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B l e a c h i n g o f P a l m Oil, C. l). ¥ . G e o r g i a n d G. L. T e i k , M a l a y A g r i c u l t u r a l J o u r n a l , 1933, 21, 2 3 - 3 2 . - - B y b l o w i n g w i t h a i r a t a b o u t 90 ° i n t h e p r e s e n c e o f 0.01% o f m e t a l l i c c a t a l y s t s ( e L S a s t r y , B., 1916, 126) p a l m oil ( 4 % o f f r e e f a t t y a c i d s ) c o u l d b e b l e a c h e d i n 11/2 h o u r w i t h Co r e s i n a t e , in 2V,~, h o u r s w i t h t h e Co b o r a t e ( i n s o l u b l e i n t h e o i l ) , a n d i n 7-9 a n d 12-13 h o u r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w i t h the corresponding Mn and Ni salts. The solid and liquid fractions o f t h e oil ( s e p a r a t e d b y f i l t r a t i o n ) c o u l d a l s o b e b l e a c h e d s e p a rately. The filtered a i r - b l e a c h e d oil could be deacidified a n d d e o d o r i z e d f o r l o c a l u s e a s a n e d i b l e oll o r f o r s o a p m a n u f a c t u r e . - - B r i t i s h C h e m i c a l A b s t r a c t s ( T h e A m e r i c a n P e r f u m e r , 28, 9, 485, N o v e m b e r , 1 9 3 3 ) . Maleic Acid and P h t h a l i e A n h y d r i d e . C, R, Downs, Weiss a n d D o w n s , Inc., N e w Y o r k I n d u s t r i a l a n d E n g i n e e r i n g Chemd~try, Vol. 26, No. 1, p a g e 17, J a n u a r y , 1 9 3 4 . - - G r e e n b a c k (U. S. 1,898,363) of the U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t of A g r i c u l t u r e h a s found t h a t m a l e i c a c i d i s a n i m p o r t a n t a n t i o x i d a n t f o r p r e v e n t i n g t h e dev e l o p m e n t o f r a n c i d i t y in f a t s a n d o i l s in s t o r a g e . T h e a d d i t i o n o f o n l y one p a r t o f m a l e i c a c i d i n t e n t h o u s a n d p a r t s o f t h e f a t t y m a t e r i a l h a s b e e n f o u n d e f f e c t i v e . I t is w e l l k n o w n t h a t c r u d e v e g e t a b l e o i l s k e e p r e m a r k a b l y well. A f t e r r e f i n i n g b y t h e a l k a l i process, t h e e x c e l l e n t k e e p i n g q u a l i t y is d e s t r o y e d : The natural antioxidants of these crude oils have never been isolated. It was found that certain water-soluble extracts from cottonseed and soybean meal were antioxidants for dairy products. The only prope r t y r e c o r d e d f o r t h i s f r a c t i o n w a s t h a t i t w a s s l i g h t l y acidic. In a s t u d y of the a l i p h a t i e acids it w a s discovered t h a t the s t r u c t u r e of m a l e i e a c i d w a s s i m i l a r t o h y d r o q u i n o n e . M a l e i c a c i d h a s p r a c t i c a l l y the s a m e a n t i o x y g e n i c v a l u e as h y d r o q u i n o n e w h e n u s e d i n f a t s a n d oils. It; is i d e a l i n t h a t i t s s o l u b i l i t y i n f a t s a n d o i l s is o n l y 0.01 p e r c e n t Which s i m p l i f i e s i t s use, s i n c e e x c e s s a c i d m a y be a d d e d t o t h e ~)il a n d t h e e x c e s s r e m o v e d b y f i l t r a t i o n . I t a d d s no t a s t e , odor, o r c o l o r t o t h e p r o d u c t , I t h a s a l s o been f o u n d to i n h i b i t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f r a n c i d i t y i n m i l k p o w d e r , p a s t try, and carmels. A l t h o u g h t h e B u r e a u of D a i r y I n d u s t r y has not f o r m a l l y recomm e n d e d i t s use, i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t t h e e c o n o m i c i m p o r t a n c e o f this d i s c o v e r y should lead to its wide application. F o r a purpose o f t ~ i s s o r t t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e t o x i c i t y o f m a l e i c a c i d is o c c a s i o n ally raised. T h i s is a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u i v a l e n t to o x a l i c a c i d , b u t in t h e e x t r e m e l y s m a l l t r a c e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e i t w o u l d a p p e a r t h a t i t c o u l d be u s e d w i t h s a f e t y . T h e r e are, o f c o u r s e . large tonnages of fatty oils used which are not converted into edible products. A s a m a t t e r o f s c i e n t i f i c i n t e r e s t o n l y , it s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t m a l e i c acid a t t i m e s crystallizes in the form of prismat;ic blue crystals. A s f a r a s t h e a u t h o r k n o w s , t h i s h a s n e v e r b e e n reported nor its cause determined.

E x a m i n a t i o n of t h e f a t t y acids separated from soaps. G. W o l f f , Chimie ~ I n d u s t r i e S p e c i a l No., 1039-42 ( J u n e , 1 9 3 3 ) . - - A t t e n t i o n i s d r a w n t o t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e p r o b l e m o f d e t g . Vhe n a t u r e a n d stats, of fats used in the manpf, of soaps made from several different fats. E m p h a s i s is laid on t h e v a l u e of the l i t e r test, the v a l u e o f w h i c h , h o w e v e r , is n o t p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h o s e o f t h e m a t e r i a l s u s e d . C u r v e s a r e g i v e n s h o w i n g t h e v a r i a t i o n in t h e t i t e r test of v a r i o u s m i x t s , of peanut, copra, tallow, stearic acid, p a l m oil, h o r s e f a t , s o y - b e a n oil, l i n s e e d oil a n d r o s i n . A. P a p i n e a u - C o u t u r e . Taffe! and Revis method for estimating the r a n c i d i t y of oils a n d f a t s , J. K. G i l e s . Chem4s~;vy a n d I n d u s t r y , 1933, 8 1 6 - 1 7 . T h e m e t h o d o f T. a n d R. (C. A. 25, 2315) is r e v i s e d a s f o l l o w s : T h r o u g h a 2-oz. b o t t l e c o n t g . 40 m l . o f g l a c i a l A c O H k e p t i n HeO a t 95-100 °, p a s s a s t r e a m o f CO2 f o r 2 rain. N e x t a d d 2 rot. o f 50% K I w i t h t h e C O , s t i i I on, a n d a f t e r 1 rain. p o u r i n a w e i g h e d a m t . o f l i q u i d f a t ( a p p r o x . 10 m l . ) a n d o b t a i n t h e w t . b y r e weighing the cylinder. P a s s t h e C O l f o r 4 rain. a n d t h e n p o u r t h e b o t t l e c o n t e n t s i n t o 150 ml. o f H z O a n d t i t r a t e w i t h 0.02 N Na2S2Oa w i t h s t a r c h soln. a s i n d i c a t o r . M a k e a b l a n k d e t n . E. ScherubeL D e t e r m i n a t i o n of the hydroxyl number, W. N o r m a n n a n d E. S c h i l d k n e c h t . Fet~chem. U m s c h a ~ 40, 194~7 ( t 9 3 3 ) . - - T h e f o l l o w i n g m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e V e r l e y - B 6 1 s i n g m e t h o d f o r a c e t y l no. h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y N. a n d S. : I n t o a 150-cc. f l a s k w e i g h e n o u g h s u b s t a n c e t o u s e u p o n l y z~ o f t h e Ae~O t o b e a d d e d , a n d f r o m a p i p e t w e i g h 4 cc. o f a f r e s h m i x t , o f 1 c o l Ac20 a n d 2 v o l s . p y r i .
Edited by

BOLLENSand R.

,STLER

hr~ i n b o i l i n g H20. Cool, r i n s e t h e f u n n e l w i t h 0.5-1.0 co. I-I~O ; cool a g a i n i f h e a t is l i b e r a t e d , dil. w i t h n e u t r a l ale. a n d t i t r a t e b a c k w i t h 0.5 N ale. K O H a n d p h e n o l p h t h a l e i n ; r u n a b l a n k . T h e n : h y d r o x y l no. ---~ [ ( b - - a ) 2 8 . O 5 5 / e ] ~ A , W h e r e a ~- co. 0.~ N K O H , b -- co. u s e d i n b l a n k , e ~ w t . o f s u b s t a n c e a n d .4 ---- a n y f r e e a c i d no. t h e s u b s t a n c e m a y h a v e h a d . T h e r e is also des c r i b e d a m e t h o d f o r t h e d e t n . o f ales. w h o s e e s t e r s a r e v o l a t i l e in m i x t s , o f f a t t y a c i d s a n d n e u t r a l f a t s . P. E,

Relationship between t h e a n t i m o n y trichloride blue value o~ cod-liver oils and t h a t of t h e i r unsaponiflable fractions. F. J, D y e r . Quart. J. P h a r m . P h a r m a c o L 6, 338-46 ( 1 9 3 3 ) . - - T h i r t y n i n e s a m p l e s o f l i v e r oil w e r e t e s t e d b y S b C l s r e a g e n t b o t h f o r t h e b l u e v a l u e o f t h e oil ( x ) a n d of t h e u n s a p o n i f i a b l e f r a c t i o n ( y ) . For this series it has been shown that the blue value of the uns a p o n i f i a b l e f r a c t i o n i s 161.5% o f t h a t o f t h e b l u e v a l u e o f t h e o~1 i t s e l f . B y m a t h . a n a l y s i s , t h e c u r v e of d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e v a l u e s of l o g y - - log x h a s b e e n s h o w n to be a l m o s t n o r m a l , to p o s s e s s o n l y a s l i g h t d e g r e e of " s k e w n e s s " a n d t o b e o f n o r m a l h e i g h t . In practice this m e a n s t h a t t h e likelihood of t h e blue v a l u e of the u n s a p o n i f i a b l e m a t t e r prepd, b y t h e r a p i d m e t h o d o f S m i t h a n d H a z l e y , b e i n g 161.5% o f t h a t o f t h e b l u e v a l u e o f t h e oil, is e q u a l f o r oils of h i g h a n d l o w b l u e v a l u e s . A s i m p l e s a l o n , h a s b e e n m a d e o f t h e d e g r e e o f i n a c c u r a c y t h a t is u n a v o i d a b l e i n m a k i n g a detn. o f t h e b l u e v a l u e o f a n oil d i r e c t , r a t h e r t h a n on t h e u n saponifiable matter. A worker must decide whether this degree of i n a c c u r a c y is so g r e a t a s t o m a k e i t w o r t h w h i l e to c a r r y o u t t h e t e s t on t h e u n s a p o n i f i a b l e m a t t e r . W.O.E. Notes on extraction plants for oil seeds. H e r r m a n n M e y e r . Chem. App. 20, 94-5, 103-5 ( 1 9 3 3 ) . - - T h e flow s h e e t a n d d e t a i l s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r extn. p l a n t s a r e d i s c u s s e d . S u m m a r i z e d d a t a f o r p r o p e r t i e s o f oils a n d s u i t a b l e s o l v e n t s a r e p r e s e n t e d . Karl gammermeyer. Calculation of a refining plant for seed oils. H e r r m a n n M e y e r . Chem. App. 20, 113-17 ( 1 9 3 3 ) ; of. p r e c e d i n g a b s t r . - - C a l c n s , f o r t h e v a r i o u s s t e p s in a r e f i n i n g p l a n t p r o c e s s i n g 3,000 kg. c o t t o n seed oil p e r 12 hrs. a r e c a r r i e d o u t f o r h e a t a n d m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e ments. A t a b l e is p r e s e n t e d w h i c h g i v e s v a l u e s f o r t h e m e a n t e m p . d i f f e r e n c e a s f u n c t i o n s of t h e t e r m i n a l d i f f e r e n c e s , i n h e a t ing equipment. Karl gammermeyer. U n s a t u r a t e d f a t t y aoids of the oleic series in Japanese sardine oil. M a s a k i c h i T a k a n o . J. Soc. Chem. Ind., J a p a n 36, S u p p l . b i n d i n g 549-50 ( 1 9 3 3 ) . - - T h e m i x e d f a t t y a c i d s f r o m t h e s a p o n . of oil w e r e sepd. b y t h e N a a n d P b s a l t s - a c e t o n e m e t h o d s . T h e l i q u i d f a t t y a c i d s w e r e c o n v e r t e d i n t o t h e i r Me e s t e r s a n d f r a c t i o n a t e d by v a c u u m distn. T h e acids identified were (1) zo~marie a c i d , ( 2 ) o l e i c a c i d ( p r o b a b l y n o r m a l ) , ( 3 ) g a d o l e i c acid, a n d ( 4 ) c e t o l e i c a c i d . A c i d s ( 1 ) a n d ( 2 ) consVitute 20-30% o f t h e t o t a l mixed f a t t y acids. F i v e references. K.K. T h e detection of the a d u l t e r a t i o n of cacao butter. D e t e r m i n a tion of t h e azelsic acid n u m b e r . G. S c h u s t e r . C o m p L rend. 197, 760-2 ( 1 9 3 3 ) ; of. C. A. 27, 1 9 5 5 . - - T h e a z e l a i c a c i d no. i s d e f i n e d a s t h e no. o f rag. K O H r e q u i r e d t o n e u t r a l i z e t h e a c i d i t y o f 1 g. of the m i x e d insoL acid g l y c e r i d e s obtained by K M n 0 4 o x i d a t i o n of the fat. D i r e c t d e t n . o f t h i s e o n s t , b y sepn. o f t h e g l y c e r i d e s a n d a c i d i m e t r i c t i t r a t i o n i s a d e l i c a t e o p e r a t i o n on a c c o u n t o f t h e difieiculty o f e l i m i n a t i n g p e l a r g o n i c a c i d w h i c h i s b u t s l i g h t l y sol. in I-/~O. The following technic, which makes use of the considerable d i f f e r e n c e i n soly. o f t h e Ivlg s a l t s o f p e l a r g o n i c ~ a c i d a n d o f a z e l a i c e s t e r s i n 80% alc., i s r e c o m m e n d e d : O x i d i z e 40 g. c a c a o b u t t e r d i s s o l v e d i n 400 ce. Mie2CO w i t h 160 g. K M n O 4 ; d i s s o l v e t h e m i x e d a c i d s in 350 cc. 80% a l c . ; t o t h e h o t s o l n . (70-80 °) a d d a h o t soln. o f 6 g. a n h y d . MgCl~ iri 60 ec. $0% a l c . ; l e t s t a n d 24 h r s . a t t 5 °, f i l t e r , w a s h w i t h 100 co. 95% ale. a n d t h e n w i t h d i s t d . w a t e r , d r y i n v a c u u m o v e r H ~ S O , ; i n 1 g. o f t h e M g s a l t s det. M g a s MgSO4 a n d sale. t h e r e f r o m t h e e q u i v . KOI-I. C a c a o b u t l e r h a s a n a z e l a i c a c i d no. o f 93.7 ; K a r l t e b u t t e r , 131.1. I n m i x t s , o f t h e 2, t h e c o m p n , c a n be c a l c d , f r o m t;he a z e l a i e a c i d no. ; i n m o r e c o m p l e x m i x t s . , i t c a n d e t e c t a d u l t e r a t i o n . A. P a p i n e a u - C o u t u r e .

Report on (the analysis of) f a t s and oils. Geo. S. Jamieson. J. Assoc. O~ci.al `4gr. Che~n. 16, 568-9 ( 1 9 3 3 ) . ; cf. C. A. 27, 200-1. - - D e t n . o f t h e a c i d i t y a n d s a p o n , no. o f e x t d . c o t t o n s e e d oil g i v e s h i g h e r r e s u l t s b y t h e A l b e r t ; m e t h o d t h a n b y t h e p r e s e n t official A. O. A. C. m e t h o d . A. P a p i n e a u - C o u t u r e . The oil production from sunflowers and its economic significance for G e r m a n y . K. R i c c i u s . F e t t c k e m . U m s c h a u 40, 201-4 ( 1 9 3 3 ) . - - A plea for i n t r o d u c i n g sunflower c u l t i v a t i o n in G e r m a n y . P. E s c h e r . COURTESy CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS.