Bookreviews

I. K. FERGUSON and J. MULLER (ed.) THE EVOLUTIONARY

SIGNIFICANCE

OF THE

EXINE

Linnean Society Symposium Series No 1. -- Academic Press, London et New York 1976, p. I - - X I I , 1--591 {with numerous plates and t e x t figures). The Linnean Society of London and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, organized in 1974 a symposium devoted to the evolutionary significance of the exine, to sum up the considerable new knowledge in this field and to t r y to trace the trends of future research. Over 90 specialists from 15 countries took part in this symposium. Twenty-three contributions were read at the symposium which constitute the contents of the volume reviewed. The contributions are of various extent (from 8 to 58 pages) and are divided into several fields: "Fossil evidence", "Fine structure and function", "Aperture development", "Evolutionary trends", "Pollen dimorphism" and the most voluminous "Pollen morphology and taxonomy", arranged according to the principal taxonomic groups. The papers of this group dealt with the liverworts (Hepaticae), mosses (Musci), ferns (Pteridophyta), and from the angiosperms the families Annonaceae, Saxifragaceae, Anacardiaceae, Sapindaceae, Onagraceae, UmbeUlferae, Labiatae, and Xanthrorhoeceae. The volume begins with a Preface by the editors a n d concludes with the Concluding Address b y A. O. DA~L. I t is very difficult to summarize in brief the great amount of information, accounts and conclusions included in the volume. All papers bring important facts on the structure, development a n d function of the sporoderm, and the total of t h e m represents a cross-section of the present state of knowledge in this branch of botany. I wish therefore to mention several selected contributions, the conclusions of which are, in m y opinion, the most remarkable. First it must be emphasized t h a t progress in the knowledge of the sporoderm has been made possible b y the significant progress in the methods of fact finding. Almost all papers are based upon results of observations by electron microscope (either the transmission or the scanning EM). I n some studies results achieved by biochemical, biophysical, or microchemical methods are presented. One of the most interesting contributions, b y J. HESLOP-HARRISON, summarizes knowledge of the ontogeny of the sporoderm; it confirms the theory of the sporophytic origin of the exine (i.e. t h a t it is a product of the surrounding tissue, not of the spore protoplast). I n some angiospermous families on the surface of exine the presence of proteins has been proved which a r e specific and operate as a component realizing compatibility or incompatibility between pollen and stigma. Analogously proteins deposited in the intine operate in the growth of the pollen tube. M. VAN CAMPO states in his contribution t h a t in the pollen of Dicotyledons sequences of morphological types m a y be found, appearing repeatedly in various groups, e.g. the series tricolpate - - trieolporate - - periporate pollen, in the line Ranune~didae - - CaryophyUidae, namely in various dimensions: both in this evolutionary line as a whole and within the order Car~jophylla. les, in the family Ranunculaceae as well, and even within some genera of this family. This trend is also evident in other groups, such as the Geraniales, Polemoniale~ etc. Another morphological series includes the tricolpate ellipsoid (or prelate) -- tricolporate subspherical -- triporate oblate pollen. I t is most apparent in the "amentiferous" line, which is given by the axis M a g n o l i a ~ -Hammamelidales -- Betulales, but also elsewhere. Such series can be reversible or repeating, too. The morphology and phylogeny of the sporoderm in the primitive angiosperms is the topic of a paper by J. WALKER. Among other things, it has been ascertained t h a t the morphological features of pollen, regarded as characteristic for the gymnosperms, occur in the primitive angiosperms, ted; this fact is of fundamental importance for the interpretation of palaeobotanical finds of sporae dispersae. WALKER also demonstrates t h a t in its structure the putatively oldest angiospermous pollen Clava$ipollenites conforms rather to the more advanced types of angio-

208

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA, 14, 1979

s p e r m s (e.g. Chloranthaceae ) t h a n to the m o s t initial ones. I t is not therefore possible to expect from studies of disperse spores a n y s u b s t a n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e problem of t h e origin of angiosperms. A palynotaxonomical s t u d y b y S. CKANDA a n d J. GHOS~ regards the m o n o c o t y l e d o n o u s family Xanthorrhoeacae growing in Australia, T a s m a n i a , a n d New Zealand. Here morphological evolution goes from the basic m o n o s u l c a t e pollen via t h e extended-sulcate to t h e zonaperturate (sulculate) pollen, where t h e zonal aperture divides t h e pollen grain in two equal or inequal parts. The m o s t derived types are t h e spiral and irregular apertures. The a u t h o r s find here t h e ancestral t y p e s of t h e genus Aphyllanthus (Liliaceae) a n d for t h e family Erlocaulaceae. The species Baxteria australis h a s a very derived pollen type, which is unique in t h e Monocotyledons, a n d a n a n a l o g y for which is to be found as far as in t h e family Berberidaccae. The a u t h o r consider t h i s b o n d of t h e family Xanthorrhocaceae to t h e Dicotyledons to be purely speculative. Nevertheless, u p o n closer inspection of figures a n o t h e r conspicuous conformity of some zonaperturate pollen to t h e pollen of t h e Nymphaeaccae m a y be observed. These several examples of papers reviewed more in detail d e m o n s t r a t e t h e diversity a n d scope of papers in the volume in question, which will be for a long t i m e an indispensable source of literature for serious modern studies of pollen morphology. PAVEL T o ~ o x ' I C G. C. KLINGMA~, WEED

F. M. ASHTO.~

et L. J. NOORDHOF~

SCIENCE

Principles a n d Practices J o h n Wiley a n d Sons, Inc. New York, London, Sydney et Toronto 1975, A Wiley-Iuterscience publication, pp. V I I I + 431. T h i s book is a very useful publication on weed science: it represents a revision of '" Weed control as a science" originally published by G. C. KLINGMAN in 1961. The book is divided i n t o t h i r t y c h a p t e r s with a n appendix a n d index a t t a c h e d . Most of t h e chapters (I8) are devoted to herbicides, a n d t e n chapters deal w i t h t h e problems of weeds a n d t h e i r integral control in different field crops, as well as in pastures a n d ranges, lawns a n d o r n a m e n t a l s , in waters, in brushes a n d in waste places. One chapter (the second) c o n t a i n s a brief s u r v e y of t h e biology of weeds a n d weed seeds, so t h a t only t h e m o s t essential results could be included. T h e i n t r o d u c t o r y chapter brings s o m e new facts, e.g. on farm losses caused b y weeds, on t h e h i s t o r y of weed control a n d research efforts on educational programs etc. T h e literature sources are placed a t the end of each c h a p t e r a n d it is striking t h a t practically only American papers h a v e been cited here t h o u g h some i m p o r t a n t titles h a v e lately been published in Europe a n d other p a r t s of the world. Chapters on herbicides (Nos. 3 to 20) are particularly valuable. Above all, c h a p t e r s 3 to 5 give us a deeper insight into t h e fine m e c h a n i s m of absorption a n d translocation of herbicides in the plant, a n d in general, these c h a p t e r s deserve t h e reader's interest as a modern s y n t h e s i s on t h i s topic. The same goes for t h e fate of herbicides in the soil. The principles of selectivity of herbicides h a v e also been dealt with v e r y properly a n d deserve t h e reader's attention. The following two c h a p t e r s (6 to 7) s u m m a r i z e all necessary i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t formulations, calculations a n d application techniques of herbicides. T h e following series of c h a p t e r s (8 to 20) is devoted to individual herbicides, arranged in allied chemical groupings in t h i s sequence: aliphatics, amides, benzoics, bipyridyliums, carbamates, dinitroanilines, nitriles, phenols, phenoxys, triazines, uroas a n d uracils, other organic herbicides a n d inorganic herbicides. Altogether nearly one h u n d r e d herbicides at present registered in t h e U.S.A. are reviewed. T h e following d a t a are given: chemical a n d physical properties, c o m m o n n a m e , trade name, t o x i c i t y a n d LDs0 (i.e. lethal dose t h a t will kill 50 % of a population of t e s t animals), precautions, uses, m o d e of action, b e h a v i o u r in t h e soil (for p e r t i n e n t types only) a n d some further indications. I t m a y be said t h a t herbicides a n d related questions represent t h e essential p a r t of t h e book. T h i s is in accordance with t h e a u t h o r ' s opinion t h a t "old a n d so.called reliable m e t h o d s of weed control are blended with the v e r y neCcest chemical t e c h n i q u e s " (see t h e Preface). Really, chemical weed control has become a n integral p a r t of present d a y "weed science" or "herbology" a n d corresponding practices, a n d it should be considered as a serious ecological factor (cf. e. g. W. K o c ~ "U~kra'xtbek~mpfung", S t u t t g a r t 1970). On t h e contrary, we know t h a t herbicides c a n n o t

BOOKREVIEWS

209

solve all the problems in weed science and practices (the same could be said about pesticides as a whole). I n m y opinion, m a n y problems in landscape ecology and environment protection become increasingly important a n d I think t h a t this complexity of ecological factors could be better reflected in this publication. ZDEN~K K a o ~ ' ~

KARLHEINZ KREEB

METHODEN

DER PFLANZENOKOLOGIE

VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1977, 235 pp., 69 Figs., 12 Tabs., 33, -- M. Within a period of three years, two books on the ecophysiology of plants written by KAaL~E~SZ KREEB appeared in the V E B Gustav Fischer Publishing House, Jena: after a handbook, published in the year 1974, a methodological handbook was issued in 1977. I t had been ripening for another three years and could aim at a more deliberate choice of collaborators and selection of themes. The wider choice of authors, each contributing b y critical evaluations of personally a t t e s t e d methods, is an indisputable contribution of the book. The selection of themes, however, is less happy. As suggested by the introduction of the author and by the selection of methods, t h e book, in some respects, is complementary to other similarly devised handbooks; in some respects, however, it presents a new elaboration of certain sections of plant ecology, even though covered by existing methodological handbooks {such as the problems of the water relations in plants or photosynthetic production). Not all aspects of ecology receive the same amount of attention. The book deals with eco~ physiological reactions of mainly terrestrial vegetation from the level of cells through t h a t of organs to whole plants, while the problems of populations a n d communities lie outside its frame~ work. The author intentionally leaves out discussion of methods of measuring abiotie factors. He does not pretend t o offer systematic instructions for practical courses in ecology; his aim is to produce a critical survey of methodology used both in modern ecological research and in teaching. Consequently, he d rects his efforts to the treatment of, above all, functional aspects of individual plants or their organs, with emphasis on field measuring methods and equipment. Of the reaction of plants to environment, t h e responses to temperature, radiation and water are elaborated in detail (Chap. 4, 5, 6); the reactions to other chemical and physical factors receive much less space. The discussion in Chapter 7 is limited to listing mechanical influences; for a description of the influence of chemical factors {including the mineral nutrition of plants} the reader is referred to the literature. Nevertheless, the chapter describes the assessment of chlorophyll and chloride content in plant tissues. The reasons for including those two analytical methods in the chapter are obscure. Chapter 8 is an excellent and highly original chapter on the assessment of plant viability; the method can be universally applied when testing the influence of any environmental factors. I t describes the assessment of viability at the level of cells, organs and whole plants. Chapter 9 (on bioindieation) introduces, rather surprisingly, geobotanical methods, although in the Introduction t h e reader is referred to other detailed handbooks for their discussion. The chapter includes a detailed description of how to determine the indicative value of various species of higher plants and discussion on the construction of ecological maps of habitats {Skologische Standortskarten). The book deals in detail with both mapping and evaluation, from the point of view of plant sociology of lichens as indicators of air pollution. After this geobotanical excursion, the book returns to experimental testing of immissions in landscape b y means of phytometers. Chapter 2 is an instructive supplement, included especially for the benefit of students, on measuring, the writing of records and statistical evaluation of results. As shown by the contents of the book, the author refrained from the evaluation, with a few exceptions, of structural phenomena, thus presenting a rather limited view of some functional reactions of plant to habitats, Growth reactions, including growth analyses, of above-groun~ and underground organs, primary production, chemical composition of biomass, traslocatioh of mineral elements, reaction of plants to the acidity of substrate, etc., were apparently left out because they are linked with basic plant physiology.

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA, 14, 1979

210

Structural phenomena, such as anatomical and morphological adaptations, vertical and horizontal structures of vegetation and the methods of their assessment do not appear in the book either; the reader has to look for t h e m in the literature. One would like to ask why thishighly specialized book, in which questions of the functional adaptation of plants to direct ecological factors (except mineral nutrition) are discussed in great detail, contains an elementary course of statistics, easily available in a number of various handbooks. On the other hand, the system of literary references considerably enlarges the usefulness of this rather thin book. Unfortunately, the quotations are given in an abbreviated form, thus losing much of their informative value. I n subsequent editions, the quotations should be followed by the name of the article cited, in addition t h a t of the author and the periodical only. Most of the book is highly useful for ecologists in their research work. This is especially true of Chapters 4, 5, 6 and 8 which a m o u n t to seven-tenths of the t e x t and discuss the reactions of plants to temperature, light, water and further, the determination of their viability. The remaining three-tenths is a highly extensive and sporadic t r e a t m e n t of various regions of ecology, geobotany, statistics, etc. In case the reader transformed the title into "Selected Methods of P l a n t Ecology", the book would certainly fulfil his expectations. The information presented in the book provides a useful methodological basis for various ecologists in research, teaching and landscape management. MILENA RYCHNOVSK%. H. ELLENBERG, K. ESSER, H. MERXM~)LLER, E. SCHNE1)F et H. ZIEGLER (ed.) PROGRESS

IN BOTANY

-- F O R T S C H R I T T E

DER BOTANIK

39

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg et New York 1977, X + 304 S., 33 Abb. Der in der Reihe schon 39. B a n d der ,,Fortschritte der Botanik" ist -- ~hnlich wie die drei vorhergehenden B~nde -- meistens in englischer Sprache geschrieben. E r hringt auaftihrliche Referate fiber die F o r t s c h r i t t e auf dem Felde der Morphologie (Abschnitt A), Physiologie (Abschnitt B, Genetik (Abschnitt C), Taxonomie (Abschnitt D) und der Geobotanik (Abschnitt E). Die besprochenen Arbeiten stammen meistens aus den Jahren 1975 und 1976. Es w e r d o n haupts~i~hlieh diejenigen angegeben, die, den Autoren nach, einen progressiven Fortschritt i n d e r Botanik repr~sentieren. Jeder Tell der angeftihrten Abschnitte ist mit Zitationen der besprochenen Arbeiten abgesehlossen. Am E n d e des Buches ist ein Sachregister angefiihrt. I m Absehnitt A -- Morphologie, redigiert yon E. SCHNEPF, werden Arbeiten aus folgenden Fachbereichen behandelt: aus der allgemeinen und molekularen Zytologie (Chloroplaste, ref. K. V. KOWALLIK und R. G. I'IERRMANN), ausder spezialen Zytologie (Zytologie und Morphogenese yon Pilzzellen, ref. M. GIRBARDT) und aus der Morphologie und Anatomic der hSheren Pflanzen (Oberfl~chenskulpturen bei hSheren Pflanzen, ref. R. SCHILL). Abschnitt B -- Physiologie, redigiert yon H. ZIEOLEE, umfasst eingehende Referate aus folgenden Faehgebieten: Mineralstoffwechsel (Funktion der Mineralelemente, ref. A. L:~UC]tLi), Photosynthese (biophysikalische Aspekte, ref. J. A~ESZ), Kohlenhydratstoffweehsel (ref. E. BECK und J. WXECZOREX), sekund~re Pflanzensteffe -- Monoterpenindolalkaloide (ref. I-I. R. SCHOTTE, W a e h s t u m (ref. H. SCHRAUDOLF) und Entwicklungsphysiologie (ref. M. BoPP und G. FELLENBERG).

I m A b s e h n i t t C -- Genetik, redigiert yon K. ESSER, werden besprochen: Replikation (Organisation und Replikation des Eukaryontenchromosoms, ref. W. NAGL), Mutation (ref. W. GOTTSCHALK), F u n k t i o n des genetischen Materials (Auswirkung der Zellkerngene in hSheren Pflanzen, ref. H. BINDING) und extranukle~re Vererbung (phylogenetischer Ursprung der extranukleiiren Vererbung, ref. C. G. ARNOLD). Der A b s e h n i t t D -- Taxonomic, redigiert yon H. MERXMiJLLER, bezieht Rich auf Systematik u n d Evolution der Samenpflanzen (ref. K. KUBITZKI). Der A b s c h n i t t E -- Geobotanik, redigiert yon H. ELLEI~BERG, besteht aus folgenden Kapiteln: Floren- und Vegetationsgesehichte wiihrend des Quartiirs (ref, B. FREI~ZEL), Vegetationskunde, we ein entsprechender Teil auch der numerischen quantitativen Pflanzensociologie gewidrnet wird (ref. R. KNAPP), experimentelle 0kologie (ref. W. SCHMIDT) und Symbiosen (Mykorrhiza, ref. F. H. MEYER).

B00KItEVIEWS

211

D e r 39. B a n d d e r F o r t s c h r i t t e der B o t a n i k b i e t e t -- ~ h n l i c h wie die v o r h e r i g e n B ~ n d e -- eine u n g e h e u e r e M e n g e I n f o r m a t i o n e n , die d e n F a c h l e u t e n e i n e n g u t e n I~berblick tiber d e n h e u t i g e n Z u s t a n d der e i n z e l n e n F a e h g e b i e t e gewi~hrleisten. B e s o n d e r s h o c h ist d e r s y n t h e t i s i e r e n d e Char a k t e r der e i n z e l n e n K a p i t e l , a n d e n c n sich die boston F a c h s p e z i a l i s t e n beteiligen, z u seh~tzen. E MILIE BAL.~TOV~ - T u L ~ K O V ~

A. J . EAMF~S MORPHOLOGY OF VASCULAR LOWER GROUPS

PLANTS

R o b e r t E. K r i e g e r P u b l i s h i n g C o m p a n y , H u n t i g t o n , N e w Y o r k 1977, 433 pp., 216 Figs. T h i s is a r e p r i n t o f EAMES' b o o k p u b l i s h e d u n d e r t h e s a m e t i t l e in 1936, i.e. 41 y e a r s ago. A t t h a t t i m e , t h e b o o k b y EAMES s u m m a r i z e d r e s u l t s of m o r p h o l o g i c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f v a s c u l a r Pteridophyta w h i c h , in t h e first decades of t h i s c e n t u r y p r o g r e s s e d c o n s i d e r a b l y a n d s u p p l i e d a m o r e reliable b a s i s for p h y l o g e n e t i e a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a b o u t classification in t h i s group. A s a b a s i c w o r k in t h i s sense, w r i t t e n in a v e r y concise a n d s i m p l e l a n g u a g e a n d w i t h a p e d a g o g i c a l l y u s e f u l a r r a n g e m e n t of t h e s u b j e c t - m a t t e r , EAMES' b o o k h a s r e t a i n e d its i m p o r t a n c e as a classical w o r k i n s p i t e o f t h e e n o r m o u s i n c r e a s e o f k n o w l e d g e o n Pteridophyta; t h i s justifies its a p p e a r a n c e a s a r e p r i n t e v e n d u r i n g t h e a u t h o r ' s r e m a r k a b l y l o n g life (born in 1881). EAMES' a i m w a s to m a k e accessible all i m p o r t a n t f a c t s ( a n d t h e o r i e s following f r o m t h e m ) w h i c h were b r o u g h t f o r w a r d b y t h e u p s u r g e o f m o r p h o l o g y of t h a t t i m e a n d o f t e n n e g l e c t e d i n t a x o n o m i c p r a c t i c e . H i s w o r k is a r r a n g e d as a t e x t b o o k , n o t o n l y w i t h r e g a r d to t h e s y s t e m a t i c e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e s u b j e c t - m a t t e r , b u t also r e g a r d i n g t h e r e p e t i t i o n a n d p o i n t i n g o u t o f i m p o r t a n t f a c t s in s u m m a r i z i n g c o n c l u s i o n s a t t h e close e f t h e t e x t on e a c h group. T h e b o o k o r i g i n a t e d i n a p e r i o d w h e n e v o l u t i o n a r y p r o b l e m s of Pteridophyta were m o r e fully c o m p r e h e n d e d ; besides t h e m o r e d e t a i l e d a n d m o r e i n t e n s i v e s t u d y o f l i v i n g p l a n t s , k n o w l e d g e o f n u m e r o u s fossil r e m n a n t s h a d also c o n t r i b u t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y to t h a t s i t u a t i o n . A t t h a t t i m e t h e o p i n i o n b e g a n to t a k e r o o t t h a t f e r n s a n d flowering p l a n t s are e v o l u t i o n a r i l y m o r e closely r e l a t e d t h a n f e r n s a n d v a r i o u s g r o u p s o f " f e r n - a l l i e s " . I t w a s a period w h e n l o n g - u s e d a n d fixed c o n c e p t i o n s a b o u t relations h i p s b e t w e e n g r o u p s were s h o w n as to be u n f o u n d e d , w h e n g r o u p s earlier considered p r i m i t i v e a p p e a r e d t o b e d e r i v e d , specialized. A t t h a t t i m e g a m e t o p h y t e s in p a r t i c u l a r were m o r e t h o r o u g h l y s t u d i e d , also w i t h r e g a r d to t h e i r significance for classification, w h i c h h a d h i t h e r t o been b a s e d m o s t l y or o n l y o n t h e s p o r o p h y t e . EAMES w a s a s u p p o r t e r of t h e r e d u c t i o n a l d i r e c t i o n o f e v o l u t i o n a n d t h i s idea is e x p l i c i t l y e m p h a s i z e d s e v e r a l t i m e s in h i s book. I n t h e first p a r t o f t h e b o o k t a x o n o m i c g r o u p s of living Pteridophyta are d e a l t w i t h , e a c h w i t h i t s o w n c h a p t e r (Lycopodiaceae, Selaginellaceae, Isoetaceae, Psilotaceae, Equi~etaceae, Ophiogloesaceae, Marratiaceae, single g r o u p s of l e p t o s p o r a n g i a t e ferns). T h e t e x t on a g r o u p includes d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s p o r o p h y t e , g a m e t o p h y t e a n d e m b r y o , d i s c u s s i o n w i t h a s u m m a r y a n d a list of references a p p l y i n g to t h e g r o u p c o n c e r n e d . A n i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e o f t h e b o o k a r e t h e n u m e r o u s i l l u s t r a t i o n s . D i s c u s s i o n a n d a n a l y s i s a r e d i r e c t e d especially to a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e grolJp a n d to its classification. A f t e r a n e x a m i n a t i o n o f all g r o u p s o f l i v i n g Pteridophyta t h e t e x t o n fossil g r o u p s follows; h e r e Psilophytales, Lepidodendrales, Calamophytal~, Hyeniales a n d Coenopteridale8 a r e dealt w i t h . Morphological a n a l y s i s of t h e b o d y o f Pteridophyta a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f i t s significance for classification close t h e book. T h e b o o k r e a d s v e r y well a n d it is h a r d l y possible t o find a n y t h i n g t o criticize in it; o n l y t h e t e x t to t h e p h o t o g r a p h on p. "92 s h o u l d be c o r r e c t e d in t h e r e p r i n t , as c e r t a i n l y n o Equi~etum palustre is i n v o l v e d . T h e r e p r i n t o f EAMES' b o o k b r i n g s to t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d in t h e p h y l o g e n y of h i g h e r p l a n t s a b o o k w h i c h p l a y e d a c e r t a i n role in f o r m i n g o u r p r e ~ e n t views on t h e e v o l u t i o n a r y classification o f P?,eridophyta, a v e r y i m p o r t a n t g r o u p for t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g v a r i o u s g r o u p s of higher plants. JOSEI~ HOLUB

212

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA, 14, 1979

M. G. EISELT et R . SCHm3DER

LAUBGEHOLZE (Broadleaved Trees) Neumann Verlag, First Printing, Leipzig--Radebeul 1977, 671 pp. -- 222 Fig., 590 photos, 2 Tables The book reviewed here can be regarded as a complementary work to the book "NadelgehSlze" (Conifers) by the same authors, the t h i r d printing of which appeared in 1974. MAX G. EISELT, who died in 1972, was an outstanding specialist in dendrology. His books are the result of sixty years' active work and study in this field. RUDOLF SCHI~DER, co-worker and successor to :V[. G. EISELT, has summarized the knowledge acquired during his work in the Botanical Garden and some similar institutions in Dresden. The book "LaubgehSlze" (Broad-leaved Trees) is divided into several parts, varying in extent according to their importance. Some basic information about the morphology of individual plant organs, i.e. roots, buds, leaves, flowers and fruits, is given with an explanation of special terms. A systematic survey of the genera described and an analytical key for the determination of trees and shrubs follow. The most extensive and i m p o r t a n t p a r t gives the description of individual genera, species, varieties a n d horticultural forms, given in alphabetical order. About 2 300 trees and shrubs are listed, mainly hardy species of the European areas to the N o r t h of the Alps. Readers are provided with information about the name and origin of individual trees and shrubs, their special features, growth, growing conditions, utilization and propagation. Ways of propagation of broadleaved trees and special techniques used are discussed in a n o t h e r part of the book (seeds, cuttings, grafting, etc.). The alphabetical list of genera with possible ways of their propagation is a very useful aid to those interested in cultivation. From a practical point of view, the chapter which groups broadleaved trees and shrubs according to their special features and possibilities of utilization is important. I t includes lists of trees according to height, flowering season, and requirements for soil, lists of trees with ornamental fruit and coloured leaves in autumn, with interesting structure of colour of the bark, trees for roadsides, for hedges, for shade, poisonous and ground-covering trees and trees t h a t tolerate smoke. The t r e a t m e n t and care of trees are further described. Explanations of the Latin names of various species, explanations of authors' names, the list of synonymous names and the index at the end of the book arc helpful for orientation in the t e x t and in dendrological literature in general. The book is a real success among publications of its kind. I t will surely become a useful source of information not only for specialists in dendrology but also for landscape gardeners a n d practical users,' thanks to the ever-increasing interest in gardening and nature conservation. M~LENA ROUD~ G. KRi)SS MAI~bT

HANDBUCH

DER LAUBGEHOLZE

Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin et H a m b u r g 1976, Bd. 1, 486 S., 791 Abb. im Text, 160 Tafelseitcn, 16 Farbtafeln; 1977, Bd. 2, 466 S., 832 Abb. im Text, 160 Tafelseitcn, 16 Farbtafeln; 1978, Bd. 3, 496 S., 339 Abb. im Text, 168 Tafelseiten; 1978, Rcgisterband, 113 S., 4 Karten, 8 Tafclseiten. Beim Studium der drei B~nde des neu herausgegebenen Handbuehes der Laubgeh61zc erinnern wir uns wiedcrum an das ganze Werk von GERD KRi)SSMA_~r~',Dr. h. c. In der fiir ihn so typischen enzyklop~dischen Weise hat er sowohl theoretisch als auch praktisch alle GehSlze der nSrdlichen gem~ssigten Zone und vor allem die Problematik der Gartenpraxis umfasst. Was die Breite und Tiefe anbeiangt, knfipft er an seinen Vorg~nger CAMILLe SCHNEIDER an. Aus der grossen Anzahl yon Gattungen, Arten und Cultivaren in den drei B~nden kann den Leser Schwindel erfassen; bei n~herer Untersuchung erkennt man jedoch, dass beinahe

BOOKREVIEWS

213

alle GehSlzo bei u n s angepflanzt wurden u n d bislang werden, denen die blaturbedingungon entsprechen. I n der Vorrede gibt der Verfasser an, dass er die A n z a h l der GehSlze u m die i m Mittelmeergebiet natfirlich v o r k o m m e n d e n oder d o r t noch angepflanzten G a t t u n g e n u n d Arten erweitert h a t -- m i t Riicksicht darauf, d a s s viele y o n diesen a u c h in nSrdlicheren Lagen gedeihen, allerdings m i t W i n t e r b e d e c k u n g odor als K a l t h a u s p i t a n z e n . A u c h neue Zierabarten u n d fiber. sichtliche Cultivarlisten sind ergiinzt. E i n e n i n t e r e s s a n t e n Vergleich k a n n m a n aus der ~ b e r s i c h t y o n Oeh51zen der nSrdlichen gem~issigten Zone i m H a n d b u c h y o n G. KR~SSMANN, A. REHDER u n d in der tschechoslowakisehen W e r t u n g gewinnen. Alle drei B~nde beinhalten ca 5500 Arten u n d 6000 Cultivare, 1000 Abbildungen u n d 500 Tafelseitcn. Ein Gesamtbild fiber den Formenr e i c h t u m ergibt sich a u s der Anzahl aller GehTlze der nSrdlichen gem~ssigten Zone, die 15 000 T a x a betr~gt, yon denen allerdings in Wirklichkeit n u r 1 500 b e d e u t s a m e u n d 1 300 weniger b o d e u t s a m gepflanzt werden kSnnon (P~EHDER 1951). Z u m Vergleich will ich anffihren, d a s s a u f g r u n d der W e r t u n g y o n Ergobnissen der I n t r o d u k t i o n fremdl~ndischer GehSlze in der Tschechoslowakci - - in Parken, Ggrten, Arboreten u n d botanischen O~rten - - etwa 1 500 A r t e n ermittelt worden sind. Die A r t e n wie a u e h die Cultivarzah], aber vor allem die Hgufigkeit der Anpflanzung sind recht unterschiedlieh; so z. B. in der Tschechoslowakie sehr selten sind die GehSlze y o n 25 Gatt u n g e n , einzeln u n d selten werden angepflanzt die OehSlze yon 50 G a t t u n g e n , einzeln u n d h~ufig y o n 15 O a t t u n g e n , gruppenweise u n d selten v o n 15 O a t t u n g e n u n d sehliesslich gruppenweise u n d h~ufig y o n 50 O a t t u n g e n (A. M. SVOBODA: I n t r o d u k t i o n der ZiernadelgchSlze. - - Studio ~SAV, P r a h a 1976/5: 1--122, deutsche Z u s a m m e n f a s s u n g ; etiam BEN~A~ et SVOBODA 1976: Roezn. Dentrol., Warszawa.) A u c h die Cultivarzahlen sind enorm, bei irgendwelchen Arten sind m e h r als 100 (z. B. Ju4]lans, Pirus, Populus, Salix u. a.), aber a u c h m e h r als 1000 b e k a n n t (z. B. Rosa, Syringa). Neue Cultivare k o m m e n stets hinzu, so dass die y o n G. K]~tiSS~AI~I~in drei B~nden vorgelegte l]bersicht gegenwiirtig beinahe 6 000 Cultivare einschliesstI Es scheint, (lass die einzige reale LSsung in der eingehenden Arbeit der n a c h der E m p f e h l u n g des Intornationalen Codes fiir die B e n e n n u n g der Kulturpflanzen gegrfindeten Nationalen u n d Internationalen Autorit~ten fiir A b a r t e n , einschliesslich der entsprechenden S a m m l u n g e n yon Belegpflanzen, zu suchen ist. Die Publikation i s t beseheiden als H a n d b u c h bezeiehnet, doeh in Wirklichkeit stellt sie ein weltumfassondes enzyklop~disches W 5 r t e r b u c h der a n g e w a n d t e n Dendrologic dar, was gewisse Probleme m i t sieh bringt. Manehe G a t t u n g e n s i n d als selbstfi~adige Monographien bearbeitet, d u r e h a u s n e u s i n d die t?bersichten aller ZiergehSlz-Cultivare z. B. f'iir Berberis, Malus, Cotoneazt~r odor Clematis. I m T e x t t e i l war es notwendig, die Arboiten verschiedener A u t o r e n m i t sehr unterschiedlichen A u f f a s s u n g e n u n d t a x o n o m i s c h e n Z u t r i t t e n zu vereinigen, abgesehen y o n der neuen Problematik des Cultivars. Die Cultivarlisten e n t h a l t e n oft alle in der Vergangenheit beschrieben e n Neuheiten, ohne Bemerkung, ob das Geh51z n o c h angepflanzt wird odor ob y o n d e m Cultivar bzw. der H y b r i d e n u t ein einziges lebendes E x e m p l a r b e k a n n t ist. Bei einer so riesigen Anzahl der T a x a a u f so grossem Gebiet war der Verfasser natiirlich n i c h t i m s t a n d e , die A n g a b e n tiber konkrete Lokalit~.ten u n d tiber die Anpflanzungsergebnisse in einzelnen L~ndern anzuftthren. E h e r zuf~llig sind die A n g a b e n iiber die A n p t i a n z u n g seltener Geh51ze, so z. B. ist Cudrania tricuspidata belegt m i t einer Photographie a u s Mlyflany. Auch gab es Sehwierigkeiten in so umfangreichem W e r k m l t d e n Illustrationen u n d Abbildungen. Die P h o t o g r a p h i e n sind durchweg urspriinglich, die Zeichnungen sind ersetzt d u t c h natiirliche Abdriicke (noch naturgetrcuer sind die P h o t o g r a p h i e n m i t t e l s weieher RSntgenstrahlen). Viele Bilder s i n d niehtdestoweniger schon ver~ltert u n d o h n e Masstab. Z u m U n t e r s c h i e d v o n d e m H a n d b u c h fiber die NadelgehSlze {s. Rezension in Folio Goober. P h y t o t a x . , Praha, 7: 332-- 333,1972) h a t der Verfasser jetzt seine Erkenntnisse v o n d e n Reisen in der Tsehechoslowakei, die allerdings einer Aktuallisierung bediirfen, m e h r zur Geltung gobraeht. W i r kennen z. B. kein einziges lebendes E x e m p l a r von Acer negundo ev. Rozineekiana a u s den J. 1900 oder v o n cv. Opizii; ist die Beschreibung des laziniaten Ahorns (TAusCH) wirklich ein S y n o n y m v o n Acer platanoides cv. P a l m a t i f i d u m -- cv. Lorbergii? Es ist zu bedauern, dos wir keine sch5nen E x e m p l a r e v o n Berberis Silva Tarouca besitzen, die SCHNEIDER b e n a n n t e , usw. Sehr selten sind bei u n s die E x e m p l a r e von Lonicera syringantha vat. wolfii und L. alberti; ganz u n b e k a n n t ist L. • xylosteoides (sic e n t s t a n d i. J. 1838 in Prag). Dcr E r g ~ n z u n g s b a n d enth~lt Erg~nzungen u n d Berichtigungen, ein Verzeichnis der ungiiltig publiziorten N a m e n , ein Verzeiehnis der d e u t s e h e n Pflanzennamen, eine E r k l ~ u n g der Abkfirzungen u n d Hinweisen der Abbildungen. ~ e i t e r findet m a n die s y s t e m a t i s c h e ~)'~ersicht der Familien u n d G a t t u n g e n (nach ENGLEB), sowie die alphabetischen Listen der Familien u n d Gattungen. E i n Verzeichnis der Autoren y o n Sippennamen u n d eine l~bersicht der Registra-

214

F O L I A GEOBOTAI~*ICA LT P H Y T O T A X O N O M I C A , 14, 1979

tions-Autorit~tten fiir (lie ZiergehSlze ist s u c h beigcfiigt. Die L i t e r a t u r ist n a c h d e n geograp h i s c h e n R a u m e i n h e i t e n gereiht, w e i t e r a u c h n a c h d e n b o t a n i s e h e n Giixten trod sehliesslich ist hier s i n e L*bersieht der w i c h t i g s t e n A r b o r e t e n E u r o p a s u n d :Nordamerikaa. V o n d e n A u t o r e n u n d P u b l i k a t i o n e n , die d a s Gebiet dot T s e h e c h o s l o w a k i e botreffen, s i n d n u r wenige n e u e r e zitiert. E i n e d e r w i c h t i g s t e n K e u h e i t e n a u s der T s e h e c h o s l o w a k e i - - die i m m e r g r i i n e Sehlinge, die y o n J. VIK in P r a g geziiehtet w u r d e , sollte richtig als H y b r i d s V i b u r n u m x pra4jsnse VIK eingereibt w e r d e n , d a ihre E n t s t e h u n g d u r c h e x p e r i m e n t e l l e K r e u z u n g der E l t e r n a r t e n V. rhytidophyUum u n d V. utile n a e h g e p r i i f t wurdc. ] ) a s H a n d b u c h d e r Laubgeh61ze b r i n g t viele B e l e h r u n g e n t m d Anlasee flit die weitere I n t r o d u k t i o n f r e m d l a n d i s c h e r GehSlze u n d fiir die A n p f l a n z u n g y o n Z i e r a b a r t e n nieh n u r in d e n Arbor e t u m s a m m l u n g e n u n d in den S c h l o s s p a r k e n , s o n d e r n v e r a l l e m in d e n n e u g e g r i i n d e t e n Griinanlagen der St/~dte u n d S i e d l u n g c n z u r G e s t a l t u n g der U m w e l t . W i r f r e u e n u n s a u f die n / i c h s t e n Biicher u n d w i i n s c h e n dent A u t o r viel Erfolg in der weitercn A r b e i t . Au'roNts- M. S*'OBODA A. MIYAWAKI a n d R . T(iXEN (ed.) VEGETATION

SCIENCE

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION

P r o c e e d i n g s of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s y m p o s i u m in T o k y o on p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d excursion on v e g e t a t i o n science t h r o u g h J a p a n M a r u z e n Co., L t d . , T o k y o 1977, pp. x v ~- 576 I n 1974 t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Society for V e g e t a t i o n Science o r g a n i z e d a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l s y m p o s i u m on p r o t e c t i o n of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d corollary p r o b l e m s followed b y a n e x c u r s i o n t h r o u g h J a p a n . H e a d i n g scientists of 20 c o u n t r i e s t o o k p a r t in t h i s s y m p o s i u m a n d excursion. AKIRA MIYAWA:KI w a s t h e s p i r i t u s a g e n s of t h e m e e t i n g a n d owing to his e n o r m o u s efforts it was successful. T h e b o o k reviewed is in t w o p a r t s . T h e first i n c l u d e s all c o n t r i b u t i o n s a t t h e s y m p o s i u m , t h e second describes t h e e x c u r s i o n a n d gives t h e p e r s o n a l c o m m e n t s o f s o m e p a r t i c i p a n t s . T h e scientific p r o g r a m of t h e s y m p o s i u m held from J u n e 5 ot 7 w a s o p e n e d b y t h e c o m m e m o r a t i v e lecture o f R. TffXEN on t h e signiffieance o f p h y t e s o c i o l o g y for t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e s u b s e q u e n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s d e a l t w i t h f u n d a m e n t a l p r o b l e m s of v e g e t a t i o n science, veget a t i o n m a p p i n g of real a n d p o t e n t i a l n a t u r a l v e g e t a t i o n as a m e a n for t h e r e a d y i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of phytosociological results, t h e role o f v e g e t a t i o n in t h e l a n d s c a p e , t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n o f v e g e t a t i o n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h e u s e o f v e g e t a t i o n to i m p r o v e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f d e n s e l y i n h a b i t e d districts. Special a t t e n t i o n w a s p a i d to t h e influences of i n d u s t r y a n d d e n s e l y p o p u l a t e d u r b a n a r e a s on n a t u r e a n d to t h e u s e of v e g e t a t i o n as i n d i c a t o r of t h e s e p h e n o m e n a . Some c o n t r i b u t i o n s d e a l t w i t h t h e i m p a c t o f intensified f o r e s t r y a n d a g r i c u l t u r e o n t h e n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . A t t h e e n d of t h e s y m p o s i u m c o n t r i b u t i o n s on phytosociological d i a g n o s i s a n d creation of e n v i r o n m e n t in u r b a n a n d i n d u s t r i a l areas were delivered. T h e results of t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l s y m p o s i u m a n d excursion a r e s u m m e d u p in brief " E n v i r o n m e n t a l s t r a t e g y r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s " . ~ o w o n d e r t h a t a n i n t e r n a t i o n m e e t i n g of s u c h e x t e n t a n d o n s u c h a topic took place in J a p a n a n d t h a t it w a s financially s u p p o r t e d b y J a p a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s . T h e n e e d to solve t h e ecocrisis o f t h i s c o u n t r y is v e r y u r g e n t , a n d v e r y m u c h h a s b e e n done in theoretical a n d applied v e g e t a t i o n science, a n d in a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s for i m p r o v i n g t h e e n v i r o n m e n t in u r b a n a n d i n d u s t r i a l areas, especially b y Prof. M~VAWAKI a n d his collaborators. JAROSLaV MOP.Av~C

~OOKR~W~WS

215

Y. SELL, F. W~B~.~LI~G und H. LORENZEN (red.) MORPHOLOGIE, PFLANZEN

ANATOMIE

UND SYSTEMATIK

DER H~HEREN

Morphology, A n a t o m y and Systematies of Higher Plants Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart et New York 1977; 396 pp., 149 Fig. This volume of contributions to the morphology, a n a t o m y and systematies of higher plants is a separate edition of the first two numbers of the journal Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 90/1977, which were devoted t o results of t h e fourth symposium organized jointly by the German and French botanical societ es in Strasbourg in 1977. This symposium was dedic a t e d to the 80th anniversary of the birtl~ of the well-known West German morphologist W. TROLL. Altogether 45 papers were read in this symposium; 33 of t h e m are published in the volume reviewed. Papers refer to relatively rather different themes and on view of their great number only the most important of t h e m m a y be mentioned here. Relatively few papers are devoted to problems of the structure of inflorescences, i.e. to the topic especially studied b y W. TROLL in the last decades. A special type of a syndesmic inflorescence of Cordia verbenacea is explained by H. UttLARZ and F. WEBERLING. The latter author discusses separately problems of the structure of inflorescences of various members of Rubiaceae. D. Mi)LLER-DoFL~S describes monochasial inflorescences of some Liliiflorales. The structure of the inflorescence of ~teyano~perma is discussed marginally b y U. HOFMANN, whose paper is, however, primarily devoted to the statement of the correct taxonomic position of this genus in Centro-

spermales. Several papers concern problems of floral morphoiogy. P. K. EI~DRESS gives a brief historical review of this subject with special accent on some topical problems (ontogenesis of polyandrous androecea, development of carpels and gynoeeea, delimitation between stem and phyllome parts in the flower). The development of the sympetalous corolla of Solanum dulcamara is dealt with b y R. SATTLER; similarly the morphogenesis of the corolla of Pedicularis recutita is described b y E. MBIER-WENI(~EE. The ontogenesis of gynoeceum in various members of Apiaceae is the subject of the paper b y M. MAOIN. The structure of flowers in members of Eurpomatiaceae and ldimantandraceae (Magnoliales) is observed by P. K. ENDRESS especially for the determination of relationship between the two families. P. Z.~DO~ELLA in a more extensive paper gives results of his comparative study of floral nectaria in Centrospermales with reference to the phylogenetic classification of this group. Neetaria were studied in 400 species. The occurrence pattern of basic types of nectaria corresponds well to the natural systematic groups distinguished in present taxonomic systems. Of the papers on embryological subjects, t h a t b y U. HAMA~N on the convergence of embryological characters in Angiosperms is especially important. I t is a review of analogical and homological phenomenona in this morphological region (incl. sporogenesis, gametogenesis and the development of seeds). Special attention is devoted to the helobial endosperm, which occurs convergently also in some Dicotyledons (e.g. in Saxi/raga). F. BOUMANand J. I. M. C-~LISdiscuss of the possible origin of unitegmy from bitegmy and give the shifting of integuments as a new (third) possibility. Besides HAMANI~S paper, several further papers are devoted to problems of convergence. Some of them are of phylogenetic-morphological character, in other actual convergent formations formed under the influence of various factors are dealt with. W. HAGEMANNdiscusses the concept of convergence in a general way. In his opinion, it can be considered typologically or phylogenetically; he supports the first way (i.e. without regard to the evolutionary process). Results of typological investigation are useful for the solution of phylogenetical problems. Convergenees m a y not always be explained b y adaptations. Cases of parallel diversification also exist, being, however, without any adaptive effect. In his very interesting paper (summarizing briefly opinions from his more extensive recent publications) full of provocative ideas, A. D. J. MEEUSE discusses problems of homology and convergence in the floral region. His view differs substantially from those usually accepted. According to MEEUSE, no identity exists between floral parts (sepals inclusive) and trophophylls. Separation between vegetative and generative parts of the shoot is not possible; sepals and petals are not homologous, but two whorls of tepals in Monocotyledons are considered as mutually homologous. Stamens do not represent a full homogeneons category. I t is conceivable t h a t acceptance of these ideas b o t h in comparative morpho-

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA, 14. 1979

216

logy and in phylogenetical systematics (based generally on the anthocorm theory) would be rather far-reaching. I t would be not possible to compare the flower of one taxon with t h a t of another taxon, stamens of one t a x o n with those of another taxon, etc. At the same time MEEVSE opposes the complicated derivation of simple flowers b y repeated reductions and oligomerizations. I n the sense of these ideas the classification of flowering plants ought to be re-arranged on a different basis; so for instance flowers of Magnolia could no longer be considered as archetypic in comparison with those of other groups. MEEUSE'Srevolutionary views on the structure of flowers will have to be discussed b y competent authors in phylogenetical studies. Two further phylogenetic-morphological papers may also be mentioned here. The concept of the tendency in relation to the evolution of the plant kingdom is discussed by F. P. JONXES. The tendency is expressed b y genesis of a similar phenomenon in different, but not closely related taxa. These phenomenons have evolved separately within various taxonomic groups and in addition even in various periods. Examples may be the tendency to differentiation of stems, leaves and roots, t h a t to heterospory or to angiospermy. The concept of tendency is -- in this author's opinion -- not identical with t h a t of convergence or parallelism, it is not a consequence of the same ecological life-conditions and mostly it does not represent similarity in the structure of the whole organ. A. RITTE~EUSCH proposes two morphological models for higher terrestrial plants, a phylogenetical and an ecological These models may serve as criteria for understanding of the form of the plant. E. WESTPHAL observes virescenee as a type of convergently morphological effect arosen under influence of the parasite. Close convergent symptoms m a y be found in various families in spite of differ6nces between the parasitic influences forming them (zoocecidial, viral or fungal parasites). Cecidiogenesis was studied in detail b y O. ROHFRITSCH, who stated a close correlation between t h e cecidia and t~e relevant parasite. Besides the paper by HOFMANN on Stega~osjaerma, further papers are included here, containing some taxonomic conclusions. J. KoE~-Noo~MA~'~ studied the comparative anatomy of xylem of Rubiaceae; characters of secondary xylem confirm the relationships among genera and species as t h e y were described in the latest systems of this family. Some genera present a special position from the viewpoint of their a n a t o m y ; stating this the paper helps t o stimulate their further taxonomic investigation. R. VIANE and W. v+,~ COTTHEM studied the morphology of spores and s t o m a t a in some K e n y a n representatives of Asplenium. According to their findings a coincidence exists between the formation of perispo~r and stomatal characters and it may be utilized for b e t t e r knowledge and determination of relationships. The paper also contains terminology of spore morphology (with an illustration). The paper by W. LICH~ on the radication of dicotyledonous sandplants is rather of an ecological character. According to his findings the t y p e of radication in these plants never represents t h e most optimal adaptation to the ecotope; it often corresponds to other conditions or follows from the systematic position of the plant. The memorial volume reviewed here represents a section through rather heterogeneous subject-matter, referring to morphology in the broadest sense (i.e. from phylogenstieaily directed comparative morphology to the s t u d y of microstructure of cell walls) and partly to its application in systematics. This broad range of subject extension is rather to the disadvantage of the volume. A restriction of the theme in the sense of the main activity of the scholar thus honoured would be more suitable. On the other hand, b y its miscellaneous content the volume gives a good survey of the problems studied in this scientific branch in institutes of West Europe, especially in West Germany, France, the Netherlands and Switzerland. The book is very well printed and the t e x t is accompanied b y numerous telling drawings and photographs. JOSEF HOLUB V. H. HEYWOOD, J. B. HARBOI~E et B. L. TURNER (ed.) THE

BIOLOGY

AND CHEMISTRY

OF THE COMPOSITAE

Vols. I and II. -- Academic Press, London, New York et San Francisco 1977, pp. X I V -~ 1189, Plates 35, Tables 90, Figs. 284, price $ 53,75 -~ 53.75 / s 27.50 % 27.50 This monumental monograph on botanical and chemical criteria concerning the largest family of dicotyledons is based on lectures presented during the international symposium on the Biology and Chemistry of Compositae, held at the University of Reading, England, July 14th--18th,

BOOKREVIEWS

217

1975. Totally 42 contributors edited their lectures for publication in the form of 14 general and 28 special chapters, classified in two parts for technical reasons only. The opening chapter b y the editors is not merely a general introduction to the problems of the family Asteraceae, but also an introduction to historical and present-day solutions of the classifications of this "attractive, fascinating and even repulsive family", with an outline of the economic importance of their representatives and the ability of some of them to protect themselves against herbivores. I n the interesting chapter on the fossile records and distributional d a t a (B. L. TURNER) attention is drawn to the very old origin of the family and the place and time of their origin is discussed. The third (B. L. BURTT) and the fourth chapters (E. E. LEPPmK) are devoted to the capitulum, its diversification, heteromorphism and evolutionary trends of flowers, capitulum and conflorescences. The developmental and comparative anatomy of the Asteraceae and of composite-llke families is the subject of the fifth chapter (G. L. STEBBINS), The conclusions of the sixth chapter (C. JEFFI~Y), dealing with evolutionary speculations based on the corolla forms, give rise to an interesting scheme in which other corolla types are derivatives from the ancestral zygomorphic bilabiate corolla type. The subsequent chapter (J. BAXGE)discusses the microcharacters of the epidermis in the ligules, possible derivations of epidermis types and taxonomic considerations. The largest general chapter (J. J. SKVART.A,B. L. TU~aNER, V. C. PATEL and A. S. TOMB) is devoted to pollen morphology in the Compositae and in related families. After a comparison of the terminological systems of various authors pollen wall units at ultrastructural level and detailed analyses of pollen morphology in all tribus of Compositae and in possibly related families are compared. The result of the comparisons is a discussion of the possible importance and significance of the similarities between the ultrastructure of the exines of Compositae and Calyceraceae. The chapter is accompanied by 31 plates of electron micrographs of pollen walls of 156 taxa examined, and in the appendix (G. T~ANr~:AI~ONI) 228 references to principal works on t h e pollen morphology of the Compositae are collected (except for the 162 references given as p a r t of the preceding chapter); an index to 608 genera with indications regarding replica, scanning and transmission electron microscope studies is included. The basis of the subsequent chapter (O. T. SOLBRm) are the chromosome numbers, known In more t h a n one third of the species in the family, and the results of the chromosome cytology are surveyed in connection with the habitus, polyploidy and DNA content. The t e n t h chapter (R. HEO~AUER), on the chemistry of Compositae, represents a survey of secondary metabolites and their taxonomic significance. The following classes are discussed: ubiquitous sesquiterpene lactones, triterpenes, acetylenic compounds, flavonoids, inulin-type fructans, cyelltols and other compounds with a more limited distribution, which, however, may be of importance as characters of infrafamiliar taxonomic ranks. Sesquiterpenlc lactones as characteristic secondary metabolites of Compositae are the subject of the next independent chapter (W. H~.RZ). Here their utilisability is stressed in connection with the increasing number of new data in the t a x o n o m y of family and the utility in the investigation of relationships of infrafamiliar taxa. Attention, similar to t h a t devoted to sesquiterpenic lactones is also given to flavonoid pigments and in this chapter (J. B. H)~BOI~NE) several interesting examples are presented concerning the relationships between some genera or species, on the basis of the occurrence of flavonoids in correlation with the content of sesquiterpenlc lactenes of a certain type, or with some other chemical characters. The penultimate general chapter (N. A. SO~ENSEN) discusses polyacetylenes, their distribution in Compositae, and with the examples of Australian endemic species of several tribes the conservatism of chemical characters is pointed out. The fourteenth chapter (H. WAGNER) on the pharmaceutical and economic uses of the Compositae terminates the general part of the monograph. The special p a r t is treated in a double manner. Two chapters are devoted to each tribe: the first represents a systematic review, the second a chemical review. The arrangement of tribes does not differ very m u c h from Bentham's tribal classification and successively the following are reviewed: Eupatorieae (syst.: H. ROBINSON and R. M. Kr~G -- chem.: X. A. DOMiNaUEZ), Vernon/eae (S. B. JONES--J. H. HARBORNE and C. A. Wr~IAMS), Astereae (J. GRAu--W. HE,Z), Inuleae (H. MEBX~iS'LLER, P. LEINS and H. ROESST.~R--J. B. HAa~BO~NE), Heliantheae (T. F.

218

F O L I A GEOBOTANICA )~T P H Y T O T A X O N O M I C A , 14, 1979

STUESSY--T. SWAIN a n d C. A. WILLIAMS), Helenieae (B. L. TURNER a n d A. M. POWELL--B. A. BOlIM), Tageteae (J. L. STROTHER--E. RODRtOUES a n d T. J. MArRy), Senecioneae a n d L/abeae (B. NORDENSTAM--D. J. Rom~'s), Anthemideae (V. H. HEYWOOD a n d C. J . H U ~ H R I E S - - H . GRE(~ER), Arctoteae a n d Calenduleae (T. NORDLLN'DH--L. It. G. VALADON), Cynareae (M. DITTRXCHH . WAGNER), Mutisicae (A. L. CABRERA) a n d Lactuceae (A. S. TOME--A. G. GorczCir.Ez). I n t h e t r e a t m e n t of i n d i v i d u a l tribes v a r i o u s m o r p h o l o g i c a l , a n a t o m i c a l , caryological a n d s o m e t i m e s embryological, genetic, palynologic, p h y t o g e o g r a p h i c a n d o t h e r v i e w p o i n t s h a v e b e e n applied a n d a list o f valid or a c c e p t e d g e n e r a w i t h i m p o r t a n t s y n o n y m s , a p p r o x i m a t e n u m b e r o f species a n d m o s t l y also t h e h a b i t u s , c h r o m o s o m e n u m b e r s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n is i n c l u d e d . T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g chemical c h a p t e r s w i t h reviews o n t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f s e c o n d a r y m e t a b o l i t e s a n d t h e e n s u i n g conclusions are m o s t l y p r e s e n t e d in a c o m p l e x m a n n e r ; t h e t r i b e s Corsopsideae, Liabeae a n d Mutisieae are a n e x c e p t i o n , since in t h e i r case sufficient c o m p a r a t i v e d a t a are lacking. T w o c o m p r e h e n s i v e c h a p t e r s f o r m t h e conclusion. T h e first is d e v o t e d to t h e c h e m i s t r y o f Compositae (T. J. M~aRY a n d F. BOHLMAN,W) a n d t h e second to t h e i r biology (B. L. TURNEI~), while b o t h finish w i t h a d i s c u s s i o n of t r i b a l g r o u p i n g a n d p h y l o g e n y . A s a n i m p o r t a n t a p p e n d i x t h e a l p h a b e t i c a l list o f t h e g e n e r a of t h e Cornpasitae is g i v e n (S. JURY), w i t h a n indication o f t h e tribe to w h i c h e a c h one b e l o n g s t o g e t h e r w i t h i m p o r t a n t s y n o n y m s . A l m o s t 1700 n a m e s are registered here! O f course, a s u b j e c t i n d e x a n d indices of o r g a n i s m s a n d chemical c o m p o u n d s are also given. T h e s e registers c o m p l e t e t h i s m o n u m e n t a l w o r k on t h e f a m i l y c o m p r i s i n g 1 302 g e n e r a w i t h a l m o s t 22 t h o u s a n d species. T h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f so m a n y t a x a s p r e a d over t h e whole globe, in a u n i f o r m m a n n e r , is p r o b a b l y impossible. I t is also i m p o s s i b l e to give m o r e detailed a t t e n t i o n to t h e results, as p r e s e n t e d b y t h e a u t h o r s of i n d i v i d u a l c h a p t e r s in t h i s review. A r e v a l u a t i o n of t h e 'tribal c o n t e n t , t h e adoptions o f u n c o v e n t i o n a l or t h e p r o p o s a l s o f n e w tribes a n d s u b t r i b e s (e.g. Arnico~., Coreopsideae, Carlineae, Toxjeteae, Varillinae), t h e e x c l u s i o n o f t h e g e n u s Arnica t o g e t h e r w i t h related g e n e r a f r o m t h e tribe Senecioneae a n d t h e i r t r a n s f e r in p r o x i m i t y to t h e Heliantheae, t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f " h e l e n o l d " t a x a a m o n g six tribes, t h e r e a s o n s for i n c l u d i n g t h e anemophilouas Ambrosiinae a m o n g e n t o m o p h i l o u s Heliantheae, t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e a b s e n c e o f s e s q u l t e r p e n i e l a c t o n e s in t h e tribe Tageteae, etc. -- all t h e s e c a n be considered as e x a m p l e s of i m p o r t a n t conclusions. H o w e v e r , t h e reviewer believes t h a t t h e m a i n v a l u e of t h i s u n i q u e m o n o g r a p h c o n s i s t s in t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f a c t u a l d a t a - biological a n d c h e m i c a l -- o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h i s w i d e s p r e a d f a m i l y , i.e. t h e c r e a t i o n o f a sort of p r i n t e d " d a t a b a n k " on Compos/gae. T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s w o r k c a n in no w a y suffer f r o m t h e r e p e t i t i o n o f s o m e d a t a in s e v e r a l c h a p t e r , or t h e u s e o f different m a n n e r s o f p r e s e n t i n g references, or i n a d e q u a c y of c h e m i c a l f o r m u l a e a n d b i o s y n t h e t i c s c h e m e s , n o r a few m i s p r i n t s . T h a n k s to t h e editors a n d t h e p u b l i s h e r s t h o s e i n t e r e s t e d in t h i s c o m p l e x a n d p r o b l e m a t i c a l f a m i l y h a v e n o w a w o r k w h i c h will for m a n y y e a r s be a t r u e source of d a t a for f u r t h e r s t u d | e s , d i s c u s s i o n s a n d i n f o r m a t i o n for all t h o s e w h o seek e v e r y m e t h o d for t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m a t i c ~ a n d p h y l o g e n y of C o m p o s i t a e a n d , hence, m a k e use of t h e d a t a on c h e m i c a l p l a n t c o m p o n e n t s , t h e i r classification a n d possible biogenesis. JA.'r TO~AN It* H . WHITTAKER (ed.)

ORDINATION

OF PLANT

COMMUNITIES

Dr. W . J u n k b.v. P u b l i s h e r s , T h e H a g u e et B o s t o n 1978, 388 p p . I t. H. WHITTAKER (ed.)

CLASSIFICATION

OF PLANT

COMMUNITIES

Dr. W. J u n k b.v. Publishers, T h e H a g u e et B o s t o n 1978, 408 pp. I n 1973, a book edited b y It. H . WHrrTAKER " O r d i n a t i o n a n d classification o f c o m m u n i t i e s " w a s p u b l i s h e d as t h e fifth v o l u m e o f t h e series " H a n d b o o k o f v e g e t a t i o n s c i e n c e " (see t h e review in F o i l s Oeobot. P h y t o t a x . 9: 4 3 9 - - 4 4 0 ) . T h e u r g e n t n e c e s s i t y for books t h a t could create a world-wide " v e g e t a t i o n s c i e n c e " f r o m single n a t i o n a l c u r r e n t s w a s confirmed, five y e a r s later, b y a n e w e d i t i o n of t h i s h a n d b o o k b y Dr. W . J u n k , P u b l i s h e r s . T h i s t i m e , t h e c o n t e n t are divided into t w o i n d e p e n d e n t v o l u m e s referring to

~00KREWnWS

219

each other not only in t h e i r contents, b u t also in their formal arrangement, viz. the numbering of chapters. The fact t h a t ordination methods are younger t h a n those of classification is reflected in the recent development of the former approach. Nowadays, ordination methods are developing faster, which is markedly influenced b y the progress in computer science. This advance also led to changes in the t e x t devoted to ordination, compared to the first edition. The p a r t dedicated to ordination, besides the introduction written b y R. H. W~ITTAKER, contains the following chapters: 2. Direct gradient anals~sis (R. H. WHITTAKER);3. Retrogression and eoenocline distance (R. H. WHIttAKER a n d G. M. WOODWE~,); 4. Russian IRAMENSKY) approaches to c o m m u n i t y systematization (L. 1~. SOBOLEV and V. D. UT~KmN); 5. Sample similarity and species correlation (D. W. GOODALL); 6. Matrix and plexus techniques (R. P. McI~Tos~); 7. Wisconsin comparative ordination (G. Co,rAM, F. G. GOFF, a n d R. H. WHITTAKER); 8. Factor analysis (P. D~mNELIE); 9. Ordination b y resemblance matrices (L. ORT,SCI); 10. Evaluation of ordination techniques (R. H. W~ITrAXER and H. G. GAUCH, Jr'.); 11. Recent developments in continuous multivariate techniques (L NOY-]~EIR a n d R. H. W~ITTA~ER). Compared with the first edition, we notice t h a t a certain agreement in the language has been attained. I n the English speaking sphere it will be appreciated t h a t Chapter 8, describing factor analysis, has been translated from F r e n c h to English. Moreover, the list of references in particular chapters has been brought up to date b y the addition of new titles from the period 1973 to 1977; these papers are also mentioned in the t e x t at appropriate places. Recent advances in ordination methods find expression in Chapter 10, quite newly written, and in the newly included Chapter 11. I n these two chapters, such new techniques as parametric mapping, Gaussian ordination, multidimensional scaling a n d older methods, have been given adequate t r e a t m e n t . This refers, e.g. to "analyse factorielle des correspondances" used b y French a u t h o r s s i n c e the end of the sixties and introduced into the anglophone sphere as late as 1973 b y HIT.L under t h e term "reciprocal averaging". Several instructive pictures have been included in this chapter, which required changes in numberin~ of the remaining pictures and in text. This has been done consiste n t l y with the sole exception of page 25 (Chapter 1) where, due to the insertion of a new figure, the reference to Fig. 4 should be altered (Fig. 5). The volume dedicated to classification has remainded without profound changes and contains the following chapters: 12. Approaches to classifying vegetation (R. H. "vVHITrAXER); 13. The physiognomic approach (J. S. BEARD); 14. Dominance types (R. ]:L WHITTAKER); 15. The Finnish school and forest-site types (T. E. A. FRy.Y); 16. Synusial approaches to classification (J. J. BARXM.~); 17. Russian approaches to classification (V. D. ALEX~DROVA); 18. N o r t h E u r o p e a n approaches to classification (H. TBAss and N. MALME~); 19. Numerical classification (D. W. GOODALL); 20. The Bratm-Blanquet approach (V. WESTHOFF and E. vA~ n ~ MAARE~). Workers using certain techniques will find it very useful t h a t Chapters 10 a n d I1 review the advantages and disadvantages qf single numerical techniques. I t is a pity t h a t evaluation of the indices of similarity (Chapter 5), and techniques of numerical classification (Chapter 19) have not received similar treatment. Any phytocenologist intending to use these techniques for t h e first time, will face difficulties in following the extensive literature (often with contradictory views) dealing with this range of problems. The recent fast development of ordination techniques has, obviously, required a new edition of this book. The wish expressed b y the editor in the introduction of the treatise -- to provide readers with a compendium in less expensive form t h a n t h a t of the first edition - - was, hopefully, achieved and we can welcome b o t h reviewed publications. FRANTI~:~:K KRAHULEO

220

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA, 14, 1979

H. ETTT. XANTHOPHYCEAE 1. Teil Siisswasserflora von Mitteleuropa 3. Herausgeber: H. ETTL, J. GERLOFF, H. HEY~m. Verlag, S t u t t g a r t / V E B G. Fischer Verlag, J e n a 1978, 530 pp, 636 Fig., 98,-- DM.

-

-

G. Fischer

Seit vielen J a h r z e h n t e n wird die Bestimmung der Algen, insbes, im grossen Bereieh der angew a n d t e n Algologie, in der Hydrobiologie, Limnologie, Wasserwirtschaft, Wasserhygiene, etc. d u r c h die von A. PASCHER herausgegebene Siisswasserflora yon Mittelem-opa beherrseht. Auch f'ffr die Grundlagenforschung in der Algologie war diese Sehrlftenreihe meistens der Ausgangsp u n k t u n d die einzelnen B/~nde -- in ihrer Auffassung einer Flora -- ziemlieh oft gleiehzeitig sin Ausgangspunkt ffir sp~tere monographische Bearbeitungen der betreffenden Gruppe. I n den 60 J a h r e n seit der G e b u r t dieser Schriftenreihe h a t dieses Werk der wissenschaftlichen Erziehung yon 2 - - 3 Generationen yon Algologen beigetragen und wiederholt bewiesen, wie durchdacht, progressiv und vorgreifend seine Auffassung u n d seine S t r u k t u r waren. Es ist daher eigentlich n i e h t so erstaunlich, dass die Generation yon Algologen, die sehon die Schiiler yon PASCHER'S Schiilern sind, zur Ansicht gekommen ist, dass es doch vorteilhaft ware, sine Neufassung dieses Werkes herauszubringen. Diese Aufgabe h a b e n vier n a m h a f t e Algologen a u f sich genommen: H. ETTL, J. G~.RT.OrF, H. I-I_EYNIO u n d B. SCHUSSNIGj von denen d e r letztg e n a n n t e durch seinen Tod dieser Aufgabe entrissen wurde. Diese war nieht n u r des Umfangs wegen ~usserst schwierig, sondern vor allem durch das Bewustsein, dass m a n ihr jetziges Werk trainer wieder m i t dem M o n u m e n t der ehemaligen Auflage yon PASCHER vergleichen wird. Die ganze Reihe soil jetzt in 23 B/~ndern erscheinen, wobei die ersten 19 den Algen gewidmet sind, die i~brigen vier den Schizomyceten, Myeophyten, B r y o p h y t e n u n d P t e r i d o p h y t e n m i t A n t h o p h y t e n . U n d nicht zuf/~l]ig ist der erste ersehienene B a n d den X a n t h o p h y c e e n gewidmet, die ein Mittelpunkt des algologisehen Werks yon PASCHER waren. Der U m f a n g des Bandes ist jetzt begreiflicherweise a u f das m e h r als Vierfache der ehemaligen Bearbeitung der Heterokonten yon PASCHER (1925) angewaehsen, was dem Fortsehritt der Algologie und der Zahl der neubesehriebenen Taxa v6Uig entspricht. Sonst halten sieh aber die Herausgeber ganz programmatiseh a n das Vorbild der damal/gen Schriftenreihe, sowohl in der S t r u k t u r als aueh in der graphisehen Form, was dem breiten Interessentenumkreis slcher zugute kommt. Ebenfalls der urspriingliehen Auffassung entspreehend ist das Werk vor allem als Bestimm u n g s b u e h gestaltet. Der aUgemeine Tell (p. 1--51) enth~lt sine kurze ~ b e r s i c h t der Zytologie, Morphologie, 0kologie, Verbreitung und taxonomfscher Stellung u n d Gliederung der X a n t h o phyeeen, sowie auch methodische Anweisungen zu ihrer Untersuchung, B e s t h n m u n g u n d Kultivierung; aUe diese Kapitel sind von instruktiven Zeichnungen begleitet. Der Schwerpunkt des Buches liegt d a n n im speziellen Tell (p. 53--513) der die 6 0 r d n u n g e n umfasst (Chloramoebales, Rhizochloridales, Heterogloeales, Mischococcalss, Tribonematales, Botrydiales). Fiir die Bestimmungspraxis sind zwei Tatsachen wichtig und wertvoll: 1. jede angeFtihrte A r t ist abgebildet (meist mehrere Einzelabbildungen m i t morphologisehen Details, Entwicklungsstadien, usw.), die Abbildungen stehen einzeln odor h f c h s t e n s zu 2-- 3 in unmittelbarer N/~he der Beschreibung; 2. selbst/~ndige Bestimmungsschliissel f'dr Ordnungen, Familfen, G a t t u n g e n u n d Fur A r t e n (bei nicht monospezifisehen Gattungen). Fiir weiteres Studium sind bei jeder Ordnung, Familie u n d G a t t u n g die wiehtigsten Literaturquellen angegeben, sowie auch die wichtigsten S y n o n y m a , am E n d s jeder G a t t u n g werden die unslcheren mad zu streichenden A r t e n m i t kurzer Begrfindung angeffihrt. Ausgezeichnete Abbildungen u n d pr/~zise Bearbeitung erg/~nzen das Bild dieses Bandes, der gleich beim S t a r t dieser erneuten Herausgabe der Sfisswasserflora die L a t t e ziemlieh hoeh gestollt hat. WoUen wir hoffen, dass auch die n/~chsten B~nde dieses hohe Niveau einhalten werden. OLD~ZCH LHOTSX~

BOOKREVIEWS

221

I)IETER-WOLFANG LACHE

UMWELTBEDINGUNGEN HEIDEGESELLSCHAFTEN

VON BINNEND(YNENUND IM N O R D W E S T E N MITTELEUROPAS

Scripta Geobotanica 11. - - Verlag Erich Goltze KG, G6ttingen 1976, 96 S., Preis 15,-- DM. Als Objekt des Studiums der rezensierten Arbeit dienten die in diesen pflanzensoziologischen Einheiten gereihten GeseUsehaften: Ericetum tetralivis, Calluno-Geniatetum, Spergulo morisoniiCorynephoretum typicum und die Gesellschaft mit Festuca cap///ata. Es handelt sieh um bedeutende C,~sellsehaften yon Atlanteuropa, deren 0kologie in den letzten Jahren eine betr~chtlige Aufrnerktsamkeit gewidmet wird (cL C. I-I. GX~r(~HAM 1972, Ecology of Heathlands. London). Da~ Faktum, dass diese Gesellschaften in Fragrnent~n nach Mitteleuropa eingreifen, erh6ht unser Interesse f'ur die 0kologie dieser GeseUschaften im Zentrum der eigenen Verhreitung. Die Publikation umfasst vet ahem eine Analyse der Standortfaktoren der angegebenen C,~sellschaften. Jeder studierte Standort wird pflanzensoziologiseh und mit dem Bodenprofil charakterisiert. Bei den bedeutenden Dominanten der studierten GeseUsehaften (Erica tetraJix, Calluna vulqaris, Empetrum nigrum und Corynephorus vane~cens) wird ihr Areal bewertet. Es werden hier die Ansprtichen der einzelnen Arten und ihre Beziehung zum Makroklima beriieksiehtigt. Es ist schade, dass der Autor die Arbeit yon M. RYCH~rOVSX~.-SouD~rOV, (Corynephorus caneseens (L.) P. BEAtrv. Physiologische-6kologische Studie einer Pflanzenart. Praha 1961) nicht anfiihrt; in dieser Arbeit wird n/imlich die Ostgrenze des Areals dieser Art etwas anders erkJ/irt. Von den Umweltfaktoren wurde die Aufmerksamkeit der Temperatur, dem Wmsser und dem Bodenehemismus gewidmet. Es wurde der T a g ~ g a n g der Lufttemperatur ~ber dem Bestand, im Innern des I-Ieidebestandes und der Bodentemperaturen gemessen. Aueh die Temperaturextreme w~hrend des Vegetationsz~itabsehnittes wurden ausgewertet. In/~hnlicher Weise wurde aueh die Evaporation und die Luftfeuehtigkeit studiert. Die Bodenfeuchtigkeit und der Verlauf der Untergrundwasserfl~ehe wurden w/~hrend des ganzen Jahres studiert. Aus den Bodenverh/fltnissen wurde die Aufmerksamkeit nur dem pH-Verlauf, dem Regime des Stiekstoffes und dem VerhRltnis C : N gewid~net. Die Arbeit bringt eine betr/iehtliche Menge Angaben yon den mikroklimatisehen V e r h / i l t n i ~ n und yon dem Regime des Bodenstickstoffes, dem bedeutende Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet wurde. Unter den einzelnen C~sell~chaften wurden interessante Unterschiede festg~telt. Es ist sehade, dass w/~hrend des Studiums vor ahem der Gesellsehaften mlt Calluna vulgaris die zyklisehen Prozesse, die in diesen Gesellschaften verlaufen, nieht berficksichtigt wurden. Mit Bezug auf betr~.chtliehen faktographischen Inhalt empfehle ich das rezensierte Bueh jedem, den die 0kologie der obeng~nannten Gesellsehaften interessiert. I*'RANTI~EK KRAHULEC

K i.~u$ G R I M M E

WASSER- UNI) N~HRSTOFFVERSORGUNG

VON HANGBUCHENW~-LDER

Scripta Geobotanica 12. -- Verlag Erich Goltze KG, G6ttingen 1977, 58 S. Band 12 der Scripta Geobotanica bringt eine detaillierte 6kologische Studie der Buchenw&lder auf Kalksteinunterlagen des Leine- und Werrarberglandes (Bundesrepublik Deutschland). Der Schwerpunkt liegt in der Untersuchung des Ganges des Wasser- trod Stickstoff-Regimes in den Jahren 1973 und 1974. Die Messungen wurden auf 15 Fl~ichen unternommen, deren Besti~ndo zum Vin~oxico- Tilietum Fagus-Var., Melico- Fagetum typicum, M- F. elymetosum, M - F. allietosum, Carici-Fagetum typicum, C-F. actaeeto,cum und C-F. prlmuletesum -- Carex flacca-, Acteae- und typische Var. geh6ren. Der Wasserhaushalt wurde durch den Gang des Wassergehaltes CVol. %) im Verh/~ltnis zu den Werten der Feldkapazit~t und des permanenten Welkeprozentes charakterisiert. Die Ergcbnisse zeigen einen starken Wechsel zwischen Befeuchtung und Austrocknung, mit Ausnahme des Vineetaxico-Tilietum, und einen W a s ~ r m a n g e l im Sp~tsommer und Herbst (besonders im trockenen Jahr 1973).

222

F O L I A G E O B O T A N I C A ET PHYTOTAXO:NOMICA, 14, 1979

Die S t i c k s t o f f v e r s o r g u n g der Pflanz~engesells(.haften h / i n g t v o n der Mineralisation des o r g a n i s c h g e b u n d e n c n Stickstoffes ab. D u r c h B e b r i i t u n g der B o d e n p r o b o n im L a b o r a t e r i u m h a t d e r A u t o r (tie A b h / i n g i g k e i t des M i n e r a l i s a t i o n s v e r l a u f e s einerseits v e t o W a s s e r g e h a i t , a n d e r e r s e i t s veto G e h a l t a,I N u n d C (also a n H u m u s } best/~ttigt. D e r N - N a c h l i e f e r u n g s g a n g w u r d e d u r c h Beb r i i t u n g (6 W o c h e n ) y o n B o d e n p r o h e n a m S t a n d o r t e r m i t t e l t . Der G e h a l t a n m i n e r a l i s i e r t e n S t i c k s t o f f h a t drei M a x i m a i m V e r l a u f d e s J a h r e s gezeigt -- d a s erate M a x i m u m in F r i i h j a h r , die beiden a n d e r e n im S p / i t s o m m e r u n d H e r b s t . Die M i n e r a l s t i c k s t o f f n a c h l i e f e r u n g pro Vegetationsperiode ist b e i m Vincetoxico-Tilietum die h 6 c h s t e , d a n n folgt d e s Melico-Fagetum allieto~um, M-F. elymeto.~urn u n d M-F. typicum in a b n e h m e n d e r Intensit/~t, gefolgt v o m Carici-Fagetum typicum, C-F. actaeeto.~um u n d C-F. prirnuletosurn. N e b e n W a s s e r - u n d S t i c k s t o f f h a u s h a l t h a t der A u t o r d e s M i k r o k l i m a u n d die c h e m i s c h o n E i g e n s c h a f t e n der BSden d e r u n t e r s u c h t e n P f l a n z e n g e s e l l s c h a f t e n s t u d i e r t , u m d e s Bild fiber ihre 0 k o l o g i e zu ergiinTen. D e s n i c h t allzu u m f a n g r e i c h e H e f t b r i n g t n i c h t n u r k o n k r e t e E r g e b n i s s e fiber die U m w e l t der B u c h e n w / i l d e r s o n d e r n a u c h d a s Beispiel einer k r i t i s c h e n u n d m e t o d i s c h g u t f u n d i e r t e n s y n 6kologischen Studie, die d e n S t u d e n t e n als M u s t e r d i e n e n k a n n . E s ist n i c h t die erste u n d w a h r scheinlich a u c h n i c h t die letzte A r b e i t dieser Art, die in S c r i p t s G e o b o t a n i c a erechien. JAROSLAVMORAVEC

M. R. D. S~AWA~D (ed.) LICHEN

ECOLOGY

A c a d e m i c Press, L o n d o n , N e w Y o r k et S a n F r a n c i s c o 1977, pp. 10 a n d 550, price s 23 I n r e c e n t y e a r s a n u m b e r o f b o o k s d e d i c a t e d to t h e s t u d y of lichens h a s been p u b l i s h e d . T h e o n e r e v i e w e d here is concerned w i t h ecological a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l p r o b l e m s . T h e editor M. R. D. SEAWARD is also t h e a u t h o r of t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n , w h e r e t h e m a i n directions a n d a i m s of ecological r e s e a r c h are sketched. (His review of principal s t i m u l a t i n g s o u r c e s does n o t m e n t i o n a b o u t C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n n o n - G e r m a n or Soviet a u t h o r s . ) I n t h e first c h a p t e r , w h i c h s h o u l d be s t u d i e d b y e v e r y lichen t a x o n o m i s t , W. A. WEBF.R refers to n e v i r o n m e n t a l modifications. I n a n o t h e r article, P. B. TOP,tAM t a k e s n o t e of lichen colonisation, g r o w t h , succession a n d c o m p e t i t i o n . T w o c h a p t e r s are of i n t e r e s t also for zoologists. T h e y deal w i t h l i c h e n - i n v e r t e b r a t e associations (by U. G~.RSON a n d M. R. D. SEAWARD) a n d to a l i c h e n - v e r t e b r a t e s relation (by D. H. S. RICHARDSO~ a n d C.*M Y o u , r e ) . T h e following t h r e e c h a p t e r s deal w i t h lichens f r o m v a r i o u s regions. E u r o p e a n lichenologists will p e r h a p s be m o s t i n t e r e s t e d in t h e article b y T. A~TI " L i c h e n s of t h e boreal coniferous z o n e " ( i n c l u d i n g a s u r v e y o f d i s t r i b u t i o n a l t y p e s of boreal lichens). N e v e r t h e l e s s , t w o o t h e r s , referring to t h e lichens o f cold p o l a r d e s e r t s (by D. C. LI~DSAY) a n d of h o t arid a n d s e m i - a r i d l a n d s (by I~. W. RooElm) offer a lot of i n f o r m a t i o n especially a b o u t d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s a n d s o m e ecological a s p e c t s . F. H . BRmHTMAN a n d M. R . D. S'~-XWARD b r i n g a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s u r v e y o f lichens living o n m a n - m a d e s u b s t r a t e s . T h e m o s t e x t e n s i v e c h a p t e r is a n a c c o u n t of lichen c o m m u n i t i e s In t h e B r i t i s h Isles (including t e n n e w associations) b y P. W. JA.'~ES, D. L. HAWKSWORTH a n d F. R o s e . O. L. GIImERT'S final article also offers m a n y original ideas. T w o a p p e n d i c e s (" A B i b l i o g r a p h i c G u i d e to t h e L i c h e n F l o r a of t h e W o r l d " b y D. L. ttXWXSWORTH a n d " A Selected G l o s s a r y " b y M. R. D. S~'.AWARD a n d D. L. I-[AWXSWORTr,) t o g e t h e r w i t h t a x o n o m i c a n d s u b j e c t i n d e x e s a n d w i t h a rich list o f references in e a c h c h a p t e r , increase t h e g e n e r a l u s e f u l n e s s of t h i s work. O n l y v e r y few m i s p r i n t s (e.g. Lecanora alpho'placurn on p. 56 or Cladonia gorg~nena o n p. 440) a n d s m a l l errors (e.g. t h e s a m e species is on pp. 20 - - 2 1 d e s i g n a t e d as Lecanora chrysoleuca, on p. 94 as L. rubina) are to f o u n d . T h i s excellent p u b l i c a t i o n c a n be w a r m l y r e c o m m e n d e d n o t o n l y to s t u d e n t s ef ecology b u t also to all w h o are interested in lichens. IvA~ Pzw

BOOXREVlSWS

223

M. KEDVES

PALAEOGENE PART III

FOSSIL

SPOROMORPHS

OF THE BAKONY

MOUNTAINS,

Studia Biologica Hungarica 15. -- Akad~miai KiadS, Budapest 1978, 166 pp., 47 Figs., 24 Plates. Almost four years have elapsed since the publication of the second part of KEDVES'S work describing palaeogene sporomorphs of the Bakony Mountains. Now the third (and last but one) of the four volumes has appeared. Its formal arrangement is similar to t h a t of the previous volume8 (cf. RY~Nf~KovA 1973, 1975; Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 8: 428, 10: 445--446), in extent it is slightly larger. The present taxonomic volume, being the last of its kind in the series, offers descriptions of sporomorphs of the types Longaxones and their classification to fossil form-genera. As in the preceding parts, numerous new fossil-form t a x a are described: 6 form-genera (lnsra-

granulitricotporite~, ]n~rabaculitricolporites, Fususpollenites, GranotricolporiSes, BacuSrivolporites and Poropolyado2~olleniSes) and about 45 new fossil form-species. Their taxonomic-morphological

conception is again relatively narrow. The book ends with addenda to the bibliographical surveys in Volumes 1 and II. A subject index with references to the text and corresponding depiction in the plates is appended. In the present volume, the Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has mainrained the high polygraphic standard of the series. I t can be expected t h a t the concluding part of the work, which is expected do draw general conclusions from the descriptive parts, will appear in no distant time. ELI-~KA RYBNi~KOV~. N. A. CHOTINSKIJ GOLOCEN SEVERNOJ

EVRAZII

(Holocene of the Northern Eurasia) Nauka Publishing House, Moscow 1977, 260 pp., 52 Figs., 1.80 Rbls. As work begins on an international research project "Palaeohydrology of Temperate Zone", within the framework of International geological correlating programme (IGCP) sponsored by UNESCO, a remarkable book by N. A. CHO'rI~SKIJ, a ressarch worker of the Geographical Institute of the Academy, Moscow, appears with the sub-title "An a t t e m p t at transcontinental correlations of the developmental epochs of vegetation and climate". The publication offers a synthetic elaboration of palynological and palaeoecological data gathered so far in the entire temperate zone and part of the subarctic region of the USSR. Among other things, it provides a large amount of analytical data, frequently coming from sources not easily accessible. A short introduction, containing the author's general ideas on Holocene periodization and on the significance and necessity of widely based correlation syntheses in various regions of the globe, is followed by a methodological chapter. I n the author's view, the main requirement in performing transcontinental correlations is a sufficient amount of pollen-analytical and radiocarbon data obtained from carefully selected reference profiles. Hence, pollen analyses and radiocarbon datings are the principal methodological basis of the book. Through comparisons of data obtained in this way, local and global (or semi-global) changes can be differentiated, the latter being the starting point for long-distance correlations. The principles of Holocene periodiz~tion are also presented in the methodologicaI chapter. I t is s~ggested that, after certain modifications especially for the Asiatic part of the territory, the periedization according to BT.YTr-S~-RNA~-DER is the most suitable for the central and northern regions of the USSR. The nucleus of the book is a comprehensive chapter (over 120 pages) with a description of the reference profiles used, starting from the European p a r t of the country and ending in Kamchatka. For each of the 42 profiles, the following data are given: the position and characteristics o f t b e site (the profiles have bcen taken mostly from peat-bogs), stratigraphy and description of layers and, last, a pollen diagram with the appropriate commentary. The conclusions proper are summarized in the last two chapters. The chapter on "Transcontinental correlation of Holocone sediments and their palaeogeographical interpretation" offers a delimitation of various periods of the Holocene and their dating more or less identical with the

224

FOLIA GEOBOTANICA ET PHYTOTAXONOMICA, 14, 1979

dates established so far (the border between the Late-glacial and Holocene Periods is set between 10 500 to 10 200 years BP, Pre-boreal and Boreal 9 500 to 9 200 BP, Boreal and Atlantic about 8 000 BP, Atlantic and Sub-boreal 5 000 to 4 500 BP, Sub-boreal and Sub-atlantic 3 200 to 2 500 BP). The author also supplies notes on the degree of their synchronization. The same chapter presents palaeogeographical (essentially vegetation-climatical) characteristics of the periods delimited above for each of the geographic-climatical units comprising the territory under study. Of great interest is the author's suggestion t h a t during the Boreal Period, Europe including the Russian Plain on the one side of the Continent and the Far East on the other side were subject to relatively arid climatic conditions, while Central Siberia was experiencing a highly humid climate. This is deduced from the maximum development o f climax coniferous forests in Siberia and the existence of more or less xerothermous vegetational formations along the western and eastern margins of the continent. According to CHOTI~SK~J, a conspicuous climatic-hydrological change, resulting in the present climatic situation (i.e. high aridity in Central Siberia and higher h u m i d i t y or oceanity of climate in Europe and in the Far East) did not occur before the Sub-bdreal Period. The chapter "Synchronic and metachronic trends of the development of natural environment in the past and some problems of prognosis" is devoted to the reconstruction of climatic relations and forecasting of their future development. Like m a n y other authors, C~OTINSKIJ considers the present Holocene Period as an interglacial one and envisages the possibility of new glaciation. The book ends with a bibliography of 8 pages and a table of contents. Many foreign research workers who do not read Russian will, however, deplore the absence of a comprehensive s u m m a r y in another language; the present s u m m a r y is restricted to 18 lines only. CHOTISSKIJ'S book is one of the first palaeeecological syntheses, based on concrete facts, of vegetation-climatic and environmental evolution of a large territory (in this case the N o r t h of Eurasia). The book will be of interest for all ecologists and palaeoocologists, climatologists and palaeoclimatologists, geographers and Quaternary geologists, and also for economists and bodies requiring long-term prospects for the development of mankind and the environment. KAMIL RYB~qI~EK L. ORL6CI

MULTIVARIATE

ANALYSIS

IN VEGETATION

RESEARCH

Dr. W. J u n k b. v., Publishers, The Hague et Boston 1978, 2nd ed., viii -{- 451 pp., 28 Figs., Cloth. Dutch Guilders 100.--. The well-worn pages of the first edition copy in the library of our institute show how essential a source it has become. The revised t e x t is 175 pages longer t h a n the first edition (cf. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 11: 223, 1976). The basic arrangement of the book is the same but all of the original chapters have been rewritten to some extent. The most significant changes are in Chapters 3 and 4, devoted to ordination and classification (the real heart of the book). Among other new items are a discussion o f t b e measurability of variables, CALHO~'S and MOUNTFORV'Sresemblance functions, a more detailed (but not yet exhaustive) description of non-linear ordination m e t h o d s , an useful introduction to graphical displays of ordination results, more remarks on ordination-based clustering, and instructive paragraphs in the chapter dealing with the identification of new samples. Additional material on the comparison of dendrograms is also presented. Many new numerical examples are incorporated in the text. Broad possibilities of described techniques are summarized in tabular form in the last chapter. Seven new computer programs in BASIC for PDP-10 are added to 20 revised old ones. Perhaps all printer's errors in the first edition have been carefully corrected. Old and m a n y new references are now in a single list at the back with chapters of occurrence indicated. There are only few relevant references which have been ommited ( e . g . J . A . HARTIGAN: Clustering Algorithms, Wiley 1975; M. M. TATSUOKA: Multivariate Analysis: Techniques for Educational and Psychological Research, Wiley 1971). The book is again supplemented b y a useful glossary (it is a p i t y t h a t the majority of symbols has been eliminated), an author index and a brief subject index. The book is a wonderful excursion into selected areas of applied multivariate analysis. On the other hand, it is undoubtedly an essential handbook for anyone who intends to s t u d y methods of contemporary vegetation science. MARCEL REJM~NE lr