Ecology and taxonomy of Fusarium species in Poland Ho Kwasna1

and

J. Chelkowski 2

1. Department of Forest Pathology, Agricultural University, 60-625 Poznan, ul. Wojska Polskiego 71 c, Poland

2. Department of Plant Pathology, SGGW-AR, 02-766 Warsaw, ul. Nowoursynowska 166, Poland Abstract The paper presents 21 Fusarium species occurring in Poland on the field crops /mostly on cereals, maize, potato and Papilionaceae plants7, woody plants, grasses, vegetables and ornamentals as well as on kernels or seeds of these hosts and soils o Additionally the commonly observed symptoms on above-mentioned plants and the informations about regions of the highest disease' occurrence are added. However the paper results mainly from authors' investigation on the Fusarium species occurrence in Poland, it encloses also the available, post-war literature data on the fusariosis in Poland in the past. Majority of .Fusarium species cited had been identified according to Nelson et ale taxonomic system. Comparative listing of the synonyms within eleven Fusarium sections as used in three monographs / 1,11,21/ is presented. Introduction Phytopathogenic isolates of many Fusarium species are causal agents of many plants' diseases allover the world, also in Poland. Due to the crop losses and dangerous for human and animal health Fusarium mycotoxins production in the food and feed cantaminated wIth fungi more and more attention is paid recently to this problem. It seemed of interest to determine the occurrence and distribution of Fusarium species on different hosts and media in Poland. This paper presents the results of 10 years long investigation on Fusarium app. presence, intensity of plant fusariosis as well as some ecological aspects of this problem, It encloses also the results of similar researches carried out in Poland earlier. Accordingly to Nirenberg /22/ suggestion it presents also t~e comparative listing of synonyms within Fusarium sections mentioned.

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Materials and Methods The Fusarium infected samples of different plants and media originated mostly from Central, Southern, South-western and Southeastern Poland were collected. In laboratory were surface sterilized for 1 min. with 196 NaOCl or wiped with 70% ethanol, washed with sterile water and plated out onto p~. During sporulation the siBgle spore cultures were 'Prepared. Following incubation at +25 C for 10-14 days on P~ lnotato dextrose agar/ and SNA flow nutrient content agar/ cUltUres were identified according to Nelson et ale taxonomy system /21/. The main characters used in Fusarium taxonomy was the morphology of the conidia and the conidiogenous cells, while growth rates / colony diametr/ and pigmentation were used as secondary criteria. Results The Fusarium species isolated from infected plant tissues and soils, mostly in last decade in Poland are as follow.

E.

f.

f. f. y.

y.

Y.

~quaeductuum - isolated only from the seed carrot 'plantation

soil in the western Poland. nivale = Microdochium nivale - causes pre-emergence blight, root rot I"snow mold"/, culm rot, head blight, leaf blight of cereals and grasses. Occurs commonly allover Poland /16/. Causes severe crop losses. poae - isolated often from all parts of cereals and maize allover Poland /4,9,18,19/, sporadically also from Trifolium ap. and Dactylis sp. roots /10/. tricinctum - occurs rarely on wheat and rye ears, maize heads, barley and rye kernels in the southern and western Poland /4/. Is a weak parasite of cereals. sJ)orotrlchioides - occurs rarely on maize heads with the blight symptoms as well as on the wheat and barley kernels mainly in central and western Poland 7 4,9/. Sporadically occurred also on flax plants and strawberry fruits near Warsaw. Is the strong parasite for cereals. avenaceum - isolated commonly from kernels, ears, stems and roots of cereals, stalks and heads of maize /',9/ as well as potato tubers with dry rot symptoms /6/ allover Poland. It is the hyperparasite colonizing Clavicep.s sp. sclerotia /2/. Occurred also on flax plants 726/,Crambe abyssinica plants /25/,Onobrychis sP.o seeds, Trifolium spo and Dactylis ap. roots 710/ as well as on rotting apple and tomato fruits and dead twigs of rose and apple tree. Is considered as the weak parasite but with large inoculum can cause severe crop losses. semitectum - occurs sporadically. So far isolated from flax plants /26/, wheat kernels, Trifolium sp. and Dactylis ap. roots in South of Poland /10/.

59

f.

- so far isolated only from Trifolium sp. and Dactylis sp. rhizosphere /10/ in the South Poland, E. equiseti - isolated from all parts of cereals and maize and its kernels allover Poland /5,8,9,16/. Occurred also on flax plants /26/,Crambe abyssinica plants /25/, Trifolium spo and Dactylis sp. roots /10/, Onobrychis sp. seeds as well as on rotting tomato fruits and in soil from the seed carrot plantation. Occurs not often. Is a weak parasite. Eo acuminatum - is extremely rare. So far isolated only from rye kernels near Warsaw. f. heterosporum - is extremely rare. So far, as the hyperparasite occurred on sclerotia of Claviceps sp. on Lolium spo and Triticale ears /2/. F. sambucinum - occurs mainly on the potato tubers with dry rot symptoms allover Poland /6,15/. Was isolated also from flax plants /26/, Trifolium sp. and Dactylis sp. roots /10/ in southern Poland as well as from Pinus sylvestris seedlings in the West. E. culmorum - isolated from roots, stalks and heads of cereals, maize, Papilionaceae plants, potato tubers, ornamentals allover Poland 73,5,8,9,12,16,17,19/. Sporadically occurred on flax plants /26/,Crambe abyssinica /25/,Onobrychis spo and Beta vulgaris seeds 713/. Is dominating and highly pathogenic on cereals. f. graminearum - is the high pathogen of gramineous hosts. Isolated from stalks, ears of cereals, mainly wheat and Triticale in central and southern Poland /5,12,20/ as well as from stalks and cobs of maize allover country lsi. y. crookwellense- is highly pathogenic to gramineous plants. Occurs on wheat, rye and Triticale ears as well as on maize stalks and cobs in central and South-western Poland /14/. It was isolated also from potato tubers with dry rot symptoms /14,15/. f. lateritium - is rare in Poland. So far was isolated only from Cannabis sativa seeds /23/, Trifolium ap. and Dactylis sp. roots and its rhizosphere soil 710/, F, moniliforme - occurs on gramineous plants and its kernels allover Poland /8/. Is the important pathogen of maize causing the seedling blight, stalk and cob rot. Is isolated not so often as F. subglutinans; f. proliferatum - occurs sporadically. So far only on maize grain. g. subglutinans - occurs mostly on gramineous plants and its grain all over Poland. The most frequent is isolated in Central and South-western Poland from maize seedlings with blight symptoms, rotting stalks,cobs and grain of maize /8/. Was also observed on the potato tubers with dry rot symptoms in western Poland /15/.

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camptoceras

E.

oxysporum

£.

solani

- is extremely common in the wide range of soils all over Poland. It is causal agent of vascular wilts, damping-off and rot of numerous plants as: field crops 17,8,16,26/, vegetables /24/, conifers and particularly ornamentals. Was observed also on seeds of many plants: tomato, Onobrychis sp., Beta vulgeris. Is the weak parasite of cereals but often occurs together with high pathogens. - was found on'many plants and in the soil. It is ~roved to cause damping-off, root and foot rot, stem canker, fruit and leaf necrosis of the field crops of which the most important are potato and Papilionaceae plants /7,10,277, vegetables, conifers and ornamentals allover country. Was isolated also from cereals grain and other plants seeds /8,25/. Is the weak parasite for cereals.

Comparative listing of synonyms within 11 Fusarium sections Gerlach et Nirenberg Booth Nelson et ale IDPIONNOTES

f.aguaeductuum /Radlk.et Rabenh./ Lagerh. F.nivale Ces.ex Sacco = Microaochium nivale /Fr./ Samuels et Hallett

g .aguaeductuum

F.aquaeductuum - EPISPHAERIA

ARACHNITES ,E'.nivale

!.~

SPOROTRICf-GELLA F.¥oae /Peck/Wollenw. F. ricinctum /Corda/Sacc. g.sporotrichioides Sherb.

f.~porotrichioides

F.avenaceum /Fr./Corda

ROSFDM f .avenaceum

F·tO~e

F.¥O?e

F.

~. r~cinctum

r~cinctum

!.sporotrichioldes

E.avenaceum .. ARTHROSPORIELLA

ARTHROSPORIELLA F.semitectum Berk.et Rav. Focar;toceras Wollenw.et - Re nk.

F. semitectum

! .camptoceras

Fesemitectum g.camptoceras

GIBBOSUM F.equiseti /Corda/Sacc. J.acuminatum Ell.et Kell.

f .'eguiseti .

E"acuminatum

DISCOLOR F.heterosporum Nees f.heterosporum F.'sambucinum F.sambucinum FUckel II " f;sulphureum Schlecht. F.culmorum /W.G.Smith/Sacc. F.culmorum f.graminearum F~raminearum Schwabe E.crookWellense Burgess et ale

F.eguiseti !.acumlnatum F.heterosporum F. sambuclnum F.sulphureum F.culmorum f.gramlnearum

LATERITIUM

f .laterltium Nees ex Link

f.'1ateritium

!.lateritium

61

f.moniliforme Sheld Q ?proliferatum /Matsushima! Nirenberg F.subglutinans /Wollenw. - etReink.!Nelson et a'l ,

f.oxysporum Schlecht. "

11

F.solani /Mart./ Appel et Wollenw.emend.Snyder et Hansen

" " " II

II

" " II

" "

LISEOLA' F.verticillioides 7Sacc .7 Nirenberg y.proliferatum

!' .moniliforme

F;sacchari /Butler/ Vi.dams

F.moniliforme var. 5ubglutinans Wollenw. e-t Reink.

ELEGAt'JS f.oxysporur.J. f.redolens Wollenw. IViARTIELLA f.solani /Nart./Sacc. F.eumartii Carpenter Koorders F.illudens Booth f.coeruleum /Libert/ ex Sacco F.ventricosum Appel et Wollem«, VENTRICOSlJIIi

f ;javanicum

f .oxysporum F.oxtsporum var. redo ens !Wollenw./ Gordon

.-F.solani --II II

F,illudens F.solani 7Mart./Sacc. var ,' coeruleJm ;:.ventricosum

Literature

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10 11 12 13 14 15

16 17

18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25 26 27

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