Bookreviews

L. MARGULIS and K. V. SCHWAI~TZ: FIVE

KINGDOMS

An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth. Second. edition. Freeman and Co., New York, 1988, 376 pp., illustrated by photographics, light and electron micrographs and drawings, Price 21.95 L. Many textbooks and manuals are based on the classical two-kingdoms concept of C. L I ~ (1753}, which inspite of some recent modifications is not satisfactory for use in modern biology. Multikingdom systems were evolved as an alternative. How m a n y kingdoms of organisms? This question Leedale in 1974 reflected the difficulties of classifying of the old and newly created groups. The first a t t e m p t for describe the new, third kingdom originated from Ernst HAEC~L (1868). His kindom Protista ( ~ Protoctista) was established for the most primitive organisms and the subkingdom Monera was designated for bacteria. Later recognition t h a t the basic differences between prokaryotic bacteria, bluegreen algae and eukaryotes (C~TTO~ I937) represent the greatest discontinuity in the present-day world (STAGIER 1963) was the next important step on the way to a multikingdom system. The five kingdoms originally proposed b y R. H. WHIT9 AK~.R (1959) included the kingdom Prokaryotae ( : Monera) and four kingdoms of eukaryotes, i.e. Protoctita ( ~ ]?rotista), Fungi, Plantac and Animalia. The relation between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is hypothetically explained in two main theories. L. MARGULIS has succesfuly worked out hypothesis of the ondosymbiotic origin o f eukaryotic cells. The main goal of the reviewed books is, the authors' own words, to make an catalogue of live diversity, which gives the reader a manageable system of ordering living beings. "Five kingdoms" is an illustrated guide to the phyla on Earth. The recent second edition represents progress in comparison with the first edition of 1982, because it reflects new investigations. All the book, beginning with the cover, suggests t h e authors' invention. A short doscription of each kingdom is completed with a diagram of the evolutionary tendencies among phyla. This diagram also covers the main evolutionary steps (metabolic and morphological}, which accompany the kingdom's evolution. Tbe phylum is the basic taxonomical unit worked with in this book, while the genera serve only for a better understanding of the phylum concept. One double-page together with excelent photograph and drawings is devoted to each of the 97 phyla described. The illustrative character of this book is enhanced by the landscape scene inhabited b y the members of the phylum described. The most interesting in the rewicwed book is the kingdom Prokaryotae with its 17 phyla. A new name Chloroxybacteria is proposed for Prochlorophyta, which recently includes 2 genera (the symboitic Prochloron and free-living Prochlorothrix} but the reason for this nomenclatorial decision is not explained. The next kingdom, Protoctista (-~- Protista} is defined b y exclusion: its members are neither animals (which develop from a blastula}, plants (which develop from an embryo}, fungi (which lack undulipodia : flagella and develop from spores}, nor prokaryotes. They comprise algae, protozoa and flagellated heterotrophic organisms traditionally classified as fungi (i.e. Labyrinthulomycota, Acrasiomycota, Myxomycota, Plasmodiophoromycota, Hyphochytri~iomycota, Oomycota). The inner classification of Protoctista is very difficult. MARGULIS and SCHW~Z recognize 27 phyla, but J. O. CORLISS (1984) described 45 phyla. For the same organisms LEEDALE established (1974) 16 kingdoms. The next kingdom, Fungi, is often introduced in textbooks as a "third "kingdom apart from plants and animals and with only one feature, i.e. nutrition takes place b y absorption. I n fact, Fungi are limited 5 phyla only (Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Deuteromoycota, Myxophycophyta ~- Lichenes}, which never develop a flagellate stage in their life cycle. Their vegetative state is an h y p h a forming mycelium, which may be dikaryotic after sexual konjugation. The next important featuris extracellular enzymatic digestion following the uptake of molecules by means of membrane transport, i.e. by means of absorption.

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The last two kingdoms, Plantae and Animalia, comprise multieellular organisms which develop after a sexual process. The embryo is evolved during zygote development in plants. I n animals after successive mitotic division the zygote forms a blastula and later a gastrula. Thes(~ additional features differentiate plants and animals from the kingdom of the Protoctista. The book by MAnC~:LIS and Sc~twaRz reviewed here is a good example of an attractive textl~)ok in which the modern ~ppI'oach and the excellent illustrations are accompained by clear explanations. T. K~-LINA S. HEJ~? and ]3. SLAVIK [eds.] K V ~ T E N A (2ESK%] S O C I A L I S T I C K I ; ] I ~ E P U B L I K Y . (The Flora of the Czech Socialist Republic, Vol. 1, in Czech).

VOL. 1

Academia, Praha, 1988, 557 pp., 51 Figs., 113 Tabs., 44 Photo, 1 Map. Bookshelves in botanical institutions are recurrently supplied by newly published compendia describing regional and national floras of the tracheophytes. In the focus of present scientific interests are the still rare volumes summarizing taxonomic and biogeographical knowledge of tropical countries, whose forest, savanna and paramo ecosystems shelter the majority of vascular species of our planet. Current botanists do not want to m i ~ the unique opportunity to get aquainted with the enormotm diversity produced by organic evolution in the biosphere. For example, results of the successively published volumes of Flora Malesiana and Flora Neotropica are eagerly expected b y many students of p l a n t taxonomy and ecology all over the world. Though the African and South Asian tropics are already covered by extensive floras, new editions bring astonishing crop of nowly described species and genera of the vascular plants. The urgency of taxonomic and ecological studies in tropical areas is enhanced by the danger of expanding deforestation, overgrazing and industrial pollution. On the background of these pioneer and mostly extensive botanical explorations, detailed research into the taxonomy and distribution of the relatively species-poor Holarctic flora may appear less attractive. For example, the territory of Central Europe contains only about 1%" of the assumed total of vascular plants growing on the Earth. Since the 16th century, however, this flora was many times listed and described in numerous regional works referring to Germany, Austro-Hungarian monarchy, Silesia, Poland, Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia and modern CT~choslovakia. Overlapping catalogues, enumerations or compendia followed the increasing amount of knowledge, growing demands of professionals and public, frequent alterations of political boundaries, and both the natural and man-induced changes of the flora. Detailed compendia from developed scientific centres obviously play a different scientific role than the hastened studies into the threatened tropical flora. Amidst these considerations we have in front of us a remarkable botanical work entitled ,,KvStena (Msk6 soeialistick6 republiky" (~-- Flora of the Czech Socialist Republic), n a m e l y i t s lirst volume. Written in Czech, this volume contains (1) general outline of plant life in the western part of Czechoslovakia (Bohemia, Moravia and Czechoslovak part of Silesia), (2) methodological bases for a proje,~t of a multivolume flora, and (3) detailed description of species I~longing to 41 families, starting with the pteridophytes, conifers and first part of angiosperms. Planned in advance for eight similarly sized volumes, this flora intends to cover all native and introduced tracheophytes in the ~SFr None of the earlier botanical compendia covers identical territory, and, apparently none of its predecessors can match this project in the detailed lay-out and contents of chapters. If continued in the planned arrangement, KvStena (~SR will m a t c h or even surpass in size and details its nXational sibling "F15ra Slovenska", a compendium started in 1966 and published in five vehunes, so far. Obviously, the other work worth of comparison is "Flora tier Schweiz" published in three volumes in the period 1967 to 1972. In order to understand the actual significance of this new tiers, we have to mention the geographical setting and botanical history of western Czechoslovakia. Taxonomy and distribution of vascular plants were already compiled in various pro-Linnaean herbaria and catalogues. Clearly described taxa and well defined localities are contained in two catalogues by C. Schwenekfelt (1601, 1607), a pupil of C. Bauhin. Already in 18th century northern areas ef the (~SR were incorporated in the floristic works covering Silesia. In the 19th century many floras referred to

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the territory of Silesia, Bohemia and/or Moravia. A variety of toponyms, b,,th in German and Czech, were used in relation to the over increasing number of localities. Nevessarily. rapid development of plant taxonomy, botanical nomenclature and geobotany created considerable confusion of innumerable names and records. Conducted by both profe.~ional and amateur botanists, florist.to research flourished in the first half of the 20th century. Thanks to the activity of largo scientific eentres and numerous amateur botanists, floristic, phytogoogruphical and geebotanical research new, r lost firm grounds, even in the highly "experimental" era of b,.ology after the World War II. As a result a vast botanical litoratm'e is left behind and creates a burden for any compiler of synthetic botanical work. Anoth~r factor makes the task of compilation of Kv6tena (~SR extremely difficult: profound changes in the densely inhabited landscape, affected by intensively managed agriculture, forestry and industry. Many earlier records of species must be revised befi~re a reliable map of distribution can be drawn. Unlike tropical species, most of the European tracheophytes were already subject to tkorough investigations, e.g., with regard to their morphology, anatomy, karyology, growth physiology, reproductive biology, ecology and even chemical composition. A modern floristic work desiring to offer a synthetic view of the taxa involved cannot leave the riches of these data without appropriate consideration. No wonder t h a t a single author cannot dare to match these requirements. The introductory volume of the Kv~tena ~SR discloses the establishment of a team of competent Czech botanists who intend to pursue the planned long-lasting scientific co-0peration. U n d e r the editorship of S. Hejn~ and B. Slavik, altogether 23 authors joined in the compilation of the first volume comprising 557 pages, 51 maps of species distribution, 44 photographs, 113 full-page drawings of plants, and a colottr map showing phytogoographieal districts of Bohemia and Moravia. Chapters included in the " P a r t General" deal with the history of floristic exploration in the (~SR, geographical factors of the country, types of vegetation, classification of plant communities, phytogoographical components, floristic districts, taxonomic concepts, botanical literature, important terminology, and pertinent abbreviations and symbols. The foreign consumer of the book will appreciate the English summary, English description of illustrations, and oven a CzechEnglish vocabulary of frequent terms used in the text. The lay-out of the " P a r t Special", describing individual genera and species, deserves full appreciation for b o t h its data and print. Fine gradation of type siz~es, with capitals and miniscules in each, and usage of italic and bold types enable quick orientation in the book. While the descriptions of the particular genera stretch across the entire page, the text referring to species is printed in two columns. Beside the valid generic name, all synonyms are listed; a selection of literature and short characteristics of the geographical distribution are given for each genus involved. The species descriptions follow a clear and consistent pattern: valid scientific name, recommended Czech name, scientific synonyms, list of exsiccata collected in the ~SR (or elsewhere, if there is no oxsiccatum from the country of if there are only a few). detailed morphological description, chromosome number(s) variability, ecological requirements, distributional p a t t e r n in the territory, notes on general distribution, remarks on utility and contents of important metaboli~s. The habitus arid sortie important details of all species concerned are illustrated by drawings based on live material. Understandably, the key point in compilation of any flora are the basic taxonomic concepts, name]y of genera and species. Kv~tena's authors prefer "narrower" speems and genera, as ex"pla;.ned on p. 127. Unless detectable by observation, various taxa defined merely by karyological, biometrical and chemical methods were not reeognised as veritable species. Taxonomy and nomenclature of European plants suffer from incessant changes, alterations and innovations. We can hardly expect consensus of all European botanists in the ranks and names of vascular plants. Being not a taxonomist, reviewer expects a peaceflfl unification for, say, two or throe decades before the new antendments and verified discoveries enter the text-books and identificatiol~ keys for general public. Joint collective work like KvStena ~SR, hopefully, will serve as a durable source for many derived scientific and popularization literature. Particularly ecologists and teachers of all grades will appreciate much more t h a n the stabilized names. The wording and illustrations offered by the book create a reliable basis for the safe recognition of little known infraspoeific taxa and microspocies. Summarization of all pertinent data from the territory of the (~SR makes fltrther investigation much easier. Moreover, the " P a r t General" is a welcome source for introductary lessons in botany, biology arid/geography.

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At this point of our review we want to return back to the comparison between the extensive tropical floras and intensive temperate compendia. We hope t h a t the authors will take in geod~ part our doubts about "extremely varied" and "species-rich" vegetation in the ~SR. I n o u r opinion the merits of Kv~tena (~SR reside in the elaboration of botanical data in a region t h a t undoubtedly belong to the most intensively studied areas in the world. Difficult as it was, t h e authors and editors faced the challenge of the amazing amount of botanical data collected b y m a n y generations of scholars and amateur botanists. Volume one of the long-awaited Kv6tena ~SR is born. The latest news says t h a t t h e tw~ following volumes are prepared for the press. Hold on! JAl~ J E NIE_

M. HIOKEX et C. KI~o 100 F A M I L I E S

OF FLOWERING

PLANTS

Cambridge University Press, 1988 (2nd ed.), 619 pp., 263 Fig., 9 Tab., Price 25 s The book is intended for university students of botany and gardening, and gives, in a concise form, a great amount of information for anybody seriously interested in botany. The t e x t comprises the angiosperms. As all Anglospermae comprise about 400 families, the 100 families selected: sufficiently represent the classification scheme of Magnoliophytes. At the same time it shows the morphological diversity of the material presented, with regard to the similar (or dissimilar structure of these families. I n particular, floral morphology and the pollination mechanism provide a wide set of characters to illustrate probable relationships. All the ink drawings of the plant habits or p l a n t organs have been exclusively drawn according to live material, and represent an irreplaceable part of the book. The pictures often have high information value. Tbe book is divided into several parts: in the introductory chapter the classification scheme is outlined, and the main features of vegetative and generative organs are described. A systematical survey of the selected families forms the fundamental part of the book. I n dicotyledons, t h e y are classed to 42 orders, in monocots to 12 orders. Selected morphological characters of t h e most important families are listed and compared in tabular form (the tables follow the main text). A glossary, a list of selected references and index form valuable concluding chapters. Individual families arc presented as follows: name of family, nmnber of genera and species, geographical distribution, major morphological features, economic and ornamental plants involved, classification beginning with higher t a x a and ending with genera (with numbers o f species, and, very briefly, geographical ranges). On the opposite page, a general habit o f one representative (or rarely of two species from different genera -- in the case of large families~ is depicted, and the following data are given to characterize it: distribution, vegetative characters, floral formula, flower and inflorescence, modes of pollination, and some alternative e x a m p l e s of f e w e r morphology occurring in a given family which is often supplemented by a plate w i t h details of morphological features with a detailed legend. When individual parts of t h e t e x t are compared, it must be stated t h a t the descriptions and other information within a family do not overlap, and the species descriptions contain new characters (including those given in the detailed captious to the figures). The illustrations and text form a compact, well-balanced whole w i t h unusually efficient information value. Data on alternative flower types in a given family (with more t h a n one genus) are extremely valuable; detailed information on the modes of pollination completes the whole picture. Primarily, the reader can compare for himself, and the diacritical features allow him to reach more comprehensive ideas on the character and amplitude o f variability, and on the notable evolutionary context in classification. The authors compiled several tables allowing comparison between groups of (usually three) related families. For instance, characters of inflorescences, flowers, perianth cycles, stamens, styles, ovaries, fruits, seeds, and sometimes also stems and leaves are compared. A general comparative table is interesting, containing 19 characters of leaves and flowers in all 100 families. A special table is d e v o t e d to the phonology (flowering period) of all the species or hybrids concerned. Rare morphological attributes occurring only in some families are listed separately, and these can be added to t h e family descriptions in the main text. The taxonomic structure of individual families corresponds to t h a t adopted in works of British

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authors (HUTCHINSO-N',TUT/AVct al., WILLIS,DAVISet G~tYLLEh')and , the general system is obviously c l u e to the Cao~-Qu~sz system (1968). Interestingly, CRONQU1ST, in his book The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants, gives 354 families. Among the most appreciable merits of the book under review, whose qualities are also documented by two editions within a short period, concise and clear formulation of both diacritical and comparative characteristics should be emphasized. BO~D~'~ K~IsA

A. D. M. RAYNER, C. M. BRASIZR and I). MOORE (eds.) EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY OF THE FUNGI (Symposium of the British Mycological Society hold at the University of Bristol, April 1986). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge -- New York --New Rochelle --Melbourne - S y d n e y , 1986, 465 pp., Price US $ 80,--. To study the evolution of fungi is to enter a world in which there are few disputed facts but m a n y theories. The absence of an adequate fossil record and comparatively few morphological features of fungal structures is the main reason for tiffs situation. However, the expansion of mycological research in last few decades, WRITTAK~'S (1969) revival of the position o f fungi as an independent kingdom and new concepts of fungal systematics proposed by von ARX (1967), were the inspiration for more intensive evolutionary studies of fungi. The above publication reflects the present state of knowledge in the broader sense, not only the evolution of fungi. The reason is t h a t the evolutionary study of fungi can be based only on an arrangement of present-day organisms which are available for investigation. That is why several chapters are dedicated to questions of systematics of individual fungal groups, the dynamics of funga] speciation, genetic variation on the species and genus level, terminology below the species level, interactions of outcrossing and non-outcro~ing popnlation etc. The publication comprises recent contribution of genetics and molecular biology to this topic (study of ftmgal chromosome organisation, fungal mitoehondrial genome, patterns of ribosomal R~'A gone organisation) as well as the morphological and ultrastructura] s t u d y of hyphae and reproduction organs. Fungal system and evolution are discussed on the basis of the chemistry of cell wall composition, molecular variation and some secondary metabolites production. New aspects to evolutionary biology of the fungi are derived from ecological and physiological knowledge -saprotrophy, parasitism and symbioses, mutualist.ic associations between fungi and photosynthetic organisms, the evolution and adaptation of sexual reproductive structures and convergeut evolution of fungal spores. The book comprises 29 contributions of invited specialists, which were presented at the British Mycological Society's 4th Genera] Mooting. However, each contribution is published as a comprehensive e ~ a y at the respective topic. The editors made no a t t e m p t to impose uniformity or consensus of individual contributions. The opening chapter by sir J o h n H. B v ~ N ~ presents a general survey of the history and present confused state of our knowledge of fungal evolution. All other chapters are detailed studios of individual problems which connect with the evolution of fungi in the broadest sence. I n the book the complicated study of evolution is presented on the model of fungi. I t may interest not only mycologists but also those, who are generally interested in evolution of living organisms. V~cLAv ~ E x C. B. Cox and P. D. MooR~ EI~TFOHRUNG

IN DIE BIOGEOGRAPHIE

G u s t a v Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart 1987, 311 pp., 99 Abb., 5 Tab., Price not given. I n the Uul-Taschonbiichor series produced jointly b y 16 predominantly West German publishers, the Gustav Fischer Verlag published a German translation of the 4th edition of an

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2~,1989

excellent manual "Biogeography -- An Lcologieal and Evolutionary Approach". This made it possible for German speaking scholars and students to become acquainted with the postulates and arguments of authors drawing almost exclusively on English sources. I n recent years similar manuals have begun to fill in the blank spaces in the world fund o f natural historical literature. I-Iowever, not all meet expectations as far as the equipoise of phytogeography and zoogeography, their organic fusion and coverage of the entire earth is concerned. Cox and Mool~E fulfilled these requirements. Moreover, the book is a paperback of almost pocket format, but surprisingly comprehensive, well-arranged, understandable and object-teaching. I n the first chapter on space and time, the reader is introduced to the problems of biogeography. Examples of habitats of biota are given, barriers of dispersal and ways of their overcoming are discussed, l~eliets are explained using glacial and xerothermous relicts, endemism is discussed, as is the relationship between the distribution of some specialised herbivorous animals and their host plants. The following two chapters discuss very convincingly and practically the influence of physical and biotic factors upon the shaping of the distribution areas of plants and animals. The boundaries of species tolerance to enviromnental factors and density of populations in t h e various zones of the tolerance region are explained. The climate of the E a r t h is accounted tbr in the conditions of atmospheric circulation, the construction of climate diagrams is demonstrated, the reader is acquainted with the nature of photoperiodism, pedogenesis, kinds and typos o f soils and soil horizons. Much attention is paid to the basic biomes of the Earth, such as tundra, circumboreal coniferous forest, temperate zone forest, tropical rain forest, etc. The modern body of knowledge of physiology and ecology is used to clarify the circulation of substances, flow and usage of energy, primary production and trophic grades. Most interesting is the explanation o f interspecific competition for food and space and possible change of an ecosystem by the artificial introduction of a foreign species, as well as succession in ecosystem and the climax concept. The following chapter entitled "Life (and Death) on t h e Islands" reads as a thriller and yet it is scientifically exact and literally brimful of facts. Islands surrounded by endless masses o f water where long-term isolation of populations brings about phylogenetic divergence of the genepool are the key exogenous factors of evolution. The island theory is clarified thoroughly and documented by examples from various parts of the globe; the Hawaii Islands a l o n e occupy 10 pages. The following two chapters take the reader to the past of the Earth, making him familiar with the foundations of paleogeography, the changing shape of the continents beginning w i t h Gondwanna and Laurasia, and the development of flora and fauna to their present state; at th0 same time the coincidences and differences b e t w e e n the phytogeographical and zoogeographical divisions are pointed out. Through the next detailed chapter, discussing Pleistocene glaciation and interglacials on the basis of modern evidence, we arrive at the last, eight chapter, beginning with the appearance of Man and dealing with his influence upon nature, the history of the origin of cultivated plants, domestication of animals and the ecological crisis of the past two or three decades. In addition to the merits mentioned in the introduction, this translation has one major advantage: it is distinctively ecologised, not only describing the various plmnomena but also aiming at explanation of their causes. The many examples, often untraditional, reveal a good knowledge of the relevant literature and skill to make use of these examples. Some examples are discussed thoroughly and are repeated elsewhere. As I stated above, the bibliography contains almost exclusively papers written in English (altogether 261 entries, including exceptionally English translations of foreigin works, e.g. one by Txx~rAJX.~); there are only two French and two German works (in the C-ermau translation under review there is also an appendix "~Veiterf'~.rende Literatur with 26 quotations of German works). Worldwide manuals, such as this one, should however also consider, at lemst proportionally, results from other language spheres. The book is lavishly illustrated by aptly selected material (drawings, maps, photographs, graphs) with good explanatory texts. Printing errors are minimal; e.g. the heading of the subchapter "Madagascar" should have the code 6.11 rather than 6.12 (p. 226). The authors arc to be congratulated on a readable and instructive book, the publishers on its excelIent lay-out. I recommend it to every reader. BOm~L S~viK

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H. ELLE.~BEItG, I'{,. MAYE~ und J. SCHAUERMAN(red.) 0KOSYSTEMFOI{SCHUNG Ergelmisse dos Sollingprojekts 1966- 1986 Vorlag [~'lmor, Stuttgart 1986, 505 S., 233 Abb., 145 Tab. Das Bueh bringt die Ergebnisso einer integriert~n multidisziplin/iren Erforsehung ausgow~thlter 0kosysteme im Oebiot yon Selling unwoit GSttingon (Bundosrepublik Deutschland), die im Rahmen des internationalen Biologisehen Programms wghrend dor lotzt~n 20 Jahro durehgefiihrt wurde. Ungefghr 120 Spozialist~n vorsehiedener Faellgebioto haben sieh an dor Feldforsehung und Datonerarbeitung betoiligt, zahlreiebe kostspieligo Apparaturon wtlrden angewandt und viel Organisationsenergie verbraueht. Es wurden die ersten genauoron und be]egten Kenntnisse tiber den ]ffaushalt eines so komploxen Systems gewonnen, wio es 0kosyst~mo sind. Trotz allen diesen Aufwands boziehen sich die Erg~bnisso nur auf 4 Einzelfglle -- vet allem auf einen naturnahen Bestad des Luzido-Fagetum und oinon Fieht~nforst, welter auf eino Mghwieso und eine Aekerflgehe. Die et'ston zwei Kapitol informieren fiber die Ziele und Organ|sat|on des Sollingprojekts und fiber die t~mwelt und Gesehiehto dot untersuehten 0kosysteme. Die wiehtigsten Ergebnisse sind in den folgend(m 6 Kapiteln zusammengefasst. ~ b e r die Prim/~rproduktion der unt~rsuehton Pflanzongemeinsehaften inform|err Kapit~l 3. Aufmerksamkeit wurde vor allem den Buehen- und Fiehtonbostgnden gcwidmet, und zwar nieht nut der Baumschieht, sondern such der Kraut- und Moosschieht. Daneben wurdon aueh die Goldhaferwiese una die Woidelgrasaussaat untersueht. Da~ umfangreiche Kapitol 4 befasst sieh rnit der Tierwelt und mit ihrer Rolle in don 0kosystomen. Die Tierwolt iibertrifft vielfaeh die I)flanzenwelt in der Artonzahl. Sic ist aber wcniger wiehtig in der Biomtmsoproduktion und im Energieumsatz. Hier spielt die bedeutendsto Rolle die Saprophagongruppe. Kapitol 5 |st dot Tgtigkoit der PilT~ und ]3akterien gowidmet, besonders im Buchenwald. Ihre Art~nzumammensetzung ist noeh sehwieriger ers als be| der Tierwelt, abet die Erforsehung dor spozialisierten Tgtigkeit der einzelnen Mikreorganismengruppen, besonders an der Umwandlung der Waldstreu, war gut durehffihrbar. Es wurden neue K e n n t n i ~ o fiber die Rolle der Bodenmikroorganismen in der N/ihrstofflieferung, ~B. fiber die Nitratbildung im stark sauron Boden, gowormon. Die Energieflfisse in den 0kos)~temen werden im Kapitel 6 behandelt. Der Strahlungsumsatz in don W/ildern, (lie Enorgiebindung durch die Photosynthese, die Energiofliisso durch die Tierpopulationen wttrden analysiert und die Energiebilanz des Buchenwald-0kosystems kalkuliert. Der Umsatz des Wassers im Buchen- und Fichtenbestand |st im Kapi~ol 7 bosehrieben. Don biogeoehemisehen Kreisl/~ufen im Buchenwald und im Fichtenforst | s t Kapitol 8 gowidmet. Es wurden der Elementegeh~lt im Bestand un4 im Bodon best|mint und die Elomentflfisse mit dora Streufall und dem 1N'iederschlags - lind ]3odenwasser untorsucht. Dabei wurdo ebenfalls dem anthropogenen Sgureeintrag Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Obwohl die I-I+-Pufforung in hohen Masse schon im Kronenraum stattrmdot, hut der Boden die gesamto S/i.urolaat zu komponsioron. Das letzto Kapitel bohandelt die wichtigsten Ergebnisse des Sollingprojekts aus verschledenor Sicht. Im Abschnitt "Trends be| don Immissionen" fiberrascht der Befund, dass oine Vorarmlmg der B6dsn durch die Versauerlmg untor Buehenbest/i.nden nicht gofundon wurdo (such die pI-I-Werte haben sich w/~hrend der Unt~rsuchungsperiods nieht wesontlich ge/tndert). Die Auswaschung des Alum|alums zeigt aber, dass das AP ~-Tonminoralion-Pufforsystom abgebaut wird. Obwohl die Ergebnisse nut flit das Unt~rsuchungsgebiet gelten, muss die Bodsutung dor 0kosystomforsehung hervorgehoben werden. Ftir ihre Fortsetzung bietet dieses Bueh ein gutes Vorbild. JAROSLAV MOII~.VEC

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FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA

24, 1989

Sou6asn6 maloobchodni ceny periodick6ho tisku r byly stanoveny v polovin~ pades~ts~ch let a a~ na ojedin~16 v~jimky zflst~valy od tdt,o doby nezm~n~n6. Naproti tomu ns na vyds163 periodick6ho tisku r zejm6na v poslednich letech vlivem zvy~ov~ni cen paplru, polygrafick)~ch praci, tiskov5%h barev, ale i vynucen)~m p~echodem na nov6 v)~robni techniky v dfisledku modernizace nSkter)~ch tisks provozfi sts vzrflstaly. U naprost6 v&~iny 6asopisfl r se mimoto zvy~oval rozdll mezi platn~mi maloobchodnlmi cenami a projednimi cenami v zahrani6i, tak~e b~n~ tuzemsk~ cena v KSs byla podstatn~ ni~.w ne~. zahran 6ni cena v DM 6i US $. Pravideln~ provhd~n~ anals~zy ekonomiky periodick~ho tisku ~SAV proks ~e schodek r spojens~ s jeho vyds163 nedm~rn~ vzrflsts a k dal~imu citeln~mu ns dotacl by v souvislosti s nov~m sazebnlkem velkoobchodnich cen a zm~nou syst~mu tvorby cen periodick~ho tisku dow od 1.1. 1990. Proto po dohod~ ~SAV s Y~TI, MFCM r a MK r dochhzi v zs snliieni nep~iznivdho dopadu v ~ e uveden~ch dflvodfl na ekonomiku periodick~ho tisku ~SAV od 1.1. 1990 k fiprav~ cen a 5asopisfi r Novs maloobchodni cena naw 6asopisu byla stanovena ve v~ii 31 K6s za 1 5islo. Je srovnatelns s cenou obsahov~, rozsahov~f i sazebn~ obdobn~i ns jin~ch 5eskoslovensk)%h 5asopisfi a mSla by alespoii kr~t ns v~robnich nhkladfi v poslednich letech. V~ime, vh~enl 5tens ~.e nutnost provedenl fipravy maloobchodni ceny na~eho 5asopisu pochopite a zflstanete i nads jeho odb~rateli.