420

F O L I A G E O B O T A N I C A ET P H Y T O T A X O N O M I C A , 15, 1980

Bool~reviews

G. C. BUTLER (ed.) PRINCIPLES

OF ECOTOXICOLOGY

S C O P E R e p o r t 12. -- J o h n W i l e y a n d Sons, Chichester, N e w York, B r i s b a n e et T o r o n t o 1978, 350 pp., 52 fig., 31 tab. I n 1969 t h e Scientific C o m m i t t e e on P r o b l e m s of t h e E n v i r o n m e n t (SCOPE) w a s f o r m e d b y t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Council o f Scientific U n i o n s (ICSU). Since its inception S C O P E h a s p r o v i d e d a f o c u s for e n v i r o n m e n t a l projects c o n d u c t e d b y scientists a c t i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y of g o v e r n m e n t s . S C O P E P r o j e c t 4, on Ecoltoxieology, is a response to t h e challenge of r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f r o m t h e S t o c k h o l m Conference ( U n i t e d N a t i o n s 1972), as a p a r t of t b action p l a n " E a r t h w a t e h " to be carried o u t b y t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s E n v i r o n m e n t P r o g r a m m e ( U N E P ) . E c o t o x i e o l o g y is a n e w ecological discipline. T h e S C O P E p r o j e c t on E e o t o x i c o l o g y h a s concerned itself w i t h chemical a n d r a d i o a c t i v e p o l l u t a n t s b u t n o t w i t h a n e • list. T h e biological effects d e a l t w i t h are m o s t of t h e i m p o r t a n t ones b u t a r e n o t confined to effects o n h u m a n beings. T h e report m a y c o n t a i n m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t m a n t h a n a b o u t a n y o t h e r single species b u t t h i s s i m p l y reflects its g r e a t e r availability. Principles of E c o t o x i c o l o g y a t t e m p t s to delimit its o w n s u b j e c t . T h e r e p o r t p u t s basic definitions: p o p u l a t i o n , c o m m u n i t y , e c o s y s t e m , exposure, t a r g e t , risk, etc. T h e c o n t e n t s a r e divided into five sections. Section 1: " E n v i r o n m e n t a l b e h a v i o u r of p o l l u t a n t s " is i n t r o d u c t e d b y D. R. MILLER (General considerations) a n d articles b y o t h e r s follow (Abiotic processes, Biotic processes Models for t o t a l t r a n s p o r t , E s t i m a t i o n of doses a n d i n t e g r a t e d doses). Section II: " T h e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of dose-effect r e l a t i o n s h i p s " c o n t a i n s a title s t u d y b y C. C. BROWX. E i g h t c o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e k n o w l e d g e of eeotoxicologieal c h a n g e s in a q u a t i c a n d t e r r e s t r i a l e n v i r o n m e n t s a r e i n c l u d e d in Section I I I : " E x p e r i m e n t a l t o x i c o l o g y a n d field o b s e r v a t i o n s related to e c o t o x i e o l o g y " . O n l y one c t m p t e r r e p r e s e n t s Section IV, " E c o s y s t e m r e s p o n s e to polh, t i o n " b y P . BOLrt~DEAII a n d M. TI~ESHOW. Se~.tion V: " C o n c l u s i o n s " is p r e s e n t e d b y t h e editor, G. C. B u ~ I m m T h e e v a l u a t i o n of all c h a p t e r s of t h e report is n o t in t h e c o m p e t e n c e of a single specialist. H o w e v e r , t h e v e r y fact of p u b l i c a t i o n m u s t b~~ j u d g e d q u i t e positive. A g r o u p o f serious s c i e n t i s t s h a v e set t h e line for r e s e a r c h in t h e envi, o n m e n t a l science f o r m e d here. PAVEL I'~ovX~

Bookreviews

E. 0BERDORFFR

I'FLANZENSOZIOLOGISCHE

EXKURSIONSFLORA

4. Auflage Verlag E u g e n Ulmer, S t u t t g a r t 1979; 977 p., 58 IlL; pri(e: 58 D M T h e fact t h a t t h e w e l l - k n o w n e x c u r s i o n h a n d b o o k b y E. ()BE~DOnFE:r is p u b l i s h e d in its f o u r t h edition (the first in 1949, t h e second in 1962, t h e t h i r d in 1970) d e m o n s t r a t e s c o n v i n c i n g l y its u s e f u l n e s s a n d success. E a r l i e r editions o f t h e b o o k covered t h e t e r r i t o r y o f S o u t h G e r m a n y only; t h i s corrected a n d enlarged edition describes t h e t e r r i t o r y o f t h e t w o G e r m a n s t a t e s (including also s o m e a d j a c e n t border zones). THEO Mi~LLE~ substa~ltially helped to compile t h e t e x t of t h i s edition. M a t e r i a l s g a t h e r e d b y OBERDO~FE~ for t h e w o r k " S f i d d e u t s c h e Pflanzengesellschaffen, Ed. 2 " could also be u s e d for t h e b o o k u n d e r review. T h e purpo.~e of t h i s h a n d b o o k is to facilitate t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p l a n t s a n d to describe t h e i r ecocoenological occurrence. I n order to revise t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n a s p e c t of t h e b o o k as m u c h as possible, t h e k e y w a s u s e d in practical lessons a t a h i g h school. T o g e t h e r w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t t h e book is edited in a f o u r t h corrected edition, t h i s m a y pt'ove its q u a l i t y in t h i s respect. A t e c h n i c a l c h a n g e o f t h e originally used i n d e n t e d d e t e r m i n a t i o n k e y (omission o f t h e h i a t u s a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f e a c h k e y - b r a n c h ) m a y a c c o u n t for a certain difficulty in u s i n g t h e k e y t e x t . I n s o m e (.r t h e a u t h o r failed to give t h e d i a g n o s t i c c h a r a c t e r s in b r a n c h e s o f t h e d i c h o t o m i c k e y in t h e s a m e s e q u e n c e or in t h e s a m e way. A s t h e a u t h o r h i m s e l f p o i n t s o u t in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n to his book, t h e p r o b l e m s o f t a x o n o m y a n d classification are n o t dealt w i t h b y h i m here as t)rofoundly as in s o m e o t h e r C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n d e t e r m i n a t i o n h a n d b o o k s . H o w e v e r , t h i s book will c e r t a i n l y n o t be c o n s u l t e d b y its r e a d e r s for t h e m o s t r e c e n t t a x o n o m i c a n d n o m e n c l a t u r a l novelties, a n d t h e r e f o r e a c e r t a i n c o n s e r v a t i s m on t h e a u t h o r ' s p a r t in t h i s r e s p e c t is acceptable. T h e m a i n goal o f t h e b o o k is to describe t h e " b e h a v i o u r " o f species in t h e field, t h e i r relation to ecological f a c t o r s a n d to p h y t o c o e n o l o g i e a l u n i t s . I n t h i s respect, OBERDORFER'S b o o k c a n n o t be replaced b y a n y o t h e r at present, n o r c a n a n y b o o k be c o m p a r e d w i t h it as to t h e q u a l i t y a n d q u a n t i t y o f i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n in it. O u t s i d e its g e o g r a p h i c a l r a n g e , t h e d a t a i n c l u d e d here are v e r y h e l p f u l for c o m p a r i s o n of t h e ecocoenological c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f species in v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n a r e a s a n d for t h e e l a b o r a t i o n o f s u c h c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s referring to t h e whole d i s t r i b u t i o n area of t h e species u n d e r s t u d y . T h e d a t a o n t h e q u a n t i t a t i v e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e o c c u r r e n c e a n d records o f t h e a l t i t u d i n a l l y h i g h e s t or t h e lowest localities o f species in t h e a r e a covered b y t h e b o o k h a v e b e e n n e w l y revised for t h i s edition. I n f o r m a t i o n on r o o t s (especially o n t h e d e p t h reached) were a d d e d to s o m e species. T h e florlstic e l e m e n t (with r e s p e c t to t h e m a i n p a r t of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n area) is g i v e n for e a c h species. T h e d a t a on c h r o m o s o m e n u m b e r s are t a k e n f r o m t h e l i t e r a t u r e a n d do n o t a l w a y s originate f r o m t h e a r e a described b y t h e book. A v e r y v a l u a b l e llst o f s y n t a x a (24 p.) is g i v e n in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n ; it c o n t a i n s 48 classes, 72 orders a n d 143 alliances, w h i c h are u s e d in p h y t o c o e n o logical c h ~ r a c t e r i z a t i o n s o f species a n d subspecies. R e a d e r ' s a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be d r a w n t o a detailed a c c o u n t of Festuca, f u r t h e r to t h a t o f ]lubus (with 86 species in _R. /ruticosus agg.), Alchemilla (62 species), Oenotl~era (15 species)~ Taraxacum (interesting classification into 11 species-groups) a n d to n e w t e x t s on t h e g r o u p s o f Ranunculus auricomus (28 species) a n d Cardamine pratensis. Dianthus superbus s u b s p , autumnalis p u b l i s h e d as a n invalid n a m e in p r e c e d i n g t h r e e editions of t h i s b o o k is f o r m a l l y v a l i d l y p u b l i s h e d b y t h e a u t h o r , now. H o w e v e r , it s e e m s to be o n l y a s y n o n y m o f D. superbus s u b s p . sylvestris ~ELAX. Prodr. F1. B 6 h m e n , 508, 1875.

422

F O L I A G1~i()I~OTANICA ET P H Y T O T A X O N O M I ( ; A . 15, 1980

T h e a u t h o r ' s s o m e w h a t c o n s e r v a t i v e a p p r o a c h to i d i o t a x o n o m y is s h o w n b y his a c c e p t a n c e of a b r o a d e r concept of classification u n i t s in s u c h c a s e s as in Polypodiaceae, Anlirrhinum, Chrys(mtitemum, Cyperus, Gentians or Polygonum: a v e r y b r o a d a n d u n n a t u r a l c o n c e p t is t h a t of Arena (incl. Avenula a n d Helictotrichon). Also t h e c o n c e p t o f Diphasium a c c e p t e d in t h e sense of I~OTHStAL]~ is t a x o n o m i c a l l y n o t n a t u r a l . Carduus glaucus h a r d l y occurs in t h e area covered b y t h e book; it is a s u b e n d e m i c p l a n t of t h e C a r p a t h i a n Mrs. A l t h o u g h t h e a u t h o r is p r i m a r i l y a p h y t o c o e n o l o g i s t , r e l a t i v e l y few m i s t a k e s m a y be f o u n d in t h e n o m e n c l a t u r e of p l a n t s . T h e a u t h o r s of s o m e n a m e s or c o m b i n a t i o n s s h o u l d be corrected, e.g. in Dactylorhiza, Laslrea limbosperma, Calystegia pulJwa, in subspecies of Campanula rotundi]ella, Sparganium emersum s u b s p , fluitans, Vcratrum album s u b s p , lobelianum etc. T h e n a m e s Carex ]usca ALL., C. pulchella LSXNR. a n d Dianthus superbus L. s u b s p , speciosus (REIC~ENB.) I-IAYEK a r e n o t correct n a m e s for t h e t a x a involved; Carex nigra (L.) REIC~ARD, C. scandinavica E. DAVIES a n d Dianthus superbus L. subsp, alpestris ~ELAK. s h o u l d be used instead. Chorological i n f o r m a t i o n m a y s o m e t i m e s be s u p p l e m e n t e d b y f u r t h e r d a t a as in Polypodium inter~ectum (it o c c u r s also in t h e Baltic eo~mt a r e a iu G.D.R.). T h e b o o k is i n t e n d e d as a field h a n d b o o k a n d is well s u i t e d to this purpose. I t will s e r v e t h o s e c o n c e r n e d w i t h g e o b o t a n y n o t o n l y in t h e area w h i c h it describes, b u t it will r e m a i n a s t a n d i n g c o m p a r a t i v e help for t h e whole area of b r o a d l y c i r c u m s c r i b e d C e n t r a l E u r o p e in p o i n t s of ecological a n d p h y t o c o e n o l o g i c a [ chaT'acterizations of i n d i v i d u a l species. I n t h i s s e n s e it is n e c e s s a r y to c o n g r a t u l a t e t h e a u t h o r a n d t h e p u b l i s h i n g h o u s e on t h e i r successful work. JOSEF HOLUB L. L. TIESZEh- (ed.) VEGETATION TUNDRA

AND

PRODUCTION

ECOLOGY

OF

AN

ALASKAN

ARCTIC

Ecological S t u d i e s 29. - - Springer-Verlag, New York, Heidelberg et Berlin 1978, 686 pp., 217 Figs. T h e c o n t r i b u s i o n of tile I n t e r n a t i o n a l Biological 1 ) r o g r a m m e for ecology a n d especially for p r o d u c t i o n ecology of v a r i o u s b i o m e s all over t h e world is i n v a l u a b l e . W i t h e v e r y v o l u m e of its s y n t h e s e t h e r e a p p e a r s a n i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n to o u r ecological knowledge. T h e p r e s e n t v o l u m e o f Ecological Studies, edited b y L. L. TIESZE~,', deals w i t h t h e A l a s k a n Arctic T u n d r a a t Barrow. W h e r e a s t h e C a n a d i a n , S c a n d i n a v i a n a n d Soviet A r c t i c sites o f I B P were s i t u a t e d in m o r e or less c o n t i n e n t a l p a r t s of t h e H i g h Artic, t h e U.S.A. site is a t y p i c a l oceanic one, on t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t c o a s t a l plain of A l a s k a . Soils of t h i s site are r e l a t i v e l y shallow, s o m e w i t h poor acid p e a t a n d w i t h p o l y g o n a l m o d e l l i n g on t h e surface, s o m e s a n d y or gravelly, all w i t h a permafl-ost several h u n d r e d m e t r e s t h i c k in t h e u n d e r l a y e r . I n all, 8 v e g e t a t i o n n o d a were recognized, corresponding, it seems, w i t h t h e a s s o c i a t i o n s of C e n t r a l E u r o p e a n p h y t o c e n o logists. F l o w e r i n g p l a n t s , m o s s e s a n d lichens were o f course flflly t a k e n into a c c o u n t . T h e b i o m e of t h e A l a s k a n A r c t i c T u n d r a is poor in species -- in all 125 v a s c u l a r species, 95 species of b r y o p h y t e s a n d 75 species o f lichens were identified a n d several o f t h e m were t h o r o u g h l y s t u d i e d f r o m t h e ecological p o i n t of view. T h e c l i m a t e o f t h i s site is fairly cold -- t h e a n n u a l ~verugo t e m p e r a t u r e ~s - - 1 2 . 6 ~ a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n a m o u n t s to t 2 4 ~ m / y r . T h e ecology o f t h i s site w a s s t u d i e d b y 44 specialists for 4 y e a r s a n d t h e i r r e s u l t s are r e p r e s e n t e d o n 686 p a g e s w i t h n u m e r o u s figures a n d tables. I t is n o t possible to discuss here all t h e topics d e a l t w i t h in t h i s v o l u m e , we s h a l l o n l y m e n t i o n s o m e o f t h e m . S e c t i o n I deals w i t h floristies, t h e p h y t o g e o g r a p h y o f t h e t u n d r a , v e g e t a t i o n a n d Its p r o d u c t i v i t y , t h e s e a s o n a l d y n a m i c s o f v a s c u l a r p l a n t s a n d b r y o p h y t e s , t h e ecology of lichens as well as soil algae. N e w a n d i n t e r e s t i n g a r e t h e n o t e s on t h e m y c o r r h i z a o f Arctic p l a n t s . S e c t i o n I I d e a l s w i t h p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , r e s p i r a t i o n a n d w a t e r r e l a t i o n s (I.e. C02 e x c h a n g e , solar r a d i a t i o n utilization, w a t e r stress, r a d i o - t r a c e r m e a s u r e m e n t s o f t r a n s p i r a t i o n , t h e effect o f t h e v a s c u l a r p l a n t c a n o p y o n p r o d u c t i v i t y o f m o s s e s etc.). S e c t i o n I I I deals w i t h g r o w t h , t h e allocation a n d u s e of m i n e r a l a n d organic n u t r i e n t s (i.a.: t r a n s l o c a t i o n a n d allocation o f laC-photoassimilate, t h e g r o w t h , t u r n o v e r a n d r e s p i r a t i o n o f roots, t h e I n t e r a c t i o n of n u t r i e n t s , soil t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p l a n t g r o w t h , p h o s p h a t e u p t a k e , t h e effects

m)OK~EWF~WS

42~

of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, nitrogene fixation etc.). Several simulation models were elaborated to elucidate these problems. The volume, prepared by L. L. T~ESZEN et al. is an i m p o r t a n t contribution to the ecology of the Arctic T u n d r a a n d in m a n y respects to plant ecology in general. EMIL HADA0 M. J. A. "~VERGER (ed.) THE

STUDY

OF VEGETATION

Dr. W. J u n k b v Publishers, The Hague, Boston et L~ndon 1979 This interesting book was compiled to celebrate the one-hundredth meeting of the Commission for the Study of Vegetation of the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands. The 46 years.of activity of this Commission contributed considerably to the development of vegetation science in the Netherlands a n d t h e book reflects very well the wide scope of vegetation science in this country and the contribution of D u t c h scientists to the development of its different branches. All major branches of the vegetation science are treated in individual chapters by o u t s t a n d i n g I)utch scientists. I n t h e chapter "Autecology and vegetation science" (by W. H. VA~- DOBBEN) a brief survey of autecologicai aims a n d of the importance of autecology for vegetation science and vice versa is given. Population biology is treated in two chapters entitled "Some topics in plant population biology" (by S. J. TER BORG) and "Changes in the composition of mixed populations of grassland species" (by J. P. VAN DEN BERGH). The history, present state and futtn'e of phytosociology in the Netherlands is outlined by V. WEST~OFF. I n the n e x t chapter entitled " T h e investigation of vegetation t e x t u r e and s t r u c t u r e " (by J. J. BARK~[AN) the t e x t u r a l and s t r u c t u r a l characters of vegetation are described and evaluated both for functioning in ecosystems until for classification. The chapter "Multivariate methods in phytosoeiology, with reference t o t h e N e t h e r l a n d s " (by E. VAN DER MAAREL) brings the survey of this modern approach in phytosoeiology developed suc,essfully in this c o u n t r y in the last decennia. The n e x t chapter compiled b y C. R. JENSEI~~ under the title " T h e development of palynology in relation to vegetation science, especially in the Netherlands" gives a hrief sur~'ey of the history of this discipline in the Netherlands and o f palynological centres in this country. The chapter "Vegetation science and n a t u r e conservancy" (by P. A. BAKKER) is devoted not only to problems of vegetation a n d n a t u r e conservation b u t also to the application of the results of vegetation science in the m a n a g e m e n t planning a n d the creation of h a b i t a t s an aim essential for a land like the Netherlands. The last ch~,pter (by J. VRO:,~AN) brings a list of t*ll lectures held at the meetings of the Commission for the Study of Vegetation. Though the aim of this book was to give a s u r v e y of the development of vegetation science in the Netherlands, t h e m o s t ch~pters ofl~r the reader m u c h more -- complete up-to-date information on the state of the branch in question in the world. This can be seen in the broad lists of literature cited. The contribution of D u t c h sci~ntists to the development of vegetation science can be seen prinlarily in precization of terminology, objectivation of m e t h o d s and in the creation of new phytosociological theories. Their contribution to the a m a l g a m a t i o n of the Ztirich-Montpellier and Uppsala approach in the first h a l f of our century and to the r a p p r o c h e m e n t of t h e Anglo-American and Continental tradition in vegetation science in the second h a l f of the c e n t u r y also deserves acknowledgement. JAROSLAV MORAVEC lx. FAEGt~I and L. vA~ DER ~IJL THE

PI~INCIPLES

OF POLLINATION

ECOLOGY

Third :Revised Edition l)ergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney, Paris et F r a n k f u r t , 1979, 244 pp., 53 Figs. The proper knowledge of pollination ecology as a ~art of reproductive biology is not only of practical importance in crop plant bree.~ting for high yield or for purity of strains. Modern research

424

F O L I A GE()BOTANICA ET P I t Y T O T A X O N O ) I I C A , 15, 1980

in pollination h a s revealed m a n y i m p o r t a n t facts a b o u t biological evolution, especially in t h e process of Sl~ciation. F o r m o r e t h a n h a l f t h e c e n t u r y , f r o m t h e t i m e of KNUTH'S h a n d b o o k of floral biology, new d a t a f r o m t h i s fiehl of s t u d i e s h a v e been p u b l i s h e d in m a n y s c a t t e r e d contrib u t i o n s . Only in 1966 T h e Principles of Pollination E c o l o g y b y K . FAEORI a n d L. VAN DES PIJL a p p e a r e d a n d p r e s e n t e d t h e basic review a n d t h e m o d e r n d a t a on t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of p l a n t s a n d t h e i r vectors, t h e m u t u a l a d a p t a t i o n of flower a n d agent. T h e second c o n s i d e r a b l y r e v i s e d e d i t i o n a p p e a r e d in 1971. T h e t h i r d edition, reviewed here, is c o m p l e t e l y revised, u p d a t e d a n d r e w r i t t e n . T h e t e r m pollination ecology is u n d e r s t o o d b y t h e a u t h o r s as "floral biology to c o m p r i s e all m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of t h e life of t h e floral region, also t h o s e n o t d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t e d w i t h pollen t r a n s fer." T h e b o o k is divided into 18 chapters. T h e i n t r o d u c t o r y one p r e s e n t s a s h o r t review of t h e h i s t o r y o f t h i s discipline (1). T h e t e c h n i q u e s used in pollination ecology are briefly s u r v e y e d in t h e n e x t (2) chapter. T h e proper p r o b l e m s of pollination are t h e n discussed: t h e c o m p a r i s o n of p o l l i n a t i o n w i t h spore dispersal (3), t h e m a i n f e a t u r e s of w h i c h are r e c a p i t u l a t e d , is g i v e n as well as t h e s h o r t s u r v e y of pollination in g y n m o s p e r m s (4). T h e m a i n p a r t deals w i t h pollination in a n g i o s p e r m s a n d is divided into t h r e e p a r t s : o r g a n s i n v o l v e d in pollination, flower t y p e s a n d p o l l i n a t o r s ' activities. T h e s c h e m e of t h e s t r u c t u r e of t h e a n g i o s p e r m flower is m e n t i o n e d a n d s o m e basic t e r m s are e x p l a i n e d (5). T h e m o d e s of pollination from a n e m o p h i l y a n d h y d r o p h i l y (0) to biotic, pollination are discussed in detail (7). B e c a u s e t h e blossom- visitor r e l a t i o n s h i p is e s t a b l i s h e d b y m e a n s of a n a t t r a c t a n t , w h i c h m u s t s t a r t a r e a c t i o n c h a i n in t h e visitor t h a t creates or satisfies a n urge, all k i n d s of p r i m a r y (8) a n d se(~ondary (9) a t t r a c t a n t s a r e t a k e n up. C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of i n d i v i d u a l a n i m a l pollinator g r o u p s f r o m i n s e c t s to v e r t e b r a t e s a r e g i v e n in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h their b e h a v i o u r in pollination processes. I n d i v i d u a l p l a n t spec;es pollinated b y c e r t a i n g r o u p s of a n i m a l s are also m e n t i o n e d (10, 11). S u c h proble.'~s of r e t r o g r a d e d e v e l o p m e n t s in pollination as reversal to abiotic pollination, a u t o g a m y , a p o m i x i s a n d v e g e t a t i v e p r o p a g a t i o n are t h e n discussed (12). T w o e x a m p l e s d e m o n s t r a t e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n flower s h a p e a n d t h e m o d e of pollination (13). T h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n pollination ecology a n d speciation (14) a n d b e t w e e n pollination ecology a n d biocoenose (15) are p r e s e n t e d as well as t h e possibilities of p r a c t i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n (16). T h e c o n c l u d i n g p a r t is d e v o t e d to m a n y concrete e x a m p l e s , w h i c h illustrate t h e g e n e r a l principles of p o l l i n a t i o n ecology e x p o u n d e d in t h e preceeding c h a p t e r s (17). T h i s p a r t is a c c o m p a n i e d w i t h m a n y i n s t r u c t i v e a n d precise drawings. N e a r l y 700 of references yield a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e review in t h i s field of r e p r o d u c t i o n b i o l o g y in p l a n t s . T h e book is well i n d e x e d w i t h a n I n d e x of p l a n t n a m e s , l n d e x of a n i m a l n a m e s , a n d a S u b j e c t i n d e x w i t h specially m a r k e d pages of definitions, d i s c u s s i o n s or case histories. A l t h o u g h t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n is a i m e d p r i m a r i l y at college or u n i v e r s i t y t e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s , it c a n be useful for e v e r y b o d y w h o w a n t s n o t only to r e n e w his basic k n o w l e d g e in pollination ecology, b u t also to g a i n a g e n e r a l p i c t u r e of m o d e r n t r e n d s in t h i s field. MARIE NAD/~I)A

J. L. HARLEY THE

et R. SCOTT RUSSEnn

SOIL-ROOT

Proceedings Academic

KON~ALOVA.

(eds.)

INTERFACE

of an international symposium

Press, London

1979, XX

held in Oxford, England,

March

28 to 31, 1978

q- 448 pp., 108 Figures, 54 Tables,

T h e s y m p o s i u m w a s d e v o t e d to p r e s e n t progress in t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e inter~tctions b e t w e e n p l a n t roots a n d t h e soil, especially of their p h y s i c a l , chemical, biological, a n d inherebiological aspects. 35 papers were s u b m i t t e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e following t h e m e s : (1) N u t r i e n t d e m a n d a n d s u p p l y at t h e soil-root interface; (2) p h y s i c s a n d c h e m i s t r y of t h e i n t e r f a c i a l region; (3) biological activities at t h e interface; (4) t h e interface in r e l a t i o n to e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t r e s s a n d diseases; (5) t h e interface in relation to soil f u n e t i o n a n d g r o w t h . T h e p a p e r s w h i c h were n o t read in full are p r e s e n t e d in t h e f o r m of c o m p r e h e n s i v e a b s t r a c t s . I f b o t h t h e papers p r i n t e d in full a n d t h e a b s t r a c t s p u b l i s h e d are t a k e n into a c c o u n t , m o s t c o n t r i b u t i o n s concern t h e biology of t h e soil-root interface. T h e following t h e m e s are d i s c u s s e d : t h e presence, a c t i v i t y , a n d a c c u m u l a t i o n of m i c r o o r g a n i s m s a n d a n i m a l s in t h e rhizosphei'e of

~oo S:aEV~EWS

425

v a r i o u s n a t u r a l a n d c u l t i v a t e d p l a n t species, a n d t h e influence e x e r t e d on t h e m b y t h e root m e t a b o l i t c s , t h e ecological a s p e c t s of m y e o r r h i z a , t h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e b a l a n c e o f C-flow a n d o r g a n i c - m a t t e r flow in t h e rhizospiaere, a n d t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n of fluorescent a n t i b o d y t e c h n i q u e s a n d special p h o t o g r a p h i c processes for recording biological activities in t h e soil-root interface. A n o t h e r p r o b l e m w h i c h received m u c h a t t e n t i o n w a s n u t r i e n t d e m a n d a n d s u p p l y a t t h e soil-root interface. T h e b o o k c o n t a i n s a g r e a t n u m b e r of p a p e r s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e r o o t properties w h i c h p l a y a decisive role in t h e n u t r i e n t u p t a k e , as well as w i t h t h e p r o p e r t i e s of soils or n u t r i e n t solutions w h i c h control t h e u p t a k e of n u t r i e n t s b y g r o w i n g roots. T h e influence o f organic root p r o d u c t s of t h e n u t r i e n t u p t a k e a n d t h e q u e s t i o n of a possible genetic c o n t r o l of t h e n u t r i e n t u p t a k e b y t h e r o o t s are also discussed. T h e p h y s i c s a n d c h e m i s t r y of t h e interface region are t h e s u b j e c t s of m o r e t h a n l 0 papers w h i c h p r e s e n t m a n y n e w d a t a on t h e influence of v a r i o u s soil-water c o n d i t i o n s on t h e root s y s t e m , a b o v e all on the; u p t a k e of w a t e r a n d of s o m e n u t r i e n t s b y t h e r o o t s a n d on t h e rate of t h e i r g r o w t h . T h e d a t a on t h e h y d r a u l i c resistance of t h e soil-root interface a n d on t h e c h a n g e of mec h a n i c a l a n d mineralogical soil properties w i t h i n t h e r h i z o s p h e r e as well as t h e u s e of modified fiber-optic scope t e c h n i q u e for o b s e r v i n g a n d p h o t o g r a p h i n g root d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n t h e soil profile arc also of interest. T h e m e e t i n g w a s also c o n c e r n e d w i t h p r o b l e m s of soil-root interface in relation to t h e p l a n t diseases. T h e influence of e n v i r o m n e n t a l f a c t o r s in t h e soil-root interface on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of soil-borne diseases a n d r o o t infection received special a t t e n t i o n . Several p a p e r s (published, u n f o r t u n a t . - l y , in t h e f o r m of a b s t r a c t s ) used m a t h e m a t i c a l modelling for t h e description a n d e x p l a n a t i o n of c o m p l i c a t e d relations in t h e soil-root interface. T h e y discuss, for i n s t a n c e , t h e s i m u l a t i o n of soil-root i n t e r a c t i o n s , or t h e s i n m l a t i o n of c h a n g e s in n u t r i e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s in t h e root e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e book is useful as a v a l u a b l e source of n e w a n d i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n to biologists, p l a n t physiologists, soil c h e m i s t s , a n d soil physieists. T h e y will learn m u c h in it a b o u t e a c h o t h e r s ' ~ o r k a n d will be h o p e f u l l y induced to f u r t h e r e x c h a n g e s . MARTA TESA~OVX KAREL FIALA

~V. TRANQUILLINI

PHYSIOLOGICAL

ECOLOGY

OF TtfE

ALPINE

TIMBERLINE

Ecological Studies 31. -- Springcr-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg et N e w Y o r k 1979, 137 pp. T h e b o o k s u m m a r i z e s t h e existing e( ephysiological i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g u p p e r t i m b e r l i n e trees. I t is b a s e d n o t o n l y on t h e a u t h o r ' s o w n w o r k b u t also on n u m e r o u s d a t a fl'om t h e world literature. I n t h e c h a p t e r a b o u t n a t u r a l regeneration, p r o b l e m s of seed p r o d u c t i o n , dispersal a n d m a t u ration, g e r m i n a t i o n a n d v e g e t a t i v e p r o p a g a t i o n are dealt with. T h e p a r t d e s c r i b i n g t h e g r o w t h of trees at t h e t i m b e r l i n e s u m m a r i z e s i n v e s t i g a t i o n s into t h e g r o w t h of leaves, h e i g h t , d i a m e t e r a n d root g r o w t h . T h e i m p o r t ~ n t chat)ter a b o u t d r y m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n t r a c e s t h e d e p e n d e n c e of p h o t o s y n t h e s i s on e x t e r n a l factors (light, t e m p e r a t m e of air a n d soil, wind, CO: c o n t e n t of t h e a t m o s p h e r e , soil a n d a t m o s p h e r i c m o i s t u r e , altitude). D a r k respiration, c a r b o n b a l a n c e , p r i m a r y p r o d u c t i o n a n d w a t e r b a l a n c e of trees w i t h r e s p e c t to a l t i t u d e a n d t h e t i m b e r l i n e are also discussed. Trees m a y be d a m a g e d b y frost, ultraviolet a n d h i g h i n t e n s i t y r a d i a t i o n , h e a t , wind, s n o w a n d winter desiccation. I n p a r t i c u l a r frost desiccat,ion is believed to be t h e m a i n factor for t h e u p p e r s u r v i v a l limit of trees. I n t h e final s y n o p s i s t h e a u t h o r r e c a p i t u l a t e s t h r e e c a u s e s l i m i t i n g t h e g r o w t h of trees at t h e t i m b e r l i n e on m o u n t a i n s of t h e n o n t r o p i c a l climate. T h e y are (1) n e g a t i v e c a r b o n b a l a n c e leading to l i m i t e d d r y m a t t e r p r o d u c t i o n , (2) a n arrested phenologieal cycle c a u s i n g i n c o m p l e t e tissue m a t u r a t i o n a n d (3) i n a d e q u a t e r e s i s t a n c e to t).ost a n d desiccation. T h e work p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s of all t h e f a c t o r s g o v e r n i n g t h e g r o w t h of t i m b e r l i n e trees. I t is suprising t h a t t h e a u t h o r lays s u c h s m a l l s t r e s s u p o n t h e m e c h a n i c a l d a m a g e to trees caused b y ice crystals. O n e c a n observe t h e a b r a s i v e a c t i o n on t h e s h o o t s a n d especially on t h e s t e m s and branches, which certainly diminishes water transport.

426

FOLIA

GEOBOTANI(?A

ET PHYTOTAXONO~IICA,

15, 1980

The book reviewed is provided with 67 figures, including photographs and 21 tables which help t h e reader to u n d e r s t a n d a u t h o r ' s conception. It is a great contribution to problems of t h e timberline not only for ecophysiology, but m a y also be applied in silviculture. B I ~ K A SKO(~DOPOLO'V& H E I N Z ELLENBERG

ZEIGERWERTE

DER

GEF:~SSPFLANZEN

MITTELEUROPAS

2. verbesserte u n d erweiterte Auflage Scripta geobotanica IX. -- Verlag Erich Goltze KG, G6ttingen 1979, 122 S. E s gibt nicht vlele bot~nisehe Handbiieher, die in k u u m 5 J a h r e n d a n k ungew6hnllehem Interesse neu orschienen. Es is~ a u c h nicht zuf/itiig, d a s s zu ihnen ger~de ELLENSERG'S ,,Zelgerwerte" in den zweiten verbesserten und erweiterten Auflage geh6ren. Der Autor h a t ja m i t n u m m e rischen SchStzung~m 5kologischen Eigenschaften der Arten schon langj~hrige E r f a h r u n g e n ; seine 0 k o t a f e l n wurden schon in der Praxis vielmals iiberpriift u n d durch eine lange Reihe Regelungen u n d Verbesserungen erg~nzt. Einleitend er6rtert der Autor die B e d e u t u n g des 6kologischen Verhaltens der Pflanzen u n d erkl~.rt w a r u m einige F a k t o r e n nicht berticksichtigt wurden. Welter wird gezeigt, wie m a n die A n g a b e n yon Lebensform, B a u d e r Pflanzen u n d pflanzensoziologischer Einreihung a u s n u t z e n k a n n . Die Anleitung zum G e b r a u c h der 0 k o t a f e l n wird an den Anwendungsbeispielen gegen die erste Auflage ausfiihrlieher, m i t einigen Regelungen gezeigt (der Autor empfiehlt z. B. gr6ssere B e w e r t u n g nach Vorhandensein der Arten, als n a c h ihrer Menge). Ganz neu ist das Kapitel yon 3 Autoren G. SeATZ, L. PLETL u n d A. MA~aSTL die die nummerisehe ~usserung der 0 k o t a f e l n a n s g e n u t z t haben a n d ein P r o g r a m m zur 5kotogischen u n d system a t i s c h e n Auswertung yon P f l a n z e n b e s t a n d s a u f n a h m e n aufgestellt haben. An den P,eispielen sieht m a n dann, wie das Programm arbeitet und was ftir M6glichkeiten der A u s n u t z u n g bestehen. Die Autoren bieten das P r o g r a m m Interessanten an. Der H:aup~teil des H a n d b u c h e s besteht in den eigenen Tafeln alphabetiscb eingereihter Arten m i t n u m m e r i s c h ausgedriiekterer W e r t u n g der klimatischen Faktoren (Licht, T e m p e r a t u r , Kontinentalit/it) yon edaphischen Faktoren (Feuehtigkeit, Bodenreaktion u n d N-Versorgung) m i t e v . Hinweisen mff Vertr~iglichkeit gegeniiber salz- u n d schwermetallhaltigen B6den. Welter folgen die Angaben yon Lebensform, a n a t o m i s c h e m B a u u n d in der letzten Gruppe von soziologischem Verhalten. Die B e n u t z u n g des H a n d b u c h e s erleichtert das Verzeichnis yon S y n o n y m e n der Taxa. I n der 2. Auflage hat der Autor einige Verbesserungen durchgefiihrt u n d zahlreiehe Arten und Kleinarten neu in die tabeltarisehe [~bersicht einger/~umt. A n grunds/~tzliehe A n d e r u n g e n schritt der Autor abec nicht heran, denn schon die 1. Autlage h a t gezeigt, dass das H a n d b u e h wohl/ziberlegt u n d g u t verwendbar ist. Man m u s s aher immer L,n Sinn haben, dass die angeftihrten Daten haupts/~chlich f~r das westliche Mitteleuropa gelten u n d einige T a x a in 6stlicheren Tellen E u r o p a s abweichende 0 k o t y p e n ausbilden. Der Autor weist selbst m e h r m a l s d a r a u f hin. Die Unterschiede sind abet meistens nicht zu gross. Das B u e h wird sicher unsch/itzbare Hilfe nicht n u r ffir PhytozSnologen sein, es ermSglicht aber a u e h die A u s n u t z u n g von theoretischen K e n n t n i s s e n der Botaniker ftir die breite wirtschaf~liehe Praxis. I)E~-[SA Br.A~KOW[ F . H . BOR.~IANX a n d G. E . LIKENS

PATTERN

AND

PROCESSES

IN

A

FORESTED

ECOSYSTEm[

Springer Verlag, New York, Heidelberg et Berlin 1979, 252 pp., 70 Figs. As a part of the I n t e r n a t i o n a l Biological P r o g r a m and sponsored by Natiomd Science F o u n d a t i o n and Forest Service of the U.S.A. an integrated research program was initiated about fifteen years ago. Under the n a m e " H u b b a r d Brook Ecosystem S t u d y " this multi-

B00KREVIEWS

427

disciplinary investigation became familiar to m a n y scientists t h r o u g h reports presented at various conferences a n d publications in various journals. About 150 investigators assembled a large pool of d a t a which became exploit~lhle for s u m m a r i z a t i o n and synthetical evaluation. The first step towards such a synthesis was t h e book "Biogeoebemistry of a Forested Ecos y s t e m " published b y G. E. LIKEXS et aL in 1977. The book under review is a further h a r v e s t i n g of the wealth of records collected in the H u b b a r d Brook Valley. The importance of this book to Central-European ecologists rests in the similarity of t h e e x a m i n e d ecosystem with deciduous and mixed forests of the coltine and low m o n t a n e belt in Central Europe. Convergent evolutionat'y characters and, moreover, similar exploitation in the p a s t m a k e the area comparable with forested regions of Czechoslovakia. The s t u d y covers a well delimited watershed with several t r i b u t a r y valleys. N a t u r a l pt'ocesses t a k i n g place in the forested parts were compared with development after el~arcutting and the introduction of various experiments streamlined to monitor hydrological and biogeochemical processes. The present book is based on a model called " b i o m a s s a , c u n m l a t i o n model", divided into four phases: ]~eor'ganisation, a process of one or two decades during which the ecosystem loses total biomass despite aecumnlation of living biomass; Aggradation the development of more t h a n a century when the ecosysfem accumulated total biomass reaching its peak at the end of the phase; Transition, a process of a variable length of time during whi(,h total biomass declines; and the ~',teady State of balanced development when the total biomass fluctuates about a mean. At a low altitude in the m o u n t a i n s of New Hampshire, ~he woods represent mostly secondary s t a n d s regener~ted after large--scale deforestation, b u r n i n g and hurricane effects. Thus the d a t a recorded in the forested part of t h e H u b b a r d Brook valley refer m o s t l y to the aggradation and reorgauisation phases. Consequently, the transition s n d t h e homeostat.ic stages had to be " r e c o n s t r u c t e d " according to scattered information about primeval forests and d o m i n a n t species strategies in New England. The authors develop t h e concept of a "shiftingmosaics s t e a d y s t a t e " , stressing heterogeneous features of overlapping patches of tree groupings and underlying herbaceous vegetation. These patches arise mainly after the incidental extinction of individual trees a n d the subsequent occurrence of regenerating seedlings. While introducing their" theory the a u t h o r s failed to utilize similar ideas expressed by tropical foresters, such as C. G. G, J. STI~]E~-IS, A. AUBR]~u T. C. WHIT~IOI~E,etc. Indeed we have reached the time when not only tropical foresters follow the advanced ideas of their temperate-zone colleagues, but vice versa; tropical forestry has m u c h to s a y to t e m p e r a t e ecology and silvictfltm'e. The book under review will be greatly apprecisted b y ecologists s t u d y i n g prin'.oval fbrests and secondary succession in l n a n - m a d e regions. Althotlgh the species pool of the hardwood tbrests is considerably larger in New England, the life-forms, growth strategies and regeneration pattern in Em'opean forests are obviotlsly convergent. This convergence is well nmvked in the t a x o n o m y of t h e d o m i n a n t trees. Species like Fagus graced.i/ella, Acer ,~'accl.,c~r~m, Frclxi~us americr Tilic~ c~mer~'aana, Quercu,~ rubra, Bet~tla alleghaniens~'s, Picea rube~s and zlbiea b(d,sa.mea lind their c o u n t e r p a r t s in Europe. Also, m a n y species are sueeessfnlly introduced to forests and parks on this continent. The ecological niches occupied b y corresponding species in New E n g l a n d and Europe m a y differ and earelul extrapolation of all (b~ta is ne,essary. Yet the American ecologists Inight have benefited from t h e knowledge eontahled in the German, A~:lstrian and Swiss literature, not to speak about less accessable literatm.e written, for example, in SLavic languages. Wet'ks by H. M a v n , K. RL*U~En, L. TSCHERM~I.:, F. l(. HAttTMAN~- and A. I)ENGI,ER actually identify the same n a t u r a l a n d m a n - m a d e processes in mixed and t~ardwood ecosystems in Em'ope. The time has come to e x a m i n e t h e obvious n a t u r a l and m a n - m a d e convergeuce of forests in b o t h parts of the world. In m a n y aspects the present book edited b y F. H. BOR3IANN aud G. E. LIKEh-S displays a fresh view a n d a d v a n c e d t r e a t m e n t of ecologieal processes governing a forested w~ttershed. As seen in the titles of the m a i n chapters and sub-chapters, m a n y /nodern ecological concepts have been utilized. For example, Chapter II called "Energetics, Biomass, Hydrology, and Biogeochemistry of the Aggrading E c o s y s t e m " includes topics like solar energy flow, development of regulation and inertia of t h e bioniass, detrital-grazing cycles, biotic regulation of biogeoehemical flux, n u t r i e n t reservoirs, sources of nutrients, circulation and retention of nutrients, etc. Chapter IV explains species strategies and plant c o m m u n i t y d y n a m i c s , with details on reproductive and g r o w t h strategies responsive to perturbations t h a t open the forest canopy, further buried-seed strategy, the floristie response to removal of the forest canopy by clear-

428

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c u t t i n g , differentiation of t h e v e g e t a t i o n after c l e a r - c u t t i n g , m o r p h o g e n e s i s a n d g r o w t h s t r a t e g y , e n d o g e n o u s d i s t u r b a n c e , species richness, etc. O b v i o u s l y A m e r i c a n foresters h a v e a c h i e v e d real p r o g r e s s in t h e causal a n a l y s i s a n d interprer a t i o n of t h e t e m p e r a t e d e c i d u o u s forest. T h e b o o k will speed u p , n o d o u b t , t h e e x c h a n g e of i n f o r m a t i o n a n d b~'eak d o w n t h e barriers dividing E u r o p e a n a n d A m e r i c a n forest ecology. JAN ,1~NI:K HEINI%ICII WALTEI~

VEGETATION OF THE EAP~TH ANI) ECOLOGICAL OF THE GEO-13IOSPHERE

SYSTEMS

Second E d i t i o n Springer-Verlag, N e w York, 14eidelberg et B:.rlin 1979, 274 pp., 124 Figs. I t is n o t n e c e s s a r y to i n t r o d u c e in detail t h i s book b y prof. W a l t e r , w h i c h is also in d e m a n d for its t e x t b o o k - l i k e e h a r a e t e r . T h e original G e m n a n v e r s i o n called " V e g e t a t i o n s z o n e n u n d K l i m a " h a s a l r e a d y r u n into t b u r editions. T h e first E n g l i s h edition of 1973 w a s called " V e g e t a t i o n of t h e ~2arth in R e l a t i o n to Climate a n d t h e E e o - p h y s i o l o g k a l C o n d i t i o n s " . T h e introductory~ p a r t " T h e Classitication of Ecological S y s t e m s " begins w i t h t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l justification for t h e h i e r a r c h i z a t i o n of ecological u n i t s a n d defines m o r e e x a e t l y W a i t e r ' s be.sic concepts: zonoecotones, orobiomes, p e d o b i o m e s . T h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e s t a r t i n g p o i n t for' t h e three-line classification of gee-biosphere: t o p o g r a p h i c a l , climst.ie a n d e d a p h i e {the h y d r o - b i o s p h e r e is n o t classitied). T h e following " G e n e r a l Sec.tion" a t t e m p t s clarity, t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n e n v i r o n m e n t a n d / o r b i o t o p e a n d WXLTER'S k e y criterion of E a r t h classification, i. e. v e g e t a t i o n . T h e e h a p t e r s on c o m p e t i t i o n or e c o t y p e s are also influenced b y t h e eeophysiologieal a p p r o a c h a d o p t e d . T h e following c o m p r e h e n s i v e p a r t deals s y s t e m a t i e a l l y w i t h t h e zonobioroes of t h e world (tropical rain forest, s e m i e v e r ~ - e e n forest, climatic s a w m n a s , s e m i d e s e r t , forest-steppe, b o r e o n e m o r a l zone, fbrest t u n d r a ) . I t c o n t a i n s b o t h s y n t h e t i e ~md a n a l y t i c p m ' t s a c h i e v i n g t h e level of biogeoeenes. T h e references to I B P r e s u l t s are f r e q u e n t . P~eviewers of this book h a v e u n a n i m o u s l y apl~reeiated t h e a u t h o r ' s d e b t to Soviet w o r k s on g e o b o t a n y . However, it is s h o u h l be added t h a t t h e a u t h o r h a s n o t followed u p t h e L e n i n g r a d school w h i c h h a s m e a n w h i l e differentiated richly a n d , for e x a m p l e , h a s a s t r o n g bra.neh in Siberia w h i c h t w e n t y y e a r s o f successful w o r k b e h i n d it. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , o n t h e c o n t i n e n t of America, t h e work o f R. (J. BAILEy a n d otohevs in recent y e a r s s h o u l d n o t be ignored. T h e second edition in E n g l i s h , " V e g e t a t i o n of t h e F a r t h " , h a s e x p a n d e d t h e c o n t e n t s , t h e figure i l l u s t r a t i o n s are on twice t h e se~le; t h i s justifies t h e a c c e p t a n c e of W a i t e r ' s b o o k as a classic. N o t h i n g c a n be said a g a i n s t this. t t o w e v e r , m o r e a n d m o r e q u e s t i o n s of t h e following t y p e arise: L a n d classification -- w h e r e do we go from here? (HIRSCH et al. 1978), a n t i c i p a t i n g a s h i f t of t h e focus of i n t e r e s t in b m d s c a p e s~denees. PAVEL KovXf' H. ELLENBERG, K. ESSER, K. ]~UB[TZKI, E. SCI~NEPF et H. ZIEGLE~ (ed.)

I"I~OGI~ESS

IN BOTANY--

FOI~TSCHBITTE

DEI-', B O T A N I K

41

Springer-Verlag, Berlin, H e i d e l b e r g et N e w Y o r k 1979, 11 + 356 pp., 23 Figs. T h e 41st v o l u m e consists -- as u s u a l -- of five m a i n p a r t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e following topics: M o r p h o l o g y (A), P h y s i o l o g y (B), Genetics (C), T a x o n o m y (D) a n d G e o b o U m y (E). M o s t of t h e sections are w r i t t e n in English. T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s deal w i t h t h e i m p o r t a n t w o r k s of t h e y e a r s 1 9 7 5 - - 1 9 7 8 , b u t t h e r e are also s o m e from t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r s a n d also f r o m 1979. T h e a u t h o r of t h e tirst s e c t i o n (Morphology) is M. GIRBARDT. I l e gives i n f o r m a t i o n on special c y t o l o g y c o n c e r n i n g c y t o l o g y a n d m o r p h o g e n e s e s of t h e f u n g M cell.

BOOK I t E V I E W S

429

The second s e c t i o n (Physiology) consists of n i n e p a r t s , each o f t h e m g i v i n g detailed information. O. L. L~-NGJ~ a n d i t . L6scl~ list publie,ations a b o u t p l a n t w a t e r relations. A. LKvcI~L~ i n f o r m s on progress in t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f m i n e r M m e t a b o l i s m , especially t h e a b s o r p t i o n a n d t r a n s l o c a t i o n of m i n e r a l ions in h i g h e r p l a n t s . J. ANl~sz offers a s u r v e y o f t h e progress m a d e in p h o t o s y n t h e s i s , c o n c e r n i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d f l m e t i o n of t h e p h o t o s y n t h e t i c m e m b r a n e . 1,'. KESSLEI~ dise,usses p u b l i c a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e m e t a b o l i s m of inorganic n i t r o g e n e,oumpomads. T. HaRa'5~ANI~- s p e a k s a b o u t t h e m e t a b o l i s m of organic N - c o m p o u n d s ( a m m o n i u m a s s i m i l a t i o n a n d a m i n o acid m e t a b o l i s m ) , H. R. SCHff'.rTE is concerned w h i t h s e c o n d a r y p h m t s u b s t a n c e s , s u c h as special topics o f t h e p h e n y l p i ' o p a n o i d m e t a b o l i s m . The` t h e m e o f g r o w t h h a s been t a k e n u p b y N. A~IR~XEIS-; M. Born, supplies i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e literature` on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l p h y s i o l o g y of higher plants. T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f W. HAU:!'T, w r i t t e n in G e r m a n , concerns p l a n t m o v e m e n t s . The t h i r d m a i n s u b j e c t , Genetics, is also d i s c u s s e d b y different a u t h o r s a c c o r d i n g to t h e field in whi~.h t h e y speciMize. W . NAOL p r e s e n t s a s u r v e y o f replication o f t h e e u k a r y o t i e c h r o m o some. f:l. BIND1NO a n d 11.. .NrE~iLS inform on a s e x u a l r e c o m b i n a t i o n in h i g h e r plants. T h e topic of W. GOTTSCm~I.~'S e,ontribution is t h e m u t a t i o n of higher plants. F. Hm:Z~'ELI) a n d M. K l r E ~ s u r v e y t h e l i t e r a t u r e on t h e fune,tion of g e n e t i c m a t e r i a l (organization. a n d f u n c t i o n of t h e eukariot~;e genome). C. G. ARNOLI) a n d K . IL GA1,'FAL deal w i t h e x t r a n u e l e o u s h e r e d i t y relating to t h e m o r p h o l o g y of e x t r a n u c l e o u s g e n e s d u r i n g t h e life cycle. (written in G e r m a n ) . T h e final que,.stion is t h a t of p o p u l a t i o n genetics, t h e s u b j e c t of 14. LICHTER'S s u r v e y . I n t h e f o u r t h s e c t i o n a t t e n t i o n is paid to T a x o n o m y . T h e first a u t h o r , ,I. GRAU, s p e a k s a b o u t progress in t h e s y s t e m a t i c s ~md e v o l u t i o n o f seed p l a n t s . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s on F a l a e b o t a n y (in general a n d ae,eording to different g r o u p s of p l a n t s ) were e l a b o r a t e d in G e r m a n b y two a u t h o r s , ~V. ,JuNo a n d F. SCHAARSCH3II1)T. The` last m a i n s u b j e c t , G e o b o t a n y , eonMsts of t h r e e p a r t s . The first is d e v o t e d to floristicM g e o b o t a n y (Areal- m i d F l o r e n k u n d e ) . The a u t h o r , E. J. JKOER, s u r v e y s in G e r m a n recent floristic k n o w l e d g e e,oneerning Afh'iea, Australia, O c e a n i a a n d t h e w e s t e r n p a r t of N o r t h America. I n t h e see`end p a r t B. Fa~:NZEL s p e a k s about, t h e progress m a d e in t h e h i s t o r y of [|oi'a a n d v e g e t a t i o n d u r i n g t h e Q u a t e r n a r y . I n t h e t h i r d p a r t we c a n lind a s u r v e y of t h e n e w developm.ent in vege,b;ttion seiene`e (soeiologieal geobotany), p r e s e n t e d b y I{. l(~-am,. I n t h i s p a r t special ~tttention is paid to t h e cold r e s i s t a n t v e g e t a t i o n as well as to t h a t of t h e m e d i t e r r a n e a n , tropical a n d s u b t r o p i c a l areas. F a c h p a r t in all t h e seutions e o n t a i n s a list. o f referene,es. A n i n d e x is a p p e n d e d a~ t h e end o f t h e book. Like t h e preeeeding v o l u m e s , Progress in B o t a n y , Vol. 41, d i s p l a y s a g r e a t a m o u n t of i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h helps r e s e a r c h workers to o b t a i n a s u r v e y of t h e progress in v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s o f v e g e t a t i o n science. E MILIE BALXTOVX-TuL.~KOVK

C. l). SCHON%VIESE KLIMASCHWANKUNGEN Springer-Verlag, Berlin, H e i d e l b e r g et New Y o r k 1979, 181 pp., 54 Figs. in t e x t . This book is t h e l l 5 t h volume` of a p o p u l a r i z a t i o n series: " V e r s t / i n d l i e h e Wisse,nschaft". T h e book i n t r o d u c e s t h e r e a d e r to long-te,cm o b s e r v a t i o n s on world climate. T h e e,oneeption a n d selection of p r o b l e m s t r e a t e d in t h e b o o k is influenced b y t h e ecological s t a n d p o i n t : How t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e m a n develops u n d e r t h e i m p a c t of anthropogenie, factors, M a n ehange,s his e n v i r o n m e n t m a i n l y b y t h e c o n s u m p t i o n of e n e r g y a n d b y p o l l u t i n g t h e a t m o s p h e r e a n d t h e water. T h e e v a l u a t i o n of t h e t i m e - c h a n g e s in world c l i m a t e h a s been m a d e possible by t h e indirect m e t h o d o f pollen-analysis which, a c e n t u r y ago, g a v e rise to paleoelimatology. T h u s , c o m p a r i s o n of t h e r e s u l t s of p a l e o e l i m a t o l o g y w i t h t h e l o n g - t e r m series of e,ontemporane,ous climatic m e a s u r e m e n t s m a k e s it possible to assess t r e n d s in t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e worM climate a n d to p r e d i c t its c h a n g e s b y m e a n s o f s t a t i s t i c a l m e t h o d s a n d m a t h e m a t i c a l models.

430

F O L I A G E O B O T A N I C A ET P H Y T O T A X O N O M I C A , 15, 1980

C h a p t e r I: A n i n t r o d u c t i o n in w h i c h t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n c e p t s of c l i m a t o l o g y are e x p l a i n e d . C h a p t e r I I : Climatological i n f o r m a t i o n sources -- describes t h e different m e t h o d s of m e a s u r i n g i n d i v i d u a l climatic e l e m e n t s a n d also i n t r o d u c e s t h e r e a d e r briefly to m e t h o d s of p o l l e n - a n a l y s i s u s e d in paleoclimatology. C h a p t e r l I I : Statistical m e t h o d s in climatology -- c o n t a i n s brief c o m m e n t s on f u n d a m e n t a l s t a t i s t i c a l t e r m s , s u c h as s a m p l i n g , m e a m t r e m e n t of v a r i a t i o n , correlation a n d regression. C h a p t e r IV: H i s t o r y of climatic f l u c t u a t i o n s -- gives t h e r e s u l t s of p a l e o c l i n m t o l o g y a n d describes t h e c h a n g e s in t e m p e r a t u r e d u r i n g historical periods. C h a p t e r V: I'roblem of t h e e a u s e s of elimatic c h a n g e s -- tries to e x p l a i n t h e l o n g - t e r m e h a n g e s in worM c l i m a t e on t h e b a s i s of v a r i o u s theories a n d h y p o t h e s e s b a s e d m a i n l y o n t h e periodical c h a n g e s of t h e s u n ' s orbit a n d on volcanic a c t i v i t y . C h a p t e r V I : S t a b i l i t y of t h e c l i m a t e -- s u m m a r i z e s t h e r e s u l t s of t h e previous c h a p t e r a n d d i s c u s s e s t h e o r e t i c a l l y t h e c o n c e p t of climatic stability. C h a p t e r VII: A n t h r o p o g e n i e f a c t o r s affecting t h e c l i m a t e a n a l y s e s t h e m a i n processes b y w h i c h h u m a n a c t i v i t y a s s e r t s its influence on t h e world c l i m a t e (emission of aerosols, c a r b o n d i o x y d e , e o n s u ; n p t i o n o f e n e r g y etc.). C h a p t e r V I I I : The f u t u r e p e r s p e c t i v e s -- gives a n e x t r a p o l a t i o n of t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e world c l i m a t e t o w a r d s t h e f n t u r e biased on t h e discovered t r e n d s . T h e c o m m e n t s p o i n t to possible d a n g e r s from t h e d e t e r i o r i z a t i o n of t h e h u m a n e n v i r o n m e n t d u e to a n t h r o p o g e n i e factors. T h u s , k n o w l e d g e of t h e l o n g - t e r m c h a n g e s in t h e world c l i m a t e is " n o a c a d e m i c k n o w l e d g e " (in t h e a u t h o r ' s words), b u t it h a s g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e for t h e f u t u r e fate of m a n k i n d . KAI~EL P ~ I s X ~

J. SEEMAN~

AGP~OMETEOROLOGY Springer-Verlag, Berlin, H e i d e l b e r g et N e w Y o r k 1979, 324 pp., 89 Figs. in t e x t . T h i s b o o k is a collection of p a p e r s on m e t h o d s u s e d b o t h in theoretical a n d p r a c t i c a l a g r o m e t e o r o l o g y . I t is i n t e n d e d as a m a n u a l for t r a i n i n g or f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n in a g r o m e t e o r o l o g y , n o t as a t e x t book or a h a n d b o o k . I t consists of a series o f a c c o u n t s of a g r o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l p r o b l e m s , e a c h c o m p l e t e in itself. T h e book w a s edited a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n of t h e C o m m i s s i o n for A g r o m e t e o r o l o g y (CAgM} of t h e W o r l d Meteorological O r g a n i z a t i o n (WMO). I t is w r i t t e n b y t h e editor: J. SEEM&NN a n d 3 c o a u t h o r s : Y. I. CmRKOV (Moscow A g r i c u l t u r a l A c a d e m y ) , ,1. LOMAS (Meteorological ~ervice, l l - B e t - D a g a n ) a n d B. PmMAULT ( I n s t i t u t Swisse de Met6orologie). T h e first p a r t (introduction) g i v e s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l ecological a p p r o a c h of t h e b o o k to m e t e o r o l o g i c a l problems. P a r t II: P h y s i c a l a n d meteorological principles of a g r o m e t e o r o l o g y , gives a g e n e r a d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e meteorological e l e m e n t s : solar r a d i a t i o n , h e a t fluxes a n d t h e i r b a l a n c e , air m a s s t r a n s f e r , w i n d a n d t r a n s p o r t of particles b y air m a s s e s . I t gives t h e f u n d a m e n t a l m e t h o d s u s e d to m e a s u r e t h e s e e l e m e n t s . P a r t I l I : Applied a g r o m e t e o r o l o g y , is d e v o t e d to concrete ag~'ieultural e c o s y s t e m s : m e a d o w s a n d p a s t u r e s ; g r a i n crops; trees, o r c h a r d s a n d forests a n d g r e e n h o u s e c u l t i v a t i o n s . S e v e r a l a s p e c t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e a n i m a l c o m p o n e n t s a t t a c h e d to t h e s e e c o s y s t e m s are g i v e n in i n d i v i d u a l c h a p t e r s of t h i s P a r t , s u c h as, e.g., o p t i m u m c l i m a t e for a n i m a l s ; c l i m a t e inside a n i m a l shelters; epidemiology of insects, a n d o t h e r diseases. T h r e e c h a p t e r s are d e v o t e d to t h e p r o b l e m s of f o r e c a s t i n g in a g r o m e t e o r o l o g y b y m e a n s of simple m e t e o r o l o g i c a l models. T h e c o n c l u d i n g c h a p t e r s refer to t h e role of a g r o m e t e o r o l o g y in p l a n n i n g a n d in crop d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e book provides a s u r v e y of c o n t e m p o r a r y r e s e a r c h as well as its a p p l i c a t i o n a n d m a y serve as a useful tool for m e t e o r o l o g i s t s involved in t h e p r o b l e m of i n c r e a s i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i v i t y b y a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a . n d i n g of t h e intem'elation of biological a n d m e t e o r o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s a c t i n g in p r o d u c t i o n processes. KAREL P ~ I B / ~

~OOK~EWEWS

431

EVA ~VALDEMAI~SON,IENS~N SUCCESSIONS 1N R E L A T I O N S H I P TO LAITAURE DELTA, NORTH SWEDEN

LAGOON

DEVELOPMENT

IN

THE

A c t a p h y t o g e o g r a p h i c a Suecica 66. - - U p p s a l a 1979, 120 pp., 88 Figs. et Phot. The succession of p l a n t communities is a p r o b l e m which h a s been studied in v a r i o u s e n v i r o n m e n t a l conditions b y m a n y a u t h o r s -- b u t it seems t h a t our knowledge on this topic is still insufficient, as soon as a concrete case is tackled. Two m a i n a p p r o a c h e s h a v e been used in succession studies: t h e " 1 3 a u e r q u a d r a t " m e t h o d , which is accurate enough, b u t provides i n f o r m a t i o n limited to a relatively s h o r t period and a limited area, or succession studies w i t h the aid of sequences of p h o t o g r a p h s t a k e n in a series of years. This last m e t h o d can give i n f o r m a t i o n on an extensive area, b u t with less a c c u r a c y w i t h respect to the p l a n t s involved. I t was used su(cessfully for s t u d y i n g e.g. t h e vegetation succession d u r i n g t h e r e t r e a t of glaciers r I n this treatise it has been applied to the s t u d y of t h e h y d r a r c h and x e r a r c h successions in the Laitam.e delta in N. Sweden. The L a i t a u r e delta is situated in Lule L a p p m a r k , in the birch belt. I t is practically u n d i s t u r b e d b y h u m a n activities and shows a v e r y interesting d e v e l o p m e n t of retrogressive successions in m o s t p a r t s of its large and continually changing area. The changes of the delta a n d its n u m e r o u s lagoons can be followed on p h o t o s t a k e n in the period f r o m 1899 to 1974. Comparison of the p h o t o s enables us e.g. to date t h e invasion of willow s h r u b vegetation (mainly S(diz lap])onu~rl and S. phyliciJolia) in a x e r a r c h series, or reversing of t h e s h r u b vegetation to s w a m p vegetation in a h y d r a r c h series. Stratification of lagoon sediments in s o m e cases, where p h o t o g r a p h i c a l evidence of succession steps was available, was studied to o b t a i n more accurate information on vegetation and soil changes. The p a t h w a y s of h y d r a r c h successions in t h e Laitam'e delta are s m n m a r i z e d in a succession scheme, which is very instructive. Th~ book of EVA WALDEMARSON ,IENSI~3N brings interesting material on succession and its causes in a river delta of a subarctic zone and contributes s i m u l t a n e o u s l y to the general problems of p h m t succession. EMIL HADA6 F. KRAL

SPAT- UND I'OSTGLAZIALE WALDGESCHICHTE DER AUF GRUND DER BISHERIGEN POLLENANALYSE

ALPEN

0stevreichischer Agrarverlag, Wien 1979, 174 pp., 3 Tabs., 72 Figs., 160 6. S. Besides b o t a n y , geology a n d archaeology, o t h e r b r a n c h e s of science m a k e m o r e and more use of pollen analyses in solving p r a c t i , a l p r o b l e m s of landscape and, especially, of forest planning. The book by KI~AL, a m o n g other things, is devoted to this special problem. I n its eight chapters, it p r e s e n t s a well arranged s u r v e y of the development of forest vegetation and a complex view of questions of refugia, the spreading and a u t o c h t o n o u s occurrence of various trees within the greatest E u r o p e a n orographic u n i t -- the Alps. After the i n t r o d u c t o r y chapter, in ~ h i c h the a u t h o r defines his aim and lists the reasons leading him to write the book, he offers g e n e , l i n t b r m a t i o n on the present composition a n d vertical vegetational zonation of tbrests in the Alps, on the development of vegetation and climate since the end of the last glaciation in the Alps, and on the fluctuation of climate in the last 15 or 17 t h o u s a n d year's. D a t a on the h u n m n settlement and on forest e c o n o m y in historical times and a general view of pollen-analytical studies era'tied out in th~ Alps so far are added. The third chapter is devoted to tho q~lestion of glacial refugia of m a i n trees. I n this chapter, F. KRAL c o r r o b o r a t e s the present view of the problem. He finds the principal refugial centre in the regions s o u t h w a r d of the A1ps, while on the s o u t h e r n and s o u t h e a s t e r n foothills of the m o u n t a i n s he adlnits only small isolated rofugia. I n discussing th~se p l a n t refl~gia, however, it is necessary to t a k e into accolmt not only the inibrmation from the Alps and from the Me:literranean, b u t d a t a a b o u t the veg~tation,l h i s t o r y of the C a r p a t h i a n region, of the

432

F O L I A G E O B O T A N I C A ET P I t Y T O T A X O N O M I C A , 15, 1980

u n g l a e i a t e d m o u n t a i n ridges of middle a l t i t u d e s in C e n t r a l E u r o p e , a n d of t h e regions a r o u n d t h e B l a c k Sea. T h e following t w o c h a p t e r s comprise a d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of tile d e v e l o p m e n t of forest t y p e s a n d c h a n g e s in vertical v e g e t a t i o n a l z o n a t i o n in t h e L a t e - G l a c i a l a n d Post-Glacial l'eriods. S c h e m a t i c m a p s of v e g e t a t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d of their c h a n g e s are e l a b o r a t e d for e a c h climatic period (Figs. 5 to 7). A f t e r e v a l u a t i n g all his results, KRA:L assessed s~ven different d e v e l o p m e n t a l forest t y p e s (Fig. 12). T h e diflbrent roles of spruce, fir, a n d beech, especially in t h e e a s t e r n a n d w e s t e r n p a r t s of t h e Alps are e m p h a s i z e d . T h i s p a r t of t h e book s e e m s to be of g r e a t e s t p r a c t i c a l value. C h a p t e r 6 concerns t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e distribu',ion a ~ d m i g r a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l tree species a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g m a p s h a v e been p l o t t e d for th~ prin(~ipal c l i m a x trees of t h e Alps (Picea, Abies, Fagux, a n d Quercus). T h e following c h a p t e r is a v e r y good guide to t h e h i s t o r y of t b r e s t s in v a r i o u s v e g e t a t i o n a l regions of t h e A1ps (according to t h e a u t h o r , t h e y are as follows: t h e E a s t e r n a n d W e s t e r n Central Alps, S o u t h e a s t e r n A1ps, S o u t h e r n Alps, N o r t h e a s t e r n Alps, N o r t h w e s t e r n A1ps a n d S o u t h w e s t e r n Alps). T h i s c h a p t e r is based, first of all, on 74 t y p e pollen d i a g r a m s b y different a u t h o r s w h i c h h a v e b e e n s t a t i s t i c a l l y a n d g r a p h i c a l l y reworked in a u n i f o r m way. T h e last c h a p t e r is d e v o t e d to m a n a n d his influence on v e g e t a t i o n . T h e a u t h o r uses a n i n t e r e s t i n g a p p r o a c h e s in distinguishh~g w h i c h of t h e v e g e t a t i o n a l c h a n g e s , .~bown b y pollen d i a g r a m s , c a n be ascribed to m a n a n d w h i e h of t h e m to elimatie f l u c t u a t i o n s . H e e m p h a s i z e s t h e n e c e s s i t y of c o m b i n i n g pollen a n a l y s e s f r o m the, l a t e s t periods w i t h a r e h i v e studies. KI~AlfS book is b a s e d on a large mnom~t of i n f o r m a t i o n published u p to 1978, b u t s o m e t h n e s it is n o t q u i t e d e a r w h a t criteria t h e etuthor e m p l o y e d in his selection. T h e site of t h e t e r r i t o r y to be covered b y t h e s t u d y a n d t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e author: uses t h e t e r l n s " A 1 p e n " a n d " A l p e n r a u m " are a m b i g u o u s . Most of t h e t e x t i'efi'rs to t e r r i t o r y a b o v e t h e lower edge of t h e m o u n t a i n zone {eL p. 48, Fig. 10), while in t h e list of t h e diagI'ams used a n d in s o m e m a p s (Fig. 3) m a n y i t e m s widely o v e r s t e p this b o u n d a r y . T h u s , e.g., a d i a g r a m fro:n L a k e B a l a t o n as well as d i a g r a m s f r o m s o u t h e r n M o r a v i a a n d s o u t h e r n B o h e m i a can be foup.d here, h u t t h e y are n o t m e n t i o n e d in t h e t e x t a n d tim r e a s o n for t h e i r inclusion is n o t clear. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , s o m e d i a g r a m s fl'om regions i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t to t h e Alps (:~.g., A~a~A>--MosER, B., 1975, V e g e t a t i o n s k u n d l i e h e a n d P o l l e n a n a l y t i s e h e U n t e r s u e h u n g e n a u f H e i d e n w e g im Beilersee. Beltr. Geobot. L a n d e s a u f n . Sehweiz, 56), or w h i c h come s t r a i g h t f r o m t h e C e n t r a l A1ps, are left out. This, however, does n o t d e t r a c t f r o m t h e v a l u e of t h e work. T h e book offers a simplified s u r v e y of c o m p l i c a t e d p r o b l e m s c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a n e x t e n s i v e a n d u n u ~ u a l l y diversilied a n d h e t e r o g e n e o u s t e r r i t o r y of the, Alps. T h i s e n h a n c e s its u s e f u l n e s s for practiced p u r p o s e s , a b o v e all as a s u r v e y of d a t a needect for g e n e r a l forest p l a n n i n g , I n addition, it s u p p l i e s i n f o r m a t i o n to a wider circle of readers, especially b o t a n i s t s , who are i n t e r e s t e d in t h e g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t of n a t u r e a n d v e g e t a t i o n in t h e territory. ELI.~KA I:~YBNI('KOV~{