Bookreviews

A. C. J m ~ l v a n d J . A. G-~mB~ (eds.) THE ISLAND OF MULL: A $UI~u OF ITS FLORA

AND ENVIRONMENT

]British ~d~senm ( N a t u r a l lcflstory), L o n d o n 1978, 614 p. T h e ~lslar*d o f Mull l y i n g off t h e ~ e s t c o a s t o f Scotland h a s b e e n s u b j e c t e d t o intetmive b o t a n i c a l r e s e a r c h b y t h e s t a f f o f t h e ]3ritiech M~setmt (:Natural Ftlstory) in L o n d o n . T h e r e s u l t s of t h e s e In'go-scale s t v d i e s are p l e s e n t e d in a b ~ l k y y a h ) m e c o n t a i n i n g 19 chapters. T h e w o r k cov e r i n g all t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s o f p l a n t s h a s been a d e q u a t e l y f r a m e d b y c h a p t e r s mualyaing t h e ~ v i r o r m e n t o f t h e island, q_3~e m c n c g r a F h ~ill be h i g h l y a p p r e c i a t e d b y m a n y b o t a n i ~ s w o r k i n g far beyond the bound~rfes of Great Britain. A l t o g e t h e r 5280 species a ~ d varieties in o~er l~O0 c r y p t o g a m l c a n d p b a n e r o g a m i e g e n e r a h a v e been listed, a n d e c n z m e ~ t e d on w i t h r e g a r d to t h e i r local d i s t r i b u t i o n a n d e n v l r ~ n m e n t a t relatioDahips. T h e g r e a t n u m b e x of t a r a ~ill be a marprfse far ContiDental botmnlsts w h o s e ideas o f , , b a r r e n i s l a n d s " off t h e c o a s t o f Scotland a~ e f r e q u e n t l y e x a g g e r a t e d . T h e critical enumeratiort of i ~ d i v i d u a l t a r a will he o f intezest for t a x o n o m i s t s a n d p h y t o g e o g r a p h e r s c o m p i l i n g v a r i o u s m a p s o f distribtltion. 'The, huhitat.s o f species enco~]ntered on "M~ll a r e sernetime~ different frown t h o s e f o u n d o n t h e c o n t i n e n t . F o r exan~ple, m a n y species o f C e n t r a l Eurol~ean forests, obviously, g r o w well on rock ledges a n d in crevices on Mull. $1pecies considered as , , t h e r m o p h i l o n # ' in t h e c e n t r e of t h e c o n t i n e n t t h r i v e on t h e coastal r e e k s a n d in g r a s s l a n d s o f t h i s ,,remote, n o r t h e r n ~' island. ]Moreover, p l a n t s witb~uL s t r i c t r e q u i r e m e n t s for ha.co-rich substrt~ta a p p e a r as ealcieoIe sl~ecies in Mull. T h i s ~s a n o t h e r c o n f i r m a t i o n o f niche v a r i a t i o n w i t h i n t h e a r e a of d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e i s l a n d o f Mull a n d t h e st~rrounding little islands m e a classic area fen geological a n d geem o r p h o l o g i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n . T h e y eerrpriae t h e r e m a i n s o f a T e r t i a r y volcano, a n d a v a r i e t y of rocks, s o i l s , l a n d systen~s, b a b i t a t s a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , p l a n t c a m n m n l t i e s . T h e editors succeeded in a ~ s e m b l i ~ g a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s e t o f p a p e r s which s h o w s t h e v e r y s t r i k i n g fbatt~res o f t h i s island. All import.ant e c o s y s t e m s h a ~ e l:ecn tackled: 1. m a r i n e e c o s y s t e m s b y J . H . : f ~ c : ~ add :I. TI~:~ E ~ , 2. b r a c k i s h a n d f r e s h w a t e r e c o s y s t e m s b y A. C. 3:~e~,z, D. ft. I4X~EeD a n d PAwmc~x A. SIMS~ a n d 3. t e r r e s t r i a l e c o s y s t e m s b y A. C. J ~ _ ~ : z , p . W . Jx~sns a n d A. EDDY. :Photographs, d r a w i n g s , t a b l e s sr.d indices to g e n e r a will a s s i s t r e a d e r s to m a k e q u i c k aquaint.ance w i t h :Mull. T h e book is well edited, in son~e i n s t a n c e s e v e n fairly l u x u r i o u s . A nice m o d e l for f u t u r e b o t a n i c a l project~. T h e a b u n d a n c e of islands off" t h e coast of G r e a t B r i t a i n m a k e ~ it d o u b t f u l t h a t oil islands In th~s region wilt be t r e a t e d in a s i m i l a r w a y , in t h e n e a r f u t u r e . H o w e ver, in ~iew o f t b e rising e n v i r o n m e n t a l crisis amfilar e~icensive studios should be considered n e c e s s a r y a n d m o s t u.~c~nl w o r k for t h e benefit o f m a n k i n d . H o p e f u l l y , b o t a n i c a l llbraxfes receive m r ~r,e n o g r a F h s o f ~imilar q u a l i t y . JAw f f m d ~ ELFRUN~ WETql~I'~IIER(~EI~

G:R0iNE

W1LDN]S

AM

GI
ST~OI~i. DIE

DONAUAUEN

V e r l a g Nicder6ster~'eichisches P r e s s c h a u s , St. P61ten 1976, I59 pp., 39 Faxbfotos. Die Verfas.~:erin, T o e h t e r s i n e s lCore~meisters, ler~te s e h o n wiihi'end ihrer K i n d b e i t die SchSnh e i t e n d e r Donau-Auenw~ld~:r k e n n e n . Sie b a t bis h e a t s elne au~serordentllche A u f m e r l m a m k e i t d e n ~ t n d i v m der p h y t o z 6 n o l o g i s c h - 6 k o l o g i s e h e n G e s e t z m g s s i g k e i t e n d e r 6s'~erreichlschea A u c n w a l d e r ~ n d ihrer F u n k t l o n in d e r L a n d s e h a f t g e w i d m e t .

102

I~OLI& OEOBOTAXIO.~.

I~I~ ~ I ~ ' ~ ' T O T ~ . X 0 ~ O ~ I C A

, 15, 1 9 8 0

D o s b o s p r o c h a a a B e t h , in einer g e m e i n v e r s t ~ n d I i e h e n F o r m gesehriobon, m a e h t d e n b r e l t e n K r e i s v a n L~sern m i t d e n SehOnheiten y o u Auonbe~r m i t i h r e n ~ y p i s e h e n A s p o k t e n in d e n ver~chiedono~ Jabmsz~ih~n vertrauS. Die Yerf~aserin b e s e h r e i b t d e n A u e n w g l d aM e a s e e i n e r U r l ~ n d s o h a f t -- elne u t w a l d a r t i g e W i l d . i s in OuLvop~i.ischar Zivilisat, ionewiZste. ,,~io erz/i,hlt, wlo ei~ Auen~tatd odor eine Aue~in~el e n ~ t ~ h t , becchreib~ v o m e h i e d e n a r t i g e A u e n g e s e l l s c h a f t o n t a d die S c b 6 n b e i t e n v a n v e r b o r g o n e n A t t w i i ~ e r n , ~malyuiert d e n Einfln~.~ v a n t ~ b c r s e h w e m m t m g~n a u f die Pitaux~n- u ~ d Tierwelt, b r y a n t die F u n k t i o n v a n A a e n w ~ l d o r n in d e r L a n d s c h a f t . Die Verf'ass~rin m;~cht d a r a u f a u f m e r k ~ a m , wio ~ dor letzton Zei~ diese einzlg+~rt~ge U d a n d ~ehaft h n m e r m a r k a n t e r v a n d e m Zivilisationseinfluss in d e n H i n t ~ r g r u ~ d t r e t e n rntLes. Sic will allo N~tacl~ehhab~r daCdr gewinnea, dass nicht in d e n n ~ h s t ~ a dah~zehn~en MLilldoponien, Industrie~ulagon odor bla[sfeld~r don ela~,z des Auenwaldes, einoe der ar~enreicl~qbon l~bonsgomeinscbaft~on in u n s e c e u B~.eiten, e i n n e h m e n . Sis ist OberzOug~, duns n o e h Zeib ist, dices einzlgax~igou N ~ t u r p ~ r a d i o s o zu erhalt~n, l h r e B e s t r ~ b u n g e n ~ t ~ r s t i i t z t gla[ehfatIn PrOf. K, LOREnz, dec in sei~em V o r w o r t zu d i e s e m B u e h die v e r ~ n t w o r t l i e l m u St~llen Osterroieha aufruf~, d i ~ Auonw/~Ider zu et'hMten, , , w e a n n o t w o n d i g d u r c h die S e h ~ f f u n g einoa A u - ~ a t , l o n M p a r k e s . " D e s B a c h wird m i t vielen s e h S n e n u n d anschatfliohen F ~ r b f o t o u erg~nzt, d~e d e n Cha.re.k~er (:[or Auonflor~ u n d -fi~una d e m o n s t r i e r o n . E s fesaol{~ rticht ~ u r Natudlobh~b-0r, s o n d e r n a u c h alle ]~[er~sehen, die n a e h d e r B e i b e h a l t u n g einer g ~ i g n o t o n L e b e u e u m w e l t a u e h flit die Z u k u n f t aifrig s~ret~n. ZDE/qKA_ lq'E ryv,X Us.uov-~- N ' o v o T 1'r

H. C. FRr~','S TREE

fr

AND

CLIMATE

A c a d e m i c Press, L o n d o n 1976, 567 pp., 25 T a b s . , 173 F i g s . This book is the first monogre@h of dendroelimatology and, a~ the same timo~ probably i~s first t~xtbook. D e n d r o e l i m a t o l o g y is deFmed b y t h e a u t h o r ~ a s t u d y o f climatic p r o b l e m s u s i n g tceering ~malyses. T h e disclp]ine is p r e s e n t e d iu n i n e c h a p t e r s linked o n e to anoth(~r. T h e y c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o two se~t]()~. T h e first pratt ( C h a p t e r t to 4) h g s t h e c h a r a c t e r of a text,-book. T h e t ~ a d e r learns a b o u t t~m c o n c e p t u a l a n d ~c~lnninologlcal f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h e discipline a n d a b o u t it.s h i s t o r y a n d I s g i v e n a stu'v~y o f p l a n t p h y s i o l o g y on w h i c h t h e t ~ o r y of deudroclbnat, ology is based. T h e second parr (Chap*~er 5 to 9) ofibrs c o m p r o h e ~ i w ~ i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e p r e s e n t s t ~ e o f d o n d r o c t i m a tology, on i~s m e t h o d s (with a n e m p h a s i s on q u a n t i t a t i v e m e t h o d s , ospecial]y t h e e a l l b r ~ t i o n of t h e elims~te -- tree-ring reL~t[ouship) s a d on $he Ileal reoult~ -- i.e., o n t h e rocomutruetion o f c l i m a t e in t h e past, based on t h e tree-ring a n a l y s e s of subfossil t r e e s d a t e d d e n d r o c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y or b y o~h~c m e t h o d s . C h a p t e r l, D e n d r o c h r o n o l o g y a n d den4roclima~ology, defino~ t h e b a ~ e p,.iuciples a n d concepts, give.s i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e historical b~ckgroLmd of t h e discipline, b e g i n o i n g with t h e d i s c o v e r y of cros.~-dating, Inter a l m o s t forgotten, b y D T m ~ m L e t Bu~Fo~r (1737) anti e n d i n g w i t h u survey of the pioneer work hy Douglas, the founder of dendrochronology, and describes the s6ruatttre o f d e n d r o e l i m a t o l o g y . T h e following t h r e e c h a p t e r s s u m m a r i ~ "~he k o n w l e d g e of a n a t o m y a n d p h y s i o l o g y o f w o o d y p l a ~ t s , w h i c h f o r m ~he t h e o r e t i c a l basis o f t h e diseipIine. C h a p t e r 2, G r o w t h ~nd s~ructurc, c o m prises, bosides a s~trvey o f wood a n a t o m y , a detailed s u r v e y of m e t h o d s e m p l o y e d in t h e s t u d y o f radb~l growt, h o f gree.s ~ n d i t s rarlag{ou within d h l c n a l a n d . ~ m a m d periodicity, a n d ovalua~,tes t h e r~lations b e t w e e n p h o n o l o g y a n d Hug g r a p h . Chnp~'.r 3, B a s i c physioleglea.l processes: M o v e m e n t of m s , c r i s i s a n d w a t e r reta'~iot~s, a n d C h a p t e r 4, Basle physlologie.~l processes: F o o d s y n t h e s i s a n d a s s i m i l a t i o n e f cell c o n s t i t u e n t s , a m s u m m a x i e s o f p l a n t p h y s i o l o g y . T h e i r p u r p o s e is [o describe t h e r n o c h a n i s m s c f f , he e n v i r o n m e n ~ - - g r o w t h relation, T h e rich roaterial is l i m i t e d to the ~rci~sof the ~orth American Subcontinonb. C h a p t e r 5, T h e c l i m a t e -- g r o w t h s y s t e m , s u p p o r t s th~ c o n t e n t s o f t h 9 prece(:ling ehapt,~rs b y concrete results o f d e n d r o c h r o a o l e g l e M studies. T h e mOSt frequent; b o t a n i c a l n m t ~ r i a l u s e d a m t h e following species: Pinw~ lor~geava D. L B A I L E Y , l ~ ari~ta2a EUe~D)L, P. t i e , ills J A ~ S , P. ponderosa LAws., P . ~u~f~ E u o m L ~ . , P. monephylla T o ~ a . , at F ~ . m . , a n d Ps~udoto~ga menzieMi ( S l ~ s . ) Fft.x~;co. T h e ~ u t h o r analyz~.s t h e s y s t e m o f f a c t o r s affoetiag c a m b i ~ l a c t i v i t y : t e m ~ r a -

~OOK~W~,:ws

I03

lure, m o i s t u r e , growt~h-controlling s u b s t a n c e s a n d a m o u n t s of b t d l d i n g realtor%Is. All r e s u l t s of t h e s t u d y af ciimage -- tree-ring ,elations in :North A m e r i c a a m s h o w n t,o correspond r t h r e e m o d M s : Model A: l i m i t i n g factor -- w a t e r s t r e s s in s u m m e r ; Model B: l i m i t i n g f a c t o r -- w a t e r stress in winter; Made] C: l i m i t i n g rattier -. low t e r n I ~ r a t u r e d~tring t h e g r o w i n g ~aS~On. ]In .the ~ e t i o n o n sltc factors w h i c h ca~ m o d i f y t h e e n e r g y b a l a n c e a n d on biotic a n d o t h e r n o n - c l i m a t i c factor~ d o c u m e n t e d b y e x a m p l e s from d e n d r o c h r o n o I o g y of b o t h recent trod fossil woods, V I ~ ' s p a p e r s from Czx~rhoslovakia are q u o t e d a m o n g t h e few n o n - A m e r i c a n i t e m s a~ t h e only reference t o work d a c e in Central Euro!• T h e y chiefly deal with t h e d a m a g e , d u e t,o s m o k e pollutions, done to forest covers a n d esbahlished b y th,~" m e t h o d of tree-ring a.nalyscs. I n Chapt~.r 6, The s t a t i s t i c s o f d o g - w i d t h a n d c l i m a t e d a t a , t h e a u t h o r p r e s e n t s e x h a u s t i v e informatfor, on t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l a p p a r a h , s n s e d in tim elaboration o f prima.ry d a t a o b t a i n e d frays dendroelimaI, ic a n a l y s e s : on general s t a t i s t i c s , standardiv.agion, filtering t e c h n i q u e s a n d on o t h e r m e t h o d s for assessing t h e g r o w t h c u r v e s , on a n M y s i s of variance, a n a l y s i s o f c h r o n o l o g y error, correlation ~m*dy.sis, power" ~;|~etrum a n d cross-power sl~2ctrtJrrl a n a l y s e s a n d on va.riahi]it.y in s t a t i s t i c a l cd~aracteristies of ring w i d t h a m o n g sites a n d within a t1~e. C h a p t e r 7, Calibration, tel'ms, togotb-er w i t h t h e following c h a p t e r , t h e ear's o f t h e book. lb is a s y n t h e s i s o f t h e a u t h o r ' s w o r k in t h e l ~ t t e n years. F r i t t s h i m s e l f is flits a u t h o r of t~m principle o f calihr~;tlon of the e l i m a t ~ -- tree-rings r e l a t i o n a n d of related m e t h o d s . T h e p r o c e s s of calibration is presented on its hiologleal a n d stz~tisfiieal m o d e l b y m e a n s of veriiieaLion m e t h o d s . Special a t t e n t i o n is d e v o t e d to esfih~ation o f t h e reliability o f ~ s u l t s , asst~,ssnlent o f effbcgive s a m p l e size, t e s t i n g of t h e aesocb~tion b e t w e e n v a r l a b l e a a n d , finally, m u l t i v a r i a t e t e c h n i q u e s . T h e Calibration section is l i n k e d to C h a p t e r 8, I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f climatic calibrations, rec o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d verification. I t s basis is t h e e m p l o y m e n t o f t h e "rospOll~ f r a c t i o n " p u t f o r w a r d b y Frills. T h e "respon.~a f u n c t i o n " e x p r e s s e s t h e course o f t h e correlation coefficient b e t w e e n r i n g - w i d t h s o f thr~ yc~r n a n d ellrnatie c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( ~ r n p e r a t u c o , precipitation) in s u h s o q u e n 6 m o n t h s (or o t h e r intervMs), b e g i n n i n g in s u m m e r of t h e y e a r n -- I a n d e n d i n g in s u m m e r of t h e y e a r n. '.rhe n u m b e r o f e x a m p l e s i n t r o d u c e d includes two t a k e n f r o m Europe (Pi~u,~ h a l ~ M,,.c. from t h e w e s t e r n M e d i t e r r a n e a ~ a.ad Pinu.'~ sff~tri,~. L. f r o m Sweden). The a u t h o r d i ~ e u ~ t h e "'responz/J f u u e t i o n s ~', especially from t h e point, o f view of t h e a n a l y s i s of variances, ~ t u d y o f t h e f r e q u e n c y o f possit, i~e a n d ~ega~ive, f u n c t i o n e l e m e n t s ~ n d their i n t e r p r e t a t i o n in t h e reeonst.nlction of t h e pa~t climate. F r o m o t h e r ~ppliee.tions o f climatological calibration t h e followi n g e x a m p l e s nf t h e s * u d y o f climatic v a r i a t i o n s are w o r t h n o t i n g : in arid regions affecting s t r e a m flow-, c o n c e r n i n g hydr~logie conditions in s u b p o l a r regions, a n d in relation to s e a st~rface temperatures. C h a p t e r 9, t ~ c o n s t r u e t i n g spatiaI v a r i a t i o n s in clinmLe, is d e v o t e d to d e n d r e c l f m a t o g r ~ p h i e a l a n a l y s i s of large territories. T b c s e m e t h o d s , realized u p re) n o w in N o r t h A m e r i c a only, r e p r e s e n t so far t h e m o s t a d v a n c e d e m p l o y m e n t of tree-ring anMySes for t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of p a s t climate. T h e h ~ sig~ificance for Holoccne p a l a e o c l i m a t o l o g y c a n n o t be flflly e s t i m a t e d so far; t h e y e o n s t l t n t a a n o t h e r p o t e n t i a l ia(tependent, sere're of i n f o r m a t i o n , a corrective to o t h e r sources, t h e mos~ significant o f wLich are pollen a.na]y~s. Jos~s K~cr~ 5. GaACE

PLANT

RESPONSE

2'0

WIND

l!lxporimental B o t a n y : A n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Serie~ o f i~Ionographs 13. -- A c a d e m i c Press, L o n d o n , N e w York e t S~m Fram~iseo 1977, ix + 204 pp., g!~ Figs., 22 Tabs., 2 Plates. T h e p r e s e n t v o l u m e deals w i t h a s u b j e c t w h i c h d e s e r v e s to be t r e a t e d f r o m all aspects. T h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e a u t h o r , a n experienced ecologist a n d physlolegist, h a v e been m a d e clear ill t h e Prefa.c~: " . . . firstly, to i n t r o d u c e t h e bot.~%nieal investigatx)r to t h e es-~:ntlal p h y s i c a l ideas a n d t e c h n i q u e s w h i c h a i r n e c e s s a r y for t h e exl)erimcntal i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e response o f plar~ts t o wi~d; ~nd secondly, to d r a w Vogether ~.t~e s c a t t e r e d ird'oematlon -- cents.toed n o t only in t h e b o t a n i c a l lltera.ture b u t also [n l o r e s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l jota.nals -- so t h a t s o m e e v a l u a t i o n o f o u r p r e s e n t s t a t e of k n o w l e d g e c a n be. ram-It". Tile i n t r o d u c t o r y p a r t s (Preface, C o n t e n t s , List o f symbols) are followed b y 5 m a j o r part~: l. " N a t u r e , m e a s u r e m e n t a.nd control of" air-flow'*, 2. "lgosponse o f si~gl~ leaves to w i n d " ,

104

FOLIA

OEOI~OTANIC, A ET I'HYTOTAXONOMICA.

1.5, 1980

3. " R e s p o n s e of whole p l a n t s t o w i n d " , 4. " W i n d in relation t o crops", 5. "Ecological aspects". After a gonerM i n t r o d u c t i o n dealing with a n a l y s e s of l a m i n a r ~ d turbulent, air-flow, t h e Roynold n u m b e r , m e a s u r e m e n t e q u i p m e n t a n d its technical utiIisation, etc., the ecologist will be v e r y interested in t h e c h a p t e r headed " C o n t r o l of wind in e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n and ma a ~ l y ~ i s of w o r k w i t h w i n d - t l m n e l s " . I n o u r opinion, definitions of laa~nlnar and t u r b u l e n t air-flow should h a v e bee.n t r e a t e d m o r e precisely. Of particular in%crest in P a r t 2 are the chapte.~ " E n e r g y balance mad surface temperaturea*~, " E f f e c t of wind on w a t e r u s e " w i t h a practical d e m o n s t r a t i o n of m e a s u r e m e n t s , and finally the r e m a r k a b l e c h a p t e r "Effect of wind on p h o t o s y n t h e s i s " , whleh, however, would have de, e r r e d m o r e detailed t r e a t m e n d j e.g. t h e effect of wlnd-speed on t r a n s piratlon rate a n d n e t p h o t o s y n t h e s i s as regards t h e individual species. I~art 3 contains chapters on g r o w t h rate a n d the results of w i n d - t m m e l e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h an instructive figure showing tho effect of wind o n the g r o w t h rate of Brassica napus a n d P ~ u ~ ~vliyam, and a table o n the effect of wind e n d sell moisttu~ on t,he g r o w t h of Robinia pseudoaoaci~. Of great interest are t h e results of t h e direct influence of wind (e.g. effect of ,,exposure*' u p o n t h e s t r u c t u r e of Pier]diem aquilin~rn, etc.). The c h a p t e r on wind s w a y a~nd plant stability deals with the response of s t e m form Lo s w a y i n g ~nd explain~ the influence of s w a y nn ~he distrib a t l o n of the wood i n c r e m e n t in the st~r~ of Lerrdx lari~fz~a. P a r t 4 e.vaIua~s the individual elements. I n this part, a , a t t e m p t has been m a d e to o b t a i n an a n s w e r to various p r o b l e m s such as " h o w does the crop respond to wind in t e r m s of photesynthesi~ and w a t e r use, how is the response nnxiificd b y the s t r u c t u r e of the crop," etc.. According to the at~thor, "t~xamples of' practical Twoble~ns in crop science w h i c h t~quit'e an undt~rst.andlng of p~wtitde behaviour: I n Iand eonsc,~rvation studies --. u l s t e r w h a t conditions does wind erosion o f soil ~'~eeur? . . . " Of interest, e.g., are. the effects of t u r h u l e n t or latnin0r ah'-flow on the llberatiort of l.yco~odium arid l~enicill~:z.em spores, or a t a b u l a t i o n of t h e yields of sheltered crops. P a r t .~ is p e r h a p s the m o s t interesting one. Xt is introduced b y the w:g~rtation zx~nation in m o u n t n~ns followed b y a c h a p t e r on the climate of m o u n t a i n s . The n e x t chapter deals with m o u n t a i n wind. %Ve regret t h a t t h e a u t h o r fu.iled to refer to .fs~xfK's t h e o r y of t~nemu-orographical system.~ (3. gr.~ix 1959: l?reslia, P r a h a , 31: ~37--357; 1961: Alpine VegeU~tion des l~iesengebirgt>s, des Glatzcr Schneegebirges u n d des Gesenkes. -- I?raha). I n the chapter "Tree g r o w t h in m o u n t a i n o u s a r e a s " , the effee~ of wind on trees is divided into these categories: bm~shing, flagging, wind clipping, tree c a r i ~ t s , winter killing, resurgence a n d ice deformation. Also here the a u t h o r should have mentioned VvLa~R~s's a t u d y on flag-%i'ees in the Krko~og~e Mrs. (Z. Vtr~'YI~Ra~-, 1953, Bull. I n t . Ae.ad. T e h c q u e SoL, Ct. 2, 51 (1950): ]9--4:t), also pnbllshed in English. H a v i n g regard to %he tree line, G ~ r writes: " T h e winter conditions v a r y e n o r m o u s l y from place, t o place depending on w h e t h e r a " m a r i t i m e '~ or "continental'" climate pr~.wdls -- b u t the c o m m o n restart> is the s ~ m m e r t e m p e r a t u r e . I n gr the d a t a s u p p o r t the view ~hat the tree line is formexI where the t e m p e r a t u r e of the w a r m e s t m o n t h is ahoatt 10 ~ . . . " . I n the chapter " Z o n a t i o n above t h e ~reeline*' the a u t h o r refers to RAUNKJA~:rdS "lifo fonns*' anti " g r o w t h f o r m s " in association w i t h t h e biological epeetrum. O f intercs~ ave, e.g., tim relationship of average wind on m o u n t a i n t o p s to pla.nt height, a n n u a l yield of d r y ntattec, etc. The chapter "'Sonatina near c o a s t s " is concerned m a i n l y with a elassificatio~ of the L a b r a d o r forest zones. The last chapter " E v o l u t i o n a r y SSl~CkS'* e n t e r i n g t w o pages only should have been treat~xt ~n g r e a t e r detail. An extensive bibliography containing r o u g h l y 480 referenc~.s is appended. The book eont.~ins b o t h original anti previot~sly published d a t a . The a u t h o r is to bc congratulat~:*t on his mos~. sensitive .~.ler tifm of these data whit:h provide tor ready orientation in t h i s cxt~.~ns.~ve border field. The general f o r m a t of the book is exi:ellent, the printing ofbigli quality as are ~dl books published b y Academic Press. ,]I f~ KOL.m~.K ~. B. CnlII~Tf&~SBN et T. M. Fm,~cEBL THEORIES

OF POPULATIONS

IN B[OLOGICAL

COMMUNITIES

Ecological Studies 20.--Springer-VeEag, l~erlin, Heidelberg et N e w York 1977, 344: pp. The b o o k h a s been w r i t t e n b y two Danimh u n i v e r s i t y teachers in population biology, one being orionU>d r a t h e r theoretically to p o p u l a t i o n genetics, the o t h e r w o r k i n g experimentally in ecology. A key to u n d e r s t a n d i n g the book ruby be found in the last (fifth) chapter, where thl~ a u t h o r s

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}}resent t~ir general eeologle.alviews. They briefly compare controversial concepts of the in~egrity of e o m m u u l t i e a w h i c h h a v e b e e n f o r m u l a t e d b y i n v e s t i g a t o r s w h o s t u d i e d v a r i o u s t y p e s o f real e c o s y s t e m s . I n t h e a u t h o r s ' opinion, in n a t u r e one could find eases o f c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h a characteristic s t r u c t u r e a n d d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d "xith h o m e o s a t i e properties. The~o c o m m u n i t i e s are u s u a l l y sha13aly delh~ited f r o m n e i g h b o u r i n g ones. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e m m a y be v e r y w e a k interact.ions a m o n g o r g a n i s m s i ~ h a b i t i n g e.g. d e s e r t h a b i t a t s . T h e a u t h o r s p o i n t o u t t h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l species are t h e o n l y n a t u r a l u n i t s o f ecologies.1 s y s t e m s . T h e y i n t e r a c t s t r o n g l y o n l y in few case.s, b u t a m a j o r i t y of species eoexis'~ w i t h o u t a n y g r e a t e r m u t u a l influenCe. T h e ant.hers e x p l a i n t h i s b y t h e l i m i t e d ava~labillty o f resources w h i c h r e s t r i c t s t h e n u m b e r o f tropbic, levels, a n d b y t h e m u t u a l e x c l u s i o n o f c ~ m p e t i n g species w i t h s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n s . A n y c h a n g e of t h e genetic c o m p o s i t i o n in t h e single-species p o p u l a t i o n influences t h e f u t m ~ a p p e a r a n c e of i n d i v i d u a l s in t h e p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s p e r m i t s u s t.o p r e d i c t t h e c o m p o s i t o u a n d t~le e v o l u t i o n e r a species a t t h e level e r a p o p u l a t i o n . Ecological aysl~ms~ h o w e v e r , c a n be described o n l y in t e r m s o f t h e i r c o m p o n e n t s . Moreover, t h e r e is a l i m i t e d p r e d i c t a b i l i t y of c o m m u n i t y c o m p o s i t i o n on t h e b a s i s o f e n v i r o m n e u t a l factorS. One s h o u l d consider t h e c h a n g e s of p o p u l a t i o n s caused e.g. b y m i g r a t i o n , e x t i n c t i o n a n d b y p a t c h i n e s s o f t h e h a h i t a t . F r o m t h e practical p o i n t o f vie~v, h o w e v e r , it r ~ a y be. useful t o a p p r o a c h a (~omrnunity a s a special o r g a n i z a tion level w h e r e a specific impt~l~ e v o k e s a specific response (e.g. a d d ~ g p h o s p h a t e to a lake influences t h e t~tal p h o t o s y n t h c t l c a e t i v i t y L T h e a u t h o r s stress t h a t a ~ y valid e~plam~tion o f s u c h g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s abou~ t h e b e h a v i o u r of whole c o m m u n i t i e s m u s t be b a s e d on t h e s t u d y of single species t ~ p u l a t l o n s a n d s interactions. T h e a u t h o r s believe t h a t t h e m a i n a d v a n c e in ecological k n o w l e d g e d u r i n g t h e last fifty y e a r s r e s t s on t h e m a t h e m a t i c a l form~la.tions o f t h e o r y , q3~ey find t h e a d v a n t a g e o f this t y p e of l o r m u l a t.ion o v e r a v e r b a l one in a g r e a t e r r~sistanee to ihlse conclusions a n d ill clearer r e c o g n i t i o n of whet.het' t h e p r o b l e m h a s b~,e.n undex~to,~t or not.. M a t h e m a t i c a l f o r m u l a t i o n should lead to q u a n t i t ~ t i v 0 predictions, w h i c h c a n be tested in n a t u r e e v e n in eases where verbal t h e o r y does xmt g i v e satisi'a.ctory results. T h e aut.h(~rs reviewed ~r set o f m a t h e r a a t i c a l tnodels c o r r e s p o n d i n g to t h e b a s i c ecological concepts a n d suppleulente~t t h e s e m o d e l s b y t h e i r o w n m a t h e m a t i c a l formnlgtie~s. T h e first c h a p t e r introdl~ces t h e r e a d e r t o t h e theories o f poprdal.ion g r o w t h a m t p r e s e n t s s e v e r a l possible a p p r o a c h e s t o describiDg g r o w t h b y s i m p l e r~lodels. A v e r y useful p a r t s h o w i n g t h e c o n s t . . q u e n ~ s o f gone f r e q u e n c y c h a n g e s in t e r m s o f t h e r e s p e c t i v e g r o w t h m o d e l s is t h e n included. 'l'he ~nultiplieation o f m i e r o o r g a n i s r n s in c h e m o s t a t is d e a l t wi~i~ as tr st~cial ease of p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h . V a r i o u s m a n i f e s t a t i o n s o f t h e t~pre(luetive abilities of p o p u l a t i o n s n.re considelxxl, like t h e s h a r e os flowers in p l a n t b i o n l a ~ a n d c l u t c h siz~ in birds. T h e q u a n t i t a t i v e evttluatlen o f t}lese })hcnomena as well as of t h e delayed g e r m i n a t i o n o f a n n u a l pie, ate a n d t h e j,elation of b o d y size to n , a x i r r m m g r o w t h rate is p..,ea(~,ted. F u r t h e r a concept o f t a n d K specialists ~nd their stratx;giss is considered a n d i t s evolution~.,'y i m p l i c a t i o n s arc d i s c u s ~ d . T h e second ehap~qr d e a l i n g w i t h i n t e r a e t l o n s b e t w e e n species describes general m o d e l s o f t w o species in a. relat.ionsbip of predator-prcy~ cold,petition #0r ~esou~ces or m~.,tualism. T h e s t a b i l i t y a n a l y s i s of t h e ~ s y s t e m s is g i v e n a m t applied also to m o r e eomtflicated lnndels like c o m p e t i t i o n of m a n y species a n d simple f e e d webs. T h e o u t c o m e o f t h e m o d e l s p ~ s e n t c d is t h a t p r e d a t i o n does n o t stabih~x t h e coexistence o f c o m p e t i n g species in general. T h e a u t h o r s p o i n t o u t h o w t h e i r resu]t~ dillon, f r o ~ t h o s e tindit~gs s u p p o r t i n g t h e view t h a t p r e d a t i o n e n h a n c e d s h e d i v e r s i t y o f biotic' c o m m u n i t i e s , T h e t h h ' d c h a p t e r prx.'sents t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e niche. T h e a u t h o r s d e a l w i t h t h e capabilities of t w o species to d i s t i n ~ d s h betw(mn different k i n d s o f t~sourt:es ~xnd w i t h e o n s 0 q u e n c c s for s t o r i e s coexistence. ]~asing on t h e n i c h e r,oncep~ t h e a u t h o r s derive theoretically t h e l i m i t i n g s i m i l a r i t y o f tile species a n d possible m e c h a n i s m s o f t h e e v o l u t i o n o f c o m p e t i n g species. Conseque n t l y t h e y ~naly~x~ t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e niche~ a n e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s well as a gcne~ieal b a s i s of t h e niche c o m p o n e n t s a n d t h e f a c t o r s t h a t Ix;gulate t h e t o t a l n i c h e width. I n t h e f o u r t h c h a p t e r t h e h e t e r o g e n e i t y o f e n v i r o n m e n t is t ~ k e n i~to a c c o u n t b o t h w i t h reSi• to g e o g r a p h i c a l p o p u l a t i o n s t r u c t u r e a n d t o t h e effect o f h a b i t a t patctdness. T h e a u t h o r s c x p l a i n t h e role of d e m o g r a p h i c s t o c h a s t i e i t y , i n t r o d u c t i o n of a species i n t o a n e w h a b i t a t , h e w supt~rlor ~ompetitet, m a y be d~splivced b y a n inferior c o m p e t i t o r in a small h a b i t a t , a n d w h y t h e increase in e n v i r o m n e n t a l co~)plexiby allows for a coexistence of s i ~ c i e s w h i c h e x c l u d e o n e a n o t h e r u n d e r h o m o g e n e o u s conditions. A sI~eial p a r t is d e v o t e d to t h e t h e o r y o f island biogeog r a p h y a n d to its i m p l i c a t i o n s in g e n e r a l ecological t h e o r y . "|'h,~. a u t h o r s o b v i o u s l y ~lid n o t i n t e n d to p r e s e n t a n e x h a u s t i v e s u r v e y o f Fopulatlon thcorles,

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106

i n s t e a d t h e y focused on s o m e g e n e r a l ~nes. I n m o s t eases, however, t h e y used d e n s i t y dep~ndenc~ a~ t h e b a s i c m e c h a n i s m t h a t r e g u l a t e s g r o w t h . T h e i r w a y of i n t e r p r e t i n g g r o w t h in r h y m e s t e r i n d i c a t e s t h a t s u c h ~ o n e - s l d e d ~ p p r o e h m i g h t lead to i n c o r r e c t concluMons, A liuea~ f ~ a e t i o n M r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n specific g r o w t h r a t e a n d p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y as prer in Fig, 7 (p. 23) of t h e book a g r e ~ n e i t h e r w i t h eho o u t c o m e o f c h e m 0 s t a t t h e o r y no~ w i t h auriferous e x l ~ r i m e n t a l data (Hg~ e~ el. 1956, a s a ela~ie~,,! e x a m p l e ) . T h e c a u s e o f t h i s d i s c r e p a n c y ia ~,hat t t m m is no d e n s i t y d e p e n d e n t control o f p o p u l a t i o n size in chemos~at, b u t t h e s t e a d y - s t a t e p e p u l a t i o n size,, as well a s t h e specific g r o w t h rate a n d s u b s t r a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n , ~t~ r e g u l a t e d b y ~ c o m m o n m e c h a n i s m g o v e r n e d b y i n p u t s u b s t r a t a c o n c e n t r a t i o n ~ d d i l u t i o n rate. I t m u s t be a d d e ~ t h a t r relationship r ~ p r o d u e ~ l in Fig. 8 (p. 25) m i g h t be t r a n s f o r m e d to a linear form if a reciprocal plot wer~ u s e d (cf, J A ~ , s c a 1967). 3'his s h o u l d b e u s e d t o cxplab~ t h e mut~aal c o m p e t i t i v e exclusion o f t w o b a c t e r i a l s t r a i n s (p. 24) r a t h e r t h a n Fig. 7. A g r e ~ ~ l v a n t s g e o f t h e t h e o r y o f c,hemo.~t~t i~ ~ha.t, it i~ b a s ~ l o n ma-~s a ~ ~nergy b~d~nee,, w h i c h prote(~t~ t.ho a.n~lyst f r o m u ~ r e alistic couclusiona to a conaiderab~e e x t e n t . T h i s c o n c e p t m a y be applied als6 to m u l t i - o r g a n i s m s y s t e m ~ . I~ altaws for v a l u a b l e generalized p r e d i e t i o a s ~ h a s be~n s h o w ~ for p r e d a t o r - p r e y i n t e r a c t i o n s (e.g. C ~ o a e~ B ~ z ~ 1977). Modek~ base
cited

CtJ~os C. R. et BAzr~ M. J. (1977): Pr~)tozoaa p r e d a t i o n in b a t c h a nr c o n t i n u o u s e u l t u r e . - - I n : De, coP M. :R. et , I , ~ A s c ~ 1-I. W . led.l: A d v a n c e s in A q u a t i c M i g r o b i o l o g y . - - L o n d o n , 1: lt5~176. Decal- M. R. (1975): T h e n u t r i e n t s t a t u s of MgaI cello in b a t c h c u f t u r e . - - J o u r u . Mar. Biol. A s s . U. K., L o n d o n , 55: 5 4 1 - - 5 5 5 . H~mr D., ELS~'O~T~ ~ . e t T ~ a R. 0. (1956): T h e c o n t i n u o u s cultur~ o f b a r , r i o ; a th~uretieal a n d e x p e r i m e n t a l s~udy. -- J o u ~ . Gen. Microbial., L o n d o n , 14: 6 0 1 - - 6 2 2 . J A ~ - x s c g H . W , {1967): Enrichmer~t o f a q u a t i c b a c t e r i a in c o n t i n u o u s ctdturo. -- Arch. M i k m biol., Ber].in, 59: 165--17B.

:R. F~ANK~1, a n d E. GAt, Og POLLINATIO~

MEGIs

REP[4ODUCTION

AI~*D P L A N T

BREEDING

Springer-VerIag, Berlin, Heldclberg et N e w Y o r k 1977, 281 pp. T h e r~Troduet~ve b i o l e g y o f s p ~ r m ~ t o p h y t ~ , especially a n g i o s p e r m s ~s treated in this second v o l u m e of Monograpteq on "s a n d Applied Gcn~6ics. B o t h t h e bota.n]eal a n d t h e gcnetieal as[• arc p r e s e n t e d w i t h tile special a t t e n t i o n given to b r e e d i n g m e t h o d o l o g y . T h e imp!icatiorLs of p o i l i a a t i o n m e c h a n i s m s in p l a n t b r e e d i n g ~ n d crop p r o d u c t i o n are I_~intcd ou~ in t.hc i n t r ( M u e ~ r y ps,r t o f t h e first, c h a p t e r . T h e different m~)dcs o f r ~ p r o d u c t i o n in h i g h e r p l a n t a are r~'~viewed a n d t h s ecology a n d d y n a m i c s of p o l l / n a t l o n are also briefly d e m o n s t r a t e d . in t h e ~ m o n d c h a p t e r the a.ut, ber~ e o n c e n t r a t ~ on t h e p r o b l e m s of ~mtogamy. T h ~ m e c h a n i s m of s, dSfertiliz.~tion a n d its cvelatio:nary a s p e c t s are discussed. The. t e e h n i q u e a of artificial pollimltio~, in a u t o g a m o u s crops ate also fully d e s c r i l ~ d a n d explained. T h ~ thirxl c h a p t e r , w h i c h f o r m s t h e m a i n p a r t o f th~z h o o k is d e v o t e d to ~dlegamy. ] t~deals w i t h

~oo~a~vlsws

I07

t h e s'druct,uros ~nd fl]nctions o f a n t h e r s , pistils, a n d b o t h m a l e a n d female g : u n e t o p h y t e s , p r e s e n t s t h e basic d a t a a b o u t t h e produc~iou o f haploid plaa~s b y a n t t m r ~nd pollen c u l t u r e au(l de.~eribes t,he process of fertilization. T h e a s p e c t s o f t h e germti~ control of s e x dct,zrminatiou a m briefly ixeat.ed as well as t h e m o d i f i c ~ i r m s of s e x ~x3~re.~ion w/~h spec~ial regard to s o m e ~e.onomie crops. :['he ~hoom~ical basis of i n e o m p ~ t l b i l i t y a n d f a c t s on h y b r i d i z ~ t i c a a n d crop p r o d u c t i o n p r o b l e m s in i n c o m p g t i b l e phmt.~ a[~ r~viewed in detail. T h e la.qt p~rt o f t h e c h a p t e r is d e v o t e d to m a l e sterility,, i~s i n h e r i t a n c e , s t r u c t u r a l , d e v e l o p m e n t a l , a n d b i o c h e m i c a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n a n d to i t s u t i l i z ~ 6 o n in p l a n t brex~0ing. T h e t e x t is provided wi~h ir~truetivo llgares, tables amy d i a g r a m s . T h e book includes ~ usefull lisl; o f references, whleh s f u r t h e r s t u d y , c u d a detail0d s u b j e c t index, w h i c h al~o c o n t a i n s t h e p l a n t species m e n t i o n e d . T h i s book will serve foe intr;~- a n d i n t ~ r d l s c i p l i n a r y e o m m u u i c a t i o n bet.weerl b o t a a f ~ s , geneticist.s, p l a n t breeders arid a g r i c u l t u r i s t s a n d ~ a n be recomondccl to p o s t g r a d u a t e st~ud~nts in biology e~nd ~grlculture, especially to those iu~ecosted in p l a n t b r e e d i n g a n d r~lated tields.

PLA]:ffT GROWTH

ANALYSIS

S t u d i e s in Biology 96. -- E d w a r d Arnold, L o n d o n 1978, 68 pp. 18 Figs a n d 7 Tables. T h i s p a p e r is one of t h e t e x t b o o k series edited b y t h e I n s t i t u t e o f Biology ( L e a d e n } a n d g l e e s inforraat, ioa on meth0d.s of q a a n t l t a t i v e a n a l y s i s o f p l a n t g r o w t h . The*~ m e t h o d s h a v e been ~occessfmliy applied to p r o d u c t i v i t y s~.udies o f v a r i o u s pb~nt species c u d to a u a l y s i s of correlations b~t.we.en p[an~ p r o d u c t i o n ar~l bott~ e ~ e n M ~ n d i n t e r n M fa.ctors. "['he b o o k resmrtes v a r i o u s teehniqutxr of either collecting p r i m a r y d a t a or eompu~,ing t h e g r o w t h - a n a l y t i c a l ehara~.teris~ivs, w h i c h h:~vc be~e~te l a b o r a t e d b y differout a u t h o r e d u r i n g t,he l a s t 60 years. C h a p t e r 1 si,a r t s w i t h a d~seussi0n o f the eoncep~ of gro~rth emd gives t h e m a i n a i m s o f the booklet. A brief s u m m a r y on ~he r of colleeting the prhnary d*~ta is giverL in Chapter 2. C h a p t e r 3 i n f o r m s a b o u t t h e g r o w t h a n a l y s i s of i n d i v i d u a l p l a n t s a n d introdue~.s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l conceptm of g r o w t h analysis: th0 rel~tlve g r o w t h r~tC, u n i t leaf rat~e~ leaf area ratio, specifi~, l e a f area, le.**fweight ratio~ ,tad i}.lostr~t~.q there p r a c t i c a l use b y e x a m p l e s taker, from t h e liberating. A b r i e f . ~ e t i o n on a l l o m e t r y ia p l a n t g r o w t h s t u d i e s is a d d e d a~; t h e e n d of l.his chapter. Gbapt~r 4 dest:ril)es ~he grx~w~;h analysis of plant, p o p u l a t i o n s a n d e o t n m u n i t i e m Some f u r t h e r c o n c e p t s s u c h ~s the crop g r o w t h rate, leaf a r e a index, a n d b o t h leaf area a n d b i o m ~ s d i n ' a l i e n are defined here, a n d t h ~ practical use, o f th~se as weU a s o f ~ho p r e v i o u s l y defetnd clmra.et~risr is illustrated. T h e i m p o r t a n c e of g r o w t h a n a l y s i s for s t u d i e s o f p h o t o s y n t h e t i c p r o d u c t i o n is discussed c u d t h e possibility of a n oxbCnslou o f g r o w t h a n a l y s i s to p l a n t d e m o g r a p h y a n d potmlaL.ioa d y n a m i c s is described. C h a p t e r 5 d e a l s with ~he flm~t[onal a p p r o a c h to g r o w t h analys~s a n d g i v e s t h e m e t h o d s o f c o m p u b l n g t h e geow~h-~maly~-ical char~cterlstic~* from seaSonal so~s o f p r i m a r y do.to fitted to a suit, able m a t h e m a t i c a l function§ C o m m e n t s ou t h e f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of g r o w t h a n a l y s i s ace g i v e n iw Ch0,pter 6, t h e [as~ one. Som~ i n t e r e s t i n g possibilities of a p p l y i n g t h i s m e t h o d to llclds o t h e r ~h~n gr.owth studios iu plartts (e.g. m i n e r a l n u t r i e n t u p t a k e ) are d i s c u s s e d c u d d o c u m e n t e d f r o m t h e literal.ace. A lis~ of specific ~pplieations of g r o w t h tmalysi.q concludes t h e book. T h e limited size of t h e book, which is i n t e n d e d as a brief i n t r o d u c t i o n to g r o w t h a n a l y s i s , did riot allow t h e u , t t h e r to go into all t h e d e r m i s . T h e ~0leetion o f t h e t h e m e s i n v o l v e d or o m i t t e d m a y be di:~ussod. One ms.y, /or e x a m p l e , m i s s st~tistie~l eommont,~ Oll t-h*~esti~na.tion of e r m r ~ in t h e c o m p u t a t i o n o f g r o w t h - a n ~ l y t k m l eheracteriatica f r o m me~snromo.nt errors of bh~ p r l m a x y d a t a . T h e a u t h o r ' s c o n c e p t o f t h e heuristic v a l u e of t h e g r o w t h a u a l y s i s is correct: he r e g a r d s it a s a n a p t sclontifie tool far c o m p a r a t i v e ~t.udies of p r o d u c t i o n of v a r i o u s plant, speeie.u u n d e r ~he s a m e uonditions or o f tl,e s a m e v(-;getation u n d e r different e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions. "F|lis m e t h o d does no~ pormi~ an ~malysis o f ~.he produc;tion proeeases in ~tm de.tails of ~heir p h y s i o l o g y bat, it allow u s to a s ~ s s t h e i r "macro-feat.urea" w i t h r e , p o e t to their d f i c h ; n c y or to their depender, co o n b o t h e x ~ r n a i a n d int*,rnal fact.ors. T h e s i m p l i c i t y o f t h e m e t h o d provid(,s a s t i m u l u s for ~vid*~ e x t e n s i v e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s like t h e c o o r d i n a t e d cotnp~rative s t u d y of' p r o d u c t i o u r a t e s in y o u n g 2uaflower Dl~mts, osganized b y G.. E. l{r, hcg~_~.~* w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k o f t h e Interline.lena[ Biologies,1 P r o g r a m m , s e c t i o n PP.

FOLIA GI~.OBOTANIL'A ET I"ttYTOTAX01gOMICA, 15, l g S 0

108 V, H. HNYWOOl~ (red.) FLOWEI~ING

PLANTS

OF THE

WOI~LD

Oxford U n l v e r s i t y l ~ s s ~ O x f o r d 1978, 336 p., 22fi pl., 307 m a p s , price: 7,95 s T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s b o o k is to give t h e m a x i m u m o f selected i n f o r m a t i o n on flowering p l a n t s at t h e level o f f a m i l y u s i n g a t t h e s a m e t i m e t h e m o s t e o m p e ~ d l o n s m e t h o d . W i t h regard t o t h i s purpcs~ a n d c e r t a i n l y also w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e b r o a d t e a m o f a u t h o r s a strict s c h e m e o f h o w t h e t~xt h a s t o be w r i t t e n w a s w o r k e d o u t a n d c o n s i s t e n t l y kept. :More t h a n 300 families are described he.re a n d m o s t l y illu~t,rated in eolour, too. I n t h e in~,xoduction i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e nmrpholog~f, ecology, ~conomie use a n d classification of p l a n t s is given. Also a brief m o r p h o l o g i c a l g l o s s a r y w i t h i l l u s t r a t i o n s m a y be f o u n d there, a s a s i m p l e c o m p a r i s o n of p r i m i t i v e a n d derived c h a r a c t e r s or th~ t a b l e ~f differences b e t w e e n dicotyledon~ a n d m o n o c o t y l e d o n s . Before t h e t e x t o n i n d l v i d n a l families a s u m m a r y o f t h e s y s t e r a u s e d is g i v e n (as a list o f families). T h e t e x t on e a c h fi~mily h a s i n v a r i a b l y t h e following sections: i n t r o d u c t i o n , d i s t r i b u t i o n , d i a g n o s t i c e h a r a c ~ r s , classilication, economic use. A maI~ for e a c h f a m i l y is g i v e n , w i t h its d;stribut.ion, a n d a c h a r t w i t h brief d a t a on t h e n u m b e r o f g e n e r a a~M sI~cies~ d i s t r i b u t i o n area a n d ~wonomic use. q_'ha text, on e c o n o m i c u s e m e n t i o n s t h e m o s t ir~port.a~t t a x a f r o m tbSs viewpoint. '['ilo t e x t o n classification oft~m c o n t a i n s a s u r v e y o f s u b o r d i n a t e d t a x a ; r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e f a m i l y to o t h e r families are mentioncA here, too. A n important, part. o f t h e b o o k is it..~ rieb illustration e q u i p m e n t ; all illuMratio~s r e p r e s e n t original d r a w i n g s especially of s u c h t a x a as h a v e rlO~ o f t e n b e e n d r a w n in tiffs t y p e of literature. P~eaders will get a e q t m i ~ t e d at leas~, with s o m e less k n o w n t a x a , T o g e t h e r m o r e t h a n .q00 species ~tre i B u s t s a t c d in t h i s book, m a n y of t h e m w i t h a prQfound nmrptlo]ogierd a m d y s i s . A sly;octal t e c h n i q u e (dca[gm) for t h e illustration of p l a n t s w a s need w h i c h g i v e s t h e d r a w i n g s t h e appearance of t h o s e f r m n t h e b e s t ~ld b o t a n i c a l w o r k s of t h e period tlefox~ or shot~.ly offer l~l.'<~'~=~:s. T h e t e a m wa~ e o r n t m ~ d of 44 a u t h o r s ; ~he con~]_llt.;~ii~ e d i t o r w a s V. H . H ~ ' w t ) o o . Nc~t. e: ~uttmcs are directly or b y their origin from t h e B r i t i s h ]ales, s o m e f r o m o t h e r E n g l i s h speakin~ c o u n t r i e s (Australia 1, C a n a d a 1, U~S-A. 1); t h e ~mly r e p r e s e n t a t i v e from eI~ewhere w a s IM KovaNr~a (Czeci~eslovMda; Ca~tI~an~daceae). ~ I a s t e r y of retch a m p l e ~nbiect in a s h o r t t i m e w a possible o n l y b y e m p l o y i n g a t e a m o f a u t h o r s a n d b y c o n s i s t e n t k e e p i n g t o t h e agreed schemt for t h e work. It is n e c e s s a r y to s a y t h a t t h i s t a s k w~s p e r l b r m e d b y t h e editor V. l t . I-l~vwoo~ successfully, t h m l g h t h e e l a t m r a t i o n of ira]iv]dual f a m i l i e s - - f o r conceivable r e a s o n s - - c o u l d n o e v e s he fully p r o p o r t i o n a l (cf. e.g. Lesn~c~:as a n d P~aceac). T h e b o o k pmsm~t.~ m u c h i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a t i o n . S o m e t i m e s t h e m o s t m o d e r n idea~ on ela&~i fieation p r o b l e m s are irteladed as for i n s t a n c e in A,sfe*'a.ceae (Ct-~:po*dae;), w h e r e t h e n e w rla~sifiea tion cn%i~*ly differs fl'nm t h a t used h i t h e r t o . N e w r n 0 m e n t s are contahqed also in t h e dassifie~tion of P~mceac a n d s o m e o~iker families (Ch~,zrbitaeeae etc.). O n t h e o t h e r h a n d old elassillcation were k e p t in some families (e.g. 1~anvr~c~laceae), t h o u g h m o r e rnode,'n a p p r o a c h e s e x i s t be.re, too Families are n s m d i y divided into s u b f a m i l i e s a n d tribes; a special a p p r o a c h is accepttxi in (Taupe n.ulacsae, wtmre t h e f a m i l y is divided directly into snbt.ribcs. T h e concept of s o m e families is r a t h t brae(t, as it, f~o#accae, ~g<~xzi/ragacsavor Lillaceae; an u n u s u a l c i r c u m s e r l p t l o n was a~.cepted fc Er.icace(~e (incl. Vacciniaceae a~(t aVJona~ropaceae, b u t excl. J'yrolaceae). T h e m o s t imlzortant weak~mss o f t h i s book arc s o m e e~rors il~ d a t a an t h e diatribut, ion include in rm.~ps a n d single m i s t a k e s in Hlustrations; b o t h could be corrected in f u t u r e editions. I n v i e of t h e s m a l l size. o f mal3s t h e r e l e n t d e m o n s t r a t i o n of t h e d i s t r [ b u t i o n a r e a r~ay s o m e t i m e s overla to t h e regions whcre t h e f a m i l y does n a t occur. I n s o m e r a s e s t h e n a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n is g i v e n i m a p s , in others, however, also s e c o n d a r y dis~ribntim3 (na.turali~nd or a d v e n t i v e ) or e v e n cult]v: tion d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e a is included. A c e r t a i n e x t e n s i o n of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n area (northveard m a y be f o u m l for i n s t a n c e in Aristolochi~ceae (41, F i n l a n d ) a n d Dioscvreaeeae (320, C e n t r a l ar E a s t ~]urnpe). Errors m a y be. f o u n d in t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n m a p s o f following families: ChemoI~odiace~ (72, t h e oecm'remvc in t h e whole ~ o r t b w e s t e r n p a r t o f F.nrope is m i s s i n g ) ; Po~'t~dacnceae (~4, tl o c c u r r e n c e in S c a n d i n a v i a is m i s s i n g ; here Mo~tia is rep~escnted); Polygonaceue (77, t h e dist~ but]on in t h e whole o f N o r t h Afrie.a is absent}; Y~rolaceae (1.30, t h e distribution il~ A s i a is missin~ t~'leayna~ae (168, t h e dist~4but.ion in S c a n d i n a v i ~ ~ w h e r e t h e g e n ~ s tti~o!~ha~ o c c u r s - - h a s be~ left o a t entirely); Zygo~hyllaceae (204, t h e o c c u r r e n c e in S o u t h E u r o p e is m i s s i n g ) ; l~oraginace (235, t h e f a m i l y t r a n s g r e s s e s b y Myoso~is t o u c h m o r e n o r t h w a r d s t h a n is given in t h e m a I Sche~zcl~zsr4.aceae (2~/~ t h e o~m~rrem.e in moul~• of t h e t e m p e r a t e zone is mi~sin{

.OOKnr:W~

WS

109

durt*a.yinaveae (273, t h e dlstributiotl in t h e t e m p e r a t ~ zx)ne w a s n o t included); Liliaceae (312, t h e n o r t h e r n l i m i t ia A s i a c e r t a i n l y lies fm.ther n o r t h ) . T h e m a p s of Paeoniaveae (81), Buxaceae (184) anti Loyaniaeeae (222) c e r t a i n l y do n o t r e p r e s e n t n a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n , b u t in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f d i s t r i b u t i o n areas clearly s h o w c u l t i v a t i o n ar(~rs. T h o u g h illastration.a on tlm w h o m m u s t be a p p r a i s e d as of t h e first class, .~3rue single special error~ m a y be f o u n d a m o n g t h e m . I n t h e ilh~strations to t h e morphological glc~sary (21) t h e panicle o f A~erm saliva is ~ucrihed to Hordeum vulyare; t h e eolour o f t h e flowers is n o t well recorded for ~'tellaria holuste~,, Prunw~ mahaleb a n d Ae~culus h i t ~ e c ~ t a n u m (in t h e l a t t e r ease it is n o t clear w h e t h e r t h e d r a w i n g d u e s r~a[ly b e l o n g to tiffs species). T h e i l l u s t r a t i o n o f E a g u v orientati~ (61) dean n o t correspond to t h e d i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r s o f t h a t species. T h e leaf of duglan, regis (205) c e r t a i n l y does n o t belong to this species. Also ~he i l l u s t r a t i o n o f ~he d e h i s c e n t c a p s u l e o f Campanula rapunculzas (255) c a n n o t be referred to t h a t spe0ies T h e pietur~ o f Sang~xiaorba minor (143) b[4angs to a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of A caena group. T h e i ilu.stration o f ,Iuncus bu/onius (291) w i t h c e r t a i n t y does n o t b e l o n g to this species; ib m a y (.'yen r e p r e s e n t a m e m b e r o f s o m e o t h e r genus. S o m e t i m e s t h e a r r a n g e m e n t of f~milic~s does n o t terra,spend to tht;ir ~)vo[lltionary r~,,latioaships; specialized, e v o l u t i o n a r y moco a d v a n c e d families a r e plaeed "[xfforc t~hc m o r e p r i m i t i v e o n e s a s for i n s t a n c e G*sra.tophyllac.ex~ before Nymphaeacvae, or Lemnaoe~. before Araceae. S o m e w h a t nnnatnr~rl is t h e coucept, of Fagopyrum, w h i c h ahoukt include 15 t~ronnia! a n d a n n u a l species (78). Fh.ytea~ma is a b s e n t in t h e list o f g e n e r a of Camp~wugacecte (254). I n spit~ o f Gheee t'ailings t h e a n t h e r s a n d t h e p u b l i s h e r s must, he c o n g r a t u l a t e d on a beaugiflfl book, w h i c h is d e s i g n a t e d n o t o n l y for botauisl;s, b u t also for ehe broad public. Frum t h e editorial v i e w p o i n t t h e b a c k is fir.~t class a n d does h o n o u r to t h e Oxford U n i v e r s i t y Press n o w c e l e b r a t i n g its fou~tt~ cent~enary. W i t h respect to *.he h i g h level o f editurinl e q u i p m e n t a n d rich illustrations eho s u r p r i s i n g l y low price of t h e book m u s t bc strc.~sed hero, sa~nethlng w h i c h will c e r t a i n l y facititat~ wide d i s t r i b u t i o n , it woul(l theretbt~c be wise to correct at least the m a i n e r r o r s i m f u t u r e re-editions. JOSEF HOLI~

1%. C. Ro:~x~cs (cd.) GEOBOTANY

~

P l e n u r a Press, N e w York 1977, 308 pp., Figs. a n d T~rbs., U S $ 35.40. T h ~ b o o k reviewed eonsi.~t~ of 16 papers p r e s e n t e d a t t h e G e o b o t a n y Conference organized b y t h e Bowling Green Stat~ U n i v e r s i t y of Ohio in 1976. First of all, it is n e c e s s a r y to e x p l a i n to E u r o p e a n readers t h a t t l ~ t e r m , , g e o b o t a n y " is u s e d h e n in a different sense f r o m that~ t h e y are a c c u s t o m e d to. Geobo~any is u n d e r s t o o d a s a n " i n t e e d i s e i p l i n a r i a n a p p r u a ~ h to i n t e r p ~ t a t i o n a i p r o b l e m s l e v e l i n g s u c h i n v e s t i g a t o r s a s geologist~ a n d bet, anises, a r c h a e o l o g i s t s a n d s t r a t i g r a p h e r s , ee01ogists a n d p a l y n o l o g i s t s " (from t h e Preface b y R. C. ROSA_N-S}. T h i s m e a n s t h a t u n d e r t h e ~ r m g e o b o t a n y we h a w to see som~)thiug v ~ r y s i m i l a r to o u r p a l a e o b 0 t a n y s.L or, a t least, t o t h a t w h a t w~ call p a l a ~ e e o l o g y or p a l a c o g e o b o t a n y . R. 0 . KAPP r e p o r t s on late Pleistocene a n d Fost-gla~dal p l a n t e o m m t m i t i e s o f t h e G r e a t L a k e s region. Irls conclusions are ba~ed o n pollen analyses§ I u a d d i t i o n to t h e e h a r a c t e c / z a t i o a o f t h e periods he p r e s e n t s a n outline o f p r o b a h | e m i g r a t i o n r o u t e s o f s o m e Lqorth-American tre~s in t h e area (Fctgi~ grandiflara, T*~gu eanadxztais, etc.). "Limit, l a g f a c t o r s in p a l a e o o n v i r o n m e n t a | r e c o n s t r u c t i o n " is a p a p e r b y d. G. OODE~ I H , c o n c e r n i n g m e t h o d o l o g i c a l problems. T h e a u t h o r also rowiews t h ~ b a s i c N o r t h - A r a e r i e a n l i t e r a t u r e d e a l i n g w l t h pollen dispersion a n d pollen d e p a s l tion~ w i t h r~cent pollen spectra, etc. Oh. W. G o o d offers a erltleal e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e t a x o n o m i c mad s t r a t i g r a p h l e slgnifieanc~ o f t h e dispersed spore o f g e n u s Calamo~pora, w h i c h h a s b e e n s t u d i ~ l o n m a t e r i a l o f #,he Permasylvanian ag~ (upper Garboniferous). Pollen s p e c t r a o f m i d d l e E o c e n e f r o m w e s t e r n Tenneaae~ ar~ i n t e r p r e t e d f r o m t h e palaeoeeologieal p o i n t o f view in a p a p a r b y F . W . Pcrrrm~, Jr., called "Depo~itional a n d floristic i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of a pollen d i a g r a m f r o m m i d d l e E o c e n e " . Pollem a s ~ m b l a g e e a m divided i n t o t h r e e pollen so~rree ar~a (local, b a c k g r o u n d a n d regional) a n d e a c h of t h e m varies significantly f r o m t h e rest. T. N. TAvLo~ d i r e c t s his a t t e n t i o n " t o w a r d a n n n d o r s ~ r ~ d i u g of t h e r e p r o d u c t i v e biology o f fossil p l a n t s " , w h i c h is i m p o r t a n t b o t h f r o m t h e p o i n t o f view o f p a l a o o t a x o n o m y a n d for bettor u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e u v o l u t i o n a r y

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA

110

}s ]?M]TOTAXO~O)I:ICA. 15, 1980

t r e n d s ~t r e p r o d u c t i v e s y s t e m s , too. ~'A g e o b e t a n i v a l overview of t h e Bryophyta"by I4. A. l:.Joportions in the evdution of mosses and about the t~roc eha~/ges in their distribution and ecology- "Ccrnparatlve foliage *norphology cf m ~ d e r n a n d ]~alaeoee~e M e t a s e q n o i a s " is t h e t h e m e of ~ p a p e r b y ,1. L. l - t , ~ a n d F. T. C. T ~ s s . A s u r v e y of maerefesail flo~'a f r o m n o d u l e s ~f pyrititerous c l a y f o ~ d in coal m i n e s n e a r t h e t o w n o f Ca*terviEe, Illinois, is p r e s e n t e d in a c o n t r i b u tion b y I~. A. G ~ s ~ r ~ o . T h e flora described belongs to t h e middle I'e,~,~sylvanian. T h e s a m e geological e r a is dis~..nssed in t h e p a p e r " l ' a l a e o b o t a n i e a t add gcolsgieal infcrpretatioD of palaeoenviro~rnents of t h e J~:astern ] n t e r i o r B a s i ~ " , fn w h i c h R . L. Lr:a~Y a i m s a t reeonst.ruclng t h e ma~'n palacmtopographie t y p e s of t h e Midwest at that, t.imc as possible sites for p l a n t fossil consoling. Palaeobot 9 work in classical style is t h e patter b y B. Com~y.w " ' P r e l i m i n a r y ~n~ 9 of t w o ]ate q'~'iassic conifers from York C o u n t y , P c n n s y l v a n i s I t deals w i t h two species of the g e n u s Plagiophyllum a d d w i t h two n e w l y described species o f t h e g e n u s GlyI,toltpis. J. E. COI';:K1N a n d B~.~t~ 1M. Co.'~]<~ ixtib~m a b o u t t h e p r i m i t i v e A m e r i c a n C h a r o p h y t e e of Palaeozoic ago. T h e y pub!i~h t h e k e y to t h e i r determiner.ion a n d m a n y e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d strat.igrapl~ie Dotes. T h e o b s e r v a t i o n b y D. R . KOZL~JX on endolithie Algae a n d their p r e s e n t a c t i v i t y Jn t h e C a r r i h e a n c a n be e v a l u a t e d as a n e x p e r i m e n t a l I:alaer T h e conclusions of his p a p e r "Calcification of f i l a m e n t s of bpcing anti c a v i t y - d w e l l i n g Algae a ~ d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f n~ierile enveloFes" s h o u l d help t.o e~plain sores a s p e c t s of c a r b o n a t e erosion a n d diagenes.is. A p a p e r b y D . M . S ~ o ' r n ~ s anti 1-~. A. Y ~ E I L deals w i t h early ~gricult~ure in t h e reglen of L a k e Erie. It. g i v e s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e a g r i e u l t m ~ i l ~ l f a n d also eD t h e soeioosltural structu~ e r I n d i a n " f a r m e r s " of t h e Iroquoinn c s l t ~ r a l group. J. F. M ~ T a x s s d~seusses t h e F r c b l e m of t9 origin e f t h e so-called " g r a s s bald a r e a s " (~brest m e s d o ~ ' s ) of t h e S o u t h e r n A p p a l a c h i a n . :He p r e s e n t s a s u r v e y o f various theories add leans t o w a r d t h e idea t h a t g r a s s h a l d s a*e o f s e c o n d a r y origin, arising after old ] n d i a n set.tlcm e ~ t a n d activity. A g r o u p of a u t h o r s (CM. E. J:I~]n
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~ I%ASENGESEI,LSCHAFTEN UNI) SE]NF~IM VOILLAND

V e g e t a t e ('.~b]~. A 10. -. Ac~den,ia, .[h-aha U378, 258 S., !}7 A b b . | m T e x t , 15 -~ 17 Talelkl~, 2t Photogr~l,hien. D as Ih~c ], vt:n ~ . I~o L"rc ~ i.~t ~iger:tlh.b clre b bytez~:*lolc~i~:t ~e n ~ d I:bytogecgra~ biseile ]%Jo~ograt,hh'. P e r X e r n ties B u s h e s ist die A n w e n d n n g ether ~ e ~ e n 1Methods d e r s:r Klassifikatior~ arn I~eispiel n n t . h r o p e g e s e r l'~asengeseDscbsften l/i~gs der Strasse~ im Gehirgc Orlick6 h o r y n n d sei~en~ Vorla~d. l m "mei• rlk'il des ]~uches eDelysiert d e r A n t o r e ; r g e h e n d die 9 V e r b r e i t n n g atJ~geww /~rten in tie," stt-asoenhegleitenden Vegetal.ion im apgeliihrten Oebiet, w a s er a~tct: dnrcL chorolegiscbe Kaj 9 belegt. Din irn t l ~ e h e gel6ste P r e b l e m a t i k f a s s t 9 in

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folgonde P u n k t e z u s a m m e n : 1. V o r s e h l a g ci~er 5 t e t h o d e der a y n t a x o n o m i s c h e n K l a s s i f i k a t i o a ; 2. E r f a a ~ u n g der V e r b r e i t u n g ~ d y n a m i k einzelnvr ,,Stra.u~npflaDzen"; 3. wirt~ehaf~liehe B e d e u t u n g der P f l a n ~ o n w a n d e r u n g e n l/rags der S t r a s s e n u n d Weg~ in d e r K u l t u r l a n d s c h a f t . Die s o g e n a n n t o dedttktivo M e t h o d e s y n t a x o n o m i s c h e r Klassifikation a n t b r o p o g e n e r Pflanzengesel~chaZt~a [ z u m e r s t e m n M yon Kol,~zcK~ c t ttEJ:~q (1971) in R o z p r a v y ~ S A V , Ser. M a t h e m . Na~ur., P r a h a 8I]9 : 1 - - 1 2 6 a n g ~ w e n d e t ] h ~ t i m Verg|eieh zur klassisetmn M e t h o d e d e r ZiiriehMon~pellier-Sehule, a u f dvren E r g e b n i s s e eie sich utiitzt, folgende Vorteile: 1. Die M e t h o d e erm6gIdcht olne LKls~ssifizierung u n d s y s t c m a t i s c h e E i n r e i h u n g aller in der ~ a . t u r existSerenden Gesellschaften, d. h. o u c h jener, die m a n n i c h t m i t HiVe v i m C h a r a k t e r a r t e n e h a r a k t e r i s i e r e n k a n n , u n d die also keine A s a o z i a t i o n e n is. ~.) Jm Sinne d e r Ztirich-lMo~tpellier Schule aind. 2. Die M e t h o d e e r m 6 g l i c h t die T y p i s i e r u n g u n d s y s t e m a t i s e h e E i m ~ i l n m g o u c h soleber Gesells e h a f t e n , die rr,it ihrer A r ~ z u s a m m e n s e t z ~ n g zwlschen zw~i (od~.~r mehre,~:o) h 6 h e m n :Einheiten des gogenwiirtlgcn S y s t e m s s t e h e n . 3. Die A n w e n d u n g d~r M e t h o d e ermSglieht dic V e r c i n l g u n g v e r s c h i e d e n e r Auffmssung u n d F~rkl~irung des Begrifli;s der AssoziaLion a u f e t h e r bestimmtcx~ gerrleirmamen B a s i s . - Die Pflanz~.t~ge~ellschaften s i n d in 3 K n t e g o r i e n eingeteil~: L ]3asalge..~Ik~ehaft [zusurr~iz~engesetzt a u s A r t e n h 6 h e r e r Synea..xa (ira 1Xahmen t_tor [yet~ffenden K l a s s e ) u n d a u s Begleitern], II. Derlvatgve~t-dlschaf~ (entsteht, (ttu'ch V o r h e r r s e h u n g eines odor elniger Begleiter im B e u t a n d ether D*~salgesellschaft), I I I . z6nologiseh ges~ittigte Gesellschaft -- A~soziatio:t is. s.) im Sinne der Zilrich.Monepellier.Schule. N a c b der E i n l e i t u n g folgt die a i l ~ n w i n e C h a r a k t e r i s t i k des u n t e r s u e h t e n Gebietes u n d E i n f ( i h r u ~ g in die P r o b l c m a t i k iS. 9 - - 1 7 ) , die A ~ g a b e n iiL~;r N a t u r - u n d W i r t s e h a f i s v e r h ~ l t n i s s e im Goblet n,it R f i c k s i e h t a u f d e n stttdiorten G e g e n a t a n d u m f a a s t . ] m weit~ren K a p i t e l , , S y n t a x o n o t a t e u n d 0 b e r s i e h t d e r Gesellschas iS. 1 8 - - 8 4 ) be~chmibL der A u t o r die M e t h o d e d e r s y n t u x o n o m i s e h e n Ktassilika.tlon der G e s e l l s e h a f t e n u o d bie~e~ einen ][~berblick d o t Ge.~ellc~mften v o ~ S t r a s . ~ n 6 k o t o p e n . A u f G r u n d der d e d u k t l v e n K l a s s i l l k a t i n n s m e t h o d e m~terseheidet, er I. l~asMgesellschs,ften m i t Arrhenatherum dati~., l~'estuca rubra s u b s p , rubra, Alo2~curt~ prate~ix, Cirsium cannm, C. oleraees.~m, t, olium perenne u n d 1I. i)erivatge~sellsehaften m i t A egopodi~m podag~aria, ])actylgs glornerata, Agrowo~a reports, Agro,r tennis, Antl~xa~athum odotatum, (/alamagr~)sti.r epigeios, C. rifle*a, I ) a u ~ s cetera, ,4gro~ti~.~toloni]era s u b s p , prorepen~., Pea praten.,is s. 1. E s ist i n t e r e s s a n t , d a s s eigene Assoz~ationen, resp§ z6nologiseh ges~tttigten Gesellsch~ften in d e r s t r a s s e n b e g l e l t e n d e n V e g e t a t i o n n i c h t v o r k a m e n . B e d e u t u n g s v o l l ist o u c h due K a p l t e l ,,Einfltrss tier s t a n d e r t.sOkologischen ~mcl w i r t s c h a f t l i c h e a B c d i n g u ~ g e n a u f die E n ~ w l c k l u n g u n d A r t e n z u s a m m c n s o t z u n g der st r a e . ~ b e g l e i t e r ~ d e n V e g e t a t i o n " iS. 8 7 - - I 2 7 ) . D e r A u t o r b e ~ c h t e t vor allem die Diasporologir d e r , , S t r a s e e n p f l a n z e n " , ferner die B e z i e h u n g d e r Strassenvegetattion ~u d e n Bodenk~edingungen, w a s er d u r e h E r g e b n i s s e y o n chemLsehon u n d m e c h a n i s c h c n B o d e n a D a l y s e n belegt. 7Eingebend e h a r a k t e r i s i e r t er d e s M i k r o k l i m a d o t S~rassen6kot.open, bci d e n e n er die sea, ,,ktinstliehe Kon~,inentalitfi.t" b e t o n t , u n d dice a u f G r u n d dcr T e m i ~ e r a t u r m e s s n n g d e r BodenoberflSche, d e r L u f t t e m p e r a t u r 20 cm fiber der Oberlt~che, d e r relntive~ Luftfeucht~gkei~ 20 em tiber der O[~'rfltJ.che uDd d e r b]essu~g der V e r d u n s ~ t m g . E r weiet a u f d~e I 3 e d e u t u n g d e r w i r t s e h a f t l i c h e n T~i.tigkeit z u r B i l d u n g d e r .qpezifischen s t r a s s e n b e g l e i t e n d e n V e g e t a t i o n tfin. I m weiteren K a p i t e l n u t e r s c h e i d e t d e r A u t o r 4 V e r b r e i t u n g s t y p e n y o n P f l a . n ~ n , u. zw. a u f G r u n d einer e i n g e b e n d c ~ A n a l y s e dar V e r b r e i t u n g m e h r ale 90 Artx~,n hSherer Pflan~en in d e r stras.senbegleitenden V e g e t a t i o n des u n t e ~ u c h t e n Gebietes, worfibcr d a s weitere K u p i t e l ,,ADa]yse de," V e r b r e i e u n g a u s g ~ w ~ h l t e r A r t c n " iS. 131--227) h a n d e t t . D a r a u f folgh d e s K a p i t e l ,,Wirt.sehafflici~e D e d e u ~ u n g der :Pflanzenkartierung in der s t r g s s o n b e g l e i t e n d c n V e g e t a t i o n " iS. 228--237), in d e m vor a h e m die ~Bedeutung der Straseen Ffir die M i g r a t i o n y o n 14uderalpflanzen n n d F e l d u n k r ~ : u t e r n behar~del~ wit~l. I ) a s B ~ e h enth~ilt eine t s e h e c h i s c h e u n d e~gli~che Zus~u~3rr,e n f a ~ u n g , ein Liter:ttnrverzeichhis u n d ein I e e g i s ~ r d e r P f l a n z e n n a m e n . Ds.s B u c h y o n K . Ko~'F.c~'/" ist die crste n m f e s s e n d e B e a r b e i t u n g d e r S t r a s s e n v e g C t a t i o n in e i n e m b e s t i m m ~ e n Goblet. M i t seiner B e d e u t u n g fiberragt es w e i t h i n d*m r c g i v n a l e n R a t n n e n , da der Verfmsser bier eine n e u e l~lethode der s y n t a x o n o m i s e h e n K l a s s i f i k a t i o n der I'flanz~nges~llsch~fften b e n i i t z t u n d wetter entfalte~, f~r~ktiseh b e w e r t e t er yon e i n e m b ~ i t e n Ge~iehtspunkt, a u s alle A s p c k t e d e r eng. vi~tisehe, n M i g r a t i o n d e r P f l a n z e m t r t e n . Seine E c g e b n i ~ e si~d n i c h t n o r fiir G e o b o t a n i k e r u n d iPbytogcogTttphcn wertvoll, s o n d ~ r n o u c h ffir S t r a s s c n b a u w e ~ e n . VLA1)I.~fi~ JE~J L~K

FOLIA GF, O B O T A N I C A

112

~T PHYTOTAXONOSIICA,

15~ 1980

F. M. M ~ R

SEt~DLINGS

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EUROPEAN

LOWLAND

(A flora o f seedlings} Dr. W . J u n k B. V. Publlshera~ T h e H a g u e , B o s t o n , Centre for A g r i c u l t u r a l P u b l i s h i n g a n d Docalmentatlola, 1978, 654 pp. -- 1212 drawing~ T h e a u t h o r of t h e b o o k tries t o m e e t t h e d e m a n d for a e o m p r o h e n s l v e work on p l a n t s e e d l i n g s covering as wide a r a n g e o f p l a n t s as possible. T a k i n g into a c c o u n t t h e e x i s t i n g possibilities a n d t h e m o s t u r g e n t n e e d s o f t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , he h a s c h o s e n ~eedlings o f p l a n t s o c c u r r i n g s p o n t a n e o u s l y in t h i s c o u n t r y a n d a d j a c e n t regions, n a m e l y De~ma.rk~ s o u t h e r n m o s # S w e d e n , Sehleswig-Holsts~in, Wes~ G e r m a n y , B e l g i u m , n o r t h e r n F r a n c e a n d e a s t e r n E n g l a n d . T h e wild flora o f t h e m e n t i o n e d torrlVories, as well a s a d v e n t i w a a n d c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t s of froquea~ s p o n t a n e o u s o c c u r r e n c e are i n c l u d e d . T h e b o o k is d i v i d e d in'~a tin'co m a i n p a r t s . T h e first iu a g r o u p key, ba.~ed o n e h a r a c t e r i s t i c a of seed-leaves a n d t h e first lcayea o f seedlings. T h e ~crm ,,.seedling" is u s e d for a y o u n g p l a n t w h i c h ha~, besides t h e seed-leavv, s, a t least one~ b u t p r e f e r a b l y t w o o r d i n a r y t e a v e s . T h e s e e d - l e a v e s h a v e different s h a p e a n d p o s i t i o n a n d u s u a l l y closed v e n a t i o n gs o p p o ~ d to o p e n v e n a t i o n in o r d i n a r y leaves. Seedlings are d i v i d e d into 21 groups~ a ~ c e r d i a g t o t i m presence or a h s e n c e o f seed-leaves a n d t h e i r n u m b e r a n d m o r p h o l o g y . T h e s e c o n d p g r t r e p r e s e n t s d e s c r i p t i o n s of seedlings. A l t o g e t h e r 1211 species a r e described, b e l o n g i n g t o 8~ .families. O n l y t h r c o families a r e e x c l u d e d , n a m e l y Pyrolr Orobanvhac.~as a n d Orch,idacea~.. T h e i r seedlings are difficult to g r o w a n d t h e i r collection in t h e field a s well a s dcte.rInination is practle~lly impossible, as '~hey a r e t o o s m a l l a n d o n l y l i ~ l e differentiated. T h e de.scriptions were m a d e in t h e s t a g e w i t h well-developed s ~ d - l e ~ v e s ~,nd no m o r e t h a n t w o leaves, u n l e s s sea.ted otherwise. As a rule, h y p o c o t y l , seed-leaves, epicotyl, le~,~ves a n d g e r m i n a t i o n are* eharactel.ised§ 0 p l y e x c e p t l o n a l l y , is m e r e th~,n one spceles o f t h e s a m e g e n u s i n c l u d e d u n d e r one n u m b e r , w h i c h me+~ns t h e s a m e d e s c r i p t i o n a f t h e i r seedlings (e.g. in g e n u s 8~/~}. T h e t h h x i p a r t is t h e ruost volumh~ous a n d i n c l u d e s i llu=st,r a t i o n s o f all 1211 seedlings des+ cribed in ~he p r e c e d i n g p a r t . ~ e r b a r i u m m a t e r i a l served a s a base fo~ t h e w o r k -- b o t h for d e s c r i p t i o n s a n d d r a w i n g s . T h e w a y o f p r e p a r a t i o n a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n o f s u c h m a t e r i a l is descril:~d. 0 n l y in e~ few canes, ar~ "~raits o b s e r v a b l e in f r ~ h p h m t s u s e d , s u c h as succulence, p r e s e n c e of latex, odor, t a s t e a n d c h a racter o f surface. ' [ h e i n d e x o f t h e i n c l u d e d species placed on tlx~ first p a g e s is a p r a c t i c a l aid for o r i e n t a t i o n in t h e book. I t is p r o v i d e d w i t h n u m b e r s referring to t h e d e s c r i p t i o n s a n d d r a w i n g s . T h e revie~wed flora o f s e e d l i n g s is a v e r y useful guide for e v e r y b o d y i n t e r e s t e d in p l a n t s f s o m t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of their d e v e l o p m e n t .