i n g t o n , N. Z.). Dairy Sci. Abstr. 19, 168-89 (1957). review with 147 references. (C. A. 53, 13438)

A

THE REACTION 0F OLEIC ACID WITH CHLORINE. V. E. Veijola ( I n s t . Technol., H e l s i n k i ) . Suomvn Kemistilehti 31B, 307-8 (1958) (in E n g l i s h ) . The rate of a d d i t i o n a n d s u b s t i t u t i o n in c a r b o n tetrachloride were followed b y n o t i n g the a m o u n t s of hydrochloric acid a n d chlorine evolved. The a d d i t i o n reaction is r a p i d a n d t a k e s precedence. S u b s t i t u t i o n t a k e s place at a s t e a d y r a t e d u r i n g t h e a d d i t i o n r e a c t i o n period b u t f a l l s r a p i d l y when t h e l a t t e r is completed. T h e ratio of s u b s t i t u t i o n to a d d i t i o n i n c r e a s e s with increase o f t e m p e r a t u r e b u t decreases w i t h decreased oleie acid or chlorine c o n c e n t r a t i o n to a level of a b o u t 25% of the total reaction. T h e ratio decreased w h e n ferric chloride, iron powder, iodine, a l u m i n u m , or a n t i m o n y p e n t a c h l o r i d e were a d d e d or when oxygen or air were u s e d as the diluent gas. (C. A. 53, 13050) BAKING STRENGTH AND UNSATUEATION IN WHEAT OIL. I'i. V. H a r t a n d J. B. H u t c h i n s o n ( R e s e a r c h Assoc. of B r i t i s h FlourMillers, Cereals R e s e a r c h Sta., Old L o n d o n Rd., St. A l b a n s ) . Chem. and Ind. 90, 3 - 4 ( ] 9 5 9 ) . The iodine value of w h e a t oil is only s l i g h t l y affected b y differences in clfinate, variety, place of growth, or season a n d shows no significant association with t h e b a k i n g q u a l i t y of t h e protein. However, it is possible t h a t t h e a m o u n t s of p a r t i c u l a r l y u n s a t u r a t e d c o m p o n e n t s of flour oil fluctuate with variety a ~ d e n v i r o n m e n t m o r e t h a n the overall degree of u n s a t u r a t i o n would s u g g e s t . I f this be the case, such v a r i a t i o n s m i g h t p l a y a role in t h e differential responses of b a k i n g flours to t h e r e m o v a l or a d d i t i o n of lipids. STABILITY FOE OXIDATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THEIIr UltRA ADDUCT CI~YSTALS. T a d a s h i M a k i t a ( U n i v . K y o t o ) . Roy. Phys. Chem. Japan 28, 31-5 (1958) (in E n g l i s h ) . The o x i d a t i o n of u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids a n d their u r e a a d d u c t s w a s studied. W i t h o x i d a t i o n in air t h e c r y s t a l lattice o f urea a d d u e t became quite u n s t a b l e at 80 ~ A t h i g h p r e s s u r e s the u r e a lattice stabilized a n d p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t oxidation by air. T h e hollow c h a n n e l s t r u c t u r e of u r e a completely p r o t e c t e d the double b o n d s a g a i n s t the a d d i t i o n of ozone. I a o x i d a t i o n of u r e a a d d u c t s milled with s o d i u m chloride, p a r t of t h e crystal lattice was p r o b a b l y broken u p by the milling. (C. A. 53, 14546)

( R a d h a n a g a r , W e s t B e n g a l ) . J. Proc. Oil Technologists' Assoc., India, K a n p u r 10, ] 1 7 - 2 0 (1954) ( P u b . 1955). T h e oil, o b t a i n e d in yields of 30.0-49.8%, h a d a saponification n u m b e r 209.5, iodine n u m b e r 87.92, a n d n ~~ 1.468. (C. A. 53, 12711)

BY-PRODUCTS OF COTTONSEED CRUSHING INDUSTICY--A REVIEW. Ora P r a k a s h , A t m a R a m , a n d S. C. P a n d e y ( H a r c o u r t B u t l e r Technol. Inst., K a n p u r ) . Papers Symposium Cottonseed and By-Products, Hyderabad, India, 1958, Sect. V I , 8-19. 34 references. (C. A. 53, 14547)

REFINING 0F VEGETABLE OILS FOR

CHEI~ICAL PI-1YSIOLOGY AND ANALYSIS OF POLYMEKIZED FATS. K . T~ufel, C1. F r a n z k e , a n d H. H o p p e ( H u m b o l d t - U n i v . , Berl i n ) . Deut. Lebensm.-Rundschau 54, 235-52 (1958). A review with 24 references. (C. A. 53, 8663)

Kanta

Mukerjee

HUMAN

CONSUI~IPTION A N D

FOI~ MOTOK LUBI~ICATION. M. B o u r j o l a n d ~1. Ortigues. 4" Ind. ( P a r i s ) 80, 712-15 (1958). (C. A. 53, 12711)

ChAin.

PROCESSING, STOt~AGE, AND ]_\IUTRITIVE VALUE OF COTTONSEED OIL. V. S u b r a h a m a n a y a n , M. N a r a y a n a Rao, K . K r i s h n a m u r t h y , S. K u p p u s w a m y , M. S w a m i n a t h a n , a n d D. S. B h a t i a ( C e n t r a l Food Technol. R e s e a r c h Inst., M y s o r e ) . J. Proc. Oil Technologists' Assoc., India, Kanp~r 10, 64-9 (1954) ( P u b . 1955). The cottonseed oil f r o m nine I n d i a n varieties was c o m p a r e d with A m e r i c a n varieties. (C. A. 53, 1271]) ELAIDINATION OF PEANUT OIL. 0 m P r a k a s h , A t m a R a m , a n d S. C. P a n d e y (Technol. Inst., K a n p u r ) . J. Proc. Oil Technologists' Assoc., India, K a n p u r 10, 89-96 (1954) ( P u b . 1955). A t t e m p t s were m a d e to elaidinize p e a n u t oil to p r o d u c e a p r o d u c t sinfilar to b u t t e r f a t or h y d r o g e n a t e d oil in a p p e a r a n c e . Selenium in g r a n u l a t e d f o r m was used as catalyst, l~iaximum conversion was a t t a i n e d when the p r o d u c t h a d a m e l t i n g p o i n t of a b o u t 26-7 ~. O p t i m u m conditions involved t h e use of 1 % c a t a l y s t at 215 ~ f o r six hours. (C. A. 53, 12711) PALM OIL IN HOT-DIP TINNING. J. J o r a n d . Oldagineux 1 4 ( 2 ) , 73-81 (1959). A n a n a l y s i s is p r e s e n t e d of t h e c h a n g e s in p a l m oil d u r i n g c o n t i n u o u s u s e up to f o u r weeks. (C. A. 53, 12712) DETERI~INATION OF RANCIDITY OF LINSEED OIL BY SPECTROPI-10T0,METRIC METHOD. P. Machulis. Uchenye Zapiski Vil'nyus. Univ., Set. Mat., Fiz. i Khim. Nauk 1956, No. 6, 8 3 - 9 1 ; Referar. Zhur., Khim. 1958, A b s t r . No. 2715. R a n c i d i t y of linseed oil is d e t e r m i n e d by m e a s u r i n g a decrease in t r a n s m i t t a n c y at 2 8 0 m/z of a s t e a m distillate of t h e oil. (C. A. 53, 13627) IJLT~AVIOLET ABSORPTION SPECTRA 0,F NATURAL ~EGETABLE FATS. C1. F r a n z k e . Nahrung 2, 639-54 (1958). A review. (C. A. 53, 13627) THE MINOR FATTY ACID CONSTITUENTS OF BUTTElCFAT. F . B . S h o r l a n d a n d R. P. H a n s e n (Dept. Sei. a n d Ind. Research,

ARS0~PTION 0E GASES BY WHALE OILS. I I . ABSOI%PTI01'.T OF NITI~OGEN BY WHALE OILS. Y a s u t a r o I s h i k a w a (Univ. Hiroshima, F u k u y a m a ) . Sei. Repts. Whales Research Inst. ( T o k y o ) 13, 309-21 (1958) (in E n g l i s h ) . The solubility of n i t r o g e n in whale oils is a b o u t 0.1 of t h a t of carbon dioxide a n d it is p r o p o r t i o n a l to t h e pressure. (C. A. 53, 14548) STEAM EXPENDITURES AND WAYS OF INCREASING THE HEATUTILIZATION COEFFICIENT IN OIL-EXTRACTING PLANTS. G. E. ZarnitskH, V. M. Xopelkovski~, N. L. T r o y a n o v a , a n d V. G. Shclmrbakov. Trudy Krasnodar. last. P~shchevog Prom. 1956, No. 14, 75-80; Referat. Zhur., Khim. 1958. A b s t r . No. 2687. D i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i n g conditions of distillation c o l u m n s for oile x t r a c t i n g p l a n t s were studied. W h e n t h e r a t e of f e e d is i n c r e a s e d up to 8.7-9.3 ca. m . / h o u r , s t e a m c o n s u m p t i o n is reduced b y 8 % . F o r a p l a n t p r o c e s s i n g 400 t o n s of sunflower seed per day this p e r m i t s a s a v i n g of 718 t o n s of n o m i n a l f u e l on t h e y e a r l y basis. (C. A. 53, 14548) INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE TREATMENT AND SEASON ON THE DILATO]~IETRIO BEHAVIOR OF BUTTERFAT. ,.]-. M. De M a n a n d F. W. W o o d (Univ. A l b e r t a , E d m o n t o n , Can.). J. Dairy 2Cosearch 25, 17-23 (1959). A t h i g h e r r a t e s of cooling there was a n increase in t h e solid f a t content, which is in accordance with t h e t h e o r y of m i x e d c r y s t a l f o r m a t i o n . A cooling r a t e existed beyond which no f u r t h e r increase in solid f a t c o n t e n t took place, since b u t t e r f a t cooled b y i m m e r s i o n in a 5 ~ w a t e r b a t h h a d practically the s a m e solids c o n t e n t as it h a d w h e n cooled at 0 ~ Differences in cooling rate c h a n g e d t h e solid f a t c o n t e n t n m i n l y in the region of lower-melting p o i n t glycerides. Seasonal v a r i a t i o n s in solid f a t c o n t e n t i n d i c a t e d relatively l a r g e differences in the c o n t e n t of h i g h e r m e l t i n g glycerides. T h e r e was a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t n o t only the q u a n t i t y of solid f a t b u t also t h e composition of the c r y s t a l s w a s i m p o r t a n t as

OCTOBER, 1 9 5 9

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS

471

SIZE. I. S. Bruslav, I. P. Bel'skaya, G. N. Pavlov, and Z. V. Sosnovskaya. Doklady Vsesoyuz. Konf. po Moloch. Delu 1958, 61-5; Dairy Sci. Abstr. 20, Abstr. No. 2180. The average d!ameter of f a t globules in individual goat-milk sa~nples was 1.8-3.9 ~ and in individuM cow-milk samples 2.1 4.6 with maxintum of 15 and 72, respectively. (C. A. 53, 14370)

ATION. H. Kiihn a n d I-I. Liiek (Deut. Forschungsanst. Lebensmittelchem., Munich, Ger.). Z. Lebensm.-Untersuch. u. -Forseh. 109, 306-15 (1959). Trans f a t t y acids in animal and vegetable f a t s are detected and determined by i n f r a r e d spectroscopic techniques. The hypothesis t h a t only r u m i n a n t animal depot f a t contains trans f a t t y acid is questioned, for 3.5% was found in h u m a n f a t and 4.0-6.3% was found in the f a t of the domestic cat. Irradiation of lard and olive oil with ultraviolet light in air increases the intensity of the i n f r a r e d trans band; this increase, at the beginning, is proportional to the irradiation energy, and, like the peroxide content, arrives at a limiting value. This limiting value depends slightly on the total olefin content, and amounts to a trans isomerization of 6-8%. A slight (from 5 - 8 % ) increase of trans f a t t y acids occurs in beef f a t on ultraviolet irradiation. During irradiation of a hydrogenated peanut (}il containing about 30% trans olefins, there was a slow decrease of trans f a t t y acids. (C. A. 53, 12708)

ANALYTICAL AND KEEPING QUALITY STUDY ON SALTED CREAM-

DETERMINATION OF THE SOFTENING POINT OF BUTTE]~PAT. B . D .

ERY BUTTER. B. J. Ommodt and T. I. Hendrick. Prec. Intern. Dairy Congr., 14th, Rome, 1956, 2, 142-56; Dairy Sci. Abstr. 19, 587 (1957). A survey was made in August-December, 1955, of 133 samples of 3 grades of butter on the U.S.A. m a r k e t to deterniine keeping quality. No correlation was found between keeping quality and any single test. (C. A. 53, 14370)

Dixon (School Dairy Technol., Werribee). Australian J. Dairy Teehnol. 14, 22-4 (1959). A simplified method is described. (C. A. 53, 12510)

a factor influencing the hardness of butter. I t was possible to recrystallize mixed crystals in b u t t e r f a t at 22.5 ~ and thereby lower the solid-fat content of the b u t t e r f a t . (C. A. 53, 12510) TI~E

UNSATUI~ATED-FATTY-ACID

CONTENT

Ot~ )/1ILtf-

FAT

IN

MANITOBA. A. Reinart and J. M. Nesbitt. 1~roc. Intern. Dairy Congr., 14th, Rome 1956, 1, 911-24; Dairy Sei. Abstr. 19, 55 (1957). There was considerable seasonal variation in both the monoethenoid and polyethenoid f a t t y acid content. Small amounts of conjugated dienoic and trienoic acids were also found in some samples. (C. A. 53, 14367) INTENSITY OF BUTTEI~FAT SYNTHESIS AND BUTTERPAT-GL~BULE

VITAMIN

A

AND

CAROTENE

CONTENT

OF BUTTER.

Yu.

A.

Khotsko. Doklady Yscsoyuz. Konf. po Moloch. Delu 1958, 296-300; Dairy Sci. Abstr. 20, Abstr. No. 2942. The vitamin A content of fresh butter produced under normal m a n u f a c t u r ing conditions during 1954 was found to be dependent on the type of feeding. The average vitamin A and earotene contents of fresh sweet- and ripened-cream butter (salted or unsalted) was about 7.8 and 4.2, respectively, during the summer and 1.6 and 1 mg./kg., respectively, during the winter. On storage - 5 ~ and --12 ~ for 12 months, the ripened-cream salted butter lost about 31% of vitamin A and 37% carotene, whereas the unsalted sweet-cream butter lost only 11 and 14%, respectively. The incidence of tallowy, oily, fishy, and rancid flavors was accompanied by losses of vitamin A and carotene. (C. A. 53,

ANALYSIS O!~ LAI~D. T H E F A T t Y - A C I D AND GLYCERIDE ~(~MP(N SITION el o HUNGARIAN LARD. I . SzerGdy a n d J . PerGdi.

~letmezdsi Ipar 10, 253-8 (1956); Food Sr Abstr. 29, Abstr. No. 2307 (1957). The H u n g a r i a n lards contained the following types of glycerides: fully unsaturated, fully saturated, disaturated-monounsaturated, and monosaturated-diunsaturated. (C. A. 53, 13440) E . S. P a t t i s o n ( F a t t y Acid P r o d u c e r s ' Council, New York, N. Y.). Industrial F a t t y Acids and Their Applications (E. Scott Pattison, editor, Reinhold Pub. Corp.) 1959, 1-10. FATTY ACIDS TODAY AND T0~iOR:gOW.

PRODUCTION 0'P FATTY A C I D S - - I ~ A w MATEI~IALS.

n.

H.. P o t t s

( A r m o u r & Co., Chicago). Ibid. 11-28. PRODUCTION O~ ~ATTY ACIDS--SEPARATIO:N PROCESSES.

V . ~.

Muekerheide. Ibid. 29-33.

~4370)

FATTY ACIDS FRO~ TALL OIL. R . Herrlinger. Ibid. 34-40.

APPROXIMATE FORMULA FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE ~IAXIM:UM ATTAINABLE COMPLETENESS OF FAT HYDI~OLYSIS. L Y .

OZONE AND OTHER CLEAVAGE PROCESSES.

Molchanov. Trudy Krasnodarsk. Inst. Pishchevoi Prom. 1955, No. 12, 101-7; Referat Zhur., Khim. 1957, Abstr. No. 2772. The expression derived for the degree of hydrolysis is 1 - - 0.587x-- 2.242x: - 0,171x~, in which x is the ratio of glycerol to solvent in the glycerol water. I n a multistage hydrolysis, the average equilibrium concentration of glycerol decreases with the increase of the number of stages, and, consequently, the completeness of hydrolysis can be significantly increased. (C. A. 53, 12709) STABILITY

OF

TOC'0PHEROL IN

FATS

DURING

STOICAGE AND

HEATING. R. A. R a m a n u j a n and C. P. A n a n t a k r i s h n a n (Natl. Dairy Research Inst., K a r n a l ) . Indian J. Dairff Sci. 11, 179-84 (1958). Propyl gel]ate or butylated hydroxyl anisole did not significantly prevent the loss of toeopherol during storage at 37 ~. However, it retarded an increase in the peroxide value. (C. A. 53, 14374) THE EPPECT OF CHLORINATING AND OXIDIZING AGENTS ON DERIVATIVES OF OLEIC ACID. B. Leopold and D. B. Mutton (Ind. Cellulose, Research, Ltd., Hawkesbury, Can.). Tappi 42, 218-25 (1959). W i t h aqueous chlorine, almost complete saturation of triolein occurs, the main reactions being the addition of chlorine ai~d HOC1 to the double bond. W i t h ClO2, 25-50% of the double bonds in triolein were modified at room temperature. The reaction is accelerated by light and is probably free radical in nature. The most likely reaction p a t h appears to be an oxidative cleavage at the double bond with the formation of aldehyde groups. This is accompanied by the f o r m a t i o n of an equivalent amount of chlorine, which then adds to another double bond. T r e a t m e n t with dilute NaOC] a t 65 ~ affected about 25% of the double bonds i n triolein. The reaction is rather complicated and involves the introduction of CO, COOH, epoxide, and OH groups, as well as some ctdorination. The least chemical change was brought about by alkaline peroxide at 65 ~ the main reactions being the introduction of epoxide and OH groups. The chlorination of oleic acid and methyl oleate in organic solvents is complicated by a number of side reactions such as polymerization and addition of oleate ions and solvent anions to the double bonds. (C. A. 53, 14546) T H E TRANS OLEPlN CONTENT OE ~?'ARIOUS NATURALLY OCCURRING FATS AND ITS ALTERATION THROUGH ULTRAVIOLET IRR&DI-

R.

L. Logan and

Allison Maggiolo. Ibid. 41-50. GENERAL CHEMICAL REACTI0,NS OF FATTY ACIDS. M . W . Formo.

Ibid. 51-86. HANDLING

INDUSTRIAL

FATTY

ACIDS.

J.

L.

Trauth.

Ibid.

197-208. TESTS AND TESTING METHODS. J. L. Trauth. Ibid. 209 25. Review with references. (C. A. 53, 12709) THE DETERMINATION OF FOREIGN FATS IN CACAO BUTTER.

IX.

A. Purr. Fette Heifen, Anstrichmittel 61, 119-26 (1959). The determination is based on estimation of nonhydrogenated f a t t y acids which are obtained on low-temperature crystallization, separation of f;~tty acid from glycerides, saponification of the glycerides, and comparison of chromatographs made from the samples a n d from unadulterated cacao butter. (C. A. 53, 14547) CA~PECHE WAX. J. Giral and J. B a r r e r a (Univ. of Mexico, Mexico D F ) . Cieneia (Mex.) 18, 129 30 (1958); el. F. Giral and Rojahn. Productos qu~micos y farmaceuticos, 1, 2226 (1946). Campeche wax which is produced by melipona bees, was found to contain hydrocarbons, free myristic alcohol, free palmitic acid, and myricyl palmitate. The wax is similar to China wax, which is produced by a very different species of insect. (C. A. 53, 12712) F L A S H - P O I N T IRREGULARITIES IN THE ANALYSIS O~ CARNAUBA

WAXES. M. Silva, Maria da ConceicaL, and P. B. Oavalcanti. Rev. qulm. incl. (Rio de Janeiro) 27 (319), 20-2, 25 (1958). I n the analysis of carnauba waxes with the method of the Am. W a x Importers and Refiners Assoc., certain lots showed 2 flash points, one below and one at or above the specified range (229-310~ even though these waxes were unadulterated. The ~ f a l s e flash p o i n t s " were caused by residues ( < 1 % ) of hydrocarbon solvent which were used for the extraction of the wax. Adulteration with 2.5, 5, 10, or 20% paraffin wax (flash point 215 ~) lowered the flash point of c a r n a u b a wax from 305.9 ~ to 267-95 ~ 245-80 ~ 240-60 ~ and 238-57 ~ respectively. P u r e c a r n a u b a adulterated with 6, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 50% paraffin wax, and the pure paraffin wax alone, h a d n ~ / ' : 1.4513-1.4551, 1.4472-1.4493, 1.4468, 1.4448, 1.4404, 1.4407, and 1.4248, respectively. A n ~~ of 1.4500 m i n i m u m is recom-

472

T H E JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN 0 I L CHEMISTS' SOCIETY

mended for u n a d u l t e r a t e d carnauba wax. flashed at 298-305 ~ (C. A. 53, 13628)

Licuri wax also

INI~LUENCE O1~ VARIOUS CATALYSTS ON INTE1%ESTEKIFICATIO~N 01~ UNSATUI~ATED FATTY ACID ESTERS. 1-I. P. K a u f m a n n and ]3. Grothues [German Inst. of F a t Research, Miinster ( W e s t f . ) ] . Fette Sei/en Anstrichmittel 61, 425-429 (1959). Methyl oleate, triolein and soybean oil have been interesterified under various experimental conditions. No cis-trans isomerization has been detected within the limiting range of sensitivity of the testing method employed. Practically no conjugation occurs. Polymerization begins only at higher temperatures (above 150~ Mono- and diglycerides however arise in small quantities. E m p h a s i s is lald on the careful analytical testing of the interesterified fats.

THE THIOBARBITU1%ICACID NU.~IBEK--A MEASUI~E O~ THE STAGE 01~ OXIDATION IN EDIBLE OILS. tI. Schmidt (Inst. for Food Preservation, K a r l s r u h e ) . Fette Sei/en Anstrichmittel 61, 127133 (1959). A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of thiobarbituric acid number is described. Malonic dialdehyde or its tautomers hydroxyacroleiu or epihydrlnaldehyde, which arc formed as a result of the oil oxidation, are identified by using thiobarbituric acid a n d the results compared with those obtained by the phloroglucinol method. The author suggests the use of thiobarbituric acid tests for the qualitative identification of the p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d acids in f a t s and oils. The failure of the analogous reaction in the case of certain pyrimidine derivatives is attributed to the formation of the above mentioned tautomeric aldehyde through acid hydrolysis. OCCURI%ENCE OF LINO~LEIC AND LINOLENIC ACIDS IN THE SARDINE AND ~']-ACKEREL OILS. Y. Toyama, T. Shimooka, Y. Iwata, and X. Fujimura (Nagoya Univ., Nagoya, Japan). Fette Seifen Anstriehmittel 61, 461-464 (1959). Exhaustive experiments have been carried out to investigate whether linoleic a n d liuolenic acids found in some fresh water fish oils, also occur in the oil of salt water fish. The oils examined are sardine and saury oils. The fractionation of f a t t y acids has been carried out through the formation of urea inclusion compounds, subsequent fractional distillation of the methyl ester and repeated separation through adsorption chromatography with silica gel in the adsorption column. The hydrogenation, bromination, and ozonolysis of the respective fractions f u r n i s h the proof for the presence of linoleic and linolenic acids in sardine and s c u r f oils.

CLASSIFICATION AND STANDAKDIZATION OF WAXES. I-I. L u x (Heilbronn). Fette Seifen Anstriehmittel 51, 435-439 (1959). The author comments upon the publication, ~'Classification of W a x e s , " by F. Gieser. The suggestions are illustrated with the help of examples a n d diagrams. ESTII~ATIOtN OF THE MONOGLYCEKIDE CONTENT OF MILK. ]~. G. J e n s e n and M. E. Morgan (Dept. of Animal Industries, Storrs Agr. Exper. Station, Storrs, Conn.). J. Dairy Sci. 42, 222-39 (1959). B u t t e r f a t f r o m both normal and rancid milk was analyzed for total monoglycerides. Normal milk contained f r o m none to a trace when 10-ml. aliquots were analyzed. Acid degree increases r a n g i n g f r o m 8.55 to 12.95 were accompanied b u t not paralleled by increases in 1-monoglyceride content r a n g i n g from 0.36 to 0.86 mM per 100 g. fat, and a 2-monoglyceride content r a n g i n g f r o m 0.56 to 0.99 mM per 100 g. f a t The presence of diglycerides in rancid milk is indirectly indicated. AN UNEQUIVOCAL SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROSTERCULIC ACID. K. H o f n l a n n and C. W. Yoho (Biochem. Dept., Univ. of Pittsb u r g h School of Med.). J. A m . Chem. Soc. 81, 3356-58 (1959). A synthesis of DL-vis-9,10-methyleneoctadecanoic acid is described, and the synthetic acid was found to be identical with dihydrosterculic acid. STUDIES IN OI%GANIC PEaOXIDES. XXIII. THE USE OF IDAPER CH]r FO1% TH]5 DETECTION A N D SEPAI%ATION O~ 01%GANIC PEI~0XIDES. ~. A. ~/lilas and I. Belie (Dept. of Chem., Mass. Institute of Techn.). J. A m . Chem. Soe. 81, 3358-61 (1959). The present investigation was undertaken to develop a simple and rapid method for the detection and separation of organic peroxides in very small quantities. A paper chromatographic method was developed which permits the detection and separation of certain organic peroxides in quantities as low as 0.2-0.5 7. This method has already proved of considerable value in the separation a n d identification of new organic A)eroxides. THE ACTIVE 12-METHYLOCTADECANOIC Diekson, and i%. J. K]imkowski

ACIDS. l~. S. Prout, D. E. (Dept. of Chem., De Paul

VOL. 36

Univ.). J. Org. Chem. 24, 826-29 (1959). The ( + ) and (--)-12methyloctadecanoic acids have been prepared f r o m ( + ) - and (--)-2-octanols by the procedure pioneered by Prout, Cason, and Ingersoll. The active acids have higher melting points than the DL-acid. G A S (J~IKO~N[ATO~KApIIY. E F P E C T OF S A M P L E SIZE O N HEIGIIT OF E Q U I V A L K N T P L A T E A N D RETENTION VOLU/V[E. 1%. M. Bethea

and M. Smutz (Iowa State Coll., Ames, Iowa). Anal. Chem. 31, 1211-14 (1959). Sample size is important in the performance of gas chromatography columns at low flow rates. Certain alcohol and ester samples are tested in dibutyl phthalate and dibutyl sebacate columns. Minimum values of H E T P are recorded in each case. DETEKIVfINATION

Ol~ A L P I : I A , B E T A - U N S A T U R A T E D

ACIDS A N D

ESTERs BY BI~01~INATION. F. E. CTitchfleld (Union Carbide Chem. Co., South Charleston, W. u Anal. Chem. 31, 140608 (1959). Alpha,beta-unsaturated acids and esters are determined by a simple, rapid bromination procedure. The acids are converted to sodium salts and the esters to potassium salts. In this form bromination, using a bromine-bromide solution, proceeds smoothly. L a r g e quantities of alcohols interfere. GAS AND LIQUID ELUTION CHRO~AT0~ICAPttY. QUANTITATIVE DETECTOR EVALUATI0~. H. W. Johnson, Jr., and F. H. Stross (Shell Dee. Co., Emeryville, Calif.). Anal. Chem. 31, 1206-11 (1959). A specific procedure is outlined for the evaluation of detectors used in gas and liquid chromatography. The umin interest deals with the smallest a m o u n t of sample t b a t can be determined reliably by a detector. Noise is measured at various frequencies and treated statistically as a definition of detector limitations. GLASS PAPEK CHR0:~[ATOGKAPttY OF THE LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, BK01'dINATED DEI~IVATIVES, AND MET~IYL ES~EaS. R. L. Cry, W. G. Bickford, and J. W. Dieckert (Southern Regional Res. Lab., U. S. Dept. of Agr., New Orleans, La.). Anal. Chem. 31, 1447-48 (1959). The methyl polybromosiearates corresponding to oleic, ]inoleic, a n d linolenic acids can be separated from each other and from uIethyl p a l m i t a t e by using pure iso-octane as the developing solvent. PEP~0,XIDES. V I I I . X-1%AY I)IY~EACTIGN AND POLAROGRAPHIC STUDY GF T-BUTYL PEKESTEI~S AND DIACYL PEROXIDES OF ALIPHATIC MONOBASIC' ACIDS. L. S. Silbert, L. P. Witnauer, D. Swern, and C. 1%icciuti ( E a s t e r n 1%egional Res. Lab., E a s t e r n Utilization 1%es. and Dev. Div., Agr. 1%es. Service, U. S. Dept. of Agr.). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 81, 3244-50 (1959). A l t e r n a t i n g series are obtained f r o m long spacing and melting point data for the even a n d odd acyl chain members of diacyl peroxides and t-butyl peresters. The even niembered diacyl peroxides have lower spacing and higher melting point curves t h a n the odd members. Long spacings have been redetermined for several acid anhydrides and reported for the first time for several t-butyl esters. Peroxide bond skew is revealed as a foreshortening of chain length. DETE1%MINATION O~ VITAMIN D IN MULTIVITA!~iIN MIXT~J1%ES A]~TEK SEPAI~ATION BY PAICTITION CHI~0.1VIATOGI~APHY. J. G. Theivagt a~*d D. J. Campbell (Abbott Labs., N o r t h Chicago, Ill.). Anal. Chem. 31, 1375-77 (1959). P a r t i t i o n chromatography offers a rapid, reproducible method for the separation of vitamin D in multivitamin mixtures. The procedure employs a polyethylene glycol iso-oetane column a n d can separate vitamin D from vitamin A a t an A / D ratio of 50 to 1. STUDIES ON I:)HOSPHOLIPIDS. 1. SEPARATION G1o DINIT~OPtIEI~TYLATED AND METHYLATED PttOSPHOLIPIDS BY COUNTERCURICENT DISTI~IBUTI0~N. F. D. Collins ( A u s t r a l i a n NatL Univ., Canberra, A.C.T.). Biochem. J. 72, 281-7 (1959). Lipids f r o m r a t liver and sheep brain were dinltrophenylated and methylated, and fractionated by couatercurrent distribution. I n addition to derivatives of phosphatidyl-ethanolamine and -serine, several minor constituents were isolated. These included inositolcontaining lipids, three unknown amino-phospholipids, and two resembling phosphatidic acids. Su BUtTErfAt. D. Nelson (Swift & Co.). U. S. 2,892,721. A substitute b u t t e r f a t is prepared by the interesterification of lard and coconut oil.

CFIANGES IN THE LIPIDS OF COD DUllING STO]%AGEIN ICE. J. A. Lovern, J u n e Olley and Helen A. W a t s o n (Torry Research Station, Aberdeen). J. Sci. Food Agr. 10, 327-37 (1959). Changes in lipids of cod stored in crushed ice were determined over a total period of 8 weeks. Changes occurred slowly during the first two weeks. A f t e r about 5 weeks, about 70% of the phospholipids h a d been hydrolyzed. Esterification of free

OCTOBER,1959

ABSTRACTS: FATS AND OILS

sterols was about 85% complete within 6 weeks. I n one test, there was definite destruction of free f a t t y acids after about 5 weeks. Possible contributions of nonenzymatic, autolytic and bacterial processes to the over-all effects are discussed briefly. APPARATUS ~OR CONTINUOUS ~tARDENING Ol~ VEGETABLE OR ANIi'C[AL OILS OR HYDI~0GENATION 01~ OTHEI~ UNSATURATED

GO~]'OVNDS. Pintsch-Bamag Akt.-Ges. Brit. 804,604. Previous continuous methods do not homogeneously harden. The Bolton-L~sh method, e.g., produces a f a t with a melting point of 58 ~ and a solidification point of 30 ~ while the maximum difference of the two points in the margarine industry is 7 ~. A new apparatus mitigates previous disadvantages. I t has a plurality of individual chambers superimposed one upon the other, each one comprising an individual heating and cooling device, an inlet and an outlet for the oil or the compound, an inlet and an outlet for hydrogen, and a mixing device for t]~e incoming oil and hydrogen. (C. A. 53, 10810) STABILIZATIO]'~- OF EDIBLE OILS. G. C. ttampson and I. P. Freeman (Unilever Ltd.). Brit. 807,226. The tendency of edible oils to develop an objectioimble taste on exposure to light is prevented or decreased by incorporation in the oil of a small amount of an amine of the formula RNH~, in which R is an acyclic hydrocarbon radical containing 12-18 carbon atoms. (C. A. 53, 11711)

CAX0TENOID-CoNTAiNZNG OILS. MM. J. ]~rinckman, Sr., MI. J. Brinckman, Jr., K. V. yon Sydow, and Carmen MMergell (trading as Harburger-Oelwerke Brinckman & Mergell). Brit. 804,685. Carotenoid-containlng extracts of palm oil are prepared by mixing various antioxidant-containing natural oils with crude or deacidified oil duriug separation of solid fats. Thus, 100 parts crude palm oil was mixed with 10 parts by weight deacidified and bleached cottonseed oil. The solid components are separated by fractional crystallization. The liquid fraction is deacidified, dried, and deodorized in vacuum. A deep red oil, liquid at room temperature and deep red in color containing 80% of the palm oil earotenoids, is obtained. (C. A. 53, 14551) 9,I]-OCTADECADIENOlC ACID. Pintseh-Bamag Akt.-Ges. Brit. 8.05,918. Castor oil is dchFdroxylated by heating with 150% by weight water at ]0-60 atmospheres pressure for about 9 hours. (C. A. 53, 14551) BLEACHING OF PAL:~I OIL. ~/[. 5. Brinckman, St., M. 5. Brinck-

man, Jr., K. yon Sydow, and Carmen Mergell (trading as Harburger-Oelwerke Brinckman & Mergell). Brit. 307,600. P a h n oil is treated in vacuo with 0.]-0.5% fuller's earth at 175 ~ or higher, preferably approximately 180 ~ (C. A. 53, 12714) FATTY IVIATEI%IALSIN T~IE FoE~f OF DISCRETE SOLID PARTICLES,

C. B. Cox (Unilever Ltd.). Brit. 810,006. Commercial 16carbon saturated f a t t y alcohols, setting point 45-52 ~, are made into discrete particles about 2 mm. in diameter, a form partlcular]y suitable for spreading on static water in hot climates to provide a layer which decreases loss of water by evaporation. MMolten f a t t y alcohol forced through nozzles as a jet with e~posure to vibration was caused to separate into particles, cooled by falling down a 45-foot tower through which a flow of cool air was maintained. (C. A. 53, ]2713) APPARATUS FOR PURIFICATION OF OILS 0R ]~ATS OBTAINED ]~I~O]E[

SEEDS O~ NUTS. T. Andrews (Rose, Downs & Thompson Ltd.). Ger. 950,15.0. Cleaning of oils or fats from seeds or nuts containing small solids and (or) colloids by using coagulants is described. The apparatus consists of several consecutive settling chambers. (C. A. 53, 12714) EASILY

EMULSIFIABLE 01% COLLOIDALLY SOLUBLE

WAX PROI)-

I~cTs. G. Schhller (Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik Akt.-Ges.). Ger. 967,233. As agents for waxing of furniture, floors, and leather, products are prepared by treatment of synthetic paraffins (boils at greater than 400 ~ with sulfur dioxide and oxygen under the influence of light up to an acid number of 50-200. I f necessary, basic substances, soft paraffins, hard paraffins, or carboxylic acids of high molecular weight are added. (C. A. 53, 12715) FOE PASTE WAXES. i . Kolling and F. Rappen (Ruhrchenfie Akt.-Ges.). Get. 1,005,5.04. See U. S. 2,821,~84. (C. A. 53, 1~552)

I-IEAT-STABLE WAXES

MIXED DIGLYCEaInES. N. D. Embrce and G. Y. Brokaw (Eastman Kodak Co.). Ger. 1,008,099. See U. S. 2,764,605. (C. A. 53, 14550)

473

]~RACTIOffqATIO'N OF FATTY ACIDS INTO SOLID AND LIQUID POR-

TIONS. G. B. Martinenghi and M. Xiarengo. Ital. 532,596. A method of separating the solid from liquid portions of crude solid f a t t y acids by hexane dissolution and precipitation is claimed. Its advantageS, especially with reference to the methanol method, are pointed out. (C. A. 53, 14551) FKACTIONATING FATTY ACIDS ACCOI~DINO TO' DEGREE OF SATURATION. O. Notevarp, A. ]=toald, and P. Sictnes. Norway

91,409. Mixtures of very unsaturated polyacids and less unsaturated monoacids and saturated acids are saponified with sodium hydroxide containing ~ 4 0 % water. The saponified polyacids are then extracted with methanol or ethanol. (C. A. 53, 14550) I)KY SALTS OF UNSAT~I~ATED ACIDS. E. u Kuznetsov and L. Kh. MMuzeeva. U.S.S.R. 114,712. Dry acetates of sodium, copper, or cobalt are treated with an ether solution of the unsaturated acids. The precipitated salt is filtered off and washed free of acetic acid with ether. (C. A. 53, ]4005) AEI~ANGEMENT FOE CONTINUOUS HYDRO~]ENA~ION OF FATS. [[.

t. Okrugov and S. D. Kopylenko. U.S.S.R. 115,640. Ad(Ution to U,S.S.R. 103,217. The arrangement of a pallel is described for remote control of the process described in the main patent. (C. A. 53, 12713)

9

Fatty Acid Derivatives

]-IyDICOBOI~ATION OF FATS. L POSITIONAL IS0~ERISI~ IN THE ~[ETHYL OLEATE ~IYDRO,BOICATION REACTIOIq, S a r a P . Fore and

W. G. Biekford (Southern Reg. Research Lab., New Orleans, La.). J. Org. Chem. 24, 920-2 (1959). I t has been found that addition of diborane to the ethyienic bond of methyl oleate proceeds smoothly without significant reduction of the carbomethoxy group. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidation of the tris (carbomethoxyalkyl) borane resulted in the formation of an equimolar mixture of 9- and 10-hydroxyoctadecanoic acids, establishing that the hydroboration reaction proceeded nonseleetively. Little or no isomerization occurred on heat treatment of these substituted trialkyl boranes. UNSATURATED HIGHi~P~ MOL~CULAI~ WEIGI~T

ALCOHOLS. W .

Rittmeister (DEHYDAG Deutsche ttydrierwerke G.m.b.H.). Ger. 965,236. Sperm oil f a t t y acids (iodine number 67, acid number 211, saponification nmnber 213) were dissolved in methanol (1.4 1. acid per 2.8 l. methanol) and 50 cubic meters hydrogen per hour and tbls solution passed over 14 liters zinc-barium-chromium catalyst at 285 ~ and 250 atmospheres. The hydrogen flow rate was 50 m3/hr. The methanol removed to give a product with the following properties: acid number, 0; saponification number, 0.7; iodine number, 68.2; hydroxyl number, 222. Similarly, olelc acid, tallow acid, or sperm oil acid methyl ester can be hydrogenated. (C. A. 53, 13053) ORGANOMEI%CURY CARBOXYLATES

0'F

jT[IGHER FATTY

ACIDS.

W. K a u f m a n n (Chemische Fabrik Dfiren G.m.b.tt.). Ger. 960,230. Aroniatic hydrocarbons, aronmtic carboxylic acids, their alkyl or aryl derivatives, and heterocyclic compounds which may contain hydroxy, halo, nitro, or amino groups react at temperatures between 70 and 140 ~ with mercury salts of higher f a t t y acids. The organic starting materials used are heated to temperatures above the melting points or they are dissolved or suspended in such solvents, which do not react with the mercury salts. (C. A. 53, 14004)

9 Biology and N u t r i t i o n FUKTHER OBSEICVATIONS ON LIPID STIMULATION 0P BACTERIAL

GROWTH. K. ttofmann, W. 3/[. O'Leary, C. W. u T. Y. Lui. (Biochem. Dept., Univ. of Pittsburgh, School of ivied., Pittsburgh, P a . ) . J. Biol. Chem. 234, 1672-7 (1959). i t was coneluded that (a) saturated f a t t y acid dehydrogenation is not a likely route to cis-vaceenic acid in Lactobaeillus Arabinos~s and Laetobacillus Casei, (b) that ]actobacillic acid is capable of substituting metabolically for eis-vaccenic acid, (c) that a chain length of ]~ carbon atoms is required to endow a f a t t y acid possessing structure with biotin-sparing activity, and (d) that the short chain f a t t y acids exert their biotln-sparing effects either by serving as cis-vaeeenic acid precursors or by possessing the ability to substitute metabolically for this compound.

474

T H E J O U R N A L OF r ~ E

AMERICAN 0IL

LINOLEIC ACID A N D CHOLESTEI%OL ~[ETABOLISM IN T H E ~AT. I. E F F E C T OP DIETAI%Y F A T A N D LINOLEIC ACID LEVgLS O N T H E

CONTENT AND CON[P0,SITION OF ~HOLESTEROL ESTERS IN LIVEN AND PLASMA. P. D. K l e i n ( A r g o n n e N a t l . Lab., L e m o n t , Ill.). Arch. Bioehem. Biophys. 76, 56-64 (1958). R a t s show a n increase in p l a s m a cholesterol as t h e linoleie acid c o n t e n t of t h e diet is increased. T h e liver cholesterol esters are i n c r e a s e d in f a t deficiency, low in t h e n o r m a l r a n g e s of d i e t a r y f a t , a n d i n c r e a s e d a g a i n at h i g h levels of linoleic acid. T h e second increase is specifically related to t h e p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid content, n o t f a t level. The p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d acid c o n t e n t of liver cholesterol esters b e a r s a simple relation to the d i e t a r y p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids; t h e level of ester f o u n d in t h e liver is n o t r e l a t e d to the c o n t e n t of p o l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid in t h e ester. P l a s m a cholesterol esters differ m a r k e d l y in composition f r o m liver esters a n d do n o t follow t h e s a m e relation to t h e d i e t a r y f a t as do t h e latter. Possibilities f o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n of p l a s m a cholesterol esters f r o m liver cholesterol are discussed. (C. A. 53, 12439) OO3~PARAT'/VE E!~IOlgCTS O~ DIETAI%Y ~ATTy ACIDS AND TBIGLYCERIDES ON LYMPH LIPIDES IN THE RAT. V. V a h o u n y a n d C. R. Treadwell (George W a s h i n g t o n Univ., W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.). Am. J. Physiol. 196, 881-3 (1959). B u t y r i c a n d laurie acids, given with bile salt a n d cholesterol as the free acids or t h e triglyeerides, h a d little effect on t o t a l l y m p h lipides or on a b s o r p t i o n of exogenous cholesterol. P a l m i t i c acid gave a m a r k e d increase in l y m p h lipides which w a s due entirely to a rise in n e u t r a l f a t , a n d a s i m u l t a n e o u s depression of cholesterol a b s o r p t i o n . T h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of stearic, oleic, or linoleie acids p r o d u c e d l a r g e i n c r e a s e s in the l y m p h levels of n e u t r a l f a t a n d phospholipides. Oleic acid was m o s t efficient, with linoleic a n d stearie acids s o m e w h a t less effective, in p r o m o t i n g cholesterol absorption. The increases in total l y m p h lipides a f t e r t r i s t e a r i n or triolein were less m a r k e d t h a n with the free fatty- acids, while with trilinotein, total lipides, n e u t r a l f a t , a n d phospholipide levels were c o m p a r a b l e to the levels a f t e r linoleie acid. Of t h e t r i g l y c e r i d e s studied, only trilinolein caused a significant elevation of total l y m p h cholesterol. (C. A. 53, 14258) FAT ~ETABOLIS~ IN EXPEI~IMENTAL OBESITIES. I X . LIPOGENESIS AND CHOLESTE~OGENESIS IN YELLOW OBESE ~IICE. Claire Zomzely a n d J e a n M a y e r ( H a r v a r d School of P u b l i c H e a l t h , Boston, M a s s . ) . Am. J. Physiol. 195, 611-13 (1959). Yellow mice f e d ad, libitum exhibit a g r e a t e r rate of lipogenesis a n d cholesterogenesis t h a n t h e i r controls. F e m a l e s show f a t t y acid c o n t e n t in t h e liver a n d in e x t r a h c p a t i c t i s s u e s which is twice as h i g h as t h e males. Unlike the males, t h e y are hypercholesterolemie a n d also show a n elevated rate of lipogenesis a f t e r an 18-hour f a s t . (C.A. 53, 14278) ABS0,~PTIO~r ov F A T T g ACIDS ~v 'rile ~ S O L A ~ I N ~ S T I ~ . J. ~ . J o h n s t o n (Dept. of Bioehem., Univ. of T e x a s Southw e s t e r n Med. School, Dallas, T e x a s ) . J. Biol. Chem. 234, 1065-7 (1959). W i t h t h e use of a p r e p a r a t i o n in vitro, labeled f a t t y acids are c o n t i n u o u s l y a b s o r b e d f r o m the m u c o s a l solution a n d t r a n s p o r t e d to t h e serosal e o m p a r t m e n t over a 2-hour period. T h e activity in t h e serosal solution is f o u n d pred o m i n a n t l y as triglyceride with s m a l l a m o u n t s of diglyeeride a n d free f a t t y acids. The d i s t r i b u t i o n of glyeeride activity in the i n t e s t i n a l wall is s i m i l a r to t h a t in t h e serosal solution. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e r e p o r t e d findings to the m e c h a n i s m of f a t t y acid a b s o r p t i o n is discussed. T~

NUTRITIVE VALUE 0 r I'IIGttLY UNSATURATED EATTY ACIDS ~.ND THE OI~.IGIN OF TOXICITY UP FISH OILS. T a k a s h i K a n e d a , t t i s a e Sakai, a n d Seinosuke Ishii ( T h k a i R e g i o n a l F i s h e r i e s Lab., T o k y o ) . Eiyd to Shokuryd 7, 188-97 ( 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 ) . E t h y l esters of purified, h i g h l y u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acids f r o m s a r d i n e oil h a d no toxic effect on albino rats. The above esters a f t e r a u t o h x i d a t i o n were very toxic to rats. N o t only fish oil b u t also linseed oil g a v e toxic autohxidized u n s s t u r a t e d acids. The u r e a a d d u c t m e t h o d showed t h a t the toxic c o m p o u n d s were eoncentra.ted in the p a r t which did n o t f o r m u r e a a d d u c t . The peroxides of autohxidized f a t t y acids were f o u n d in livers a n d muscles of rats. (C. A. 53, 8333) BLOOD LIPIDES IN YOUNG AND OLD INDIVIDUALS. P. G. Aekerm a n n , G. Toro, J. Toro, T. K h e i m , a n d W. B. K o u n t z ( W a s h i n g t o n Univ., St. Louis, Mo.). Clin. Chem. 5, 100-5 (1959). T h e r e is a n i n c r e a s e in s e r u m cholesterol levels with a g e to a b o u t a g e 50 in m a l e s a n d 60 in f e m a l e s , a n d a decrease t h e r e a f t e r to values close to those of y o u n g individuals. Chol e s t e r o l : f a t t y acid ratios a p p e a r to be m o r e d e p e n d e n t on absolute lipide values t h a n on age. (C. A. 53, 13347)

C H E M I S T S ' SOCIETY

VOL. 3 6

EFFECTS OF TRIELAIDIN AND MIXED GLYCERIDES OF ELAIDIC ACID ON THE GROWTH OF C3H MICE. N. A. K h a n (Univ. of M i n n e s o t a , M i n n e a p o l i s ) . Pakistan J. Biol. Agr. Sc/. 1, 28-32 (1957). W e a n l i n g male C3H mice h a d a d d e d to their diet either f a t with 1 0 % trans glycerides, Crisco, m o n o e t h e n o i e f r a c t i o n of Crisco, olive oil, or a b s o r b e n t - t r e a t e d olive oii. Growth studies showed t h a t the diets c o n t a i n i n g trans isomer gave b e t t e r h e a l t h a n d l o n g e v i t y to the mice. However, 9 0 % of the mice f e d tra~s isomer developed liver t u m o r s , w h e r e a s those f e d olive oil h a d only 3 0 % t u m o r incidence. The general h e a l t h of the mice in t h e l a t t e r case w a s n o t good. T h e livers with t u m o r s h a d m o r e trans isomer t h a n t h e t u m o r - f r e e livers. The cis f a t did n o t give rise to trans isomer in mice tissue. (C. A. 53, 12429) INITIATION PROCESSES IN AUTOXIDATION OF ~TI-IYL OLEATE AND IN CARDIOVASCULAR DEGENEt~ATION OF C3I~ MOUSE BY METHYL OLEATE HYDK04~EROXIDE. N. A. K h a n ( E a s t Regional Lab., T e j g a o n , D a c c a ) . Pakistan J. BioL Agr. Sci. 1, 119-23 ( ] 9 5 8 ) . M e t h y l oleate h y d r o p e r o x i d e was f o u n d to be the sole p r o d u c t f o r m e d a t the initial s t a g e of a u t o x i d a t i o n o f m e t h y l oleate. This result is based on a u t o x i d a t i u n o f p u r e m ~ t h y l oleate as a 3 0 % solution in purified h e p t a n e u n d e r m i l d conditions. The electronic s t a t e s of the o x y g e n molecules h a v e been invoked to e s t a b l i s h its c h a r a c t e r i s t i c affinity d u r i n g initial i n t e r a c t i o n s with the u n s a t u r a t e d m e t h y l oleate to f o r m m e t h y l oleate h y d r o p e r o x i d e only. W h e n t h i s c o m p o u n d was f e d to mice as 1.5% of the diet f o r over a m o n t h , all t h e mice died within 8 m o n t h s . I n c o n t r a s t , 74% of the control mice ( f e d 1.5% m e t h y l o]eate) survived. A u t o p s i e s showed t h a t the dead mice i n v a r i a b l y h a d e n l a r g e d h e a r t s w i t h f a t t y infilt r a t i o n . (C. d . 53, 12429) EFF]~CT OF SOYBEAN OIL ON CHOLESTEROLEMIA. 1:{. Wolff, R. H e r b e u v a l , G. ChJny, J. J. B r i g n o n , J. G i l g e n k r a n t z , a n d P. Ulrich (Fae. m6d., N a n c y , F r a n c e ) . Presse m~d. 66, 1706-8 (1958). i n r a b b i t s orally a d m i n i s t e r e d 3 ml. oil/kg, body weight for eight days, p l a s m a cholesterol levels h a d f a l l e n 27% by the end of this period. Short- a n d l o n g - t e r m s t u d i e s were conducted on fifteen atherosclerotic, hypercholesterolemic p a t i e n t s a g e d 50--70 y e a r s who i n g e s t e d 1.5 ml. oil before e~eh p~incipal meal. A f t e r 6-11 d a y s m e g n t o t a l p l a s m a cholesterol h a d fallen 16%, esterified p l a s m a cholesterol h a d fallen 18r a~:d free p l a s m a cholesterol h a d risen 15%. A f t e r 24-164 days r e s u l t s were m o r e v a r i a b l e ; a l t h o u g h total p l a s m a cholesterol levels h a d d i m i n i s b e d in m o s t cases, t h e y h a d risen in several above control levels. (C. A. 53, 12421) EXPEI~IMENTAL STUDY OF ATHE~OSCLEI~O,SIS. ROLE OE I-[YPERC~-ICLESTEKOLEI~IIA IN THE PRODUCTION AND DE%rELOP!V[ENT UP A~Ha~OSCLEa0SIS. Reizo K o i d e (Univ. O s a k a ) . Med. J. Osaka Univ. 9, 573 96 (1958). T h e relation of lipide c h a n g e s in p l a s m a , aorta, a n d liver to production a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of aortic atherosclerosis in r a b b i t s f e d lanolin was studied. I t is concluded t h a t the deposition of blood cholesterol into the aortic wall is a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in the d e v e l o p m e n t of lesions in aortic atheroselerosis. (C. A. 53, 12458) INTEBCONVEI%SIONS OF POLYUNSATURATED FATTy ACIDS BY THE LAYING HEN. R. B. R. C h o u d h u r y a n d R. Reiser (Dept, of Biochem, a n d N u t r . , T e x a s A g r , Exp. Station, College Station, T e x a s ) . J. Nutrition 68, 457-64 (1959). T h e dienoic acid level of e g g yolk t r i g l y c e r i d e s a n d p h o s p h o l i p i d e s a p p r o a c h e s a n u p p e r limit of 30% b y the inclusion of not over 7.5% of lino]eic acid in t h e diet. The trienoic acid level of phospholipides increases f r o m a b a s a l value of 1.0% t o w a r d a n m x i m u m of 4 % on a d i e t a r y level of 7.5% linoleie acid, b u t does n o t m a i n t a i n the increase even a t t h e 15% level in the diet. STUDIES ON THE ~]XPEI~IMENTAL F~0DUCTION AND I=)]r 0EF BLOAT IN CATTL]L I I I . THE EFFECT OF VEGETABLE OIL ANI) ANIMAL FAT ON ACUTE LEGUME BLOAT. I-I. W. Colvin, Jr., J. M. Boda, a n d Thorn:is W e g n e r (Dept. of A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y , Univ. of Calif., D a v i s ) . J. Dairy Sci. 42, 333-45 (1959). The influence o f a n i m a l a n d vegetable f a t s on r u m i n a l m o t i l i t y , eructation, a n d b l o a t h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d in d a i r y cattle receiving f r e s h l y h a r v e s t e d a l f a l f a tops u n d e r l a b o r a t o r y and feed-lot conditions. I t is concluded t h a t f o a m i n g of t h e r u m e n i n g e s t a is a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r in the etiology o f a c u t e l e g u m e bloat. R u m e n motility s t u d i e s indicate t h a t t h e r e is a sufficient n u m b e r of s e c o n d a r y ( e r u c t a t i o n ) c o n t r a c t i o n s occurring d u r i n g the development of b l o a t to relieve the pressure, if the c a r d i a can be cleared of f o a m . A n i m a l a n d vegetable f a t s p r e v e n t acute l e g u m e bloat by e x e r t i n g such a n effect. ~YLTRACENTttI~UGAL MFA'HOD I~O,RTI-IE D~TET~hfINATION O!~ SEI%UI~ LIPOPEOTEINS. L. Oel Gatto, F. T. L i n d g r e n , and A. V. Nichols (Univ. of C~lif., Berkeley, C a l i f . ) . Anal. Chem. 31, 1397-99

OCtObER, 1 9 5 9

ABSTRACTS: BIOLOGY AND N U T R I T I O N

(1959). A n u l t r a c e n t r i f u g a l m e t h o d provides a m e a n s for d e t e r m i n i n g all m a j o r classes of lipoproteins in serum. The s e r u m is a d d e d to a solution of s o d i u m b r o m i d e a n d c e n t r i f u g e d at 40,000 r.p.nl, f o r 24 h o u r s at 18 ~ to 20 ~. The p r o c e d u r e is r a p i d a n d inexpensive a n d requires only 2 milliliters of serum. THYEOID ~UNCTIO1Nv IN THE YOUNG PIG AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH VITAMIN A. D. L. F r a p e , V. C. Speer, V. W. H a y s , a n d D. u C a t r o n (Dept. A n i m a l H u s b a n d r y , I o w a Agr. a n d H o m e Econ. Exper. Station, A m e s , I o w a ) . J . N u t r i t i o n 68, 333-41 (1959). T h y r o i d f u n c t i o n h a s been i n v e s t i g a t e d in t h e y o u n g pig. I t h a s been shown t h a t d i e t a r y v i t a m i n A within the r a n g e tested h a s considerable influence upon t h e r a t e of t h y r o x i n e secretion. Insufficient a n d excessive i n t a k e s o f vitam i n A lowered t h e r a t e of secretion. I t w a s shown l a t e r t h a t the relationship between tiffs secretion rate a n d g r o w t h rate in the p i g is r a t h e r small so t h a t a more direct effect of v i t a m h l A u p o n t h y r o i d f u n c t i o n is postulated. W h e n thlouracil was used, t h e rate of t h y r o x i n e secretion w a s s h o w n to increase with time. A n a p p r o p r i a t e e q u a t i o n derived f o r this w a s : Y = 4.040 + 0.0194X -- 0.0334X ~ ( X = time a f t e r i n j e c t i o n in days, ~ = expected t h y r o i d a c t i v i t y ) . DEGI~ADATION OF S,20-400 AND HIGI~ DENSITY LIPOPI~OTEINS OF I'IUMAN SERA BY ETHYL ETHER. S. H a y a s h i , F. L i n d g r e n , a n d A. Nichols (DAy. of Med. P h y s i c s , Univ. of Calif.). J. A m . Chem. Soc. 81, 3793-98 (1959). T h e S~20 499 a n d t h e h i g h d e n s i t y l i p o p r o t e i n s of h u m a n sera have been d e g r a d e d by p a r t i a l l y e x t r a c t i n g their lipid c o n t e n t with ethyl ether. The r e s u l t a n t d e g r a d a t i o n p r o d u c t s h a v e been analyzed both chemically a n d u l t r a c e n t r l f u g a l l y . I n t h e ease of t h e S~20-400 class lipoproteins, the e t h e r e x t r a c t e d more t h a n 60 p e r c e n t of t h e total lipids. T h e composition of t h e e x t r a c t e d lipids ( m o s t l y glycerides) was a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n s t a n t f o r each of f o u r successive extractions. On t h e other h a n d , t h e m a i n lipid constit u e n t of the lipoproteln f r a g m e n t s was phospholipid. I n the case of the h i g h d e n s i t y lipoproteins, t h e ether e x t r a c t e d only a very small a m o u n t of lipids. I n spite of this r e s i s t a n c e to ether d e g r a d a t i o n a n e s s e n t i a l l y lipid-free p r o t e i n f r a g m e n t was produced, t h e molecular w e i g h t of which was calculated to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40,000. THE ~ASTF~OINT~STIIqAL DIGESTION OF PAT IN DOGS ]r TRIGLYCEI~IDES, PARTIAL GLYC~I%IDES~ AND [FR~EE ~ATTY ACIDS. L. K. K n o e b e l (Dept. of Physiol., I n d i a n a Univ. School of Med., I n d i a n a p o l i s ) . J. N~ltrition 58, 393-403 (1959). Dogs were f e d cottonseed oil t r i g l y c e r i d e s a n d 4 lipid m i x t u r e s , the eompositiol~ o f which r e p r e s e n t e d v a r i o u s s t a g e s in t h e hydrolysis o f triolein in v i t r o . T h e composition o f lipid recovered f r o m the various p a r t s of t h e small i n t e s t i n e of dogs f e d these t e s t m e a l s closely resembled t h a t o b t a i n e d d u r i n g the hydrolysis of triolein in vitro. T r i g l y c e r i d e s m a y be hydr0lyzed, therefore, in m u c h the same m a n n e r in vivo as in vitro. EFFECT 0Y DIETARY ~AT ON VITAIvIIN ]~x:-~ETHI0.NINE INTERRELATIONSHIPS. ~-V[. R. Spivey Fox, L. 0 . Ortiz, a n d G. M. B r i g g s (Lab. of N u t r i t i o n a n d Endocrinology, N a t . I n s t i t u t e of A r t h r i t i s a n d M e t s b o l i c Diseases, P u b l i c H e a l t h Service, U. S. Dept. of H e a l t h , Educ., a n d W e l f a r e , B e t h e s d a , M d . ) . J. N ~ t r i t i o n 58, 371-81 (1959). A purified diet c o n t a i n i n g isolated s o y b e a n p r o t e i n w a s developed for the s t u d y of vitam i n B~2 in t h e non-depleted chick. The v i t a m i n B~:-sparJng effect of m e t h i o n i n e in day-old N e w H a m p s h i r e chicks receivi n g 9, 4, a n d 2 4 % f a t in the diet was d e t e r m i n e d with the new diet. I n confirmation of earlier s t u d i e s w i t h a crude corns o y b e a n nleal diet, i n c r e a s i n g t h e f a t c o n t e n t of t h e diet increased t h e severity of t h e v i t a m i n B ~ deficiency t h a t was o b t a i n e d d u r i n g 4-week e x p e r i m e n t a l periods. T h i s effect of h i g h d i e t a r y f a t was lost in t h e presence of s u p p l e m e n t a l m e t h i o n i n e ; however, both v i t a m i n B~e a n d m e t h i o n i n e were n e c e s s a r y for m a x i m u m growtiL NUTRITION STUDIES IN THE COLD. I I I . EFFECTS OJP C0,LD ENVIRON~IENT ON ~ ~ CIIOLESTEICOL~ ~ ~ATTY LIVERS. G. V. Yahouny, D. F. Flick, H. M. Gregorian, and C. R. Treadwell (Dept. of

Biochem., Meal. School, George W a s h i n g t o n Univ., W a s h i n g t o n , l). C.). J. N u t r i t i o n 58, 495-506 (1959). Y o u n g m a l e r a t s received h y p e l i p o t r o p i c diets c o n t a i n i n g 20% p r o t e i n a n d 2 0 % f a t , w i t h a n d w i t h o u t 1 % cholesterol. C o m p a r a b l e g r o u p s were m a i n t a i n e d a t 25 ~ a n d 1 ~ ICats on t h e low-cholesterol diet a t 25 ~ h a d a m a r k e d a c c u m u l a t i o n of h e p a t i c t r i g l y c e r i d e s d u r i n g the initial 21-day period, while a t 1 ~ triglyeeride increase was n o t observed. T h u s , cold exhibited a preventive lipotropic effect on ' ~ f a t " f a t t y livers. Cholesterol-fed r a t s at 25 ~ developed yellow f a t t y livers c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y a h i g h level

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of esterified cholesterol. Similar a n i m a l s a t 1 ~ h a d even g r e a t e r increases in liver lipides due to a f u r t h e r elevation of the esterified cholesterol level, while t h e triglyeeride f r a c t i o n was reduced by cold.

9 P a i n t s and D r y i n g

Oils

DETEI~MINATION ON P-TERT-BUTYLBENZ0'/C ACID IN COCO,NUT OILTYPE, MODIFIED ALKYDS. P . J . Seerest a n d B. K o s c i e s z a (Sherwin-Williams Co., Chicago 28, Ill.). Anal. Chem. 31, 1402-04 (1959). The p-tert-butylbenzoic acid c o n t e n t o f a l k y d resins is d e t e r m i n e d by a s p e c t r o m e t r i c procedure b a s e d on the diff e r e n c e in a b s o r b a n c e a t 282.5 a n d 300 mtt. A c c u r a c y of the m e t h o d varies with the degree of u n s a t u r a t i o n a n d oxidation of t h e s e p a r a t e d f a t t y acids. COATING COIVfPOSITIONS F~0M i-V[ODIFIED I~A~IALA SE~D OIL. M. C. Menon, P. G. S h a r m a , a n d J . S. A g g a r w a l ( N a t l . Chem. L a b . , P o o n a ) . J. Sci. Ind. Research ( I n d i a ) 17A, 279-81 (1958). The s u i t a b i l i t y of K a m a l a seed oil, modified by alcoholysis with m o n o h y d r i e alcohols, for t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of coati n g compositions is described. (C. A. 53, 14538) THE fl-HYDEOXYL OF GLYCEROL. M. R. Mills. ~ a i n t Technology 23, 129-34 (1959). The n a t u r e , proportion, a n d distribution of the acids between the glyceride molecules a r e believed to accou~xt f e r t h e rema~'kal)le u n l f o r m i t y of physical properties o f a n y g i v e n t y p e or of n a t u r a l f a t . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r m a y be t h e presence of isomeric f o r m s o f t h e glyceridea. W h i l e s t r u c t u r a l modifications of a l k y d s a n d polyesters t h r o u g h t h e ~-hydroxyl of glycerols h a v e been studied, p r e s e n t n m n u f a e t u r i n g m e t h o d s are p r o b a b l y n o t conducive to such variations. (C. A. 53, 14550)

9 Detergents TALL OIL IN SYNTHETIC DEq~P~EN~S. Anon. T a p p i 4 2 ( 6 ) , 60A, 62A, 64A, 66A (1959). T h e use of tall oil in various t y p e s of s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s i n c l u d i n g t h e polyoxyethylenes, esters, alcohols, s u l f a t e s , a n d s u l f o n a t e s , a n d a m i n e s is reviewed. 67 references. USE 0N P(~LYYINYLPYI~EOLIDONE IN SPECIALTIES. J. L. Azoriosa (General A n i l i n e & F i l m Corp.). S o a p Chela. Specialties 3 5 ( 8 ) , 51-4, 173 (1959). T h e commercial u t i l i t y of P V P is i n h e r e n t in several o u t s t a n d i n g properties such as wide solubility a n d c o m p a t i b i l i t y range, complexing a n d d e t o x i f y i n g ability, physiological acceptability, protective colloid action, fihn f o r m i n g a b i l i t y a n d adhesive qualities. I n soaps a n d d e t e r g e n t s P V P is u s e f u l as a n a n t i - r e d e p o s i t i o n a g e n t in alkylaryl sulfonates, bonding agent for synthetic detergent b a r s ; it reduces the skin i r r i t a t i o n a n d s e n s i t i z i n g effect of t h e c h l o r i n a t e d phenols i n germicidal soaps, a n d it~ film f o r m i n g p r o p e r t i e s m a y be utilized in the water-soluble p a c k a g e field. EFFECT ON MICELLAR ]~EHAVIO~ ON ADSO~FTION CHA~ACT~EISTIC8 OF TWO SUI~]~ACTANTS. W. E. Bell ( U n i o n Oil Co. of California, B r e a ) . J. Phys. Chem. 63, 299-300 (1959). PluroMcs L-44 (a c o n d e n s a t e of ethylene oxide with p r o p y l e n e glycol a n d p r o p y l e n e oxide) exhibited i n c r e a s i n g a d s o r p t i o n on 45-60-mesh s a n d with a n increase in c o n c e n t r a t i o n , b u t I g e p a l C A 6 3 0 ( a n aIkylaryl p o l y e t h e r alcohol) a d s o r p t i o n reached a m a x i m u m a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of a b o u t 300 p.p.m. a n d r e m a i n e d c o n s t a n t as t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s increased. T h e s u r f a c e - t e n s i o n d e p r e s s i o n s of a q u e o u s solutions by these 2 s u r f a c t a n t s exhibited similar behaviors. T h e r e s u l t s were e x p l a i n e d in t e r m s of t h e equilibrium, micelles in solution __~single molecules in solution <--~--->molecules a d s o r b e d a t surface. I n the case of P l u r o n i c s t h e r e is little miaelle f o r m a t i o n to compete with the a d s o r p t i o n process and, therefore, t h e degree of a d s o r p t i o n continues to increase with concentration. (C. A. S3, 1~ CONDUCTIVITY OF THE SYSTE)/[S: WATE~--0.2N SODIU~ SALT OF ~ATTY ACID AND BUTANOL IN PRESENCE OF ~s ACIDS AND ALKALI. I I L A. N. Bose a n d K . N. M e h r o t a (Univ. Lucknow, I n d i a ) . K o l l o i d Z. 153, 15-17 (1959). F o r the above s y s t e m the specific c o n d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e s with increase in N a O H conc e n t r a t i o n f o r all t h e soaps. I n the plots specific c o n d u c t i v i t y vs. N a O i t c o n c e n t r a t i o n , t h e c u r v a t u r e is more m a r k e d f o r 5 % B u O H solutions t h a n f o r 10%. F o r lower soaps t h e c u r v a t u r e is more m a r k e d t h a n f o r h i g h e r soaps. T h e specific conduc-

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t i v i t y of the solution decreases with increase in B u O H concent r a t i o n for all t h e soaps. (C. A. 53, 12792)

g r o u p s f r o m 14 to 18 carbon a t o m s which act to p r o t e c t t h e h e a v i l y b u i l t d e t e r g e n t f r o m corrosive a t t a c k on m e t a l s .

PEEFUMING DETERGENTS. V. G. F o u r m a n ( S y n t o m a t i c Corp., N e w Y o r k ) . Soap Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( 8 ) , 43-5, 102-3 (1959). T h e p r o b l e m s involved in p e r f u m i n g d e t e r g e n t p r o d u c t s a r e reviewed. These include i n t e r a c t i o n of p e r f u m e i n g r e d i e n t s with d e t e r g e n t i n g r e d i e n t s , overcoming odors i n h e r e n t in various d e t e r g e n t r a w m a t e r i a l s , f o r m u l a t i n g a p p r o p r i a t e f r a g r a n c e s f o r end use of product, s t a b i l i t y of the p e r f u m e oil, cost a n d p a c k a g i n g effects.

PROGRESS FOR 1DI%ODUCING SUGAR ESTERS. ]5[. B. I~ass, F. D. Snell, a n d L. I. Oslpow ( S u g a r R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n , I n c . ) . U. S. 2,893,990. S u g a r esters u s e f u l as s u r f a c e active a g e n t s a r e p r e p a r e d b y t r e a t i n g a saccharide of t h e g r o u p c o n s i s t i n g of sucrose a n d raffinose with a n ester of a s a t u r a t e d or u n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y acid c o n t a i n i n g b e t w e e n a b o u t 6 a n d 30 carbon a t o m s a n d a n o n - s a c c h a r l d e alcohol, in t h e presence of a n alkaline catalyst, at a t e m p e r a t u r e f r o m a b o u t 20 ~ to 180 ~ in t h e presence of a solvent.

SOLUBILITY IN SOAP SOLUTIONS. A. S. C. L a w r e n c e (Univ. Sheffield, E a R l . ) . Discussions Faraday Soc. 25, 5 ] - 8 (1958). F a t t y acids a n d n-alkanol c r y s t a l s h e a t e d with solutions of v a r i o u s soaps exhibit a t r a n s i t i o n to a liquid c r y s t a l at a s h a r p l y defined t e m p e r a t u r e T~ t h a t d e p e n d s on the n a t u r e of t h e soap b u t is insensitive to its concentration. Soap diffuses m u c h f a s t e r t h a n w a t e r across the liquid c r y s t a l m e m b r a n e t h a t f o r m s a r o u n d a c r y s t a l of deeanol placed in contact with a soap solution. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c p h a s e d i a g r a m s , s h o w i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y r a n g e of liquid crystals, are given for s y s t e m s of soap solutions w i t h a m p h i p h i l e s m e l t i n g above or below t h e X r a f f t point. A solid solution of dodecyl s u l f a t e + w a t e r + decanol f o r m s l a r g e crystals never seen in p u r e soaps. (C. A. 53, 11946) NEW LOw-COST SEQUESTRANTS. C. L. M e h l t r e t t e r a n d P. R. W a t s o n ( N o r t h e r n R e g i o n a l R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , P e o r i a , Ill.). Soap Chem. Specialties 3 5 ( 8 ) , 49-50, 106 (1959). M i x t u r e s of o r g a n i c acids p r o d u c e d b y oxidizing dextrose h y d r a t e a n d corn s t a r c h w i t h nitric acid are rich in gluconic a n d saceharic acids a n d possibly c o n t a i n other c h e l a t i n g s u b s t a n c e s . Good s e q u e s t r a t i o n of calcium h a s been o b t a i n e d with these compounds. IN -~ITRO AND USE TESTS POl% THE EVALUATION OF ~~DEGERI%IING'' AGENTS. i~. L. R u b e n k o e n i g a n d P. A. M a j o r s (Hill T o p R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , Inc., Miamiville, Ohio). Am. Perfumer Essent. Oil Rev. 7 4 ( 1 ) , 34-6 (1959). D e g e r m l n g a g e n t s are a d d e d to p r o d u c t s to cause a p e r s i s t i n g r e d u c t i o n in the n u m b e r of b a c t e r i a on the skin w h e n the p r o d u c t is u s e d regularly. H i g h a n t i b a c t e r i a l a c t i v i t y in vitro is n o t a l w a y s an i n d e x of residual a c t i v i t y on skin a f t e r use. Screening test p r o c e d u r e s on r a b b i t skin are s u g g e s t e d as a n inexpensive aid to evaluati n g such products. A p r o c e d u r e e m p l o y i n g b a c t e r i a counts on the cheeks is described. T h i s is especially suited to t h e s t u d y of facial cosmetics a n d cleansers, b u t m a y also be of i n t e r e s t for s u p p l e m e n t i n g or r e p l a c i n g h a n d - w a s h i n g procedures. THE Ai'TALYS~S OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS. A REVIEW. W . B . S m i t h ( M a r e h o n P r o d u c t s Ltd., W h i t e h a v e n , C u m b e r l a n d , E n g l . ) . Analyst 84, 77-89 (1959). A critical review o f v a r i o u s m e t h o d s o f a n a l y z i n g s y n t h e t i c d e t e g e n t s is presented. The d e t e r g e n t s are classified according to g r o u p s present, e.g., hydrophobic, hydrophilie, a n d l i n k i n g groups. T e s t s described in detail include q u a l i t a t i v e tests, e x t r a c t i o n methods, colorim e t r i c d e t e r m i n a t i o n of s u r f a c t a n t s , anionic-cationic t i t r a t i o n , a n d specific t e s t s f o r anionics, cationics, non-tonics a n d inorg a n i c c o n s t i t u e n t s . 80 references. ]~.ADIOACTIVE TaACERS IN DETERGENCY RESEARCH. !~. E. W a g g a n d C. J. B r i t t ( B r i t i s h L a u d e r e r s ' R e s e a r c h Assoc.). Perfumery Essent. Oil Record 50, 609-10 (1959). T h e v a r i o u s applications of radioactive t r a c e r s in d e t e r g e n c y a p p l i c a t i o n s are outlined. T h e s e include d e t e r m i n i n g relative efficiencies of d e t e r g e n t s in r e m o v i n g soil f r o m v a r i o u s textiles, i n v e s t i g a t i n g m e t a l c l e a n i n g problems, r e m o v a l of b a c t e r i a in l a u n d e r i n g , a n d i n v e s t i g a t i o n of a d s o r p t i o n of s u r f a c e active c o m p o u n d s at i n t e r f a c e s . THE OBJECTIVE DETER~AiINATIO~ OF COLOUR. I). J a e q m a i n (C.E.R.I.A., Dept. of F o o d I n d . ) , Ind. chim. belgc 24, 605-18 (1959). The b a s i s of the I.C.I. s y s t e m is reviewed a n d colour differences in N.B.S. u n i t s noted. A critical s t u d y w a s m a d e of m e a s u r i n g a p p a r a t u s ( s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t e r a n d photoelectric, t r i - s t i m u l u s colorimeter) l i s t i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e s , drawbacks, errors, l i m i t s of utilization. A eolour m e a s u r e of d e t e r g e n t powders is g i v e n as well as a practical e x a m p l e of t h e action of some d e t e r g e n t s on the w h i t e n e s s of linen. DETERGENT CO~MPOSITION CONTAINING PHOSPHATED ALKYL GLYCERYL ETHER COR/~0,SION AND TARNISH ]~EMOVEI%. H. W. lV[cCune ( P r o c t e r & Gamble Co.). U. S. 2,892,796. A deterg e n t composition c o n t a i n s a corrosive calcium s e q u e s t r a n t such as the water-soluble salts of t r i p o l y p h o s p h o r i c acid or ethylene d i a m i n e t e t r a a c e t i c acid, a non-soap a n i o n i c o r g a n i c s y n t h e t i c detergent, a n d p h o s p h a t e d alkyl glyceryl ethers h a v i n g alkyl

ISETHIONATEI DETERf~ENT ]~AR. R. C. Geitz (Lever B r o t h e r s Co.). U. S. 2,894,912. A s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t b a r w i t h desirabIe toilet b a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s is p r e p a r e d c o n s i s t i n g essentially of f r o m 30 to 70% of water-soluble alkali m e t a l d e t e r g e n t s a l t s of esters of isethionic acid with m i x e d a l i p h a t i c f a t t y acids h a v i n g f r o m 6 to 18 carbon atoms, f r o m 2 to 10% of a watersoluble s u d s - b o o s t i n g d e t e r g e n t salt such as a n alkyl aryl sulf o n a t e , a small a m o u n t of a water-soluble h i g h e r f a t t y acid soap a n d f r o m a b o u t 10 to 4 0 % of a t l e a s t one h i g h e r f a t t y acid h a v i n g f r o m 12 to 25 c a r b o n a t o m s as a b i n d e r a n d plasticizer, t h e final b a r h a v i n g a pI{ of f r o m 6 to 8. METHOD FOE PREPARING DETERGENT C0~!V[P0,SITIONS. J. h . Milenkevich a n d J. E. H e n j u m ( P r o c t e r & Gamble Co.). U. S. 2,395,916. A d e t e r g e n t composition u s e f u l in d i s h w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s which does not cake or f o r m a gel in use is p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g w a t e r a n d a water-soluble alkali-metal silicate to a c o n d e n s e d a n h y d r o u s w a t e r soluble alkali m e t a l p h o s p h a t e w h e r e b y s u b s t a n t i a l h y d r a t i o n of t h e p h o s p h a t e is obtained b e f o r e a n y c h l o r i n a t e d t r i s o d i u m p h o s p h a t e is i n t r o d u c e d into the mixture. PROCESS Ir PR.EPARING A DETERGENT CO]%IPOSITIOIq CONTAINING ANHYDROUS FOKIv[ I I TRIPOLYPHOSPHATE. J. P. M c N a u g h t a n d J. B. B r y a n t (Lever B r o t h e r s Co.). U. S. 2,897,155. A free flowing h e a t dried d e t e r g e n t composition c o n t a i n i n g prim a r i l y a n h y d r o u s F o r m I I s o d i u m t r i p o l y p h o s p h a t e a n d a minim u m of decomposition p r o d u c t s t h e r e o f is p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g a n y a n h y d r o u s F o r m I I s o d i u m t r i p o l y p h o s p h a t e to a n a q u e o u s s l u r r y c o n t a i n i n g at l e a s t one o r g a n i c d e t e r g e n t a n d i n o r g a n i c salt builders to f o r m a s l u r r y h a v i n g only sufficient m o i s t u r e to m a i n t a i n a p u m p a b l e a n d s p r a y a b l e slurry, t h e s l u r r y h a v i n g a t e m p e r a t u r e in t h e r a n g e of 160 to 200~ a g i t a t i n g the s l u r r y w i t h i n this t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e , a n d h e a t d r y i n g t h e slurry. ~[ANUEACTUI%E OF ALKYL ]~NZENE SULFONATE DETERGENTS. A. H. L e w i s ( C a l i f o r n i a R e s e a r c h Corp.). U. S. 2,897,156. A l k y l benzene s u l f o n a t e d e t e r g e n t s with a h i g h ratio of sulf o n a t e to s u l f a t e is o b t a i n e d b y a d d i n g w a t e r to t h e s u l f o n a t i o n m i x t u r e , a n d a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e s e p a r a t i o n of t h e s u l f u r i c a n d sulfonic acid p h a s e s b y the a d d i t i o n of either benzene sulfonic acid or toluene sulfonic acid. bETEl%GENT CO~POSITIONS. G. K. A s h f o r t h a n d R. Coskie ( T h o m a s H e d l e y & Co.). Brit. 810,688. T h e l a t h e r i n g a n d / o r d e t e r g e n t p r o p e r t i e s of o r g a n i c anionic n o n - s o a p d e t e r g e n t s i n c l u d i n g a n alkyl s u l f u r i c acid ester salt c o n t a i n i n g f r o m 10 to 20 carbon a t o m s in the a l k y d residue, are i m p r o v e d b y t h e inclusion o f a small a m o u n t of a n alkyl ester of p a r a - h y d r o x y benzoic acid of which the alkyl g r o u p c o n t a i n s f r o m 10 to 16 c a r b o n atoms. IMPROVEIvIENTS IN THE ~ANUI~ACTUI%E Off0 SOAP FOWDEI%S. Unilever Ltd., Brit. 810,755. The l u m p i n g of s p r a y dried soap powders in h o t w a t e r c a n be p r e v e n t e d by a d d i n g a small a m o u n t of a n alkali m e t a l xylene s u l f o n a t e a n d either a n alkali m e t a l silicate or a n alkali m e t a l c a r b o n a t e to a coconut oiltallow soap s l u r r y b e f o r e t h e s l u r r y is s p r a y dried. COLOURED DETERGENTS OR WASHING ADJUVANTS. t t e n k e l & Cie G.m.b.H. Brit. 811,028. Colored d e t e r g e n t s which leave no color effect on textiles can be p r e p a r e d b y a d d i n g to t h e deterg e n t a n o x y g e n - y i e l d i n g s u b s t a n c e such as p e r b o r a t e s a n d perc a r b o n a t e s , a n d a dyestuff which is decolorized by oxidation d u r i n g n o r m a l use of the d e t e r g e n t

II~[PROVEIV[ENTS IN DETERGENT CO~IPOSITIONS. Thomas Hedley & Co., Ltd., Brit. 312,249. A h i g h d e n s i t y s p r a y dried deterg e n t c a n be p r o d u c e d b y t h e a d d i t i o n of c e r t a i n non-ionic polyoxyalkylene e t h e r c o m p o u n d s to slurries c o n t a i n i n g s u l f a t e a n d s u l f o n a t e anionic s y n t h e t i c o r g a n i c d e t e r g e n t s , s o d i u m s u l f a t e a n d water-soluble alkali m e t a l silicates to effect a r a p i d reduction in the a m o u n t of e n t r a i n e d air in slurry. W h e n t h e s l u r r y is a g i t a t e d , these chemically d e a e r a t e d deterg e n t slurries c a n t h e n be s p r a y dried b y conventional techniques.