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2EVIEWS 4HE %DITORIAL !DVISORY #OMMITTEE OF (ISTORICAL !RCHAEOLOGY ADVISES ITS READERS THAT BEGINNING IN  VOL  BOOK REVIEWS WILL BE POSTED ON THE 3(! WEBSITE AS WELL AS IN THE JOURNAL AND BEGINNING IN  VOL  THE BOOK REVIEWS WILL ONLY BE PUBLISHED ON THE 3(! WEBSITE WWWSHAORG

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°Êˆ˜}Ê­i`ˆÌœÀî 1˜ˆÛiÀÈÌÞÊ*ÀiÃÃʜvʏœÀˆ`>]Ê>ˆ˜iÃۈi]Ê Óää{°ÊÊÎÈnÊ««°]ÊxxÊw}ð]ÊÀiv°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfÈx°ääÊ VœÌ…° $ENNIS "LANTON AND *ULIA +ING ARE TO BE CONGRATULATED FOR BRINGING TOGETHER  IMPORTANT PAPERS BY  SCHOLARS REPRESENTING A STATE OF THE ART OVERVIEW OF CONTACT PERIOD n RESEARCH IN THE LOWER MID !TLANTIC REGION 4HEIR BRIEF INTRODUCTION EFFECTIVELY SUMMARIZES AND LINKS THESE CUTTING EDGE VIEWS OF AN IMPORTANT TRANSITIONAL PERIOD OF HISTORY "LANTON SETS THE SCENE WITH AN OPENING CHAPTER ON THE CLIMATE DURING THIS PERIOD WHICH INCLUDES MUCH OF THE ,ITTLE )CE !GE 4HE IMPACT OF THESE CONDITIONS ON EARLY TRADE AND SETTLEMENT ACTIVITIES IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTANDING SOME OF THE EARLY INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS IN THIS AND OTHER REGIONS -ARTIN 'ALLIVAN EXAMINES THE CULTURAL DYNAMICS OF THE CONTACT PERIOD PEOPLES IN THE *AMES 2IVER AND 5PPER 3HENANDOAH REGION CONNECTING THEM WITH THEIR ARCHAEOLOGI CAL PAST AND ADDRESSING THE QUESTION OF THE IMPACT OF %URO PEAN CONTACT ON THEIR DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX POLITIES )N THEIR EXAMINATION OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE NORTHERN NECK OF 6IRGINIA -ICHAEL +LEIN AND $OUGLAS 3ANFORD INCLUDE POS SIBLE EVIDENCE FOR NATIVE POPULATION INCREASES DURING THIS PERIOD A SUGGESTION THIS REVIEWER MADE FOR THE $ELAWARE 6ALLEY PEOPLES 2OBERT 7ALLS IMPORTANT PAPER ON THE h#HESAPEAKE (IN TERLANDSv SUMMARIZES HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN A ZONE THAT IS CRITICAL TO UNDERSTANDING IMPORTANT NATIVE INVOLVEMENT IN THE PELT TRADE AND THE INTERCULTURAL DYNAM ICS THAT EVOLVED FROM IT 7ALLS FOCUS EXTENDS INTO THE CENTRAL 0ENNSYLVANIA HOME OF THE 3USQUEHANNOCK WHO CONTROLLED THE REGIONS PELT TRADE FROM THE WEST UNTIL THEY WERE DESTROYED BY THE &IVE .ATIONS )ROQUOIS IN n 7ALLS DISCUSSION OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS OF THE USE OF PALISADED VILLAGES IS BASIC TO WHAT IS UNDERSTOOD ABOUT NATIVE HISTORY AND ALLIANCES (IS OVERVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE P n RELATING TO VARIOUS GROUPS WHICH

(ISTORICAL!RCHAEOLOGY   n 0ERMISSIONTOREPRINTREQUIRED

FORMED THE 3USQUEHANNOCK CONFEDERACY CA n PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK FOR AN EXCELLENT EXAMINATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE *OHN "YRD AND #HARLES (EATH OFFER AN IMPRESSIVE REVIEW OF THE 4USCARORA WHEN THEY WERE LIVING IN THEIR HOMELAND &OR THOSE FOCUSED ON CULTURES TO THE NORTH THE 4USCARORA COME INTO VIEW ONLY AFTER n WHEN THEY MOVED NORTH AND JOINED THE &IVE .ATIONS )ROQUOIS AS A SIXTH MEMBER OF THAT CONFEDERACY "YRD AND (EATH RECOGNIZE THAT THESE PEOPLE HAD THE RANKED SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF AN hINTERMEDIATE SOCIETYv P  PRIOR TO THEIR MOVE 4HEY STATE hAT LEAST SOME HISTORIC 4USCARORA COMMUNITIES EXPERI ENCE POLITICAL CENTRALIZATION ASCRIBED TO LOW LEVEL CHIEFDOMSv P   4HE 4USCARORA HAD LONG MAINTAINED A LOW LEVEL CHIEFDOM THAT DECLINED IN THE FACE OF PERVASIVE %UROPEAN TRADE -AL LIOS P  AND CHANGES BROUGHT ABOUT BY COMPLEX SOCIAL DYNAMICS OF THE TH CENTURY 4HOSE WHO MOVED NORTH WERE BUT ONE SMALL PART OF THE 4USCARORA PEOPLES WHO BY  HAD MORPHED INTO AN EGALITARIAN SOCIETY WITHOUT TRUE OR POWERFUL CHIEFS IN A PROCESS PARALLEL TO THAT POS ITED FOR THE #ICONICIN CHIEFDOM IN CENTRAL $ELAWARE 4HE #ICONICIN RAPIDLY DEVOLVED AFTER  AND BY THE S NO LONGER EXISTED AS A POLITICALLY INDEPENDENT ENTITY 4HE INLAND 4USCARORA CHIEFDOM LASTED BUT THE SAME INEXORABLE FORCES THAT WERE IN PROCESS ULTIMATELY LED THEM TO MAKE A VARIETY OF DECISIONS REGARDING THE MAINTENANCE OF THEIR SOCIAL BORDERS 3ETH -ALLIOS PROVIDES A USEFUL SUMMARY OF HIS IMPOR TANT DISSERTATION WITH INFORMATION ON hEXCLUSIVE GIFT GIVING BETWEEN THOSE OF ELITE STATUSv P  AS THE ESSENCE OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL RECIPROCITY AMONG THE PEOPLES OF THIS REGION #HIEFS MAINTAINED POWER THROUGH CONTROLLED ACCESS TO RARE GOODS A PROCESS DISRUPTED BY THE EARLIEST 3PANISH MISSIONARIES AND %NGLISH COLONISTS WHOSE VIOLATIONS OF THESE CULTURAL RULES THREATENED CHIEmY POWERS 4HE NATIVE HOSTS HAD TO ELIMINATE THE INTRUDERS -ALLIOSS OBSERVATIONS ENHANCE UNDERSTANDING OF CHIEFDOM COLONIST DYNAMICS ALL ALONG THE LOWER EASTERN SEABOARD # "OYD COLLECTS DATA FROM  SITES IN CENTRAL 6IRGINIA AND .ORTH #AROLINA TO GENERATE INSIGHTS INTO CONTACT PERIOD CHANGE IN THIS REGION $ESPITE "OYDS LARGE DATABASE HE RESORTS TO THE OLD SAW OF NATIVE PEOPLES BEING hDECIMATED BY %UROPEAN INTRODUCED DISEASES AND WARFARE v P   !LTHOUGH 7ALL P  AND OTHERS ALSO PLAY THIS TUNE IT GENERALLY COMES OUT IN A MUCH MORE MUTED FASHION 5NFORTUNATELY NOT ONE AUTHOR NOTES $EAN 3NOWS ELEGANT RESEARCH ON THIS SUBJECT PUBLISHED IN  h-ICROCHRONOL OGY AND $EMOGRAPHIC %VIDENCE 2ELATING TO 3IZE OF 0RE #OLUMBIAN .ORTH !MERICAN )NDIAN 0OPULATIONS v 3CIENCE n  (EATHER ,APHAMS BRILLIANT PAPER IS A VALUABLE CONTRIBUTION TO THE UNDERSTANDING OF DEER HUNTING AND THE PELT TRADE AND OF HOW THEIR EXPLOITATION MAY BE SEEN IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD +ING AND %DWARD #HANEY EXAMINE THE SUBJECT OF THE hCONTACT PERIODv IN THE #HESAPEAKE BUT THEIR ABUNDANT DATA MERITS A MUCH LONGER TREATMENT 4HEIR REFERENCE TO h'IBB v P  IS MISSING FROM AN OTHERWISE VERY IMPRESSIVE

£{ä AND ESSENTIAL SET OF REFERENCES 4HEIR DISCUSSION OF SHELL BEADS P n ALSO +LEIN AND 3ANFORD P   DEMONSTRATES THAT THIS SUBJECT NEEDS SPECIAL TREATMENT /FlCIAL ATTEMPTS TO PROTECT NATIVE PEOPLES BY ESTABLISHING RESERVES ARE THE SUBJECT OF -ARTHA -C#ARTNEYS INSIGHTFUL CON TRIBUTION 0OPULIST SQUATTERS AND OTHER PETTY CRIMINALS AND EVEN MEMBERS OF THE GOVERNMENT CONTRAVENED THESE PROTECTIVE LEGISLATIONS IN 6IRGINIA AS IN ALL OF THE COLONIES DOOMING THE EFFORTS OF THE ENLIGHTENED LEGISLATORS -C#ARTNEY ALSO POINTS OUT HOW THE FORAGING NEEDS OF THE PEOPLES IN THESE CHIEFDOMS RENDERED INADEQUATE THE CIRCUMSCRIBED TRACTS PROVIDED FOR EACH GROUP 0ARALLELS TO THESE CONmICTS CAN BE SEEN THROUGHOUT THE COLONIES WITH INEVITABLE RESULTS 4 $AVIDSON OFFERS A FOCUSED STUDY ON THE )NDIAN BOWLS COMMONLY INVENTORIED IN COLONIAL -ARYLAND AND KNOWN ELSE WHERE IN THE COLONIES $AVIDSON BELIEVES THAT THESE BOWLS REPRESENT CERAMIC VESSELS IDENTIlED BY SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS AS COLONOWARE POTTERY P  A TOPIC EXTENSIVELY REVIEWED IN THE LITERATURE 4HIS IS UNCONVINCING $AVIDSONS USE OF QUOTATION MARKS IN REFERENCE TO AN hINVENTORY THAT LISTS @)NDIAN BOWLS AND @WOODEN BOWLS AS SEPARATE ENTRIESv P  SUGGESTS THAT READERS NEED TO SEE MORE OF THE DOCU MENT ! LISTING OF )NDIANS BOWLS NEAR SOME hPRESUMABLY WOODEN @COOPERS HOLLOW WAREv ON ANOTHER INVENTORY P  ALSO SUGGESTS THAT THESE )NDIAN BOWLS WERE WOODEN 0ERHAPS THESE BOWLS OFTEN hSIMPLY CALLED @BOLESv P  WERE CUT AND FASHIONED BY )NDIANS FROM TREE BOLES 4HE TRADITION OF USING TREEN OR HOUSEHOLD ITEMS CUT FROM TREES CAME FROM %UROPE WITH THE COLONISTS 4HESE EXAMPLES MAY HAVE BEEN PURCHASED FROM )NDIANS 0 ,EVY CLOSES THE COLLECTION WITH A REVIEW OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE  PALISADE  MI LONG AT THE -IDDLE 0LANTA TION ERECTED TO DELINEATE %NGLISH LANDS FROM THOSE OF THEIR NATIVE NEIGHBORS (IS WELCOME OBSERVATIONS POINT THE WAY TO CONDUCTING FURTHER RESEARCH %ACH OF THESE PAPERS SUMMARIZES THE EXISTING DATA SETS IT WITHIN A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND LOOKS TOWARDS NEW MEANS OF IMPROVING THE DATA TO FURTHER RElNE UNDERSTAND ING 4HE EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND EXTRAORDINARY INDEX SIGNIlCANTLY AUGMENT THE VALUE OF THIS BOOK "LANTON AND +ING PROVIDE AN IMPORTANT VOLUME lLLED WITH PERCEPTIVE VIEWS REGARDING THE COMPLEXITIES OF  YEARS OF CULTURAL INTERACTIONS THAT MERITS CLOSE READING AND CAREFUL ATTENTION BY ANYONE WORKING WITH THE CONTACT PERIOD

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""9Ê{ä­{® CENTURY 3CHOLARS HAVE LONG KNOWN THAT WHEN %UROPEANS SETTLED .ORTH !MERICA THEY ENGAGED !MERICAN )NDIANS IN A TRADE IN FURS AND )NDIAN SLAVES 4HIS TRADE WAS A FORCE FOR CHANGE IN !MERICAN )NDIAN LIFE AS WELL AS FUNDAMENTAL TO THE !MERICAN AND #ANADIAN COLONIAL ECONOMIES 5NTIL RECENTLY SCHOLARSHIP HAS FOCUSED ON THE TRADE IN FURS AND SKINS RATHER THAN ON THE TRADE IN SLAVES 2ECENT PUBLICATIONS BY !LAN 'ALLAY 4HE )NDIAN 3LAVE 4RADE 9ALE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS .EW (AVEN #4  AND *AMES "ROOKS #APTIVES AND #OUSINS 5NIVERSITY OF .ORTH #AROLINA 0RESS #HAPEL (ILL  HAVE PULLED BACK THE CURTAIN ON )NDIAN SLAVERY AND EFFECTIVELY CHARTED A NEW FIELD OF SCHOLARLY INQUIRY "OWNES BOOK ONE OF THE lRST GENERATION IN THIS NEW lELD TAKES READERS INSIDE THE COLONIAL )NDIAN SLAVE TRADE THROUGH THE SHORT HISTORY OF THE 7ESTOS INVOLVEMENT IN IT "OWNE OPENS HIS BOOK WITH A DISCUSSION OF THE SOURCE MATERIAL ON THE 7ESTOS (IS POINTS THAT THE DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE IS SCANTY AND THAT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS PRACTICALLY NONEXISTENT ARE WELL TAKEN %VEN SO "OWNE ARGUES THAT BY PLACING THE 7ESTOS IN A BROAD SOCIAL HISTORY CONTEXT OF THE FIRST HUNDRED OR SO YEARS AFTER %UROPEAN CONTACT ONE CAN USE THE AVAILABLE EVIDENCE TO RECONSTRUCT SOMETHING OF 7ESTO ORIGINS AND HISTORY AND IMPACT ON OTHER 3OUTHERN )NDIANS "OWNES CENTRAL QUESTION IS hHOW DID A SMALL GROUP OF ARMED MIGRANTS MANAGE TO NOT ONLY MONOPOLIZE THE 3OUTHERN COLONIAL TRADE BUT ALSO TO MILITAR ILY DOMINATE THE 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIAN GEOPOLITICAL LANDSCAPE TO SUCH A POINT THAT THE VERY NAME OF 7ESTO STRUCK FEAR IN THE HEART OF 3OUTHERN )NDIANS FOR HUNDREDS OF MILESv 4HROUGHOUT THE BOOK "OWNE EXPLORES WHAT HE PROPOSES TO BE THE PRIMARY FACTORS FOR THISˆTHE 7ESTOS EXPERIENCE IN THE "EAVER 7ARS AND THEIR FORCED MIGRATION SOUTH THEIR EARLY INVOLVEMENT WITH THE %UROPEAN TRADE SYSTEM THEIR EXPERI ENCE WITH lREARMS AND THE PAUCITY OF GUNS AVAILABLE TO THE 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIANS AT THE TIME %UROPEAN UNFAMILIARITY WITH THE INTERIOR SOUTHERN LANDSCAPE AND PEOPLE AND THE STEADY DEMAND FOR )NDIAN SLAVES GENERATED BY THE INCIPIENT "RITISH PLANTATION ECONOMY OF THE 3OUTH "OWNE BEGINS THE STORY OF THE 7ESTOS WITH THEIR ORIGINS IN THE .ORTHEAST 3CHOLARS RECOGNIZED EARLY ON THAT THE 7ESTOS WERE ORIGINALLY %RIES AND "OWNE FURTHER SUBSTANTI ATES THESE ASSERTIONS WITH A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE %RIES 4HE %RIE .ATION FORMED IN THE EARLY TH CENTURY AS AN ALLIANCE OF PEOPLE FROM VARIOUS .ORTHEASTERN )NDIAN GROUPS PUSHED TOGETHER FOR MUTUAL DEFENSE AGAINST THE )ROQUOIS DURING THE "EAVER 7ARS "OWNE THEN RECOUNTS HOW THE %RIES FORGED A PARTNERSHIP WITH THE 3USQUAHANNOCKS TO CONTROL THE %UROPEAN TRADE IN THE /HIO 2IVER VALLEY 4HE )ROQUOIS CHALLENGED THIS CONTROL AND IN  THEY DEALT THE %RIE A DISASTROUS BLOW 4HE SURVIVORS DISPERSED IN ALL DIRECTIONS AND BEGAN THE 7ESTOS MIGRATION INTO THE DEEP 3OUTH )N   TO  7ESTOS SETTLED ON THE *AMES 2IVER IN 6IRGINIA WHERE THEY WERE KNOWN AS 2ICHAHECRIANS AND SOON AFTER THEY BROKERED A TRADE DEAL WITH SOME *AMESTOWN TRADERS WHO WERE INTERESTED IN BOTH FURS AND SLAVES 4HE 7ESTOS STARTED SLAVING IN PRESENT DAY CENTRAL 'EORGIA AND NORTH &LORIDA 4HE SURVIVORS OF THESE RAIDS mED INTO 3PAN ISH &LORIDA SEEKING PROTECTION AGAINST THE #HICHIMECOS THE NAME BY WHICH THE 7ESTOS WERE KNOWN IN ,A &LORIDA &OR REASONS UNKNOWN THE 7ESTOS LEFT 6IRGINIA AND MOVED INTO PRESENT DAY 'EORGIA WHERE THEY BUILT THE TOWN OF (ICK AUHAUGAU ON THE 3AVANNAH 2IVER IN  7HEN THE 7ESTOS

, 6 7SETTLED (ICKAUHAUGAU THEY WERE FULLY ARMED WITH %UROPEAN GUNS AND AFTER COMMANDING #AROLINAS ,ORD 0ROPRIETORS FOR A SOLE LICENSE THEY WERE WELL ON THEIR WAY TO MONOPOLIZING THE SOUTHERN TRADE "OWNE DOCUMENTS THE EFFECTS OF 7ESTO AGGRESSION ON THE SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY THROUGHOUT PRESENT DAY 'EORGIA &LORIDA AND 3OUTH #AROLINA (ERE "OWNE NOT ONLY GIVES AN INSIDE GLIMPSE OF THE DEPREDATIONS AND TERRORIZING THAT WAS PART AND PARCEL OF TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN COMMODITIES BUT HE ALSO PERSUASIVELY ARGUES THAT THE 7ESTOS WERE IN LARGE PART RESPONSIBLE FOR THE UPHEAVALS DISLOCATIONS AND MIGRA TIONS THAT OCCURRED IN THIS AREA IN THE LATE TH CENTURY &OR EXAMPLE "OWNE SUGGESTS THAT THE FALL OF THE FAMOUS PARAMOUNT CHIEFDOM OF #OlTICHEQUE OCCURRED BECAUSE THE 7ESTOS SLAVED THEM OUT AND THAT THE REFUGEES ALONG WITH OTHERS EVENTUALLY COALESCED TO FORM THE #ATAWBAS 4HE 7ESTOS HOLD ON THE SOUTHERN TRADE DID NOT LAST LONG /THER )NDIANS AND AMBITIOUS #AROLINA SLAVE TRADERS KNOWN AS THE 'OOSE #REEK -EN COMBINED THEIR EFFORTS TO BREAK THE 7ESTO MONOPOLY )N  THE 'OOSE #REEK -EN CONTRACTED SOME 3AVANNAH )NDIANS IN A SECRET MILITARY CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE 7ESTOS WHICH ENDED IN THE DISPERSAL OF THE 7ESTOS THE ABANDONMENT OF (ICKAUHAUGAU AND THE DECLINE OF THEIR INmUENCE IN THE 3OUTH 3OME HISTORIANS NO DOUBT WILL BE DISSATISFIED WITH THE DEARTH OF DIRECT DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE FOR "OWNES TALE OF THE 7ESTOS "OWNES DEVICE OF PATCHING FRAGMENTARY DOCUMEN TARY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE INTO THE LARGER SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIANS IN ORDER TO MAKE SENSE OF THE 7ESTOS PRESENCE IN THE 3OUTHEAST IS A WONDROUS ALTERNATIVE TO LETTING THE 7ESTOS AND THIS FASCINATING AND GRISLY TIME LINGER IN HISTORICAL OBSCURITY /VER THE PAST  YEARS OR SO SCHOLARS HAVE BEEN SKETCHING OUT THE LONG SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIANS AND THEY HAVE COME TO RECOGNIZE THE FUNDAMENTAL TRANSFORMATION THAT .ATIVE LIVES UNDERWENT FROM THE -ISSISSIPPIAN PERIOD TO THE COLONIAL ERA "OWNES IS ONE OF THE lRST BOOKS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THE BROAD SOCIAL HISTORY CONTEXT THAT IS NOW AVAILABLE FOR THE 3OUTHEASTERN )NDI ANS AND 4HE 7ESTO )NDIANS IS A STUNNING EXAMPLE OF WHAT A CREATIVE AND ADROIT SCHOLAR CAN DO WITH IT

2/"")%%4(2)$'% 5.)6%23)49/&-)33)33)00) /8&/2$ -3 /iV…˜œœ}ÞÊ>˜`Êi˜`iÀ\ÊÊ>LÀˆVÃʜvÊ*œÜiÀʈ˜Ê >ÌiÊ“«iÀˆ>Ê …ˆ˜> À>˜ViÃV>Ê À>Þ 1˜ˆÛiÀÈÌÞʜvÊ >ˆvœÀ˜ˆ>Ê*ÀiÃÃ]Ê iÀŽiiÞ]Ê £™™Ç°ÊÊ{{{Ê««°]ʈÕð]ÊÀiv°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfÓ{°™xÊ «>«iÀ° 4HE ROLE OF WOMEN IN RECENT #HINESE HISTORY HAS BEEN LARGELY STEREOTYPED PORTRAYING WIVES AND DAUGHTERS AS PRISON ERS OF THEIR MALE RELATIVES )MAGES OF BOUND FEET AND lLIAL WOMEN ABOUND IN THE LITERATURE AND ART PERTAINING TO #HINA ESPECIALLY SINCE THE EXPANSION OF %UROPE FROM THE TH CEN TURY ONWARDS &RANCESCA "RAY SETS AN IMPRESSIVE GOAL FOR HERSELF BY TRACING THE CHANGING SOCIAL STATUS OF WOMEN FOR THE PAST MILLENNIUM SPECIlCALLY FROM !$ n BY

£{£ DRAWING UPON HISTORIC MATERIALS FROM #HINA ETHNOHISTORICAL STUDIES AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS ALL OF WHICH ARE FRAMED FROM A HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY STANDPOINT "RAYS CENTRAL THEME FOCUSES ON RECOVERING AN ACCURATE HISTORY OF WOMEN IN #HINA 3HE lRST DRAWS UPON *OSEPH .EEDHAMS MONUMENTAL STUDY OF #HINESE HISTORY 3CIENCE AND #IVILIZATION IN #HINA "RAY STATES THAT ITS SUCCESS IN EXTENDING THE DElNITION OF THE HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY BEYOND THAT OF %UROPE AND ITS COLONIES WAS AN IMPORTANT STEP IN UNDERSTANDING THE LONG HISTORY OF #HINA 3HE BELIEVES THAT .EEDHAMS WORK FELL SHORT IN TWO IMPORTANT RESPECTS (IS WORK DISEMBODIES THE GROWTH OF TECHNOLOGY FROM ITS NATIVE #HINESE POSITION BY USING WESTERN CLASSIlCATION SYSTEMS AND IMPOSING A %UROPEAN IDEA OF THE hNATURALv OUTCOME OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS .EEDHAM CONSIDERS TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS AS THE CREATION OF AN INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY BASED ON CAPITALIST IDEAS AND THE BIRTH OF 7ESTERN STYLE SCIENCE "RAY FRAMES HER STUDY BY INVESTIGATING HOW THE #HINESE RELATION SHIPS WITH TECHNOLOGY EVOLVED IN SITU 4HE BOOK IS DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS 4HE lRST SEC TION DISCUSSES THE EVOLUTION OF HOUSE FORMS FROM PREHIS TORIC TIMES )T IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER THAT THE HISTORICAL PERIOD OF #HINA IS A DEEPER ONE THAN MOST OTHER COUNTRIES EXTENDING BACK TO THE TIME OF THE 1IN 3HIHUANG $I THE &IRST %MPEROR IN APPROXIMATELY  "# "RAY BRINGS HER DISCUSSION INTO A COMFORTABLY MODERN CONTEXT BY TRACING THE STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF HOUSING UP THROUGH THE 1ING $YNASTY !$  n   3HE LOOKS AT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF CULTURES AND SITES THROUGHOUT #HINA SUCH AS THE .EOLITHIC ,ONGSHAN POTTERY CULTURE FROM NORTHNORTHEAST #HINA AND THE SITE OF (EMUDU NEAR MODERN DAY 3HANGHAI  )N ORDER TO TRACE HOUSE DEVELOPMENT INTO MODERN TIMES SHE DRAWS UPON #HINESE CONSTRUCTION MANUALS FROM LATE )MPE RIAL #HINA 4YPICALLY THE #HINESE DIVIDED THEIR HOMES INTO MALEFEMALE SPHERES 4HE ALTAR ROOM OFTEN USED TO RECEIVE IMPORTANT GUESTS WAS A MALE DOMINATED SPACE AND PLACE OF ANCESTOR WORSHIP RITUALS 4HE KITCHEN OR STOVE ROOM WAS A WOMANS SPACE WHERE ACCORDING TO "RAY WOMEN WERE IN CHARGE AND MODERATED BEHAVIOR AND RITUALS ASSOCIATED WITH STOVE AND OTHER HOUSEHOLD DEITIES 4HE SECOND SECTION INTRODUCES THE ROLE OF WOMEN AS MORE INTRICATE THAN PREVIOUSLY UNDERSTOOD 4HIS SECTION BEGINS IN THE 3ONG $YNASTY !$ n AND FOCUSES ON THE PRODUCTION OF TEXTILES )N THIS TIME PERIOD WEAVING WAS STILL THE DOMAIN OF WOMEN OFTEN COMPLETED DURING THE DAY IN A WOMANS CHAMBERS FOR THE ELITE OR BEDROOM AMONG THE PEASANT CLASS  "RAY CONTENDS THAT AS WORK IS AN EXPRESSION OF IDENTITY WOMEN BEGAN TO LOSE THIS SELF DElNITION AS THE GENDER ROLE ATTACHED TO WEAVING GRADUALLY BECAME MALE 4HIS PROCESS RESULTED FROM A COMBINATION OF TAX INCREASES AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT !S LOOM TECHNOLOGY GREW IN BOTH COMPLEXITY AND SIZE AND COTTAGE INDUSTRY STYLE TEXTILE PRODUCTION INCREASINGLY FAILED TO MEET THE NEW TAXES WEAVING WAS CONSOLIDATED INTO LARGE SCALE OPERATIONS FACTORIES !S %NGLAND DISCOVERED SEVERAL CEN TURIES LATER THE FACTORY SYSTEM OFTEN REQUIRES A SEASONAL OR MOBILE WORKFORCE "ECAUSE OF SOCIAL ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN SPECIlCALLY THAT THEY SHOULD NOT LOITER OUTSIDE THIS GROWING WORKFORCE CONSISTED OF MEN 4HE EFFECT ON A WOMANS ROLE THAT RESULTED FROM THIS GENDER REDElNITION OF TEXTILE PRODUCTION WAS AN INCREASED IMPORTANCE PLACED ON A WOMANS REPRODUCTIVE ROLE 4HIS IS NOT TO SUGGEST THAT

£{Ó WOMEN WERE REDUCED IN IMPORTANCE )N FACT "RAY COUNTERS THAT THIS NEW DElNITION ULTIMATELY PROVIDED WOMEN WITH A STRONGER INmUENCE ON THE COURSE OF #HINESE SOCIETY 4HE THIRD AND lNAL SECTION OF THE BOOK LOOKS AT THIS NEW REPRODUCTIVE ROLE "RAY BEGINS HER ARGUMENT WITH THE RECOLLECTIONS OF SEVERAL -ING n AND 1ING n AUTHORS WHO ROUTINELY WROTE ABOUT THE TIME SPENT WITH THEIR MOTHERS !S WEAVING ULTIMATELY BECAME A MALE FACTORY CENTERED OPERATION WOMAN WERE LEFT WITH MORE TIME TO SPEND WITH THEIR CHILDREN 4HE ACCOUNTS OF THESE MALE AUTHORS ARE USED BY "RAY TO SUGGEST THAT THE MOTHER SON BOND BECAME FAR MORE IMPORTANT IN FORMING THE NEXT GENERATION OF MEN THAN ANY BETWEEN FATHER AND SON 4HE RESULT WAS A GENERAL OPINION OF FATHERS AS COLD DOMI NATING lGURES WHO RARELY TOOK PART IN DOMESTIC OPERATIONS 7HILE THE DOMINANT MALE SEGMENT OF THE POPULATION DID RESTRICT THE MOVEMENTS OF WOMEN PHYSICALLY WOMEN REACTED IN CREATIVE WAYS AND ACTIVELY FORMED THEIR OWN NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION AND IN PART THEIR IDENTITY #ENTRAL TO THIS NETWORK WAS THE TRAVELING HERBALIST OR BAREFOOT DOCTOR 4HESE DOCTORS USUALLY WOMEN SINCE MALE DOCTORS DID NOT USUALLY TREAT FEMALE PATIENTS TRAVELED FROM HOUSEHOLD TO HOUSEHOLD AND VILLAGE TO VILLAGE AND BECAME THE KEY PLAYERS IN THESE ALL FEMALE NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION %VENTUALLY THE POWER OF WOMEN OVER THEIR SONS REACHED MYTHOLOGICAL LEVELS WITH EXAMPLES OF %MPERORS BECOMING LITTLE MORE THAN PUPPETS OF THEIR MOTHERS 7HILE SUCH HIGH LEVEL EXAMPLES ASSIST TO PROVE THE POINT "RAY DOES NOT DWELL ON SUCH OVERT EXAMPLES AND SUGGESTS THAT WOMEN GENERALLY TOOK AN ACTIVE ROLE IN THEIR SONS LIVES AS A WAY TO REMAIN SOCIALLY AWARE AND ACTIVE IN THE CURRENTS AND CHANGES OF #HINESE SOCIETY 4HROUGHOUT THE BOOK "RAY CONTINUES TO FRAME PART OF HER INVESTIGATION IN THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT WERE INmUENCED BY AND IN TURN INmUENCED THE #HINESE OVER THE CENTURIES 3HE TREATS TECHNOLOGIES AS SYSTEMS COMPLETE WITH EMBEDDED MEANINGS 4HE USE OF TECHNOLOGICAL METAPHORS AS MODELS OF CORRECT MORAL BEHAVIOR INCREASED THROUGH THE DYNASTIES WHICH CAME THROUGH STRONGEST IN THE ROLE OF TEXTILE PRODUCTION 4HE EXTENSIVE COLLECTIONS OF TEXTS THAT EXIST IN #HINA FROM THESE PERIODS ARE EXPERTLY MOBILIZED BY "RAY TO HELP SUPPORT HER ARGUMENTS %XAMPLES FROM OTHER !SIAN CONTEXTS ARE ALSO USED SUCH AS THE USE OF TEXTILES IN PRELIBERATED )NDIA AS A SYMBOL FOR TRADITIONAL )NDIAN SOCIETY FOR EXAMPLE PICTURES OF 'ANDHI WITH THE SPINNING WHEEL  "RAY DEMONSTRATES HOW TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS WERE USED BY SPECIlC GROUPS OF THE POPULATION THE GOVERNMENT AND MORAL ISTS TO MAINTAIN A SENSE OF POLITICAL SECURITY 3HE WRITES THAT #HINA NEVER REALLY EXISTED IN A VACUUM AS IT WAS SUCCESSFULLY INVADED THREE TIMES DURING THE  YEARS "RAY EXAMINES 3HE IS ABLE TO DEMONSTRATE A TECHNOLOGICAL CONTINUITY THROUGHOUT THESE TIME PERIODS 4HE INCREASE IN PRODUCTION DURING THIS TIME PERIOD WAS ONLY RARELY MET WITH TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES )NSTEAD THE #HINESE CHOSE AN INDUCTIVE STRATEGY TO ANSWER GROWING DEMAND ISSUES BY INCREASING THE NUMBER OF WORK ERS 2ETURNING TO THE EARLIER ANALYSIS OF .EEDHAM "RAY WRITES THAT THE INDUCTIVE STRATEGY WAS NOT ADOPTED IN %NG LAND WHERE THE ANSWER WAS TO IMPROVE TECHNOLOGY  4HE INCREASED COMMERCIALIZATION OF THE TWO COUNTRIES DID IN FACT SHARE COMMONALITIES SUCH AS THE SWITCH FROM A TAXATION OF GOODS TO A TAXATION OF CURRENCY 4HIS BOOK IS AMONG THE 3OCIETY FOR THE (ISTORY OF 4ECH NOLOGIES 3(/4 WINNERS OF THE $EXTER%DELSTEIN 0RIZE LIST

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, 6 7TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS IS CONTAINED IN THE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (ERE THE AUTHORS OUTLINE AND GIVE THANKS TO THE INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS THAT COMBINED TO CREATE A SUCCESSFUL EFFORT PARTNERING TOGETHER PUBLIC CORPORATE AND PRIVATE SUPPORT TO UNDERTAKE THE EXCAVATION AND IMPORTANTLY CONTINUE THE ARTIFACT ANALYSIS AND CONSERVATION WORK )N THE CURRENT CLIMATE OF DECLINING PUBLIC FUNDS FOR ARCHAEOLOGY DIRECTORS OF LARGE SCALE AND SMALL SCALE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECTS CAN BENElT FROM REVIEWING THE FUNDRAISING EXPERIENCE GARNERED BY THE ,A "ELLE TEAM 4HE INITIAL TWO CHAPTERS OF THE BOOK RECOUNT THE EVENTS SURROUNDING THE SHIPWRECK ESPECIALLY RELATING TO THE WRECK ING EVENT AND PLACING THE EXPEDITION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GEOPOLITICS OF THE TIMEˆAS A &RENCH ATTEMPT TO CONTEST CON TROL OF THE 'ULF OF -EXICO FROM EXCLUSIVE 3PANISH DOMINION 4HE NEXT TWO CHAPTERS DESCRIBE THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGA TIONS OF THE SHIPWRECK INCLUDING ARGUMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTING A DRY COFFERDAM AROUND THE SITE AND FOR A COMPLETE RATHER THAN PARTIAL EXCAVATION &INDINGS FROM THE SHIPWRECK ARE EXPLAINED IN THE NEXT THREE CHAPTERS 4HE lRST CENTERS ON THE REMAINS OF THE HULL OF THE SHIP INCLUDING CONSTRUCTION ANALYSIS AND A RECONSTRUCTION OF THE VESSEL ON PAPER AND IN MODEL FORMS !NALYSIS OF THE SHIP TIMBERS WHICH HAD BEEN DISASSEMBLED FOR RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION AND SUBSTANTI ATED BY HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS REVEALED THAT ,A "ELLES MAIN STRUCTURE KEEL KEELSON FRAMES ETC WAS PREFABRICATED IN OTHER WORDS A SHIP KIT TO BE BUILT UPON ARRIVAL IN THE .EW 7ORLD 4HE CHANGED NATURE OF THE EXPEDITION TO USING A 'ULF ROUTE ADVOCATED BY THE &RENCH KING ,OUIS 8)6 RATHER THAN A #ANADIAN ROUTE THE ORIGINAL TRAVEL PLAN FORCED ,A 3ALLE TO CONSTRUCT THE VESSEL IN &RANCE 4HE CHAPTER ON THE CARGO IS NEATLY HANDLED BY PLACING THE ARTIFACTS IN FUNCTIONAL CLASSIlCATIONS THAT IS BY TRADING ITEMS DEFENSIVE WEAPONRY SUSTENANCE PERSONAL EFFECTS SHIPS EQUIPMENT ODD lNDS AND PLANT REMAINS ,OST LIVES AND SHIPWRECKS ARE OFTEN TIED TOGETHER AND THE lNAL CHAPTER OF THE SHIPWRECK lNDS DETAILS THE REMAINS OF TWO HUMANS FOUND IN THE WRECKAGE THAT BEAR TESTIMONY TO THE TRAGEDY PLAYED OUT IN THE BAY !DDITIONALLY THE CHAPTER HANDLES FAUNAL REMAINS FOUND INSIDE THE SHIPWRECK INCLUDING PIG BUFFALO AND GOAT BONES 4HE lNAL CHAPTER CONCLUDES BY EXAMINING THE LEGACY OF THE ,A 3ALLE EXPEDITION WHICH NOT ONLY INCLUDES THE REMAINS OF THE SHIPWRECK AND ITS CONTENTS AND THEIR EVENTUAL DISPLAY BUT ALSO INTERESTINGLY A FAMILIAL LINEAGE SIRED BY THE TWO SURVIVORS THAT CONTINUES TO THIS DAY 7HILE PROFESSIONAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS MAY CONSIDER REFRAINING FROM PURCHASING THIS BOOK PERHAPS WAITING UNTIL THE MORE ACADEMIC WORKS APPEAR THEY MAY BE BETTER SERVED BY GET TING THIS ONE SO THAT THEY MAY USE IT AS A GUIDE TO INFORM THE PUBLIC ABOUT THEIR OWN lNDINGS 4HE AUTHORS HAVE DONE THE lELD OF ARCHAEOLOGY ESPECIALLY NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY A GREAT SERVICE SO THAT OTHERS IN THE lELD MAY SAY h%VENTU ALLY WE WANT TO PREPARE A BOOK LIKE THIS TO DISSEMINATE THE RESULTS OF OUR PROJECT TO THE PUBLICv #ONTINUED SUP PORT FROM PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS FOR THE DISCIPLINE OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY DEMANDS THE PUBLICATION OF MORE BOOKS LIKE THIS ONE

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£{{ DISCUSSED 2EVALUING OF TOKENS SHOWING SPECIlC SUMS OF MONEY AND REUSE BY NEW PUBLIC HOUSE LANDLORDS SHOWN BY ADDITIONAL STAMPED INITIALS WERE NOT UNCOMMON 4HE EFFECTS OF TEMPERANCE MOVEMENTS ON SALES OF DRINK IN PUBS WERE TO SOME EXTENT BEING UNDERMINED BY USING TOKENS ALONG WITH ENTERTAINMENT TO AID SALES !N OVERALL PATTERN OF EXPANSION IN THE GROWTH OF PUBS IN THE S MAY EXPLAIN AN INCREASED USE OF TOKENS WITH A PEAK OF THEIR USE COMING IN THE S AND S AND A FURTHER PERIOD OF GROWTH IN THE TRADE IN THE S SUSTAINING THEM "Y  THEIR POPULARITY WAS IN DECLINE 3UBSE QUENTLY THEY ARE KNOWN OCCASIONALLY AND SPORADICALLY FOR EXAMPLE IN ,EICESTER AS LATE AS THE S #ASE STUDIES OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND FORTUNES OF PARTICULAR lRMS EG (EATON AND 3ONS OF "IRMINGHAM ALSO KNOWN AS THE "IR MINGHAM -INT WHOSE LIKELY PRODUCTS COMPRISE FAR MORE THAN JUST THE ITEMS THAT BEAR THE ORGANIZATIONS NAME AND THE .EAL FAMILY OF ,ONDON ADD INTERESTING DETAILS TO THE PICTURE -ARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION ARE ALSO DEALT WITH IN SOME DEPTH AGAIN WITH CASE STUDIES #OMMERCIAL AGENTS WERE USED SOME OF THE TOKENS THEMSELVES SERVED AS ADVER TISEMENTS AND GAVE CONTACT INFORMATION ABOUT THEIR MAKERS 4HE CLEAR MAPS BRING TOGETHER A HUGE AMOUNT OF FRESH INFORMATION HINTING AT THE ORIGINAL SCALE OF PRODUCTION AND DETAILING THE KNOWN SURVIVAL OF THE TOKENS %XISTING lRMS OF BRASS DIE SINKERS IN "IRMINGHAM AND ,ONDON WERE THE MAIN MANUFACTURERS AT lRST BUT "IRMINGHAMS PRODUCTION mOURISHED WHILE THAT AT THE CAPITAL WAS UNDERTAKEN BY MANY DIFFERENT lRMS WHICH TENDED TO BE SHORT LIVED /VER THE MAIN PERIOD OF PRODUCTION THE MAIN MANUFACTURING CENTERS WERE AT "IRMINGHAM -ANCHESTER AND IN THE 7EST #OUN TRY WHILE ,ONDON DID NOT ACHIEVE MORE THAN A MARKEDLY CONCENTRATED DISTRIBUTION 4HROUGH THE EFFORTS OF ITINERANT MARKETERS THE TOKENS ACHIEVED A DENSE COVERAGE WITHIN WESTERN %NGLAND AND SOUTHERN 7ALES 7HILE AT LEAST ONE ESTABLISHMENT IN EVERY COUNTY EXCEPT TWO USED THEM THE DISTRIBUTION ACROSS %NGLAND WAS BY NO MEANS AN EVEN ONE AND IT DIFFERS MARKEDLY FROM THAT EXPECTED IN THE PERIOD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 4HIS VOLUME READILY AVAILABLE WITHIN A MAINSTREAM PUB LICATION SERIES WILL PROBABLY MEAN THAT THESE PREVIOUSLY SOMEWHAT OBSCURE TOKENS WILL NOW BE MORE IMMEDIATELY ACCESSIBLE TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS WHEN EXAMPLES ARE ENCOUNTERED 4HEY HAVE HITHERTO VERY OCCASIONALLY TURNED UP IN THE lELD IN "RITAIN THOUGH THIS HAS TENDED TO BE MORE IN THE AMBIT OF METAL DETECTOR USERS THAN ARCHAEOLOGISTS !S THE MOST RECENT CENTURIES COME TO FEATURE MORE PROMINENTLY IN MAIN STREAM ARCHAEOLOGICAL lELDWORK IN "RITAIN THE TOKENS WILL PRESUMABLY BECOME MORE SIGNIlCANT AS lNDS )N !MERICA THIS VOLUME WILL BE OF USE PRIMARILY FOR THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC COMMENTARIES AND THE INSIGHT IT MAY PROVIDE ON POSSIBLY SIMILAR QUASI NUMISMATIC PHENOMENA CLOSER TO HOME PERHAPS THE ONCE UBIQUITOUS TRANSPORT TOKENS  7HILE UNLIKELY TO BE OF MAJOR INTEREST FOR THE TOKENS THEM SELVES OUTSIDE %NGLAND AND 7ALES THE BOOK IS A VALUABLE SCHOLARLY CONTRIBUTION TO THEIR HISTORY AS A COMMODITY IN THE TH AND EARLY TH CENTURIES

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>“LÀˆ`}iÊ1˜ˆÛiÀÈÌÞÊ*ÀiÃÃ]Ê >“LÀˆ`}i]Ê Óää{°ÊÊÓääÊ««°]ÊÓÓÊw}ð]ÊxÊÌ>LiÃ]ÊÀiv°]Ê ˆ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfÓ{°™™Ê«>«iÀ° !LTHOUGH THE SEPARATE TOPICS OF COLONIALISM AND CULTURE CONTACT HAVE LONG SERVED AS CENTRAL RESEARCH THEMES WITHIN THE SUBDISCIPLINE OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY THIS NEW BOOK OFFERS AN EXPANSIVE COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR APPRECIAT ING THE DYNAMIC PATTERNS OF ENCOUNTER APPROPRIATION AND ACCOMMODATION THAT UNDERLAY THESE TOPICS 4EMPORALLY AS WELL AS GEOGRAPHICALLY BROAD IN SCOPE #HRIS 'OSDENS VOLUME DRAWS FROM THE WORLD SYSTEMS APPROACH TO TRACE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF COLONIALISM BACK   YEARS TO THE EARLY CITY STATES OF THE 5RUK PERIOD IN SOUTHERN -ESO POTAMIA )N DOING SO 'OSDEN ATTEMPTS A DUAL AIM hTO ARGUE THAT COLONIALISM HAD ENOUGH UNITY TO BE UNDERSTOOD WITHIN A SINGLE COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORK BUT ALSO HAD DEEP VARIATIONS IN DIFFERENT TIMES AND PLACES IT HAD ITS OWN LOCAL HISTORIESv P   4HE MOST SIGNIlCANT CONTRIBUTION OF THIS VOLUME IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF A TYPOLOGICAL MODEL FOR THREE DIFFERENT FORMS OF COLONIALISM %ACH OF THESE TYPES OF COLONIALISM PROVIDES THE BASIS FOR A GLOBAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERS 4HESE ARE FOLLOWED BY A CONCLUDING CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTING COMMON THEMES OF MATERIALITY IDENTITY AND HYBRIDITY UNDER A CONSIDERATION OF COLONIAL FORMS OF POWER 4HE hSPECTRUM OF COLONIALISM v THE EARLIEST TYPE WHICH 'OSDEN TERMS h#OLONIALISM WITHIN A SHARED CULTURAL MILIEU v REFERS TO EARLY STATE AND CHIEFDOM SOCIETIES SUCH AS THOSE THAT EXISTED FROM -ESOPOTAMIA TO THE 'REEKS AND AMONGST THE !ZTECS )NCA #HINESE AND 4ONGANS #HAR ACTERIZED BY COLONIAL RELATIONS BETWEEN STATE AND NONSTATE POLITIES THIS lRST TYPE OF COLONIALISM MANIFESTS POWER WITHIN THE NORMS OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR RATHER THAN THROUGH ANY NEWLY INTRODUCED CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCE 4HE BOUNDARIES OF COLONIZATION ARE NOT DElNED BY THE LIMITS OF MILITARY POWER BUT RATHER BY THE AREA OVER WHICH A PARTICULAR CUL TURE IS SHARED OR SPREAD %XAMPLES OF THE hMIDDLE GROUNDv CATEGORY OF COLONIALISM CAN BE FOUND IN THE PERIPHERIES OF CLASSICAL 'REEK COLONIES

£{n AND THE 2OMAN %MPIRE IN ADDITION TO EARLY MODERN CONTACTS WITH INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN .ORTH !MERICA !FRICA )NDIA AND THE 0ACIFIC 4HESE INSTANCES OF COLONIALISM ARE ALL CHARACTERIZED BY SOCIOPOLITICAL EXPERIMENTATION AND CREATIVITY WITH ACCOMMODATION UNDERTAKEN BY BOTH INDIGENES AND COLONISTS THROUGH THE DEVELOPMENT OF REGULARIZED SOCIAL RELATIONS 4HE APPEARANCE OF EQUALITY IS PERPETUATED WITH ALL PARTIES BELIEVING THEMSELVES IN CONTROL OF THE ENCOUNTER PROCESS 7ITHIN NEW SYSTEMS OF EXCHANGE ADVANTAGES ARE SOUGHT IN MATERIAL AND SPIRITUAL TERMS .EW MODES OF DIFFERENCE EMERGE WITHIN THESE SOCIALLY FLEXIBLE WORLDS WITH NEW STRANGERS NOT NECESSARILY MARKED OUT AS RADICALLY DIFFERENT FROM OTHER TYPES OF STRANGERS )N STARK CONTRAST h4ERRA NULLIUS v OR THE lNAL CATEGORY OF COLONIALISM IDENTIlED BY 'OSDEN IS CHARACTERIZED BY EXTREME VIOLENCEˆAS EVIDENCED BY THE MAJOR SETTLER SOCIET IES OF .ORTH !MERICA 2USSIA 3OUTH !FRICA !USTRALIA AND .EW :EALAND FROM THE MID TH CENTURY AND ALSO BY THE 3PANISH IN -EXICO AND 0ERU TWO CENTURIES EARLIER 4HE MASS APPROPRIATION OF LAND WARFARE AND THE GENERAL SPREAD OF INTRODUCED DISEASES THAT ACCOMPANY THIS TYPE OF COLONIZA TION ENABLES THE DESTRUCTION OF PRE EXISTING FORMS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS !CTIVE RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL FORMS IS UNDERTAKEN ON THE LOCAL SCALE TO ALLOW INDIGENOUS CULTURAL CONTINUITY WITH INITIAL ARMED INVASION AND MASS DEATHS VIEWED NOT AS A lNAL BUT AS A TRAGIC EARLY PHASE IN A LONGER PROCESS OF CULTURAL UPHEAVAL AND SURVIVAL 4ERRA NULLIUS COLONIALISM CAN BE SEPARATED FROM OTHER TYPES BY THE PERPETUATION OF RELATIVELY lXED AND OFTEN LEGALLY DEFENDED CATEGORIES OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCE IN CONTRAST TO THE NEW CATEGORIES OF DIF FERENCE SUCH AS #REOLE THAT EMERGE FROM THE CROSS CULTURAL ENCOUNTERS OF hMIDDLE GROUNDv COLONIALISM AND THE LACK OF MARKED SOCIAL CATEGORIES IN hSHARED CULTURAL MILIEUv COLO NIALISM 2ECOGNIZING THE WIDE RANGING CONTRIBUTIONS OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY TO STUDIES OF COLONIALISM 'OSDENS VOLUME INCORPORATES CASE STUDIES DRAWN FROM TOBACCO COFFEE AND COTTON PLANTATIONS OF THE #ARIBBEAN AND #HESAPEAKE EARLY URBANIZATION AND HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ALONG THE !MERICAN COLONIES OF THE !TLANTIC COAST TRANSCULTURAL PROPERTY OWNERSHIP AND MOBILIZATIONS OF hPOWERv WITHIN THE %ASTERN #APE REGION OF 3OUTH !FRICA %NGLISH EXPERIMENTS WITH EARLY METHODS OF COLONIZATION IN 4UDOR ERA )RELAND AND EXCHANGE NETWORKS DEVELOPED BETWEEN THE -ACASSAN PEOPLE OF SOUTHERN )NDONESIA AND !BORIGINAL SOCIETIES ALONG THE !RNHEM ,AND COAST OF !USTRALIA )DENTIFYING THESE HISTORICAL PERIOD STUDIES AS EXAMPLES OF 4ERRA NULLIUS COLONIES HE SITUATES THESE SPE CIlC INSTANCES OF hMODERNv COLONIALISM WITHIN A COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORK INTENDED TO REVEAL LONG TERM PATTERNS OF MATERIAL CONTINUITY AND CHANGE WITHIN REGIMES OF POWER )N DOING SO HE ENGAGES ALBEIT BRIEmY WITH THE ONGOING DEBATE OVER THE SUBJECT OF ENQUIRY THAT DElNES THE SUBlELD OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY !S SCHOLARS FROM A %UROPEAN BACKGROUND SUCH AS 'OSDEN HIMSELF SEEK TO SITUATE THEIR RESEARCH WITHIN THE EXISTING SCHOLARLY DISCOURSE SURROUNDING HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY THEY IMMEDIATELY FACE THE QUESTION OF SUBDISCIPLINARY IDENTITY "Y EMPHASIZING PATTERNS OF POWER AND CONQUEST OVER A   YEAR PERIODˆAND NOTING THE TENDENCY OF IMPERIAL NATION STATES TO SELF CONSCIOUSLY INVOKE EARLIER EMPIRES IN THEIR SYMBOLIC MOBILIZATION OF POWERˆ'OSDEN JOINS THOSE WHO DElNE THE SUBDISCIPLINE MOST BROADLY AS AN hARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF LITERATE SOCIETIESv

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""9Ê{ä­{® 'OSDENS APPROACH DRAWS FROM WORK BY POSTCOLONIAL THEORISTS SUCH AS (OMI "HABHA %DWARD 3AID AND 'AYATRI 3PIVAK MOST NOTABLY IN HIS EFFORT TO UNCOVER THE UNDERLY ING ROOTS AND INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS THAT SHAPE THE OUTWARD APPEARANCES OF COLONIALISM ,IKE OTHER SCHOLARS WORKING IN THE lELD OF CONTACT PERIOD STUDIES 'OSDEN HAS BEEN STRONGLY INmUENCED BY .ICHOLAS 4HOMASS FOCUS ON THE MATERIALITY OF THE COLONIAL PROCESS "Y WAY OF CONCLUSION 'OSDEN EMPHASIZES THE DOMINANT AND TRANSFORMATIVE ROLE OF THE MATERIAL WORLD h#OLONIALISM IS NOT MANY THINGS BUT JUST ONE #OLONIALISM IS A PROCESS BY WHICH THINGS SHAPE PEOPLE RATHER THAN THE REVERSE #OLONIALISM EXISTS WHERE MATERIAL CULTURE MOVES PEOPLE BOTH CULTURALLY AND PHYSICALLY LEADING THEM TO EXPAND GEOGRAPHICALLY TO ACCEPT NEW MATERIAL FORMS AND TO SET UP POWER STRUCTURES AROUND A DESIRE FOR MATERIAL CULTUREv P   )N FOREGROUNDING THE MATERIAL DIMENSIONS OF COLO NIALISM 'OSDEN SETS A NEW AGENDA FOR COMPARATIVE GLOBAL STUDIES OF COLONIALISM AND ENSURES A PLACE FOR ARCHAEOLOGY WITHIN THIS ENDEAVOR

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, 6 7)N CHAPTER  THE AUTHORS PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT THE HERITAGE OF THE #HEYENNE AND !RAPAHOS AND DETAIL THEIR AREAS OF GEOGRAPHICAL INmUENCE AND THE STRENGTHENING OF THEIR BONDS DUE TO COMPETITION WITH OTHER REGIONAL TRIBES )N A SCENARIO THAT IS ALL TOO FAMILIAR FOR THOSE WHO HAVE STUDIED )NDIAN WHITE RELATIONS THE #HEYENNE AND !RAPAHO ENTERED INTO TREATIES WITH THE 53 BEGINNING IN  THAT WERE CONSTANTLY AMENDED AND MODIlED OVER THE NEXT DECADE UNTIL THE TWO TRIBES WERE CONlNED TO A MUCH SMALLER AREA OF LAND THAN THAT TO WHICH THEY HAD PREVIOUSLY HAD LICENSE 3OME BANDS REFUSED TO RECOGNIZE THE NEWER TREATIES AND CON TINUED THEIR NOMADIC HUNTING LIFESTYLE %VENTUALLY CONmICTS BETWEEN SETTLERS AND )NDIANS BECAME MORE COMMON AND PEOPLE WERE MURDERED ON BOTH SIDES )N 3EPTEMBER  "LACK +ETTLE AND SIX OTHER HEADMEN CAME TO $ENVER TO CONVINCE THE GOVERNMENT OF THEIR WISH FOR PEACE 4HINK ING THAT PEACE WAS MADE "LACK +ETTLE MOVED HIS CAMP INTO THE VICINITY OF &ORT ,YON IN SOUTHEASTERN #OLORADO WHERE HE HAD BEEN ASSURED THAT THE BANDS WOULD BE SAFE /N THE MORNING OF  .OVEMBER  A FORCE OF 53 6OLUNTEERS UNDER THE COMMAND OF #OLONEL *OHN - #HIVINGTON ATTACKED "LACK +ETTLES CAMP 4HE CONTINGENT OF  SOLDIERS KILLED APPROXIMATELY  )NDIANS OVER THE COURSE OF THE NEXT SEVEN HOURS -ANY OF THE DEATHS WERE WOMEN AND CHIL DREN 4HOSE WHO SURVIVED DID SO BECAUSE THEY WERE ABLE TO ESCAPE THE KILLING lELD ON FOOT OR HORSE .O PRISONERS WERE TAKEN 4HROUGH THE AFTERNOON AND THE FOLLOWING DAY THE SOLDIERS WANDERED THE BATTLElELD MUTILATING COPSES AND TAKING GRISLY SOUVENIRS #HAPTER  FOLLOWS THE PRESENT DAY SEARCH OF THE MANU SCRIPTS AND ARCHIVAL MATERIALS THAT PROVIDE THE SOURCES USED TO PIECE TOGETHER THE STORY OF THE 3AND #REEK -ASSACRE )N ADDITION TO THESE RECORDS HISTORIANS INTERVIEWED MEMBERS OF THE TRIBES WHO KNEW THE ORAL HISTORY PASSED DOWN ABOUT THE EVENT (ISTORIANS WERE NOT STARTING WITH A COMPLETELY BLANK SLATE WITH REGARD TO THE LOCATION OF THE MASSACRE %ARLY TH CENTURY INTERVIEWS WITH 3AND #REEK SURVIVOR 'EORGE "ENT AND THE STUDY OF "ENTS HAND DRAWN MAPS OF THE SITE LED TO THE ERECTION OF A MARKER AT ONE BEND IN THE CREEK CORRESPONDING WITH "ENTS RECOLLECTIONS 7HEN THE HISTORY TEAM BEGAN THEIR SEARCH THEY HAD A MAP FROM 3ECOND ,IEU TENANT 3AMUAL 7 "ONSALL OF THE 53 !RMY THAT HAD NOT BEEN AVAILABLE TO PAST RESEARCHERS "ONSALL RODE THROUGH THE MASSACRE SITE IN  AND PRODUCED A WELL DRAWN MAP WITH PRECISE GEOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTORS 7ITH THIS NEW SOURCE AT THEIR DISPOSAL THE HISTORY TEAM WAS ABLE TO DEDUCE THAT THE ACTUAL SITE OF THE CAMP WAS ABOUT A MILE FURTHER UP 3AND #REEK FROM THE POSITION OF THE OLD MARKER )N CHAPTER  THE EMPHASIS SHIFTS TO THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL EFFORTS TO LOCATE THE SITE 4HE EARLIEST ACADEMIC PROJECT TO IDENTIFY THE SITE WAS STARTED BY &ORT ,EWIS #OLLEGE IN  !FTER SOME METAL DETECTOR SURVEYS OF THE AREA AROUND THE HISTORIC MARKER IN  THE TEAM FROM THE COLLEGE HAD FOUND FEW ARTIFACTS THAT COULD PROVE AN ENTIRE CAMP ONCE OCCUPIED THAT LOCATION 4HE ARCHAEOLOGY TEAM FROM THE .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE BEGAN THEIR SEARCH IN  AND WORKED OUT FROM THE AREA SURVEYED IN  )NITIALLY lNDING A SMATTERING OF ARTIFACTS THEMSELVES SEVERAL THEORIES OF ARTIFACT DISPERSAL WERE EXPLORED AND EVENTUALLY THE TEAM CAME ACROSS A DENSE AREA OF ARTIFACTS IN A LOCATION ABOUT A MILE NORTH OF WHERE THE HISTORICAL MARKER STOOD ON THE EAST SIDE OF 3AND #REEK !FTER FURTHER RESEARCH IT WAS

DEDUCED THAT THE ARTIFACTS DISCOVERED WERE TYPES IN USE IN  AND KNOWN TO BE IN THE POSSESSION OF THE #HEYENNES AND !RAPAHOS AS WELL AS THE 53 6OLUNTEERS THAT ATTACKED THE SITE 3EVERAL OF THE ARTIFACTS APPEARED TO BE INTENTIONALLY DESTROYED WHICH MATCHED WITH THE HISTORICAL RECORD OF THE RAZING OF THE CAMP BY THE 53 SOLDIERS #HAPTER  WRAPS UP THE BOOK AND PRESENTS THOSE FACTORS THAT PROVED MOST USEFUL DURING THE SEARCH FOR THE 3AND #REEK -ASSACRE SITE 4HE EFFORTS OF THE PROJECTS TEAM LED TO A MORE DElNITE LOCATION OF THE CAMPSITE AND SUBSEQUENT MASSACRE )N ADDITION ARTIFACT SCATTER ASSISTED IN LEADING RESEARCHERS TO A MORE PRECISE PICTURE OF THE UNFOLDING EVENTS ON THE MORNING OF  .OVEMBER  4HE AUTHORS STRESS REPEATEDLY IN THIS CHAPTER THE EXTENT TO WHICH THIS PROJECT WAS A MULTIDISCIPLINARY EFFORT HISTORIANS REASSESSED RECORDS AND MAPS ETHNOGRAPHERS AND TRIBAL MEMBERS COLLECTED ORAL HISTORIES THE REMOTE SENSING TEAM ANALYZED AERIAL PHOTO GRAPHS AND MADE GEOPHYSICAL GROUND STUDIES GEOMORPHOLO GISTS MADE SOIL STUDIES TO DETERMINE LANDFORM CHANGES AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS MADE VISUAL AND METAL DETECTOR INVENTORIES &INDING 3AND #REEK IS A SUCCESS ON MANY FRONTS 4HE BOOK IS WELL ORGANIZED AND PRESENTED IN A READABLE AND INFORMATIVE MANNER WITH PERTINENT MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS ACCOMPANYING THE REQUISITE SECTIONS OF THE TEXT 4HE BOOK IS AN INTERESTING LOOK AT A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO RESEARCH THAT MAKES CLEAR THE DEPENDENCY OF ALL OF THE DISCIPLINES ON ONE ANOTHER 4HE PROJECT WAS SUCCESSFUL IN BRINGING A GREATER CERTAINTY TO THE LOCATION OF THE MASSACRE AND PROVIDING MORE INSIGHT INTO WHAT OCCURRED THERE FOR THE MEMBERS OF THE #HEYENNE AND !RAPAHO TRIBES 4HE SITE HAS YET TO BE FORMALLY DESIGNATED AS A .ATIONAL (ISTORIC 3ITE BUT WILL PROBABLY BE UP FOR A VOTE IN #ONGRESS AGAIN SOON 4HE BOOK SHOULD BE USEFUL TO BOTH SCHOLARS AND STUDENTS OF )NDIAN AND WESTERN HISTORY AS WELL AS HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLO GISTS WHO SPECIALIZE IN WESTERN .ORTH !MERICA !DDITION ALLY IT SHOULD BE OF INTEREST TO THOSE WITHIN THE .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE AND TRIBAL MEMBERS WHO HAVE VESTED INTERESTS IN THE EFFORTS OF THE .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE

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£xä PREVIOUS TEXTS ON THE SUBJECT 3HARED ,ANDSCAPES CHALLENGES LONG HELD BELIEFS THAT POSTINVASION ARCHAEOLOGY IS !NGLO ARCHAEOLOGY WHILE AT THE SAME TIME REVEALING COMPLEX LAYERS OF HISTORICAL MEMORY THROUGH THOUGHTFUL ANALYSIS 4HE BOOK IS BRILLIANTLY FORMATTED 5.37 0RESS DID A MAGNIlCENT JOB OF PUTTING TOGETHER A FACADE THAT IS EVERY BIT AS PROGRESSIVE AS THE TEXT IT CONTAINS &ULL PAGE BLACK AND WHITE PLATES ARE DISPERSED THROUGHOUT THE VOLUME WITH SMALLER PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAPS MAKING UP THE REMAINDER OF THE VISUAL COMPONENT 4HE TEXT IS INTEGRATED NICELY INTO THESE VIVID PICTORIAL DOCUMENTS (ARRISON CHOOSES TO FOCUS ON hLOCAL SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS RATHER THAN THE @GREAT THEMES OF SETTLER COLONIAL EXPANSIONv P IX A VIEW THAT HAS NOT BEEN EMBRACED UNTIL RECENTLY BY HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS 4HIS VIEW ALONG WITH HIS IDEAS ON WHAT CONSTITUTES ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AND THE METHODOLOGY HE UTILIZES TO CONDUCT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IS PRECO CIOUS AND INNOVATIVE (ARRISON USES EYEWITNESS INFORMATION TO REVEAL ASPECTS REGARDING THE PASTORAL LANDSCAPE WHICH MAY NOT HAVE MATERIAL REMAINS TO INDICATE HABITATION OR SIGNIlCANCE )N DOING SO THE AUTHOR QUESTIONS THE IDEA THAT ARCHAEOLOGY MUST CONSIST ONLY OF MATERIAL CULTURE WHILE AT THE SAME TIME MAKING USE OF THE MOST ADVANTAGEOUS ASPECTS OF HIS TORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY THE PEOPLE WHO PRODUCED IT CAN TELL YOU hHOWv AND hWHYv )N THE TWO CASE STUDIES INCLUDED IN THE VOLUME (ARRISON DISCUSSES hBOTH THE PHYSICAL AND DISCURSIVE LAYERING THAT FORMS THE BASIS OF THE LANDSCAPE UNDER STUDYv P   4HIS CONCEPT IS ALSO EXTENDED TO hMATERIAL MEMORIESv OR THE hRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRACES OF THE PAST AND THE COL LECTIVE MEMORIALISATION OF THE PAST IN THE PRESENTv P   (ARRISON DESCRIBES CULTURAL HERITAGE AS FORGETTING IT IS AN hACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH A PARTICULAR CULTURAL PHENOMENAv P   &ROM THIS PERSPECTIVE BOTH REMEMBERING AND FORGETTING ARE PROCESSES OF CULTURAL CHANGE 0ART  OF 3HARED ,ANDSCAPES CONSISTS MAINLY OF SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE !USTRALIAN PASTORAL INDUSTRY 4HOSE NOT SPECIlCALLY INTERESTED IN THIS TOPIC MAY WANT TO SKIM AHEAD TO CHAPTER  WHERE (ARRISON BEGINS TO DISCUSS HIS METHODOLOGY FOR THE CASE STUDIES 4HE METHODOLOGY UTILIZED BY (ARRISON IS ARGUABLY THE MOST PROGRESSIVE PART OF THE TEXT 4HE AUTHORS RESEARCH BEGAN WITH WORKSHOPS HELD TO ALLOW THE COMMUNITY TO ACTIVELY ENGAGE IN THE PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT )N THESE WORKSHOPS PARTICIPANTS WERE ASKED TO MAP THEIR MEMORIES OF THE SITE FOCUSING ON hTRAILS AND PATTERNS OF MOVEMENTv P  IN ORDER TO ESTABLISH THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE FROM BOTH INDIGENOUS AND NONINDIGENOUS PERSPECTIVES 3PECIlC ARTIFACT AND SITE MAPPING WAS DONE USING DIFFER ENTIAL '03 AND THEODOLITE )T WAS COMPLETELY DIGITIZED FOR INTEGRATION INTO A LARGER DATABASE A DIGITAL LAYERING EXERCISE THAT SOME HAVE REFERRED TO AS HYPERTEXT CARTOGRAPHYˆTHE MOST INTUITIVE FORM OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAPPING /RAL HISTORIES ARE ALSO INCLUDED AS ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECTS 4HESE TOOK THE FORMS OF FORMAL INTERVIEWS FOCUS GROUPS WORKSHOPS AND RECORDING OF LIFE HISTORIES ON AND OFF SITE (ARRISON RECORDED THESE INTERVIEWS AND ALLOWED INFORMANTS TO MODIFY THEIR STATEMENTS ADDING OR DELETING INFORMATION AT WILL 4HIS INTERACTIVE FORMAT OF INTERVIEW ING WAS PARTICULARLY AVANT GARDE EMPOWERING COMMUNITY CONSTRUCTIONS OF LOCAL IDENTITY

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""9Ê{ä­{® 0ARTS  AND  OF THE TEXT INCLUDE THE TWO CASE STUDIES WHERE (ARRISON EXERTS HIS PROGRESSIVE lELD TECHNIQUES %AST +UNDERANG 0ASTORAL 3TATION IN /XLEY 7ILD 2IVERS .ATIONAL 0ARK AND THE $ENNAWAN !BORIGINAL 2ESERVE IN #ULGOA .ATIONAL 0ARK BOTH IN .EW 3OUTH 7ALES )N EACH CASE AN ARGUMENT CAN BE MADE THAT DATA COLLECTION EFFORTS OF THIS MAGNITUDE WOULD HAVE BEEN BETTER SPENT ON THREATENED SITES BUT THESE DATA MAY HELP TO PRESERVE THESE AND OTHER PLACES IN THE FUTURE )T IS ALSO UNLIKELY THAT THE INFORMATION GATHERED FROM THOSE WHO LIVED IN THESE PLACES WOULD BE AVAILABLE FOREVER )N THIS LIGHT THE OUTCOME OF THE PROJECT BECOMES QUITE VALUABLE 4HERE ARE SOME WHO MAY ARGUE THAT THE AUTHORS ACCEP TANCE AS ARCHAEOLOGY OF NATURAL LANDSCAPE MEMORY AND EVEN FORGETTING ERODES THE PROCESSUAL SCIENTIlC FOUNDATIONS OF THE lELD #ONCEPTS SUCH AS MEMORY ARE HARD TO GRASP THEY CANNOT BE QUANTIlED LIKE POTSHERDS OR CHIPPED STONE LEADING SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO DISMISS THESE CONCEPTS AS UNSCIENTIlC OR UNNECESSARY 7HILE THIS DEBATE IS MUCH TOO LARGE TO ADDRESS IN THIS REVIEW IT IS OBVIOUS THAT (ARRISONS TECHNIQUES HAVE LED TO THE COLLECTION OF MUCH INFORMATION THAT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE USING hCONVENTIONALv ARCHAEOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES .EVERTHELESS THERE ARE SOME MINOR DOCUMENTARY COMPLI CATIONS WITH 3HARED ,ANDSCAPES THAT SHOULD BE ADDRESSED !S STATED EARLIER HISTORICAL PICTURES ARE A LARGE PART OF THIS BOOK )N SOME INSTANCES CAPTIONS ON PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE WORK ARE NOT CLEARLY REFERENCED LEADING ONE TO WONDER WHETHER THE CAPTIONS WERE PULLED FROM HISTORICAL CONTEXTS COMPOSED BY A CURATOR OR IMPOSED BY THE AUTHOR HIMSELF 4HIS MAY LEAD TO DIFlCULTY ESPECIALLY WHEN APPLYING RACIAL AND CULTURAL GENERALITIES TO INDIVIDUALS &URTHERMORE THERE IS NOT A LIST OF REFERENCES FOR PHOTOGRAPHS IN THE BACK OF THE BOOK 4HIS IS CERTAINLY NOT NECESSARY BUT WOULD HAVE BEEN ADVANTAGEOUS ! MORE PRECISE MODE OF REFERENCING PICTORIAL DOCUMENTS SPECIFYING THE PROVENIENCE OF CAPTIONS COULD HAVE CLEARED UP CONFUSION REGARDING THESE COMPONENTS OF THE TEXT /N ONE lNAL NOTE THE THEORIES PRESENTED IN (ARRISONS TEXT ARE MULTIFARIOUS AND ARE PRESENTED AS SUCH )N CON TRAST WITH ITS SIMPLE FRIENDLY DESIGN 3HARED ,ANDSCAPES IS A COMPLEX VOLUME THAT IS RATHER DIFlCULT TO GET THROUGH (ARRISONS LANGUAGE IS AT TIMES SOMEWHAT SUPERmUOUS AND REQUIRES ATTENTIVE READING 4HIS IS NOT NECESSARILY A FAULT MERELY A WARNING TO THOSE NOT WILLING TO REREAD A CHAPTER OR TWO IN ORDER TO EXTRACT ALL OF THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS (ARRISONS BOOK IS AN IMPORTANT PIECE OF WORK IN HISTORI CAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND HIS GOAL IS POSITIVE )N LIGHT OF THE MINOR CRITIQUES THE AUTHORS METHODOLOGY AND APPROACH TO CULTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT IS GROUNDBREAKING AND REVEALS MUCH ABOUT THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE !USTRALIAN PASTORAL INDUS TRY THAT WOULD OTHERWISE REMAIN UNKNOWN 4HIS TEXT IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED TO ANYONE WHO IS INTER ESTED IN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY THE !USTRALIAN PASTORAL INDUS TRY PROGRESSIVE lELD METHODOLOGY AND PUBLIC ARCHAEOLOGY

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£x£ #HRISTINE 7ILLIAMSON REVOLVES AROUND THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF ARTIFACTS 4HE STATION AT "URGHY 4ASMANIA WAS A SHORT LIVED STOCK OPERATION OF THE 6AN $REMENS ,AND #OMPANY 6$,#  )T WAS IN OPERATION FROM ABOUT THE LATE S TO THE LATE S )T WAS THE SCENE OF CONSIDERABLE VIOLENCE BETWEEN WHITES AND !BORIGINES 4HE GOVERNMENT OF 4AS MANIA HAD A POLICY OF REMOVING ALL !BORIGINES TO &LINDERS )SLAND )N  AN ANNOUNCEMENT WAS MADE BY 'EORGE !UGUSTUS 2OBINSON THAT THE TASK HAD BEEN COMPLETED )N THE LATE S TO  THE 6$,# WAS STILL REPORTING ATTACKS 4HE LAST FAMILY GROUP OF !BORIGINES WAS CAPTURED IN  5NLIKE MANY AREAS OF MAINLAND !USTRALIA IT IS CLEAR THAT THESE GROUPS NEVER COEXISTED AT THIS SITE #HAPTER  h,EGISLATING THE 0AST .ATIVE 4ITLE AND THE (ISTORY OF !BORIGINAL !USTRALIAv BY ,IBBY 2ICHES DETAILS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIVE TITLE AND ARCHAEOLOGY /F NECESSITY IT PRESENTS CONSIDERABLE BACKGROUND MATERIAL ON !USTRALIAN LEGISLATION AND THE HISTORY OF NATIVE LAND TITLE LAW &OR NON !USTRALIANS THIS MAY BE CONSIDERED A hHARD READv DUE TO THEIR COMPLETE LACK OF FAMILIARITY WITH THE SUBJECT MATTER #HAPTER  h#AN !RCHAEOLOGY "E 5SED TO !DDRESS THE 0RINCIPAL OF %XCLUSIVE 0OSSESSION IN .ATIVE 4ITLEv BY 0ETER 6ETH AND *O -C$ONALD IS A SHORT SEVEN PAGE ARTICLE PLUS CONCLUSION AND THREE PAGES OF REFERENCES  )T ARGUES FOR CHANGES IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM THAT THE AUTHORS BELIEVE TO CON SIST OF UNDULY NARROW COMMON LAW DElNITIONS WHICH REQUIRE BOUNDED AND DISCRETE GROUPS 4HE AUTHORS INVEST TWO PAGES IN DISCUSSING EXCLUSIVE POSSESSION AND BENElCIAL OWNERSHIP IN NATIVE TITLE THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF CONTINUITY AND TRANSFORMATION AFTER CONTACT AND THE PROBLEM OF DElNING LANDOWNING AND LAND USING GROUPS IN NATIVE TITLE #HAPTER  h!N !RCHAEOLOGY OF ATTACHMENT #ULTURAL (ER ITAGE AND THE 0OST #ONTACTv BY $ENIS "YRNE IS EIGHT PAGES OF TEXT A SINGLE ILLUSTRATION OF A DISCUSSION PAPER COVER AND A SHORT REFERENCES SECTION 4HE MAIN PROPOSITION MADE IN THIS PAPER IS THE CONCEPTUAL SEPARATION OF CONTEMPORARY !BORIGINAL PEOPLE FROM PRECONTACT ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES AND REMAINS h4HIS ILLUSORY HIATUS IS PRODUCED BY THE RADICAL UNDER RECORDING OF !BORIGINAL POSTCONTACT HERITAGE PLACES AND A LAVISH ALMOST OBSESSIONAL RECORDING OF PRECONTACT PLACESv P   4HIS PREVENTS !BORIGINAL POSTCONTACT SITES AND HIS TORY BEING INTEGRATED INTO A NATIONAL HISTORICAL NARRATIVE #HAPTER  h2ECENT )NVESTIGATIONS AT THE %BENEZER -IS SION #EMETERYv BY 3TEVE "ROWN 3TEVEN !VERY AND -EGAN 'OULDING IS DATA INTENSIVE 4HIS  PAGE CHAPTER CONTAINS lVE lGURES ONE TABLE MORE THAN TWO PAGES OF REFERENCES AND AN APPENDIX WITH SIX PAGES RECORDING DEATHS AT %BENE ZER -ISSIONS FROM  TO  !FTER AN INTRODUCTION A REVIEW OF SOME OF THE NONDESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUES USED IN !USTRALIA FOR IDENTIlCATION OF UNMARKED GRAVES AND A QUICK REVIEW OF THE SITES HISTORY THE AUTHORS PRESENT THEIR SEVEN RESEARCH QUESTIONS #HAPTER  h0LACES 0EOPLE 6ALUE 3OCIAL 3IGNIlCANCE AND #ULTURAL %XCHANGE IN 0OST )NVASION !USTRALIAv BY 3USAN -C)NTYRE 4AMWAY CONTAINS A BROAD DISCUSSION OF CULTURAL SITES AND PLACES CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND SOCIAL VALUES 4HE TWO PRIMARY NOTIONS THAT THE AUTHOR EXPLORES ARE THE IDEA OF SHARED PLACES OF VALUE TO BOTH INDIGENOUS AND NONINDIGENOUS !USTRALIANS AND THE IDEA OF CULTURAL TRANSFER FROM INDIGENOUS !USTRALIANS TO NONINDIGENOUS !USTRALIANS 4HE CASE EXAMPLE FOR THE FORMER IS NORTHERN #APE9ORK AND FOR THE LATTER IT IS

£xÓ THE .EW 3OUTH 7ALES #OMPREHENSIVE 2EGIONAL !SSESSMENT OF &ORESTS IN  #HAPTER  h! 0AST 2EMEMBERED !BORIGINAL @(ISTORICAL 0LACES IN #ENTRAL 1UEENSLANDv BY ,UKE 'ODWIN AND 3COTT ,@/STE "ROWN SUMMARIZES THE BACKGROUND AND RESULTS OF THE "OWIN "ASIN 0ROJECT IN #ENTRAL 1UEENSLAND )T BEGAN AS A MORE TRADITIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDING PROCESS INTENDED FOR REGIONAL PLANNING PURPOSES AND EVOLVED INTO A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO INCLUDE A MUCH BROADER VARIETY OF SITES IMPORTANT TO !BORIGINAL PEOPLE THAN THE PROJECT PLANNERS ORIGINALLY ENVISIONED 4HE PROJECT DID NOT INCLUDE ANY ATTEMPT TO ASSESS VALUES AND SIGNIlCANCE TO THE PLACES IDENTIlED #HAPTER  h%PILOGUE !N !RCHAEOLOGY OF )NDIGENOUS .ON )NDIGENOUS !USTRALIA FROM v BY 4IM -URRAY IS A WRITTEN VERSION OF THE ROLE A hDISCUSSANTv WOULD PLAY AT THE END OF A SYMPOSIUM OF PAPERS ON AN AREA OF RESEARCH 4HIS lNAL CHAPTER IS SEVEN PAGES PLUS TWO PAGES OF REFERENCES 4HE STATED GOAL IS hTO CONSIDER THE CURRENT STATE OF STUDIES INTO THE HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF !BORIGINAL !USTRALIA AS IT IS REPRESENTED IN THESE PAPERS AND TO SKETCH SOME POSSI BILITIES FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE lELDv P   (IS PAPER ALSO DISCUSSES HIS NOTION OF hCONJECTURAL HISTORIESv 4HE AUTHOR CONSIDERS THE MOST SIGNIlCANT DEVELOPMENT IN THE lELD AN hEXPANDING SENSE OF POSSIBILITYv P   4HIS IS A CASE WHERE READING THE SUMMARY CHAPTER IS EVERY BIT AS IMPORTANT AS READING THE INTRODUCTION 4HE AUTHOR SUCCESSFULLY REACHES HIS GOAL OF SUMMARIZING THE CUR RENT STATE OF STUDIES IN THIS AREA OF RESEARCH &OR A .ORTH !MERICAN ARCHAEOLOGIST THIS CHAPTER AND VOLUME WENT A LONG WAY TOWARD CLARIFYING ISSUES OF IDENTITY AND ISSUES OF OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL OVER TRADITIONAL !BORIGINAL LANDS

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""9Ê{ä­{® DIFlCULT TASK BY SYNTHESIZING A CONTEXTUAL AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATION FOR THE STUDY OF WOODEN SHIP ARCHITECTURE 4HE ARGUMENT AS SET FORTH IS THAT THE OBJECT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL INQUIRY SHOULD NOT END AT RECONSTRUCTING SHIP FINDS BUT PROCEED TO DEDUCING THE IDEAS CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE BUILDERS 4HIS THEORETICAL APPROACH WILL NO DOUBT SET A STANDARD FOR FUTURE SHIP CONSTRUCTION ANALYSES AND BRING THIS MUCH NEEDED DISCUSSION TO THE FORE #ONTRIBUTING AUTHORS IN THIS VOLUME ALSO FABRICATE MEANINGFUL CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS CASE BY CASE THE INTENT BEING TO DRAG WOODEN SHIP ARCHITECTURE INTO THE LIGHT OF COMPREHENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS RATHER THAN SIMPLE DESCRIPTION 4HE KEYSTONE OF THIS BOOK IS A CALL FOR THE DISCOVERY AND INTERPRETATION OF HUMAN CONCEPTS THROUGH THE CAREFUL ANALYSIS OF SHIP REMAINS )N AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL SENSE THE AUTHORS WISH TO DISCOVER HUMAN MOTIVES THROUGH SUBTLE CLUES LIKE FASTENER PATTERNS AND TOOL MARKS )T IS QUITE EVIDENT THAT THE AUTHORS OFFER THIS VOLUME IN PARTIAL ANSWER TO QUESTIONS POSED BY RETIRED 4EXAS !  - 0ROFESSOR 2ICHARD 3TEFFY WHO HAS TAUGHT THAT UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES OF A SHIPS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CAN REmECT A BUILDERS CULTURAL BIAS ASSUMP TIONS AND TECHNICAL EXPERIENCE 4HE 0HILOSOPHY OF 3HIPBUILDING BEGINS WITH AN INFORMA TIVE HISTORY OF SHIP CONSTRUCTION THEORY BACKED BY NUMEROUS NOTES AND CITATIONS !RCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMPLES IN THE BOOK ARE GLEANED FROM MANY SOURCES INCLUDING /LOF (ASSLÚFS EARLY S CONCEPTS OF hSHELL VERSUS SKELETONv lRST CON STRUCTION AND CONTRIBUTIONS BY , #ASSON , "ASCH ! % #HRISTENSEN AND OTHERS CULMINATING IN 0ATRICE 0OMEYS ADMISSION THAT WITHOUT UNDERLINING hPRINCIPLE THE THOUGHT BEHIND THE DESIGN v PRACTICAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS TEND TO FOIL MOST BROAD ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORIES 7ITHIN THE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK ARE INSERTED NEW OR SELDOM DISCUSSED CONTRIBUTIONS GAINED BOTH BY TRADITIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY AS WELL AS HISTORY %TH NOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF NORTHERN %UROPEAN BUILT VESSELS AND RECENT EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMPLES OF REPRODUCED WOODEN SHIPS BUILT WITH PERIOD TOOLS ROUND OUT THE DATA )N ADDITION NEW ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES SHED LIGHT ON OLD QUESTIONS AN EXAMPLE OF WHICH IS HIGHLIGHTED IN NEW DISCOVERIES AT 4ANTURA ,AGOON WHICH MAY ALTER THE CURRENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL HORIZON CONCERNING SKELETON lRST CONSTRUCTION PREVIOUSLY SET BY STUDIES OF 9ASSIADA TH CENTURY 4HE 0HILOSOPHY OF 3HIPBUILDING IS A GREAT READ FOR THOSE WHO ARE INTERESTED IN SHIP CONSTRUCTION AND THE CONCEPTS BEHIND IT 4RANSITIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS AUTHORS OFTEN AN !CHILLES HEEL FOR EDITED TEXTS ARE REASONABLY SMOOTH 4HE BOOK IS WELL WRITTEN ILLUSTRATED AND DENSE WITH INFORMATION )RONICALLY THE IDEAS AND PHILOSOPHY BEHIND THIS VOLUME VIEW SHIPS WITH SOME EXCEPTIONS OUTSIDE THE CONTEXT OF CULTURE A SEEMING CONTRADICTION OF THE MAIN THEME 4HIS IS PERHAPS AN UNDERSTANDABLE EXPEDIENT GIVEN THE lNITE SCOPE OF THE TEXT !N ACCOMPANYING HISTORY OF THE HIGHLIGHTED CULTURES WOULD MAKE THE WORK UNWIELDY 4HERE ARE ALSO NO CAVEATS EXPLAINING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS INHERENT IN SINGLE ARTIFACT SHIP ANALYSIS 4HE 0HILOSOPHY OF 3HIPBUILDING IS INTENDED FOR PROFESSIONALS AND WOULD LIKELY BE A DIFlCULT READ FOR ANYONE UNFAMILIAR WITH THE TERMINOLOGY AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF WOODEN SHIP CONSTRUCTION 4HIS MINOR CRITICISM PERHAPS ADDS TO ITS TRUE VALUE AS AN IN DEPTH REFERENCE A STARTING POINT FOR FUTURE INQUIRY

, 6 7&INALLY THIS VOLUME IS A TIMELY AND WELCOME CONTRIBUTION TO THE lELD 4HE RESEARCH NOTES ARE EXCELLENT AND MAKE THIS BOOK AN OUTSTANDING lRST REFERENCE FOR FURTHER STUDY 4HE 0HILOSOPHY OF 3HIPBUILDING WILL BECOME A MUST FOR SHIP CONSTRUCTION ENTREPRENEURS WHILE THE QUESTIONS RAISED CON CERNING ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY AND ANALYSIS MAKE THIS WORK A HARBINGER OF FUTURE INQUIRY AND DISCUSSION

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£xÎ OF HUMAN PERCEPTION THE VISUAL AND THE AUDITORY "ECAUSE VISUAL PERCEPTION IS PRIMARILY ICONIC AND AUDITORY SYMBOLIC MANY OF THE EARLY CHARACTERISTICS CAN BE FOUND IN h0EIRCEAN NOTIONS OF ICON AND INDEXv P   2OBERTSON DISCUSSES THE LINGUISTIC THEORY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING IN GREAT DETAIL AND THIS CHAPTER WILL BE ESPECIALLY APPEALING TO THOSE WITH A STRONG LINGUISTIC BACKGROUND 4RIGGERS CHAPTER COMPLETES THE THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING BY LOOKING AT THE EVOLUTION OF WRITING WORLDWIDE )T IS CLEAR WHY (OUSTON HAD "RUCE ' 4RIGGERS PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED ARTICLE INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK 4RIGGERS CHAPTER LOOKS AT THE EVOLUTION OF WRITING SYSTEMS FROM A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE BUT DOES NOT REDUCE THE DISCUSSION FROM ITS HISTORICAL PARTICULARS )NSTEAD IT USES THE VARIOUS DIFFERENCES TO PRESENT A COHESIVE DISCUSSION OF THE EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF SCRIPTS 4HE NEXT SECTION OF THE BOOK PRESENTS CHAPTERS WRITTEN BY VARIOUS SPECIALISTS ILLUSTRATING CASE STUDIES ON THE DEVELOP MENT OF WRITING IN -ESOPOTAMIA %LAM %GYPT #HINA 3CAN DINAVIA AND .ORTHERN %UROPE AND -ESOAMERICA 4HESE CASE STUDIES DISCUSS WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE SCRIPT DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THESE AREAS AND PROVIDE READERS WITH THE MOST UP TO DATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INFORMATION CONCERNING WRITING AND HOW VARIOUS AREA SPECIALISTS INTERPRET THE lNDINGS 4HESE CHAPTERS HIGHLIGHT THE DIFFERENT CONTEXTS THAT SPURRED THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING !N UNUSUAL INCLUSION WITHIN THE BOOK IS (ENRIK 7ILLIAMSS CHAPTER ON RUNESˆUNUSUAL BECAUSE RUNES DEVELOP IN DIRECT CONTACT WITH LITERATE CULTURES 4HE POINTS MADE BY 7ILLIAMS CONCERNING RUNES ARE INFORMATIVE !FTER ALL THE VARIOUS SCHOLARS ARE lNISHED NOTING THE PAR TICULARITIES OF SCRIPT DEVELOPMENT WITHIN THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE WORLD ONE WOULD lND IT DIFlCULT TO ACCEPT WORKS LIKE )GNACE * 'ELBS  UNIEVOLUTIONARY MODEL FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITINGˆWHICH IS REPEATEDLY TARGETED IN &IRST 7RITING 7HILE 'ELBS BOOK REPRESENTED A SIGNIlCANT CONTRIBUTION FOR UNDERSTANDING AND CONCEPTUALIZING THE DEVEL OPMENT OF WRITING AS IT WAS KNOWN IN THE EARLY S THE BOOK CONTAINED SEVERAL DElCIENCIES NOT THE LEAST OF WHICH WAS HIS REFUSAL TO ACKNOWLEDGE THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRIT ING IN -ESOAMERICA 4HE DECIPHERMENT OF -AYAN WRITING SINCE THAT TIME HAS FOR THE MOST PART COMPLETELY DISMISSED A UNIEVOLUTIONARY MODEL FOR WRITING AND ITS DISSEMINATION AROUND THE GLOBE 4HE LAST SECTION OF THE BOOK THE EPILOGUE CONTAINS TWO CHAPTERSˆONE BY (OUSTON AND ONE BY %LIZABETH (ILL "OONE "OONES CHAPTER TITLED h"EYOND 7RITINGv DEALS WITH THE CURRENT TRENDS AWAY FROM WRITING 3HE EMPHASIZES THAT WRITING SHOULD BE STUDIED AS A GRAPHIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM RATHER THAN SIMPLY SPEECH RECORDATION -ATHEMATICS AND PHYSICS MUSIC AND DANCE LOGIC CHEMISTRY AND MANY FORMS OF DATA ANALYSIS AND DISPLAY HAVE ALL DEPARTED FROM TRADITIONAL WRITING TO DEVELOP THEIR OWN SYSTEM OF DISPLAY (OUSTONS lNAL CHAPTER ILLUMINATES AREAS OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT AMONG THE CONTRIBUTORS RATHER THAN REHASHING THE EARLIER CHAPTERS "Y SO DOING (OUSTON SETS THE STAGE FOR FUTURE WORK ON THE TOPIC 4HIS BOOK IS VERY WELL DONE AND SHOULD BE RECOM MENDED READING FOR ANYONE INTERESTED IN THE ORIGINS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 5NLIKE SOME EARLIER WORKS &IRST 7RITING DOES NOT REGRESS INTO A QUEST FOR DETERMINING THE EARLIEST WRITINGS BUT DEALS MUCH MORE WITH WHY WRITING CAME ABOUT UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES 7HILE SOME

£x{ DISCUSSION OF lRSTS IS ENTERTAINED BY SEVERAL CONTRIBUTORS IT IS NOT A CENTRAL THEME OF THE BOOK )SSUES LIKE THIS WILL LIKELY NEVER lND RESOLUTION AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE DEBATED 5NDERSTANDING THE PROCESS AND THE FUNCTION OF HOW WRITING DEVELOPED IN MANY CONTEXTS OFFERS A MUCH MORE PRODUCTIVE ALLEY FOR RESEARCH

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˜˜ˆÛiÀÃ>ÀÞÊ `ˆÌˆœ˜ /…œ“>ÃÊ °ÊÕLŽ> 1˜ˆÛiÀÈÌÞÊ*ÀiÃÃʜvÊ iÜÊ ˜}>˜`]ÊiL>˜œ˜]Ê ]ÊÓää{°ÊÊÓ{äÊ««°]Ê£Î{Êw}ð]ʘœÌiÃ]ÊLˆL°]Ê ˆ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfÓ{°™xÊ«>«iÀ° 7ITH ITS TH ANNIVERSARY PUBLICATION OF 4HOMAS (UBKAS "IG (OUSE ,ITTLE (OUSE "ACK (OUSE "ARN 4HE #ON NECTED &ARM "UILDINGS OF .EW %NGLAND THE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS OF .EW %NGLAND HAS INTRODUCED A CLASSIC VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE STUDY OF A PARTICULAR REGIONAL BUILDING TYPE TO A NEW GENERATION OF READERS 4HE BUILDING TYPE IN QUESTION IS THE FOUR PART .EW %NGLAND CONNECTED FARM OR THE h"IG (OUSE ,ITTLE (OUSE "ACK (OUSE "ARNv RECALLED FROM A FAMILIAR TH CENTURY CHILDRENS VERSE 4HE CONNECTED FARM WAS ONE OF THE MOST WELL ESTABLISHED FORMS OF RURAL AND SMALL TOWN DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE IN .EW %NGLAND BEFORE  PEAKING IN POPULARITY AROUND  AND GRADUALLY WANING THEREAFTER 4HE FOUR PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF THIS COMPLEX INCLUDE THE BIG HOUSE OR MAJOR FARMHOUSE THE LITTLE HOUSE OR KITCHEN THE BACK HOUSE WHICH CONSISTS OF A BUILDING EXTENDING FROM THE KITCHEN TO THE MAJOR BARN AND THE BARN WHICH TERMINATES THE COMPLEX AND SERVES AS THE CENTER OF THE FARMING OPERATION 7HILE THIS FOUR PART ARRANGEMENT MAY APPEAR HAPHAZARD TO THE CASUAL OBSERVER MOST TH CENTURY .EW %NGLAND CONNECTED FARM BUILDINGS AS (UBKA DEMONSTRATES EXHIBIT SIMILARITIES IN ORIENTATION SPATIAL ORGANIZATION AND USAGE 4HE AUTHOR WHO HAS WRITTEN EXTENSIVELY ABOUT !MERICAN VERNACULAR BUILDINGS AND THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN PROCESS ASKS WHY CONNECTED FARMS DEVELOPED IN THIS PARTICULAR AND UNIQUE FORM IN .EW %NGLAND 0REVAILING FOLK WISDOM HAS LONG HELD THAT THESE BUILDINGS WERE CONSTRUCTED BEGINNING IN COLONIAL TIMES AS A CLIMATIC RESPONSE TO THE LONG .EW %NGLAND WINTERS (UBKA ARGUES INSTEAD THAT CONNECTED FARMS APPEARED LATER 5SING SOURCES RANGING FROM PHOTOGRAPHS FARM DIARIES TH CENTURY AGRICULTURAL REFORM LITERATURE ORAL HISTORIES AND EXTENSIVE FIELD EXAMINATION OF THE BUILDINGS AND FARMSCAPES THEMSELVES THE AUTHOR DEMONSTRATES THAT MOST CONNECTED FARMS WERE REORGANIZED IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME SPAN DURING THE LATE TH CENTURY &ULL BLOWN CONNECTED FARMS (UBKA MAINTAINS WERE LINKED TO A POPULAR MOVEMENT OF TH CENTURY PROGRESSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM 4HESE BUILDING COMPLEXES WERE INTIMATELY TIED TO THE STRUGGLE OF RURAL .EW %NGLAND FARMERS TO

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""9Ê{ä­{® REMAIN COMPETITIVE IN THE FACE OF A DECLINING AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY GROWING INDUSTRIALIZATION AND WESTERN AGRICULTURAL COMPETITION h4HE CONNECTED FARM BUILDING ARRANGEMENT WAS ADOPTED v THE AUTHOR WRITES hBECAUSE IT MET THE REQUIREMENTS OF A MORE COMMERCIALLY ORIENTED MIXED FARMING HOME INDUSTRY OPERATION WHICH HAD BECOME THE ONLY VIABLE MEANS OF FARMING IN .EW %NGLANDv P n  /THER THAN A NEW PREFACE TO THE TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION "IG (OUSE ,ITTLE (OUSE REMAINS LARGELY UNCHANGED FROM THE  EDITION 4HE BOOK IS ORGANIZED IN THREE PARTS AND INCLUDES A BIBLIOGRAPHY AND A GLOSSARY 0ART  #ONNECTED &ARM "UILDINGS INTRODUCES THE CONNECTED FARM AS A BUILDING TYPE EXAMINES SEVERAL POPULAR EXPLANATIONS FOR THE MAKING OF CONNECTED FARM BUILDINGS DISCUSSES PROBLEMS INHERENT IN THEIR ANALYSIS AND MAPS THE GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF THE BUILDING TYPE WITHIN .EW %NGLAND 4WO MAJOR INmU ENCES ON THE POPULARITY OF THE CONNECTED FARM ARRANGEMENT INCLUDED THE MANOR HOUSE TRADITION OF ESTATES THAT UTILIZED EXTENDED OUTBUILDING WINGS IN A CLASSICAL VILLA STYLE AND AN %NGLISH VERNACULAR BUILDING TRADITION OF ATTACHED OR CLOSELY CLUSTERED DOMESTIC AND AGRARIAN STRUCTURES )N THE lRST HALF OF THE TH CENTURY .EW %NGLAND BUILDERS FUSED THESE TWO TRADITIONS TO CREATE THE CONNECTED FARM 4HE HIGHEST CON CENTRATIONS OF CONNECTED FARMS OCCURRED IN AREAS THAT WERE PROSPERING AND STILL EXPANDING AGRICULTURALLY IN THE MIDDLE AND LATE TH CENTURY THOSE THAT WERE CLOSE TO OLDER COLONIAL TOWNS AND THOSE THAT ALSO SHARED A HIGH DEGREE OF %NGLISH CULTURAL HOMOGENEITY 0ART  0ATTERN IN #ONNECTED &ARM "UILDINGS CONTAINS FOUR CHAPTERS 4HE lRST TWO ANALYZE THE CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS OF THE CONNECTED FARM AND ITS SURROUNDING YARDS 4HE THIRD CHAPTER EXAMINES THE BUILDING HISTORIES OF FOUR FARMSTEADS TO DEMONSTRATE THE INCREMENTAL FASHION BY WHICH MOST FARMS CHANGED FROM PRE  DETACHED HOUSE AND BARN SYSTEMS TO POST  CON NECTED COMPLEXES 4HE lNAL CHAPTER IN THIS SECTION EXAM INES PATTERNS IN BUILDING AND FARMING WHICH AS THE AUTHOR PERSUASIVELY ARGUES INTERTWINED CLOSELY WITH MULTIPLE PRE VAILING HISTORICAL REALITIES AND SOCIAL NORMS 4HE ORIENTATION AND APPEARANCE OF BUILDINGS AND YARDS AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE FARM ELL RELATE TO FACTORS AS DIVERSE AS TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE SHIFTING AESTHETIC VALUES A WELL ESTABLISHED REGIONAL PRACTICE OF MOVING BUILDINGS FARMING RHYTHMS FAMILY WORK ROLES AND NEIGHBORHOOD TRADITIONS OF MUTUALITY 4HE CULMINATING SECTION OF THE BOOK PART  ANALYZES THE REASONS WHY FARMERS MADE CONNECTED COMPLEXES AND CONTEXTUALIZES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONNECTED FARM WITHIN LARGER REGIONAL AND NATIONAL CURRENTS (ERE (UBKA DRAWS FROM THE FARM JOURNALS OF THREE GENERATIONS OF THE SAME FAMILY 4HESE REMARKABLE JOURNALS KEPT BY 4OBIAS 7ALKER HIS SON %DWIN AND HIS GRANDSON $ANIEL SPAN THE  YEARS FROM  TO  AND CAPTURE THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONE PARTICULAR TH CENTURY CONNECTED FARM ARRANGEMENT -ULTIPLE POWERFUL FACTORS MOTIVATED FARMERS LIKE THE 7ALKERS TO REORGANIZE THEIR FARMSTEADS /NE OF THE MOST SIGNIlCANT OF THESE WAS THE CHANGE IN TH CENTURY .EW %NGLAND AGRI CULTURE #ONNECTED FARMS WERE THE PRODUCT OF hAN INCREAS INGLY HARSH CONTEXT OF HISTORICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS THAT NARROWED THE OPTIONS AVAILABLE TO MOST .EW %NGLAND FARMERSv P   "Y THE LATE TH CENTURY A MORE COM MERCIALLY ORIENTED MIXED FARMING HOME INDUSTRY OPERATION HAD BECOME THE ONLY VIABLE WAY TO MAKE FARMS IN .EW

, 6 7%NGLAND WORK !CCORDINGLY MUCH REGIONAL FARM REFORM WAS DRIVEN BY THE NEED TO READAPT &ARMERS EMBRACED THE PHYSI CAL RENEWAL OF THEIR FARMSTEADS TO ADJUST TO THIS MORE COM MERCIALLY ORIENTED FARM AND HOME INDUSTRY PRODUCTION AND TO MITIGATE hTHE CONTINUAL SETBACKS TO THEIR RURAL LIFE STYLE AND ECONOMY PARTICULARLY THE DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF EMIGRA TION FROM THE REGIONv P   4HE AUTHOR SHOWS HOW THE CONNECTED FARM WAS SELECTED BY FARMERS LIKE 4OBIAS 7ALKER hBECAUSE IT ALLOWED THEM TO ACCOMMODATE THE CHANGES OF INCREASED COMMERCIALIZATION IN A BUILDING SYSTEM EASILY INCORPORATED INTO THEIR EXISTING FARMSv P   7INNER OF THE 6ERNACULAR !RCHITECTURE &ORUMS !BBOTT ,OWELL #UMMINGS !WARD FOR THE BEST PUBLISHED WORK ON .ORTH !MERICAN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE AND CULTURAL LAND SCAPES IN  (UBKAS BOOK STILL STANDS OUT FOR ITS ACCES SIBILITY THE CAREFULNESS AND THOROUGHNESS OF THE AUTHORS STUDY AND THE DEPTH AND SOPHISTICATION OF HIS ANALYSIS "UILDINGS AND LANDSCAPES ARE USED HERE BOTH TO DRIVE THE MAIN RESEARCH QUESTIONS AS WELL AS TO ATTEMPT TO ANSWER THEM #LEAR AND COMPELLING AXONOMETRIC DRAWINGS AND EVOCATIVE HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS CONSTITUTE INTEGRAL COMPO NENTS OF THE AUTHORS ANALYSIS 2EADERS WHO VENTURE INSIDE OF "IG (OUSE ,ITTLE (OUSE WILL BE RICHLY REWARDED 4HE AUTHOR NOTES IN HIS PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION THAT WHILE SOME MAY STILL DEBATE WHETHER FARMERS WHO BUILT CONNECTED FARMS WERE MOTIVATED BY PROGRESSIVE REFORM THERE CAN BE LITTLE DEBATE ABOUT THE FACTS AND LATE TH CENTURY DATES OF THE REORGANIZED COMPLEXES !S (UBKA OBSERVES THE LAST TWO DECADES HAVE WITNESSED MULTIPLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ARCHITECTURAL AND SOCIALHISTORICAL LITERATURE ON .EW %NGLANDS VERNACULAR BUILDINGS AND ENVIRONMENTS 9ET EVEN AFTER  YEARS OF SIGNIlCANT NEW SCHOLARSHIP "IG (OUSE ,ITTLE (OUSE STILL REMAINS ONE OF THE BEST VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE STUDIES OF A PARTICULAR REGIONAL BUILDING TYPE AND WHAT IT MEANS

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…ˆ«Ã̜˜iʜ՘`>̈œ˜]Ê>˜œÛiÀ]Ê ]ÊÓää{°ÊÊ ÎÎÈÊ««°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfxx°ääÊ«>«iÀ° #ERAMICS IN !MERICA  IS THE FOURTH IN AN IMPORTANT SERIES DEDICATED TO CERAMIC HISTORY IN !MERICA 2OBERT (UNTER FULLY UNDERSTANDS THE COMPLEXITY OF PUBLISHING VOLUMES ON CERAMICS TARGETED FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS AS WELL AS COLLECTORS CURATORS DECORATIVE ARTS STUDENTS AND SOCIAL HISTORIANS !S IN EACH OF THE PRECEDING VOLUMES OF #ERAMICS IN !MERICA THIS ONE IS DESTINED TO BE A LASTING REFERENCE BOOK 5NLIKE OTHER BOOKS ON CERAMICS THIS SERIES IS FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH HIGH QUALITY COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY #ERAMICS IN !MERICA  IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR SECTIONS STARTING WITH  FULL LENGTH ARTICLES FOLLOWED BY .EW $IS COVERIES WHICH IS A SERIES OF SHORTER ARTICLES ASSEMBLED BY -ERRY /UTLAW 4HE THIRD SECTION CONTAINS SEVERAL BOOK REVIEWS OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH CERAMICS 4HE lNAL SECTION BY !MY %ARLS IS A CHECKLIST OF ARTICLES BOOKS

£xx AND ELECTRONIC RESOURCES ON CERAMICS IN !MERICA PUBLISHED BETWEEN n 4HE lRST SECTION LEADS OFF WITH AN EYE OPENING ARTICLE BY !L ,UCKENBACH ON TOBACCO PIPE PRODUCTION AT THE 3WAN #OVE +ILN CA  TO  4HE DISCOVERY OF THE KILN SITE AND THE RANGE OF PIPE PRODUCTS PRODUCED THERE CALL INTO QUESTION DECADES OF INTERPRETATIONS CONCERNING TIDEWATER OR #HESAPEAKE PIPES 4HE RANGE OF COLORS PRODUCED IS AMAZ ING AND INCLUDES WHITE %UROPEAN CLONES WHICH COULD GET LOST ON ANY TH CENTURY COLONIAL SITE 4HE MANUFACTURE OF THESE PIPES HAS BEEN DEBATED FOR YEARS WITH CAMPS DIVIDED BETWEEN .ATIVE !MERICANS AND !FRICAN !MERICANS 4HESE PIPES WERE MANUFACTURED BY hA WHITE !NGLO 3AXON 0ROTESTANTv P   4HE SECOND AND THIRD ARTICLES DISCUSS THE WELL KNOWN h0OOR 0OTTERv OF 9ORKTOWN BY .ORMAN & "ARKA -ARTHA 7 -C#ARTNEY AND %DWARD !YRES &OR THE lRST TIME IN BRILLIANT COLOR "ARKA DISCUSSES THE KILN AND WARES OF 7ILLIAM 2OGERS 4HIS ARTICLE COMBINED WITH HISTORY PROVIDED BY -C#ARTNEY AND !YRES MAKES THIS VOLUME ONE TO OWN !N ARTICLE BY 2OSS 2AMSAY *UDITH (ANSEN AND 'AEL 2AMSAY DISCUSSES THE POSSIBILITY THAT CLAY FROM .ORTH #AROLINA MAY HAVE BEEN USED BY A ,ONDON POTTER TO MAKE PORCELAIN CA  *ONA THAN 2ICKARD AND $ONALD #ARPENTIER TEAM UP TO DISCUSS AND ILLUSTRATE THE ADAPTATIONS OF THE ENGINE TURNED LATHE FOR DECO RATING LATE TH CENTURY VESSELS $ON (ORVATH AND 2ICHARD $UEZ PRESENT A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF -ORGANTOWN 7EST 6IRGINIAS EARTHENWARE POTTERY CA n 4HE DECORATIVE TECHNIQUES AND STYLES EMPLOYED ARE FOR THE MOST PART DIS TINCT BUT SLIP TRAILED REDWARE VESSELS PRODUCED AT THE 3AMUEL "UTTER POTTERY MIMIC THE h0HILADELPHIAv STYLE ,UKE :IPP PRESENTS A COLLECTION OF SALT GLAZED STONEWARE ATTRIBUTED TO (ENRY 2EMMEY  3ONS hLOST YEARSv IN "ALTIMORE -ARYLAND +URT 2USS DISCUSSES THE REMARKABLE STONEWARE OF 'EORGE . &ULTON WHO WORKED IN RURAL 6IRGINIA FROM CA n 4HIS SECTION IS CAPPED OFF BY AN ARTICLE BY .OÑL (UME WHO EXAMINES THE SPRIG MOLDED %NGLISH BROWN STONEWARE HUNTING MUGS ESTABLISHING A USEFUL CHRONOLOGY AND ATTRIBUTING SOURCES OF DESIGN ELEMENTS TO PRINTED IMAGES 4HE .EW $ISCOVERIES SECTION OF #ERAMICS IN !MERICA  IS AN OUTLET FOR SHORT ARTICLES CONCERNING CERAMICS THAT WOULD NORMALLY APPEAR IN A REGIONAL OR STATE PUBLICA TION WITH LIMITED READERSHIP )T PROVIDES A NATIONAL STAGE FOR IMPORTANT INFORMATION CONCERNING CERAMICS MAKERS WARES AND PLACES OF MANUFACTURE 4HE ANNUAL SERIES ENSURES THIS INFORMATION IS DISSEMINATED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE TO A WIDE RANGE OF INDIVIDUALS /F SPECIAL NOTE ARE THREE ARTICLES ON SALT GLAZED STONEWARE FROM 6IRGINIA 4HE lRST ARTICLE BY "ARBARA ( -AGID RE EXAMINES THE POTTERY OF 4ILDON %ASTON IN !LEXANDRIA 6IRGINIA BUILT IN  4HE ARTICLE WELL ILLUSTRATES A NUMBER OF MENDED VESSEL FORMS WITH BRUSHED COBALT mORAL DECORATIONS 4HE SECOND ARTICLE BY "RANDT :IPP AND -ARK :IPP EXAMINES THE WORK OF !LEX ANDRIA POTTER *AMES -ILLER 4HE THIRD ARTICLE BY #HRISTOPHER 4 %SPENSHADE DISCUSSES THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN POTTERS OF 7ASHINGTON #OUNTY AND THE MOVEMENT OF WORKERS BETWEEN DIFFERENT SHOPS /THER ARTICLES IN THIS SECTION DISCUSS INDI VIDUAL VESSELS AND FORMS KILN EXCAVATIONS *APANESE WATER DROP WARE #HINESE EXPORT PORCELAIN AND %NGLISH CERAMICS FROM A LATE TH CENTURY SITE IN ,OUISIANA )F THERE IS ONE THING THAT EVERY ARCHAEOLOGIST COULD USE IT WOULD BE AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST OF RECENT REFERENCES ON ANY

£xÈ TOPIC %ARLS HAS DONE HER HOMEWORK IN COMPILING THIS LIST OF CERAMIC REFERENCES FOR CERAMICS IN !MERICA 4HIS IS AN IMPORTANT INVESTIGATIVE TOOL AND ANYONE RESEARCHING CERAMICS SHOULD CONSULT THIS LIST #ERAMICS IN !MERICA  IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED AND COULD STAND ALONE AS AN IMPORTANT REFERENCE (UNTER AND HIS STAFF SHOULD BE COMMENDED FOR THEIR CONTINUED WORK ON THIS IMPORTANT SERIES

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]ÊÓääΰÊÊ{nÈÊ««°]Ê{Èʏˆ˜iÊ`ˆ>}ð]ÊÈäÊ …>v̜˜iÃ]Ê£™Ê“>«Ã]ÊÀiv°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊËÇä°ääÊ VœÌ…° 4HE !RCHAEOLOGY OF )SLAM IN 3UB 3AHARAN !FRICA IS TRULY AN ENCYCLOPEDIC TREATMENT INCLUDING ALL OF SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ONLY .AMIBIA !NGOLA #ONGO "RAZZAVILLE 'ABON AND %QUATORIAL 'UINEA HERE ANACHRO NISTICALLY CALLED 2IO -UNI  #LEARLY SUCH A TREATMENT WILL COVER A GREAT RANGE COMPLEXITY AND CHRONOLOGY ALTHOUGH 4IMOTHY )NSOLL DOES HIS READERS A GREAT FAVOR BY ADDRESSING IN DETAIL THE ANTECEDENTS OF )SLAM IN MANY REGIONS AVOIDING THE POTENTIAL hHISTORY BEGINNING WITH THE ARRIVAL OF THE lRST ADHERENTS OF )SLAMv PITFALL )NDEED ONE OF THE REAL ADVAN TAGES OF THIS BOOK IS THAT IT IS SOMETHING OF AN OVERVIEW OF ALL LATER !FRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY PRESENTING A PERSPECTIVE THAT FOREGROUNDS THE IMPORTANCE OF )SLAM IN STRUCTURING THE TRANSFORMATIONS THAT OCCURRED IN MANY SOCIETIES OVER THE PAST THOUSAND YEARS AND THAT RECOGNIZES THE WAYS IN WHICH )SLAM AFFECTED THEIR INTERACTIONS INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY 4HIS BOOK DOES NOT VIEW )SLAM SIMPLY AS A RELIGION BUT AS hWAY OF LIFEv THAT CONSTITUTES IDENTITY ECONOMY POLITICS AND RELIGION 4HE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS MOST CERTAINLY CONSTITUTE AN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AS THE WORK DRAWS UPON DOCUMENTARY ACCOUNTS IN SOME FUNDAMENTAL WAYS )N FACT IT MAY BE THAT DOCUMENTARY SOURCES PROVIDE THE ESSENTIAL CON TEXT OF )SLAM WITHIN WHICH THE SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND POLITI CAL EVENTS AND PROCESSES DISCUSSED OCCUR 4HIS APPEARS TO BE THE CASE BECAUSE IN SPITE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF )SLAM IN MANY SETTINGS UNEQUIVOCAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE IS SOME TIMES RATHER ELUSIVE FEW SITES SHOUT OUT h-USLIMS HEREv  )NSOLL NOTES THAT )SLAM IS A DEVELOPMENT THAT IS OCCURRING AS PART OF THE LONG TRAJECTORIES OF INDIVIDUAL CULTURES 4HE BOOK BEGINS WITH AN INTRODUCTION THAT OUTLINES THE AUTHORS VIEW OF THE NATURE OF )SLAM IN THE MANY !FRICAN CONTEXTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN !FRICA 4HIS SECTION ALSO OUTLINES THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL SCOPE OF THE BOOK THE NATURE OF THE HISTORI CAL TREATMENTS OF )SLAM IN !FRICA AND UNDOUBTEDLY OF USE TO MANY READERS A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF )SLAM INCLUDING ITS ORI GINS !DDITIONALLY )NSOLLS DISCUSSION OF THE MATERIAL MANI FESTATIONS OF THE FAITH IN THE WAYS IT IMPACTS UPON CULTURAL

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""9Ê{ä­{® ASPECTS AS DIVERSE AS PUBLIC ARCHITECTURE PRIVATE SPACE AND DIET IS USEFUL FOR ARCHAEOLOGISTS )N ORDER TO IDENTIFY ELE MENTS OF )SLAM ARCHAEOLOGICALLY ONE MUST KNOW WHAT IS NOT )SLAM )NSOLL PROVIDES A BRIEF YET HELPFUL DISCUSSION OF TRA DITIONAL !FRICAN RELIGIONS FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON 4HE lRST THREE REGIONS OF !FRICA COVERED ARE THE (ORN OF !FRICA AND THE %THIOPIAN (IGHLANDS CHAP  THE .ILOTIC 3UDAN CHAP  AND THE %AST !FRICAN COAST AND ISLANDS CHAP   )NSOLL OBSERVES THAT THE AREAS COVERED IN CHAPTERS  AND  HAVE BEEN CHARACTERIZED BY THE PRESENCE OF WORLD RELIGIONS *UDAISM #HRISTIANITY AND )SLAM FOR SEVERAL THOUSAND YEARS AND ALL THREE CONTINUE TO BE SIGNIlCANT IN %THIOPIA 4HERE FORE THESE REGIONS ARE SOMEWHAT DIFFERENT FROM MANY OTHER PARTS OF !FRICA 7HILE MANY READERS WOULD BE AWARE THAT PARTS OF THIS REGION THE 2ED 3EA AND )NDIAN /CEAN COASTS HAVE AN EARLY AND SIGNIlCANT )SLAMIC PRESENCE THE DISCUS SION OF THE IMPRESSIVE AMOUNT OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE REGION IS ENLIGHTENING )N CONTRAST TO THE PERSPECTIVE MANY READERS MIGHT HAVE )NSOLL CITES MUCH EVIDENCE THAT THE ROLE OF )SLAM AND OF -USLIM TRADERS IN THE REGION MAY NOT HAVE BEEN THE PRIME MOVER IN REGIONAL COMPLEXITY THAT EARLIER ACCOUNTS SUGGEST &URTHERMORE THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE INTERIOR TO THE COASTS IS DISCUSSED -OVING TO 7EST !FRICA CHAPTERS   AND  TREAT RESPECTIVELY THE 7ESTERN 3AHEL -AURITANIA 3ENEGAL NORTH OF $AKAR -ALI NORTH OF $JENNE AND THE NORTHWESTERN PORTION OF .IGER #ENTRAL 3UDAN THE REMAINDER OF .IGER NORTHERN .IGERIA #HAD THE #ENTRAL !FRICAN 2EPUBLIC AND #AMEROON AND THE 7EST !FRICAN 3UDAN AND FOREST THE REST OF 7EST !FRICA  4HESE THREE CHAPTERS COVER A LOT OF GROUND AND VERY DIVERSE GROUPS OF PEOPLE FROM COASTAL AND FOREST DWELLERS TO THE OPEN SAHEL AND DESERTS .OT SURPRISINGLY )NSOLLS DISCUSSION HERE COVERS A VAST ARRAY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK MUCH OF WHICH INVOLVES )SLAM ALTHOUGH NOT DIRECTLY )N THIS REGION )SLAM AND THE TRADE AND CULTURAL CONTACTS THAT PRECEDED ITS ARRIVAL AND SUBSEQUENTLY STRENGTHENED WITH ITS PRESENCE PROVIDE ONE CONTEXT FOR A VARIETY OF LOCAL EXPRES SIONS OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL COMPLEXITY OTHERS INCLUDE THE ARRIVAL OF %UROPEAN TRADE ON THE 7EST !FRICAN COAST AFTER CA  AND LATER THE EXPLOSION OF THE !TLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND THE CONSEQUENT UPHEAVALS IT GENERATED IN THE REGION  "ECAUSE )SLAM IS SUCH A SIGNIlCANT FACTOR IN THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE REGION PARTICULARLY THOSE PORTIONS COV ERED IN CHAPTERS  AND  THESE CHAPTERS ARE AN EXCELLENT OVERVIEW OF MUCH OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH UNDERTAKEN ON SITES OF THE LAST MILLENNIUM INCLUDING THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH THE GREAT STATES OR EMPIRES OF THE REGION 'HANA 3ONG HAI +ANEM "ORNO THE (AUSA STATES THE &ULANI JIHAD  !S MIGHT BE EXPECTED THE DISCUSSION IN CHAPTER  CONCENTRATES ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK ASSOCIATED WITH THE 3AHELIAN POR TIONS OF THE REGION WITH LIMITED INVESTIGATION OF THE FORESTED AREAS PRINCIPALLY THOSE ASSOCIATED WITH THE !KAN POLITIES OF 'HANA AND THE 9ORUBA REGION OF .IGERIA 4HE DISCUSSION OF THE lNAL REGION THE !FRICAN INTERIOR FROM THE :AÕRE 2IVER 5GANDA AND +ENYA TO 3OUTH !FRICA IS DISTINCT BECAUSE OF THE RELATIVELY MINOR ROLE PLAYED BY )SLAM AND -USLIM CONTACTS UNTIL THE TH CENTURY )N THIS REGION TRADE CONTACTS FROM THE %AST !FRICAN COAST BROUGHT PRODUCTS FROM THE )SLAMICIZED WORLD INTO THE INTERIOR &OR THE MOST PART THE TRADE ITEMS WERE NOT ACCOMPANIED BY -USLIM MERCHANTS WHICH ELIMINATED THE PERSONAL CONTACTS THAT APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN SO IMPORTANT IN THE SPREAD OF )SLAM

, 6 7ELSEWHERE IN SUB 3AHARAN !FRICA 4HEN IN THE TH CENTURY WHEN -USLIM MERCHANTS DID BEGIN TO ENTER THE REGION IN SIGNIlCANT NUMBERS ONE GOAL OF TRADE WAS THE ACQUISITION OF SLAVES WHICH GIVEN )SLAMIC PROHIBITIONS AGAINST ENSLAV ING -USLIMS MAY HAVE MILITATED AGAINST EVANGELIZATION 4HIS CHAPTER IS NOTABLE FOR THE BRIEF DISCUSSION OF )SLAM IN 3OUTH !FRICA WHERE ITS ARRIVAL THROUGH $UTCH IMPORTATION OF ENSLAVED AND CONTRACT LABOR FROM 3OUTHEAST !SIA WAS DUE TO ENTIRELY DIFFERENT PROCESSES THAN ELSEWHERE ON THE CONTINENT 4HE CONCLUDING CHAPTER CHAP  SUMMARIZES THE ROLE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA PLAY IN HELPING TO UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF CONVERSION TO )SLAM IN SO MANY REGIONS AND EXPLORES HOW REGIONAL IDENTITIES EVOLVED IN THE FACE OF )SLAMIC INmUENCES )NSOLL MAKES A STRONG CASE THAT THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF )SLAM IN !FRICA HAS THE POTENTIAL TO PROVIDE A RANGE OF CASE STUDIES TO INVESTIGATE THE FORMATION OF RELI GIOUS AND CULTURAL IDENTITIES IN DIVERSE GEOGRAPHIC POLITICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS 4HIS IS A VERY COMPREHENSIVE AND USEFUL BOOK THAT WILL lND A WIDE RANGE OF READERSHIP INCLUDING THOSE SEEKING AN OVERVIEW OF LATER !FRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY STUDENTS OF RELIGIOUS PROCESSES AND RESEARCHERS INVESTIGATING THE DIVERSITY OF THE )SLAMIC WORLD /VERALL THIS BOOK IS WELL PRODUCED AND WELL ILLUSTRATED ALTHOUGH SOME OF THE MAPS ARE PROBLEM ATIC )N ADDITION TO THE AFOREMENTIONED 2IO -UNI THE MAIN MAP FROM WHICH EACH CHAPTERS DETAILED MAP IS TAKEN STILL REFERS TO THE $EMOCRATIC 2EPUBLIC OF THE #ONGO AS :AÕRE A NAME CHANGED IN  AND A MAP OF 7EST !FRICA P  REFERRING TO $AHOMEY NOW "ÏNIN 5PPER 6OLTA NOW "URKINA &ASO AND 0ORTUGUESE 'UINEA NOW 'UINEA "ISSAU IS  YEARS OUT OF DATE AND SHOULD HAVE BEEN REDRAWN 4HIS DETRACTS LITTLE FROM THE BOOKS MANY USEFUL FEATURES SUCH AS A VERY GOOD INDEX WHICH IN ADDITION TO LISTING SITES TOPICS ETC HAS USEFUL CROSS REFERENCES THAT ALLOW ONE TO SEARCH BY RESEARCHERS LAST NAME AND TOPIC 4HIS IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL AS SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE CONDUCTED EXTENSIVE WORK IN SEVERAL AREAS OF STUDY RELEVANT TO )SLAM )N SUM )NSOLL HAS PRODUCED AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE lELD OF !FRICAN HISTORICAL AND RELIGIOUS ARCHAEOLOGY WHICH SHOULD BE USEFUL FOR MANY YEARS TO COME

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£xÇ OF ,IGHTFOOTS WORK IS MUCH MORE )T USES HIS EXAMINATION OF #ALIFORNIA COLONIALISM IN CONJUNCTION WITH CRITICAL REmECTION ON ETHNOGRAPHIC STRATEGIES OF EARLY 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA "ERKELEY ANTHROPOLOGISTS TO ADDRESS THE HISTORICAL ENIGMA OF INCONSISTENT LAND GRANT ALLOCATIONS TO #ALIFORNIA )NDIAN TRIBES BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 4HE BOOKS CORE ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF DIFFERENTIAL NATIVE CULTURE CHANGE DURING COLONIAL EXPANSION INTO #ALIFORNIA IS RIGOROUS DETAILED AND COHESIVE BUT IT IS ,IGHTFOOTS CONSIDERATION OF HOW LEGENDARY SALVAGE ETHNOGRAPHERS COMPOUNDED CERTAIN IMPACTS OF COLONIALISM THAT SEPARATES THIS BOOK FROM ITS CONTEMPORARIES IN TERMS OF ITS PROFUNDITY INSIGHT AND RELEVANCE ! THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF HISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGY GUIDES THE TEXT ALTHOUGH IT ALSO CONTAINS TRACES OF NEARLY EVERY PROMINENT ANTHROPOLOGICAL PARADIGM FROM THE LAST HALF CENTURY INCLUDING CULTURAL ECOLOGY STRUCTURALISM IF A MERCANTILEMISSIONARY DICHOTOMY IS EMPLOYED HISTORI CAL MATERIALISM PRACTICE THEORY -ARXISM FEMINISM AND POSTMODERNISM #LEARLY INFLUENCED BY THE WORKS OF -ARSHALL 3AHLINS 0ATRICK +IRCH AND %RIC 7OLF ,IGHTFOOT DEMONSTRATES THROUGH THE HOLISTIC AND DIACHRONIC APPROACH OF HISTORICAL ANTHROPOLOGY HOW ARCHAEOLOGY ORAL HISTORY AND A CRITICAL READING OF TRADITIONAL WRITTEN HISTORIES OFFER SUBSTANTIAL INSIGHT INTO THE COLONIZATION OF #ALIFORNIA ,IGHTFOOTS RIGOROUS ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK COUNTERBAL ANCES THIS HISTORICAL HOLISM )N COMPARING THE COLONIAL LEGACIES OF &RANCISCAN MISSIONARIES AND 2USSIAN MERCHANTS ON #ALIFORNIAS NATIVE POPULATION HE EXPLICITLY DElNES THE SEVEN DIMENSIONS OF HIS ANALYSIS  ENCULTURATION PRO GRAMS  NATIVE RELOCATION PROGRAMS  SOCIAL MOBILITY  LABOR PRACTICES  INTERETHNIC UNIONS  DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF COLONIAL AND NATIVE POPULATIONS AND  CHRO NOLOGY OF COLONIAL ENCOUNTERS !LTHOUGH ,IGHTFOOT EMPHA SIZES STRIKING SIMILARITIES IN HOW #ALIFORNIA )NDIANS IN BOTH MISSION AND MERCANTILE SYSTEMS MANAGED TO REPRODUCE THEIR IDENTITIES FOLLOWING NATIVE PRINCIPLES AND CUSTOMS HE NOTES THREE BROAD SOCIAL PROCESSES THAT RESULTED FROM THE COLONIAL INTERACTION %ACH CORRESPONDS WITH A DISTINCT AND DIVERGENT HISTORICAL OUTCOME FOR NATIVE #ALIFORNIANS 4HE FIRST SOCIAL PROCESS WHICH ,IGHTFOOT ASCRIBES TO NATIVES WHO ENGAGED THE MORE NORTHERN GROUPS OF &RANCIS CAN MISSIONS IN !LTA #ALIFORNIA SHATTERED TRADITIONAL )NDIAN POLITIES AND RESULTED IN THE STRUCTURAL BREAKDOWN OF NATIVE SOCIETY 4HE PADRES IN ATTEMPTING TO CREATE A NEW PEAS ANT LABOR CLASS RESETTLED NEOPHYTES FAR FROM THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMELAND AND METICULOUSLY CONTROLLED EVERY ASPECT OF THEIR DAILY ACTIVITIES !FTER A FEW GENERATIONS THIS CONTINUAL INDOCTRINATION OF )NDIAN APPRENTICES RESULTED IN MANY NATIVE YOUTH WITH NO CONSCIOUS TIE TO THEIR INDIGENOUS HOMES OR LIFE WAYS %VEN THOUGH THESE NORTHERN MISSIONS RESEMBLED PRISONS NATIVE CULTURE CHANGE DID NOT INCREASE OVER TIME AND ,IGHTFOOT EMPHASIZES HOW )NDIANS MANAGED TO CONTINUE TO PROMOTE THEIR )NDIAN IDENTITY )N PLACE OF THE FRACTURED TRADITIONAL NATIVE POLITIES GREW NEW ONES THAT WERE TIED TO THE MISSION COMMUNITY WHICH ULTIMATELY RESULTED IN A PAN -ISSION )NDIAN IDENTITY )N THE MORE SOUTHERN GROUPS OF !LTA #ALIFORNIA MIS SIONS ,IGHTFOOT IDENTIFIES A SECOND SOCIAL PROCESS ONE THAT ENABLED TRADITIONAL NATIVE POLITIES TO CONTINUE WITHIN THE MISSION SYSTEM 4HESE 3AN $IEGO MISSIONS AND THE PARTICULARLY PERMISSIVE PADRES WHO GOVERNED THEM INSTITUTED A MORE MODIlED RELOCATION PROGRAM ALLOWING A MAJORITY OF

£xn THE NATIVES TO LIVE IN THEIR HOME VILLAGES AND ENCOURAGING TRADITIONAL INDIGENOUS LEADERS TO KEEP THEIR TRIBAL AUTHOR ITY !S A RESULT SOME OF THE NATIVE GROUPS IN SOUTHERN #ALIFORNIA LIKE THE ,UISE×O AND $IEGUE×O MAINTAINED AN )NDIAN IDENTITY THAT WAS lRMLY GROUNDED IN THE POLITIES AND VILLAGES OF THEIR BIRTH #ALIFORNIA NATIVES WHO ENGAGED 2USSIAN MERCHANTS EXPE RIENCED A THIRD SOCIAL PROCESS )N CONTRAST TO ALL OF THE &RANCISCAN MISSIONS THE 2USSIAN !MERICAN COMPANY THAT SETTLED AT #OLONY 2OSS IN NORTHERN #ALIFORNIA HAD NO INTER EST IN ENCULTURATING LOCAL NATIVES 4HEY IMPLEMENTED NO )NDIAN RELOCATION PROGRAM ENCOURAGING THE LOCAL +ASHAYA 0OMO TO MAINTAIN THEIR CURRENT INDIGENOUS HOMES 4HIS PRACTICE ENABLED NATIVES TO REIMMERSE THEMSELVES PERIODI CALLY IN THEIR COASTAL HUNTER GATHERER LIFE WAYS AFTER BRIEF STINTS IN THE COLONIAL WORLD ,IGHTFOOT NOTED THAT EACH OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES HE INVESTIGATED IN AND AROUND &ORT 2OSS MAINTAINED A STRIKINGLY CONSISTENT )NDIAN IDENTITY OVER TIME THROUGH MULTIPLE LINES OF EVIDENCE /VERALL THIS THIRD SOCIAL PROCESS WAS ONE IN WHICH AUTONOMOUS NATIVE POLITIES CREATED AND MAINTAINED THEIR OWN TRIBAL ORGANIZATION ,IGHTFOOT IS A CAREFUL SCHOLAR WHO EMPLOYS A GREAT NUMBER OF PHRASES LIKE h) THINK v h) FEEL v h) BELIEVE v h) SUSPECT v AND h) SUGGEST v IN HIS WRITING BUT HIS CRITIQUE OF !LFRED +ROEBERS ETHNOGRAPHIC STRATEGIES AND THE CONSEQUENT RAMIlCATIONS OF THEM ON FEDERAL TRIBAL RECOGNITION IS DIRECT AND BOLD ,IGHTFOOT CONTENDS THAT +ROEBERS METHODOLOGI CAL AND INTERPRETIVE BIASES PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN INmUENC ING FEDERAL LAND GRANTS DURING THE lRST QUARTER OF THE TH CENTURY +ROEBERS USE OF THE MEMORY CULTURE INTERVIEW PROCESS TO GET AT THE hPUREv ESSENCE OF hUNTAINTEDv NATIVE SOCIETIES AND HIS RIGID CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE TRIBELET AS THE INTEGRAL UNIT OF INDIGENOUS VILLAGE COMMUNITIES GREATLY PRIVILEGED NATIVE GROUPS WHO NEVER FACED RELOCATION AND MASSIVE ENCULTURATION 4HE THREE SOCIAL PROCESSES THAT ,IGHTFOOT IDENTIlED EARLIER AS RESULTING IN DIFFERENTIAL NATIVE CULTURE CHANGE WERE SELECTED BY +ROEBER IN HIS DECISIONS AS TO WHICH NATIVE #ALIFORNIA TRIBES WERE WORTH ETHNOGRAPHI CALLY SALVAGING +ROEBER DISMISSED THE NORTHERN MISSION )NDIANS DECLARING THEM TO BE CULTURALLY EXTINCT )NSTEAD HE FOCUSED HIS ATTENTION AND THAT OF HIS STUDENTS ON SOUTH ERN MISSION )NDIANS AND GROUPS LIKE THE +ASHAYA 0OMO IN THE NORTH WHO lT HIS PRECONCEIVED NOTION OF CULTURAL PURITY AND LIVED IN TRIBELETS 4HESE EARLY ANTHROPOLOGICAL STUDIES HEAVILY INmUENCED THE "UREAU OF )NDIAN !FFAIRS WHO OFFERED LAND GRANTS TO NATIVE GROUPS WITH THE LEAST AMOUNT OF PUR PORTED ACCULTURATION LIKE THE SOUTHERN MISSION )NDIANS AND THE +ASHAYA 0OMO ,IGHTFOOT WEAVES TOGETHER A TEXT THAT ACTIVELY EMPLOYS THE FOUR lELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY MULTIPLE LINES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE AND AN APPROACHABLE NARRATIVE STYLE )T IS NOT SEAMLESS NOR SHOULD IT BE (IS RIGOROUS ANALYTICAL FRAME WORK OF EXPLICITLY EXAMINING THREE TYPES OF EVIDENCE THROUGH SEVEN DIMENSIONS THAT RESULT IN THREE SOCIAL PROCESSES NECES SITATES SOME CHOPPINESS BETWEEN SEGMENTS THAT ARE RICH IN INSIGHTFUL DETAIL AND THOSE THAT ARE LACKING !LTHOUGH THE BOOK IS SHORT ON ILLUSTRATIONS AND PRECISE ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA READERS SHOULD CONSULT HIS  AND  VOLUMES FOR THESE MATERIALS ,IGHTFOOTS CROSS CULTURAL COMPARATIVE WORK CAN BE EXTENDED EVEN FURTHER AS THE THEMES THAT HE ADDRESSES REGARDING NATIVE AGENCY AND IDENTITY IN COLONIAL #ALIFORNIA

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>L>“>Ê*ÀiÃÃ]Ê/ÕÃV>œœÃ>]Ê Óääx°ÊÊÓ{äÊ««°]ÊÎÎÊ«>ÌiÃ]ÊÀiv°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊ fә°™xÊ«>«iÀ° 4HE !RCHAEOLOGY OF /CMULGEE /LD &IELDS -ACON 'EORGIA BY #AROL ) -ASON WAS PUBLISHED AS A PART OF THE 5NIVERSITY OF !LABAMA 0RESS SERIES #LASSICS IN 3OUTHEASTERN !RCHAEOL OGY ! REPUBLICATION OF -ASONS  DISSERTATION FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF -ICHIGAN THE WORK IS RIGHTLY RECOGNIZED AS A CLASSIC ONE THAT WILL BE ESPECIALLY ENJOYED BY SCHOLARS OF 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIANS AND THE .ORTH !MERICAN FUR TRADE )N CHAPTER  -ASON ADDRESSES THE ORIGINS OF THE #ARO LINA #OLONY "OTH THE TRADE IN FURS AND SLAVES REQUIRED THE PARTICIPATION OF THE REGIONAL )NDIAN GROUPS -ASON EXPLAINS THAT THE GATEWAY TO TRADE WITH THE 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIANS WAS OPENED WHEN THE "RITISH WERE lNALLY ABLE TO WIN THE FAVOR OF THE 7ESTO )NDIANS WHO PRIOR TO  HAD FORMED A THREATENING BARRIER AROUND THE COLONY /NCE OTHER )NDIAN GROUPS SUCH AS THE #REEK )NDIANS WITNESSED THE 7ESTOS ECONOMIC GAIN THEY TOO BEGAN TO SEEK OUT TRADE WITH THE %NGLISH )N  %NGLISH TRADER $R (ENRY 7OODWARD ENTERED THE #REEK SETTLEMENTS IN THE ,OWER #HATTAHOOCHEE 2IVER 6ALLEY OF 3OUTHWEST 'EORGIA AND 3OUTHEAST !LABAMA 4HE %NGLISH PRESENCE IN 3PANISH TERRITORY INFURIATED THE 3PANIARDS WHO RESPONDED WITH VIOLENCE BURNING FOUR OF THE #REEK TOWNS AND EVENTUALLY ESTABLISHING &ORT !PALACHICOLA 2ATHER THAN PACIFYING THEM THESE ACTIONS INCITED THE #REEKS TO LEAVE THE REGION -OST OF THE TOWNS RELOCATED MORE THAN  MILES TO THE /CMULGEE 2IVER ON 'EORGIAS -ACON 0LATEAU 4HIS MIGRATION PLACED THE #REEKS MUCH CLOSER TO THE MAJOR FUR TRADE ROUTES AND ENCOURAGED %NGLISH TRADERS TO SET UP OUTPOSTS AMONG THEM BEGINNING THE /CMULGEE &IELDS PERIOD AS IT IS BEST KNOWN TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS 4HIS PERIOD DATES FROM THE S WHEN THE #REEKS ABANDONED THE #HATTA HOOCHEE SETTLEMENTS TO  WHEN THEY RETURNED TO THE #HATTAHOOCHEE 6ALLEY FEARING %NGLISH RETALIATION AFTER THE FAILED 9AMASSEE 7AR

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, 6 7)N CHAPTER  -ASON DISCUSSES THE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY AT THE -ACON 0LATEAU SITE "EST KNOWN FOR ITS -ISSISSIPPIAN COMPONENT THE SITE HAS HELD A MAJOR PLACE IN 3OUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY SINCE THE S %XCAVATIONS WERE CONDUCTED BETWEEN  AND  BY PROMINENT ARCHAEOLOGISTS INCLUD ING ! 2 +ELLY *ESSE *ENNINGS AND #HARLES &AIRBANKS BUT NO DETAILED SYNTHESIS OF THE SITES HISTORIC #REEK COMPONENT WAS AVAILABLE UNTIL -ASONS DISSERTATION )N CHAPTER  -ASON DESCRIBES THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS IDENTIlED AS THE TRADING POST 4HE POST WAS A lVE SIDED STRUCTURE CONTAINING TWO ENTRANCES ONE APPARENTLY FOR PEDESTRIAN TRAFlC AND ONE FOR HORSE AND WAGON ENTRY %VI DENCE OF A DITCH OR MOAT AS WELL AS STOCKADE WALLS WAS FOUND AROUND PORTIONS OF THE TRADING POST 3UCH DEFENSIVE STRUCTURES WERE NOT UNCOMMON AT OTHER POSTS WHERE THERE WERE CONSTANT THREATS OF 3PANISH OR )NDIAN ATTACKS 4HE TRADING POST STRUCTURE ALSO SHOWED EVIDENCE OF INDIVIDUAL COMPARTMENTS OR CABINS WHICH LIKELY SERVED AS THE TRADERS LIVING QUARTERS WAREHOUSES OR DISTRIBUTION AREAS )N CHAPTER  -ASON DISCUSSES THE CULTURAL FEATURES IDENTI lED WITH THE /CMULGEE &IELDS COMPONENT OF THE SITE -ASON PROVIDES A SYNTHESIS OF TH AND TH CENTURY DESCRIPTIONS OF #REEK HOUSES AND COMPARES THEM WITH THE /CMULGEE &IELDS HOUSE FEATURES NOTING AN APPARENT DECREASE IN HOUSE SIZE OVER TIME -ASON SUGGESTS THAT THIS MAY REmECT A DECLINE IN THE IMPORTANCE OF MATRILOCALITY AND EXTENDED FAMILY HOUSEHOLDS IN #REEK SOCIETY )N CHAPTER  -ASON DESCRIBES EACH OF THE  BURIALS THAT WERE DElNITIVELY LINKED WITH THE /CMULGEE &IELDS OCCUPATION -ASONS DESCRIPTION OF THESE BURIALS INCLUDING THE ORIENTATION OF THE INDIVIDUALS AND THE ASSOCIATED GRAVE GOODS IS EXCELLENT &OR THOSE INTERESTED IN BURIAL PRACTICES OF THE HISTORIC 3OUTHEASTERN )NDIANS THE BOOK IS WORTH PURCHAS ING FOR THIS DISCUSSION ALONE #HAPTER  IS DEVOTED TO THE HISTORIC ARTIFACTS RECOVERED AT THE SITE 4HE lRST HALF OF THE CHAPTER ADDRESSES %UROPEAN TRADE ITEMS AND INCLUDES NUMEROUS PHOTOGRAPHS ALTHOUGH READERS WOULD BENElT FROM MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THE OBJECTS BEING DEPICTED (ISTORIC ABORIGINAL ARTIFACTS SPECIl CALLY STONE PROJECTILE POINTS AND POTTERY ARE DISCUSSED IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE CHAPTER -ASON ADDRESSES EACH TYPE FOUND WITHIN THE /CMULGEE &IELDS CERAMIC ASSEMBLAGE AS WELL AS THEIR VARIOUS VESSEL FORMS MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN VARIATIONS ! DETAILED STUDY OF THE INCISED DESIGNS FOUND ON THE CAZUELA BOWLS IS ALSO INCLUDED #HAPTER  PRESENTS THE CASE FOR THE TOWN ON THE -ACON 0LATEAU BEING THE #REEK TOWN OF /CMULGEE )N THE FORE WORD -ARVIN 3MITH CRITIQUES THIS INTERPRETATION MAKING A CONVINCING ARGUMENT THAT THE #REEK TOWN WAS INSTEAD +ASITA 2EADERS WILL HAVE TO COME TO THEIR OWN CONCLU SIONS ON THIS ISSUE )N CHAPTER  -ASON PRESENTS A NUMBER OF KEY ETHNO HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ISSUES SURROUNDING THE ORIGINS OF THE #REEK )NDIANS BEGINNING WITH THE 3EARS &AIRBANKS DEBATE )N THIS DEBATE 7ILLIAM 3EARS ARGUED THAT THE GEO GRAPHIC ORIGINS OF THE #REEKS LAY IN THE #OOSA 4ALLAPOOSA RIVER DRAINAGES OF EASTERN !LABAMA WHILE #HARLES &AIRBANKS ARGUED THAT THE #REEKS WERE DESCENDANTS OF THE PREHISTORIC ,AMAR CULTURES OF NORTH CENTRAL 'EORGIA -ASON DOES NOT ENTIRELY COMMIT TO EITHER POSITION ALTHOUGH SHE DOES TEND TO FOCUS ON THE MORE EASTERN ORIGINS LINKING THE CHIEFDOM OF #OlTACHEQUI WITH THE #REEK TOWN OF +ASITA A RELATIONSHIP THAT HAS SINCE BEEN SHOWN TO BE FALSE

4HE ISSUE OF #REEK ORIGINS IS ADDRESSED AGAIN IN CHAPTER  IN THE DISCUSSION OF #REEK POTTERY WITH SPECIAL ATTEN TION GIVEN TO THE ORIGINS OF THE hROUGHENEDv OR hBRUSHEDv DECORATIVE TRADITIONS THAT lRST APPEARED AMONG THE #REEKS DURING THE /CMULGEE &IELDS PERIOD -ASON OPPOSES &AIRBANKSS VIEW THAT THIS TRADITION WAS A DERIVATION OF THE PREHISTORIC ,AMAR STAMPED TRADITIONS NOTING THAT BRUSHED POTTERY APPEARED AMONG OTHER NON ,AMAR DESCENDANTS IN THE HISTORIC PERIOD &OLLOWING -ASONS CONCLUDING REMARKS IN CHAPTER  THE BOOK ENDS WITH TWO APPENDICES 4HE lRST PROVIDES THE CATA LOGUE NUMBERS OF THE ARTIFACTS DEPICTED IN THE PHOTOGRAPHS 4HE SECOND PROVIDES DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME OF THE /CMULGEE &IELDS CERAMIC TYPES )T IS NOT AN EXHAUSTIVE LIST INCLUDING ONLY THOSE lRST RECOGNIZED BY *ENNINGS AND &AIRBANKS )N MANY WAYS 4HE !RCHAEOLOGY OF /CMULGEE /LD &IELDS -ACON 'EORGIA COULD BE MISTAKEN FOR A MORE RECENT STUDY AS MANY OF THE ISSUES BROUGHT TO LIGHT BY -ASON HAVE YET TO BE RESOLVED -ASONS FAMILIARITY WITH ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL AND HER COMPREHENSIVE INCLUSION OF SECONDARY SOURCES MAKE THIS A GREAT REFERENCE BOOK !S WOULD BE EXPECTED SINCE ITS ORIGINAL PUBLICATION SOME OF -ASONS INTERPRETATIONS HAVE BEEN REFINED .ONETHELESS TODAY -ASONS WORK REMAINS COGENT AND RELEVANT AND ITS REPUB LICATION WILL BRING THIS CONTRIBUTION TO HISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGY THE PRAISE IT DESERVES

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£Èä CONSTRUCTION OF AN OVERARCHING AND COMPARATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR UNDERSTANDING 4HIS REQUIRES AN ADJUSTMENT OF SCALE ON THE PART OF THE READER FOR THE POINT IS NOT TO COLLAPSE THE OBVIOUS DIVERSITY WITHIN BOTH COLONIZERS AND COLONIZED AT DIFFERENT TIMES AND PLACES BUT INSTEAD TO EXPLORE COMPARA TIVELY DIFFERENT hSETTLER SOCIETIESv AS OPPOSED TO OTHER KINDS OF COLONIAL SOCIETIES IN TERMS OF THE CONGRUOUS PROCESSES AND CONTEXTS THAT SHAPED PARTICULAR SITUATIONS !MIDST THE VARIANT COLONIAL CONTACTS THEN POINTS OF CORRELATION ARE DRAWN THAT HIGHLIGHT THE IMPORTANCE OF MATERIAL CULTURE FOR UNDERSTANDING SHIFTING IDENTITIES AND HISTORIES #ONTRIBUTIONS BY ,AURIER 4URGEON 3TEVEN !CHESON AND *AMES $ELGADO 0ATRICIA #APONE 9VONNE "RINK 2ODNEY (AR RISON AND 3TUART "EDFORD ALL DEAL WITH THE SOCIAL CHANGES WROUGHT BY COLONIALISM THE WAYS IN WHICH IDENTITIES AND MORE SPECIlCALLY INDIGENOUS IDENTITIES WERE CONSTRUCTED AND RECONSTRUCTED UNDER CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES AND THE COM PLICIT ROLE OF MATERIAL ITEMS )N A FASCINATING CHAPTER 4UR GEON DOCUMENTS THE EXCHANGE OF BEADS IN THE TH AND TH CENTURIES BETWEEN &RENCH EXPLORERS AND !MERIDIAN GROUPS OF NORTHEASTERN .ORTH !MERICA "Y TRACKING THE hSOCIAL LIFEv OF BEADS FROM 2ENAISSANCE &RANCE TO MULTIFARIOUS TRANSAT LANTIC CONTEXTS AND BY JUXTAPOSING BEADS BOTH PREHISTORIC AND HISTORIC WITH THE PRECIOUS STONES AND MINERALS OF THE %UROPEAN IMAGINATION 4URGEON CONVINCINGLY SHOWS HOW DIFFERENT hREGIMES OF VALUEv ARE SOCIALLY INSCRIBED AND HOW THE TRANSCULTURAL MOVEMENTS OF SUCH OBJECTS PERMIT UNIQUE INSIGHTS INTO THE mUX OF CONTACT SITUATIONS 4HE CHAPTERS BY (ARRISON AND "EDFORD WHICH EXPLORE RESPECTIVELY !BORIGI NAL AND SETTLER CONTACT ON PASTORAL STATIONS IN THE SOUTHEAST +IMBERLEY REGION OF 7ESTERN !USTRALIA AND -AORI %UROPEAN INTERACTIONS ON THE (AURAKI 0LAINS OF !OTEAROA .EW :EA LAND PICK UP ON THIS GENERAL THEME TO SHOW HOW %UROPEAN GOODS WERE SELECTED AND INCORPORATED INTO INDIGENOUS SOCI ETIES IN CULTURALLY MEANINGFUL WAYS )MPORTANTLY AND AS (ARRISONS WORK MAKES ESPECIALLY CLEAR SUCH TRANSFERENCES AND REINVENTIONS WERE SELDOM EQUABLE BUT INSTEAD DISPERSED ALONG NEW SOCIAL CLEAVAGES )N 7ESTERN !USTRALIA THEN STATION WORKERS BECAME DIFFERENTIATED AND ARCHAEOLOGICALLY DISTINGUISHABLE FROM BOTH THEIR PARENT SOCIETY AS WELL AS THE COLONIZING GROUP 4HIS JOSTLING OF SOCIAL POSITION IS ALSO A MATTER FUNDAMENTAL TO !CHESON AND $ELGADOS FORAY INTO SHIP SEIZURES BY THE (AIDA ALONG THE NORTHWEST COAST OF .ORTH !MERICA DURING THE LATE TH AND TH CENTURIES )N A SOCIETY WHERE RANK AND AUTHORITY WERE TIED TO THE ABILITY TO ACQUIRE AND CONTROL WEALTH THE ADVENT OF COASTAL TRADE WITH %UROPEANS ENGENDERED INCREASINGLY COMPLEX RELATIONS AMONG THE (AIDA AND BETWEEN (AIDA AND %UROPEANS /NE OF THE CENTRAL POINTS TO EMERGE FROM THIS CHAPTER IS THAT THE (AIDA WERE NOT PASSIVE VICTIMS BUT WERE ASSERTIVE PARTICI PANTS IN THE SOCIOECONOMIC VENTURES OF THE DAY 3IMILARLY #APONES PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF PRE MISSION AND MISSION PERIOD 0UEBLO CERAMICS SHOWS ACTIVE 0UEBLO INVOLVEMENT IN THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES ASSOCIATED WITH &RANCISCAN MISSIONIZATION 7HATEVER THE TENACITY OF COLONIZED GROUPS THOUGH THERE WAS A RELENTLESS AND SOMETIMES OVERWHELMING INEVITABILITY TO CHANGE AS "RINKS DISCUSSION WHICH RE ENGAGES A LONG STANDING DEBATE IN 3OUTH !FRICAN ARCHAEOLOGY OVER HUNTER GATHERER AND HERDER IDENTITIES MAKES PLAIN "Y DRAWING ATTENTION TO THE ELABORATIONS FACILITATED BY THE DOCUMENTARY

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""9Ê{ä­{® DISPOSITIONS OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS "RINK CONNECTS METHODOLOGICALLY WITH A NUMBER OF THE OTHER CHAPTERS THAT INTEGRATE MULTIPLE SOURCES OF INFORMATION TO SHED LIGHT ON OLD OR IGNORED PROBLEMS )NDEED THE STRONG HISTORI CAL CONTEXTUALIZATION OF MOST OF THE CHAPTERS PARTICULARLY (ARRISONS IS HEARTENING !S MANY OF THE AUTHORS NOTE INCLUDING -URRAY A PRESSING NEED REMAINS IN CONTACT STUDIES FOR ENHANCED COMMUNICATION WITH PREHISTORIANS 4HE OLD DICTUMS THAT CONTACT SITUATIONS MUST BE APPROACHED FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE FRONTIER AND THAT COLONIAL ENCOUNTERS SHOULD BE SITUATED AS JUNCTURES IN MUCH LONGER TEMPORAL SEQUENCES CLEARLY REMAIN ISSUES THAT MOTIVATE AND JUSTIFY MUCH CONTACT RESEARCH #HRISTINE 7ILLIAMSONS CHAPTER ONE OF THREE CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE SECOND PART OF THE BOOK TACKLES THIS ISSUE DIRECTLY !LTHOUGH MANY WILL DISAGREE WITH HER SUGGESTION THAT SCHOLARS HAVE PAID INSUF lCIENT ATTENTION TO CULTURAL CONTINUITIES AND CHANGES AMONG PRECONTACT AND POSTCONTACT INDIGENOUS GROUPS HER ARGUMENTS DO DRAW ATTENTION TO THE CONTINUED NEED TO DEMONSTRATE SUCH PROCESSES IN DIFFERENT HISTORICAL CONTEXTS INCLUDING AS -URRAY NOTES IN HIS INTRODUCTION MORE NUANCED UNDERSTAND INGS OF SETTLERS AND THEIR PARENT SOCIETIES )N PURSUIT OF THIS GOAL 7ILLIAMSON SUGGESTS THAT THE USE OF HEURISTIC MODELS DERIVED FROM NONLINEAR MODELING OFFERS NEW POTENTIAL "Y IDENTIFYING AND TRACKING TRAJECTORIES OF BEHAVIOR THAT TREAT PREHISTORY AND HISTORY AS PART OF A CONTINUUM THE INTEGRATION OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA BECOMES POSSIBLE IN A WAY THAT CIRCUMVENTS AN UNDUE RELIANCE ON THE ARCHAEO LOGICAL RECORD 4HIS IS IMPORTANT FOR AS 7ILLIAMSONS WORK SUGGESTS AND THE CHAPTERS BY /LGA +LIMKO AND 4IM -URRAY MAKE EXPLICIT THE TENSION BETWEEN MATERIAL EVIDENCE AND THE GRAVITAS OF HISTORICAL MEMORY CAN BE PARTICULARLY CHARGED IN A COLONIAL PAST +LIMKOS REVIEW OF FUR TRADE ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN WESTERN #ANADA FOR EXAMPLE SHOWS THAT RESEARCH HAS BEEN STRONGLY ETHNOCENTRIC AND THAT THE LINKS WITH FUNDING THEORETICAL PARADIGMS POLITICS AND TOURISM HAVE LED TO BIASED AND DISCOUNTED UNDERSTANDINGS AND PRESENTATIONS OF ABORIGINAL PARTICIPANTS 4HE OBVIOUS IMPORTANCE OF WRITING NEW AND POTENTIALLY MORE ROUNDED HISTORIES IS REITERATED BY -URRAY IN HIS CONCLUDING CHAPTER WHICH EXPLORES THE PERTINENCE OF AN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY OF !BORIGINAL !US TRALIA THAT IS ATTENTIVE TO THE PROCESSES OF DISPOSSESSION AND SURVIVAL COINCIDENT WITH CONTACT 4HIS IS NOT SIMPLY POLITICAL POSTURING FOR AS -URRAY IS CAREFUL TO POINT OUT AND AS IT BEHOOVES ALL HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGISTS TO PONDER THE PRODUC TION OF hSHARED HISTORIESv DOES NOT EQUATE WITH MONOLITHIC UNDERSTANDINGS OF THE PAST NOR SHOULD THIS EVER CONSTITUTE AN ESPOUSED GOAL )N THE END THEN THERE IS A CERTAIN WRYNESS TO THE VOLUMEˆFOR ALL THE RHETORIC OF SETTLEMENT THE HISTORIES OF SUCH TIMES AND PLACES ARE ALWAYS ON THE MOVE /NE WAY OUT OF THIS IS PERHAPS TO CONSIDER COLONIZATION APART FROM ITS ETYMOLOGICAL ROOT )T THEN BECOMES ESSENTIAL TO EMBRACE THE DYNAMIC OF THE FRONTIER A CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE ANIMALS BLOOD AND OBJECTS

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ÀLœÀ]ÊÓää{°ÊÊ££ÈÊ««°]ÊnÈÊ w}ð]Ê£ÎÊÌ>LiÃ]ÊÀiv°ÊÊfÓn°ääÊ«>«iÀ° 3HIPS AND 3HIPWRECKS OF THE !U 3ABLE 3HORES OF 7ESTERN ,AKE (URON EXAMINES COASTAL SHIPWRECKS AND WRECKAGE OF THE !U 3ABLE 2EGION LOCATED ALONG THE EASTERN SHORE OF THE STATE OF -ICHIGAN *OHN /3HEA A PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOL OGY AND CURATOR OF 'REAT ,AKES ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE -USEUM OF !NTHROPOLOGY AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF -ICHIGAN DEMONSTRATES HIS STRONG ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND IN THIS CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 3HIPS AND 3HIPWRECKS OF THE !U 3ABLE 3HORES OF 7EST ERN ,AKE (URON IS AN ARTICULATE WORK CONTAINING VERY FEW GRAMMATICAL ERRORS AND IS WELL SERVED WITH ILLUSTRATIONS AND HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS 4HE PUBLICATION IS DIVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS PART  4HE 2EGION ONE CHAPTER  PART  4HE 7RECKS THREE CHAPTERS  AND PART  !RCHAEOLOGY THREE CHAPTERS  %ACH SECTION CONTAINS A SUFlCIENT INTRODUCTION TO ITS CONTENTS BUT THE PUBLICATION LACKS AN OVERALL INTRO DUCTORY SECTION DEDICATED TO THE STUDY AS A WHOLE WHICH EXPLICITLY DECLARES ITS INTENT $ESPITE THIS /3HEA STILL MAN AGES TO PULL HIS HISTORICAL RESEARCH TOGETHER WITH QUALITATIVE ANALYSES AND CARTOGRAPHIC AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS PRODUC ING AN EMINENTLY READABLE AND WORTHWHILE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION &OR THE GENERAL READER THIS LITERARY WORK PRESENTS A WELL RESEARCHED AND SKILLFULLY ORGANIZED OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE !U 3ABLE REGION AND ITS MARITIME ACTIVITIES 4OPICAL AREAS COVERED INCLUDE GEOGRAPHY GEOLOGY NATURAL RESOURCES AND SHIPPING ACTIVITIES PARTICULARLY THOSE OF THE TH CEN TURY 5SING DOCUMENTARY SOURCES THE AUTHOR COMPILES A DATABASE OF LOST VESSELS THAT LIKELY REMAIN IN THE COASTAL !U 3ABLE REGION (E ALSO IDENTIlES VESSELS COMMONLY ATTRIBUTED TO THE AREA BUT THAT ARE MOST LIKELY NOT PRESENT DUE TO CON FUSION OVER PLACE NAMES VESSEL IDENTIlCATION AND RECORDED AND UNRECORDED SALVAGE OPERATIONS 6ESSEL LOSSES ARE ATTRIB UTED TO A WIDE RANGE OF CAUSES SUCH AS FIRE INCLEMENT WEATHER AND NAVIGATIONAL ERRORS AND HAZARDS ! GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS IS ALSO INCORPORATED INTO THE WORK EXPLAINING THE NATURE AND FREQUENCY OF VESSEL LOSS &OR THE SPECIALIST THE PUBLICATIONS CARTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS SETS A GUIDELINE FOR FUTURE INVESTIGATORS TO FOLLOW 5SING HISTORICAL MAPS /3HEA EVALUATES COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES SPECIlCALLY EROSION AND ACCRETION ALONG THE !U 3ABLE REGION SHORELINE OVER THE PAST  YEARS 4HE STUDY ALSO ATTEMPTS TO RECONSTRUCT CONTEMPORARY SHORELINES OF THE REGION IN ORDER TO LOCATE HISTORICAL STRANDINGS AND WRECKS )T IDENTIlES SEVERAL PROBLEMS AND LIMITATIONS RELATED TO GEO REFERENCING HISTORIC CARTOGRAPHIC INTERPRETATIONS WITH DIGITAL ORTHOGRAPHIC QUADRANGLES 4HE DISCREPANCIES ARE EFFECTIVELY OUTLINED AND SOLVED WITHIN THE TEXT )N ADDITION /3HEA GENERATES A PREDICTIVE GEOGRAPHIC MODEL CONCERNING TWO SCENARIOS WHERE VESSEL REMAINS MAY BE BURIED IN SEDI MENT AND WHERE PRESERVED VESSEL REMAINS ARE EXPECTED TO HAVE A LOW PROBABILITY 4HE !U 3ABLE 2IVER MOUTH !U 3ABLE POINT AND 4AWAS 0OINT VICINITIES ARE IDENTIlED AS ACCUMULATION ZONES hIN WHICH INTACT VESSEL REMAINS AND

DEBRIS MIGHT BE ENCOUNTERED INLAND OF THE PRESENT DAY LAKE SHOREv P n  )N ORDER TO TEST THIS PREDICTIVE MODEL ARCHAEOLOGISTS FROM THE 5NIVERSITY OF -ICHIGAN -USEUM OF !NTHROPOLOGY CON DUCTED A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE COASTAL !U 3ABLE 3HORES REGION IN  AND  4HIS SURVEY ATTEMPTED TO IDENTIFY SITES OF WRECKS AND WRECKAGE AND TO UNDERSTAND HOW SHIPS SCANTLINGS ARE DISTRIBUTED 3HIPS AND 3HIPWRECKS OF THE !U 3ABLE 3HORES OF 7ESTERN ,AKE (URON EXPLICITLY DETAILS METHODOLOGIES COVERAGE EQUIPMENT LIMITATIONS AND SURVEY RESULTS WHILE FOLLOWING STANDARD ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROTOCOLS 4HE SURVEY lNDINGS ARE COMPARED TO SPECIlC VESSEL LOSSES ATTRIBUTED TO THE !U 3ABLE REGION 0LAUSIBLE VESSEL IDENTIl CATIONS FOR PARTICULAR WRECK SITES ARE BASED ON DOCUMENTED WRECK LOCATIONS AND ROOM AND SPACE COMPARISONS 4HROUGH COMBINING THE SURVEY RESULTS WITH ARCHAEO LOGICAL THEORY THE AUTHOR IS ABLE TO IDENTIFY SITE FORMATION PROCESSES SPECIlC TO THE INVESTIGATED ZONES AND SITES 4HE SURVEY REVEALED THAT VISIBILITY OF VESSEL WRECKAGE DEPENDS UPON A DYNAMIC LOCALIZED CHANGING LAKESHORE ENVIRONMENT )N SOME ZONES SUCH AS !U 3ABLE 0OINT A CONTINUAL EXPO SURE REBURIAL CYCLE EXISTS )N ANY GIVEN YEAR A SIGNIlCANT PORTION OF VESSEL REMAINS MAY BE OVERLOOKED DUE TO BURIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT 4HE STUDY ALSO INDICATES THAT SIDES AND LIGHTER VESSEL COMPONENTS SUCH AS PLANKING COMPRISE THE MOST PREVALENT TYPE OF VESSEL WRECKAGE PRESENT WHILE AXIAL ELEMENTS SUCH AS THE KEEL ASSEMBLY OR MACHINERY ARE LESS COMMON /3HEA STATES hUNDER STRANDING CONDITIONS THE LOWER PORTIONS OF THE VESSEL TEND TO BE lRMLY EMBEDDED AT THE WRECK SITE WHILE THE SIDE PANELS AND UPPER PORTIONS OF THE VESSEL BREAK FREE FROM THE STATIONARY BASE AND DRIFT ALONG WITH THE PREVAILING WIND AND CURRENTv P   !XIAL VESSEL ELEMENTS TEND TO MARK THE ACTUAL WRECK SITE WHILE PLANKING AND UPPER VESSEL PORTIONS REPRESENT POSTDEPOSITIONAL MOVEMENT /VERALL 3HIPS AND 3HIPWRECKS OF THE !U 3ABLE 3HORES OF 7ESTERN ,AKE (URON PIONEERS THE STUDY OF NEAR SHORE SCAT TERED WRECKS OF WESTERN ,AKE (URON A REGION THAT PREVI OUSLY RECEIVED LITTLE ATTENTION AND WAS RELATIVELY UNTOUCHED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORLD 4HE PROJECTS EFFORT SETS A STANDARD AND REPLICABLE MODEL FOR SUBSEQUENT ARCHAEOLOGI CAL WORK NOT ONLY IN THE !U 3ABLE REGION BUT ALSO IN THE ENTIRE 'REAT ,AKES

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£ÈÓ 4HAT 0OPE IS AN ARCHAEOLOGIST MAKES THIS BOOK ALL THE MORE EXCEPTIONAL -AKE NO MISTAKE &ISH INTO 7INE IS A HISTORY BOOK NOT A NARROWLY FOCUSED ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH BUT 0OPE DRAWS ON ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA TO ACHIEVE HIS TWO STATED GOALS AND HE DOES SO NIMBLY AND ASSUREDLY -ANY WILL READ THROUGH TRANSITIONS FROM CONVENTIONAL HISTORY TO ARCHAEOLOGY AND BACK AGAIN BARELY NOTICING THAT 0OPE IS NO LONGER PADDLING ON THE SAME SIDE OF THE CANOE .EWFOUNDLAND WAS A TH CENTURY .ORTH !TLANTIC COLONY EASILY OVERLOOKED BY ST CENTURY SCHOLARS AND HISTORY BUFFS OTHERWISE CONCERNED WITH THE LONG STANDING INTERNATIONAL IMPORTANCE OF THE lSHERY !FTER ALL NOBODY ACTUALLY LIVED THERE RIGHT 0ERHAPS THERE WERE A FEW SCATTERED HOUSES BARELY CLOSE ENOUGH TO ONE ANOTHER TO WARRANT DESCRIPTION AS HAMLETS 4HE SETTLERS DISTINGUISHED THEMSELVES PRIMARILY AS A SOURCE OF IRRITATION FOR MIGRATORY COD lSHERS COMPET ING WITH THESE SQUATTERS FOR SUITABLE SHORELINE LOCATIONS FOR SEASONAL CAMPS 2ECENT SCHOLARSHIP HAS BEGUN TO UNDER MINE THAT OVER SIMPLIlED IF NOT OUTRIGHT FALLACIOUS MODEL OF .EWFOUNDLAND SETTLEMENT AND 0OPE HAS ESTABLISHED HIMSELF IN THE FOREFRONT OF THAT NEW SCHOLARSHIP 0OPE SET FOR HIMSELF TWO GOALS IN RESEARCHING AND WRITING THIS BOOK RECORD IN DETAIL THE WAY OF LIFE OF THE TH CEN TURY .EWFOUNDLAND COLONISTS LONG OVERLOOKED BECAUSE THEY WERE OF LESSER ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL IMPORTANCE THAN THE INDUSTRY THEY SERVED AND EXPLAIN HOW THE .EWFOUNDLAND SETTLEMENTS SERVED THE INDUSTRY hIN A PECULIARLY MODERN WAYv P VInVII  0OPES SECOND GOAL MAKES &ISH INTO 7INE OF PARTICULAR INTEREST TO A WIDE RANGE OF READERS THIS IS NOT JUST THE STORY OF A SMALL GROUP OF HARDY lSHERFOLK ON THE EDGE OF EMPIRE BUT OF A SEGMENT OF THAT INTERNATIONAL MARI TIME COMMUNITY THAT CONTRIBUTED TO THE EMERGING CONSUMER ECONOMY OF THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD AS PRODUCERS AND CON SUMERS 4HEY BECAME GREAT CONSUMERS OF WINE AND TOBACCO AND THE PARAPHERNALIA FOR USING BOTH WELL AHEAD OF THEIR FAMILIES AND FRIENDS IN THE SOUTH AND WEST OF %NGLAND 4HE INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS OF &ISH INTO 7INE PROVIDE LUCID WELL DOCUMENTED DESCRIPTIONS ABOUT HOW COD WERE CAUGHT AND PROCESSEDˆBOTH ONSHORE AND OFFˆAND THE VARIOUS STRATEGIES DEVELOPED BY THE RESIDENT AND MIGRA TORY lSHERS FOR RECRUITING LABOR AND SHIPPING THEIR CATCH !LTHOUGH RECOGNIZING THE TENSIONS THAT PERSISTED THROUGHOUT THE SECOND AND THIRD QUARTERS OF THE TH CENTURY BETWEEN RESIDENT hPLANTERSv AND THE MERCHANT FUNDED ANNUAL mEET 0OPE REVEALS THE INTERDEPENDENCE THAT QUICKLY DEVELOPED BETWEEN THESE TWO CLASSES OF REPUTEDLY SEPARATE INTEREST GROUPS 4HE PLANTERS READ COLONIZERS PROTECTED THE BOATS AND BUILDINGS OF THE MIGRANTS FROM THE INDIGENOUS "EOTHUK WHO SCAVENGED IRON NAILS AND lXTURES RESCUED AND NURSED SHIPWRECKED AND AILING SAILORS AND PROVIDED FRESH FOODS AND SUPPLEMENTAL LABOR FOR THE MIGRANT lSHERMEN .EW FOUNDLAND SETTLEMENTS SMALL THOUGH THEY WERE SERVED AS ENTREPÙTS FOR GOODS AND LABOR THAT WERE DIRECTED TO AND FROM &RENCH #ANADA .EW %NGLAND THE #HESAPEAKE REGION THE 7EST )NDIES THE -EDITERRANEAN AND .ORTHERN %UROPE 4HE hSHIPS lSHINGv TRANSPORTED LABOR AND MANUFACTURED GOODS WHILE hSACKv BOATS SHIPPED DRIED COD TO &RANCE AND 3PAIN AND RETURNED WITH WINES AND FROM THE #HESAPEAKE COLONIES TOBACCO 0OPE DESCRIBES THE COD lSHERIES AS A VERNACULAR INDUSTRY ROOTED IN TRADITION AND GUIDED BY LOCAL PREFERENCES

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“iÀˆV> -i>˜Ê°Ê,>vviÀÌÞÊ>˜`Ê,œLÊ>˜˜Ê­i`ˆÌœÀî 1˜ˆÛiÀÈÌÞʜvÊ/i˜˜iÃÃiiÊ*ÀiÃÃ]ʘœÝۈi]Ê Óää{°ÊÊÎ{{Ê««°]Ê{ÈÊw}ð]ʓ>«Ã]ÊÌ>LiÃ]Ê ˆ˜`iÝ°ÊÊf{n°ääÊVœÌ…° 4HE TITLE 3MOKING AND #ULTURE IS ALSO THE LOOSELY UNIFY ING THEME OF THE  ESSAYS CONTAINED WITHIN THIS VOLUME /RIGINALLY A SYMPOSIUM AT THE 3OCIETY FOR !MERICAN !RCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE IN  THIS COLLECTION CHALLENGES THE NOTION OF HOW SMOKING PIPES HAVE TRADITIONALLY BEEN VIEWED AND REPORTED IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL LITERATURE 4HE STUD IES FOCUS ON SMOKING PIPES OF MANY VARIETIES FROM EASTERN .ORTH !MERICA SPECIlCALLY THE -ID !TLANTIC .ORTHEAST AND 'REAT ,AKES REGIONS )N THEIR INTRODUCTION 3EAN 2AFFERTY AND 2OB -ANN STATE THAT THE OVERWHELMING MAJORITY OF PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE BEEN LITTLE MORE THAN CULTURE HISTORIES FOCUSED ON TYPOLOGIES AND CHRONOMETRIC ASPECTS AT THE EXPENSE OF BEHAVIORAL STUDIES 4HEY EXPLAIN THAT PIPES ARE ESSENTIALLY DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES THAT CREATE ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 4HIS NONUTILITARIAN FUNCTION WAS PROBLEMATIC TO POSITIVISM AND THE FUNCTIONALIST ARCHAEOLOGISTS OF THE S AND S ! LACK OF PREVIOUS INTERPRETIVE STUDIES WAS THE RESULT AND PIPES WERE RELEGATED TO CULTURAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL MARKERS 4HE EDITORS STATED INTENT IN THIS VOLUME IS TO ILLUSTRATE THAT THE SMOKING PIPES ARE IDEAL FOR MORE hIDEATIONAL ISSUES THAT ARE BECOMING MORE AND MORE SIGNIlCANT TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS TODAYv P XIV  4HE ESSAYS ARE ROUGHLY ARRANGED IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER 4HE lRST TWO ESSAYS BY 2AFFERTY AND *EFFREY )RWIN USE MUL TISCALAR APPROACHES TO GIVE CULTURAL AND IDEOLOGICAL MEANING TO PIPES RECOVERED IN PREHISTORIC MORTUARY CONTEXTS BEYOND PREVIOUS INTERPRETATIONS AS A CULTURAL MARKER OR STATUS GRAVE GOOD /FFERING A BROAD RANGE AND DEPTH OF PIPE EXAMPLES FROM THE !DENA -IDDLESEX AND $ELMARVA CULTURES IN THE LATE ARCHAIC AND EARLY WOODLAND PERIODS 2AFFERTYS ESSAY ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN MORTUARY PIPES AS ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVI DENCE OF RITUAL 4HE OPERATIONAL ROLE FUNCTIONED TO CREATE AN ALTERED STATE OF CONSCIOUSNESS WHILE SYMBOLICALLY PIPES ACTED AS hA CONDUIT TO COMMUNICATE WITH SPIRITUAL BEINGS WHO MIGHT HAVE SANCTIONED OR EVEN BEEN SEEN AS ACTIVE PARTICIPANTS AS SOMETHING AKIN TO CLAN TOTEMS IN THE CODE PENDENCE BETWEEN NEIGHBORING GROUPSv P   !LTHOUGH WORKING WITH A SIGNIlCANTLY SMALLER SAMPLE OF PIPES )RWIN NOTES SIMILAR INCISED DECORATIVE MOTIFS ON PIPES IN THE SOUTH ERN .ORTH #AROLINA COASTAL PLAIN DURING THE LATE WOODLAND PERIOD TO NEIGHBORING CULTURES AND ASSERTS RITUAL SMOKING AS A SYMBOLIC ACT TO SEAL INTERSOCIETAL RELATIONS 7HILE BOTH AUTHORS OFFER PLAUSIBLE INTERPRETATIONS IT WOULD BE INTEREST ING TO SEE IF THIS CONCEPT COULD LIKEWISE BE DEMONSTRATED WITH OTHER SPECIALIZED ARTIFACTS OR DECORATIVE MOTIFS ACROSS CULTURAL LINES OR WITH OTHER GOODS RECOVERED FROM MORTUARY CONTEXTS TO FURTHER SOLIDIFY THEIR ARGUMENTS $RAWING ON ETHNOHISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXAMPLES lVE OF THE ESSAYS IN THIS COLLECTION CENTER ON THE PROTOHIS TORIC ERA )N A SIMILAR VEIN AS 2AFFERTY AND )RWIN 0ENELOPE $ROOKER TRACES FORMS AND MATERIALS OF PIPES ACROSS THE 'REAT ,AKES REGION TO ILLUSTRATE NATIVE CULTURAL INTERACTIONS WITH PIPES ACTIVE AS STATUS INDICATORS RITUAL TOOLS AND IN GIFTING PRACTICES -ICHAEL .ASSANEY PRESENTS A FASCINATING TREATISE

£ÈÎ ON HOW NATIVE MEN WOMEN AND CHILDREN ALL ADOPTED PIPE SMOKING IN TH CENTURY SOUTHERN .EW %NGLAND AS A WAY TO STRENGTHEN ETHNIC IDENTITY AND REVERSE THE NEGATIVE INmUENCES OF CULTURAL CONmICT 4HE PRESENCE OF NATIVE PIPES ON ARCHAE OLOGY SITES UNTIL THE TH CENTURY LEADS .EAL 4RUBOWITZ TO THE CONCLUSION OF A hPIPETOBACCOSMOKING COMPLEXv AS THE MOST PERSISTENT FORM OF .ATIVE !MERICAN MATERIAL CULTURE AND SUBSEQUENTLY BELIEFS ON RITUAL SMOKING TO SURVIVE AFTER %UROPEAN CONTACT )N THE FUR TRADE BETWEEN &RENCH AND NATIVE GROUPS IN THE 'REAT ,AKES REGION -ANN DEFTLY ARGUES THE PIPES FROM THE #ICOTT 4RADING 0OST SITE WERE EVIDENCE OF A CEREMONIAL hSMOKESCREEN v WHERE THE NEEDS OF SOCIAL RELATIONS AND MATERIAL GOODS BETWEEN CAPITALIST AND RECIPROCITY BASED ECONOMIES COULD BOTH BE TEMPORARILY FACILITATED BY RITUALLY CHANGING GIFTS INTO COMMODITIES AND VICE VERSA THROUGH SMOKING 2ICHARD 6EIT AND #HARLES "ELLO INVESTIGATE COMMONALTIES AMONG ARCHAEOLOGICALLY ELUSIVE LEAD AND PEWTER PIPES ALL RECOVERED FROM .ATIVE !MERICAN BURIAL CONTEXTS FROM #AROLINA TO #ANADA AND HESITANTLY SUGGEST THE POSSIBILITY OF NATIVE MANUFACTURE 7HILE WELL RESEARCHED 6EIT AND "ELLOS ESSAY IS A BREAK IN THE COHESION OF THE VOLUME AS IT TENDS TOWARD MORE TYPOLOGICAL ISSUES THAN BEHAVIORAL OR CULTURAL ONES 4HE lNAL FOUR ESSAYS FOCUS ON PIPES FROM THE HISTORI CAL PERIOD $IANE $ALLAL OFFERS A PERSPECTIVE ON GENDER IN THE PRODUCTION OF PIPES ILLUSTRATING THAT WOMEN HAD A MUCH LARGER ROLE IN TRADITIONAL TH CENTURY $UTCH PIPE PRODUCTION AND WERE SYMBOLICALLY REPRESENTED IN ICONS AND MAKERS MARKS %XAMINING NATIONALISTIC SYMBOLS ON PIPE BOWLS RECOVERED IN TWO RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS FROM 0ATERSON .EW *ERSEY 0AUL 2ECKNER EFFECTIVELY SHOWS THE ACTIVE USE OF )RISH AND !MERICAN ICONOGRAPHIES AS ETHNIC AND CLASS MARKERS IN THE LATTER HALF OF THE TH CENTURY !NNA !GBE $AVIS USES A SERIES OF INDEPENDENT FEATURES OF LOCALLY MADE h#HESAPEAKEv PIPES TO MEASURE VARIATION BUT ADMITS NOT BEING ABLE TO MAKE A CLEAR DISTINCTION BETWEEN POSSIBLE MANUFACTURE AT EACH SITE OR CONSUMPTION FROM DIFFERENT PRO DUCTION CENTERS &INALLY 0ATRICIA #APONE AND %LINOR $OWNS USE PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES TO DEMONSTRATE STANDARDIZED MANU FACTURING TECHNIQUES YET LOCALIZED PRODUCTION OF RED CLAY PIPES SAMPLES FROM 6IRGINIA AND .EW %NGLAND ,IKE 6EIT AND "ELLOS ESSAY CONTRIBUTIONS BY !GBE $AVIS AND #APONE AND $OWNS ARE WELL DONE BUT ARE PERHAPS MORE THEMATICALLY APPROPRIATE FOR A DIFFERENT VOLUME 5NFORTUNATELY A MODERATE DEGREE OF CARELESSNESS IN THIS VOLUME MUST BE NOTED 4HERE WERE SEVERAL NOTABLE ERRORS IN REFERENCES SUCH AS THE PUBLICATION OF ,EWIS "INFORDS SEMINAL PIPE DATING FORMULA IN THE 3%!# .EWSLETTER CITED IN THE INTRODUCTION AND BY !GBE $AVIS AS  IT WAS ACTUALLY  REFERENCED CORRECTLY BY 6EIT AND "ELLO AND $ALLAL  7ITH THE VOLUMES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS EVERY YEAR INCORRECT CITATIONS ARE BECOMING A MORE COMMON AND BOTHER SOME TREND AND DEVALUE THE OVERALL ACADEMIC MERITS OF A PUBLICATION !NOTHER EXAMPLE OF CARELESSNESS WAS THE PAGI NATION OF lGURES   AND MAP  WHICH DID NOT AGREE WITH THE TABLE OF CONTENTS !S A NUMBER OF OVERLAPPING REFERENCES WERE PRESENT MILDLY IRRITATING QUALMS THAT DO NOT DETRACT TOO GREATLY FROM THE STRONG CONTENT THE VOLUME COULD HAVE BEEN IMPROVED WITH A CENTRAL BIBLIOGRAPHY RATHER THAN CITATIONS FOR EACH ESSAY )T IS UNDERSTANDABLE THAT SOME ARCHAEOLOGISTS MAY NOT BE COMFORTABLE WITH THE POSTMODERN IDEOLOGICAL AND CONTEXTUAL

£È{ INTERPRETATIONS PRESENTED IN MANY OF THESE ESSAYS 7HAT THIS PUBLICATION MAKES APPARENT IS THAT PIPES SHOULD NO LONGER BE CONSIDERED SIMPLY AS CULTURAL MARKERS OR CHRONOMETRIC TOOLS BUT AS ARTIFACTS THAT PLAYED ACTIVE AND DIFFERENT ROLES IN PAST CULTURAL BEHAVIORS )N THAT REGARD THIS VOLUME INDEED ACHIEVES ITS STATED INTENT 2AFFERTY -ANN AND THE OTHER CONTRIBUTORS ARE TO BE LAUDED FOR RAISING THE BAR ON STUDIES OF SMOKING PIPES

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, 6 7WATERLOGGED WOOD WITH SUGAR REMOVE THE CORROSION FROM A RUSTY IRON NAIL WITH ELECTROLYTIC REDUCTIONS STABILIZE A BRASS SIDE PLATE FROM A GUN OR CONSERVE THE UBIQUITOUS LEAD SHOT WITH CHEMICALS OR CONSOLIDATE A FRAGILE CERAMIC SHERD WITH SYNTHETIC RESINS 2ODGERSS BOOK DOES THAT )T GOES A LONG WAY TOWARD PUTTING THESE CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES IN THE HANDS OF ANY INTERESTED ARCHAEOLOGIST 4HIS BOOK ACHIEVES ITS OBJECTIVE OF PUTTING CONSERVATION IN THE HANDS OF MORE ARCHAEOLOGISTS WHO HAVE BEEN RELUCTANT TO VENTURE INTO CONSERVATION BY DESCRIBING WHAT IS POSSIBLE IN A MINIMAL INTERVENTION LABORATORY WHERE THE EMPHASIS IS ON STABILIZA TION UTILIZING SIMPLE PROCESSES LIMITED NONTOXIC CHEMICALS AND SIMPLE EQUIPMENT &OR MOST THAT IS GOOD FOR SOME THAT IS BAD )T IS ALL A MATTER OF PERSPECTIVE 4HE BOOK WILL BE A VALUABLE ADDITION TO MANY UNIVERSITY ARCHAEOLOGY COURSES )T IS A GOOD STARTING POINT

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£Èx PAPERBACK VOLUME )T IS WELL WRITTEN AND REFERENCED AND WILL APPEAL TO BOTH ACADEMIC AND ARMCHAIR SCHOLARS ALIKE 4HIS COMPENDIUM WILL BE CITED FOR DECADES TO COME $IVIDED INTO THREE SECTIONS THE lRST PART OF THE BOOK IS DEVOTED TO FOLKLORE AND LITERATURE DESCRIBING HOW THE 2OANOKE VOYAGES AND THEIR PARTICIPANTS CAME TO BE SEEN BY SUBSEQUENT SCHOLARS 2EADERS ARE ADMONISHED NOT TO TAKE THE TH CENTURY REPORTS AT FACE VALUE AS THEY ARE FORMULAIC TO CREATE VILLAINS AND HEROES )N THEIR RESPECTIVE CHAPTERS ,ORRAINE 2OBINSON AND +ELLEY 'RIFlTH SHOW HOW 'OVERNOR *OHN 7HITE IS DEPICTED AS A hCULTIVATED %NGLISH MAN OF STATUSv WHO MUST MEET THE ADVERSITY OF LIFE ON THE FRONTIER AND THE hlFTH COLUMNv OF 3PANISH SYMPATHIZERS AS EPITOMIZED BY THE EXPEDITIONS 0ORTUGUESE PILOT 3IMON &ER NANDO 4HESE AUTHORS 3HIELDS AND +AREN "ALDWIN DESCRIBE 2ALPH ,ANE AS A hSELF SERVING WHINERv AND HIS ANTITHESIS 6IRGINIA $ARE THE GRANDDAUGHTER OF *OHN 7HITE WHO DISAP PEARS WITH HER PARENTS AND LIVES ON AS THE LEGENDARY h7HITE $OEv IN THE FOLK LEGENDS OF EASTERN #AROLINA AS A METAPHOR FOR THE ORIGINAL LOSS OF %NGLISH INNOCENCE IN THE FORESTS OF THE .EW 7ORLD 4HE SECOND PART OF THE BOOK PROVIDES A VIEW OF THE 2OANOKE VOYAGES THROUGH THE LENS OF THE DISCIPLINE OF HIS TORY 4HE SEVEN CHAPTERS THAT COMPRISE THIS SECTION EXPLAIN WHO THE PEOPLE WERE WHO CAME TO !MERICA FROM THE SET TLERS 7ILLIAM 0OWELL TO THE FAMOUS OR INFAMOUS 3IMON &ERNANDEZ VARIABLY &ERNANDO  /LIVIA )SIL SHOWS THAT &ERNANDEZ WAS A SUCCESSFUL AND RESPECTED PRIVATEER WHO SAILED WITH THE %NGLISH AGAINST THE 'REAT !RMADA OF  )N ANOTHER CHAPTER -ICHAEL /BERG DISCUSSES THE #AROLINA !LGONQUIANS -ANTEO AND 7ANCHESE AND THEIR RESPECTIVE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE RELATIONS WITH THE %NGLISH )NDIANS PLAYED AN ESSENTIAL ROLE IN 2ALEIGHS EMPIRE AND IN TURN SOW THE SEEDS OF ITS UNDOING "OTH HAD TRAVELED TO %NGLAND IN  AND RETURNED THE FOLLOWING YEAR TO AN AREA BESET BY DISEASE DROUGHT WARFARE AND ACUTE SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DISLOCATION 5NLIKE -ANTEO 7ANCHESE SAW IN THE %NGLISH A THREAT TO HIS PEOPLE THE 2OANOKE )NDIANS THAT HAD TO BE AVOIDED OR COUNTERED THROUGH VIOLENCE 4HREE OTHER CHAPTERS PENNED BY THE LATE $AVID "EERS 1UINN 4HOMAS $AVIDSON AND *OYCE 9OUINGS FOCUS ON ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE 2OANOKE VOYAGES 9OUINGS EXAM INED THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CLIMATE OF %NGLAND AT THE END OF THE TH CENTURY AND FROM THAT PROVIDES INSIGHTS INTO A NATION POISED TO CHALLENGE 3PAINS .EW 7ORLD MONOPOLY 1UINN DETAILS %NGLANDS DESIRE TO MAKE THE NORTH !TLANTIC INTO A SELF CONTAINED %NGLISH WORLD THAT COULD ATTACK AND WEAKEN THE 3PANISH .EW 7ORLD )N THIS LIGHT HE DISCUSSES HOW THE SMALL GROUPS OF COLONISTS WERE INADEQUATELY SUP PLIED BY THEIR EXTENDED FAMILIES IN %NGLAND $AVIDSON BUILDS ON THIS EXPLAINING HOW THE 6IRGINIA COLONIES OF THE TH CENTURY ARE SUPPLIED FOR  YEARS n WITH FOOD PEOPLE ARMS AND DRY GOODS 4HIS WAS COMMERCIAL COLONIZATION THAT TOOK YEARS TO YIELD A PROlT 4HE lNAL lVE CHAPTERS WERE WRITTEN BY ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND ETHNOHISTORIANS "ENNIE +EEL OF THE .ATIONAL 0ARK 3ERVICE PROVIDED A REVIEW ESSAY ON MORE THAN A CENTURY OF ARCHAEO LOGICAL SEARCHES FOR THE h,OST #OLONYv )T IS CLEAR FROM HIS WORK AND THE REVIEWERS OWN 2OANOKE RESEARCH PUBLISHED IN (ISTORICAL !RCHAEOLOGY THAT THERE IS PRECIOUS LITTLE TO SHOW IN THE FORM OF TANGIBLE REMAINS THAT MAY BE ASSOCIATED WITH THE 2OANOKE VOYAGES *OHN -INTZ AND 4HOMAS "EAMAN

£ÈÈ CONSIDER THE SIGNIlCANCE OF THE PRESENCE OF FRAGMENTS OF OLIVE JARS IN %NGLISH COLONIAL CONTEXTS %VEN IF THERE WAS NO PEACE BEYOND THE LINE THERE WAS PROBABLY TRADE !N INTERESTING CHAPTER THAT BEARS SIGNIlCANCE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH WRITTEN BY &RED 7ILLARD "ARBARA -IDGETTE AND 4HOMSON 3HIELDS CONSIDERS THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL EVIDENCE FOR PLACING 2ALPH ,ANES FORT AT &ERDINANDO )NLET A LOCATION NOW THOUGHT TO BE ADJACENT TO THE "ODIE )SLAND ,IGHTHOUSE &INALLY THERE ARE TWO CHAPTERS BY 3ETH -ALLIOS AND $ENNIS "LANTON THAT CONTEXTUALIZE THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE 7HITE COLONY OF  "LANTON DOES A MARVELOUS JOB OF CONSID ERING WEATHER AND CLIMATE AT THE END OF THE TH CENTURY INCLUDING A MAJOR DROUGHT n AND FOUR HURRICANES IN THE SAME PERIOD 4HESE LED TO FOOD SHORTFALLS FOR BOTH INDIGENOUS AND IMMIGRANT POPULATIONS -ALLIOS TAKES THE READER INTO THE ECONOMICS OF GENERALIZED SPECIlC AND NEGA TIVE RECIPROCITY AS PRACTICED AMONG THE !LGONQUIAN PEOPLES OF THE REGION %UROPEANS REPEATEDLY DESTROYED POSITIVE INTERCULTURAL RELATIONS BY FAILING TO RECIPROCATE IN A TIMELY MANNER WITH GIFTS (E POINTS OUT THE DEMISE OF THE 3PAN ISH *ESUIT MISSION OF !JACAN  THE DISAPPEARANCE OF 2OANOKE AND THE REPEATED ATTACKS AT *AMESTOWN TO MAKE A COMPELLING ARGUMENT 4HE BOOK CONCLUDES WITH AN ESSAY BY LONGTIME 3(! MEMBER %WEN FOCUSING ON THE CROSS CULTURAL STUDY OF THE COLONIAL EXPERIENCE (E IS ESPECIALLY TO BE COMMENDED FOR ADMONISHING RESEARCHERS TO STUDY THE PAST FROM MULTIPLE PER SPECTIVES (E NOTES THAT FOR TRUE RESEARCHERS THE JOURNEY IS AS IMPORTANT AS THE DESTINATION ! BETTER CONCLUSION COULD NEVER HAVE BEEN PENNED

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""9Ê{ä­{® EXCAVATIONS #HAPTER  SYNTHESIZES THE RESULTS OF THE ARTIFACT ANALYSES INTO A PICTURE OF LIFE FOR .ATIVE !MERICAN LABORERS AT THE 2ANCHO AND CHAPTER  LOOKS AT THESE RESULTS AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF THE BROADER .ORTHERN "ORDERLANDS )N THE HISTORICAL AND ETHNOGRAPHIC CHAPTERS AND IN FACT THROUGHOUT THE BOOK 3ILLIMAN OFFERS AN ONGOING EVALUATION OF PREVIOUS WORK ON RANCHO SITES AS THE FOUNDATION FROM WHICH HE BEGINS HIS ANALYSIS OF THE 0ETALUMA RANCHO (E REPEATEDLY MAKES IT CLEAR THAT HE IS NOT INCLUDING AN EXHAUS TIVE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF SUCH RANCHO EXCAVATIONS OR RELATED WORK IN #ALIFORNIA BUT IT IS CLEAR FROM WHAT IS INCLUDED THAT 3ILLIMAN INCORPORATES MOST OF THE IMPORTANT WORK OF THE TH CENTURY 4HOSE INTERESTED IN FOLLOWING THE DEVEL OPMENT OF RANCHO ARCHAEOLOGY CAN USE THE BIBLIOGRAPHIES OF THE WORKS HE CITES TO TRACK DOWN ALMOST EVERYTHING ELSE WRITTEN ON THE TOPIC 3ILLIMANS BROADER RESULTS ARE OF GREATEST INTEREST FOR THOSE WORKING OUTSIDE #ALIFORNIA (E FOCUSES ON THE EVIDENCE FOR THE CONTINUATION OF SOME PRECONTACT PRACTICES AT 0ETALUMA SUCH AS STONE TOOL USE IN ADDITION TO METAL TOOLS THE USE OF %UROPEAN ORIGIN CERAMICS AND MIXED FOODWAYS WITH HUNT ING AND GATHERING CONTINUING ALONGSIDE THE CONSUMPTION OF DOMESTICATED FOODS (E DISCUSSES AND lNDS LACKING THE CONCEPT OF hACCULTURATIONv TO EXPLAIN THESE MIXED TRAITS h! RELIANCE ON EITHER ACCULTURATION OR TRADITIONALISM IS INSUFl CIENT FOR HANDLING THE COMPLEX ENGAGEMENTS OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WITH COLONIALISMv P   (IS DISCUSSION POINTS OUT THE WIDE RANGE OF POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS THAT COULD PRODUCE SUCH MIXES INCLUDING IDENTITY STATUS AND SIMPLE UTILITY &ROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE WIDER NORTHERN FRONTIER OF .EW 3PAIN 3ILLIMANS EVIDENCE CONCLUSIONS AND HYPOTHESES ARE A WELCOME DOCUMENTATION THAT CAN BE USED BY RESEARCHERS ENCOUNTERING SIMILAR EVIDENCE ELSEWHERE 3ILLIMAN SPECIl CALLY MENTIONS THAT h;A=NOTHER COMPARISON FOR 2ANCHO 0ETA LUMA IS THE &RANCISCAN MISSION SYSTEM 4HE TWO CONTEXTS POSSESSED SIMILAR LABOR AND SUPERVISORY REGIMES  -ANY OF THE MATERIAL PRACTICES AND ITEMS NOTED FOR 2ANCHO 0ETALUMA HAVE PARALLELS IN EARLIER ;#ALIFORNIAN= .ATIVE MISSION HOUSE HOLDS CONTINUED USE OF STONE TOOLS ADOPTION OF CERAMIC AND GLASS ITEMS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES INCLUDING RAW MATERIAL AND THE INCORPORATION OF DOMESTICATED CROPS AND LIVESTOCK INTO THE DIET WITHOUT THE FULL REPLACEMENT OF NATIVE SPECIESv P   ! VERY SIMILAR SITUATION WAS FOUND BY ARCHAEOLO GISTS WORKING IN 4EXAS AT ,AS #ABRAS THE RANCH FOR MISSION 3AN &RANCISCO DE LA %SPADA IN 3AN !NTONIO 4EXAS BOTH THE MISSION AND THE RANCH ARE NOW PART OF THE 3AN !NTO NIO -ISSIONS .ATIONAL (ISTORICAL 0ARK  (ERE lVE SEASONS OF EXCAVATION REVEALED VERY SIMILAR PATTERNS OF MIXED USE 3TONE TOOLS ESPECIALLY SMALL BLADES WERE COMMONLY USED BY THE )NDIAN CABALLEROS OF THE RANCH ALONG WITH METAL TOOLS FROM THE MISSION )NDIAN MADE CERAMICS CONTINUED IN USE ALONG WITH EARTHENWARE BOWLS AND PITCHERS FROM -EXICO AND THE FOODWAYS COMBINED A MIXTURE OF HUNTINGGATHERING AND %UROPEAN INTRODUCED FOODS ESPECIALLY BEEF 4HE ,AS #ABRAS INFORMATION IS BURIED IN #2- hGRAY LITERATURE v PUBLISHED BY THE #ENTER FOR !RCHAEOLOGICAL 2ESEARCH AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF 4EXAS AT 3AN !NTONIO AND HAS NEVER BEEN MADE GENERALLY AVAILABLE TO THE PUBLIC OR EVEN THE DISCI PLINE 3IMILAR EVIDENCE IS AVAILABLE THROUGH GRAY LITERATURE FROM COLONIAL !RIZONA .EW -EXICO AND &LORIDA 0ERHAPS 3ILLIMANS STUDY WILL PROMPT OLD HANDS OR NEW STUDENTS LOOKING FOR GOOD TOPICS TO PULL OUT THE DATA

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]ÊÓääΰÊÊÎÈnÊ««°]Ê`ˆ>}°]ʅ>v̜˜iÃ]ÊÌ>LiÃ]Ê “>«Ã]ÊÀiv°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊËÈx°ääÉf™x°ääÊVœÌ…° #ARLA 3INOPOLI PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND CURATOR OF !SIAN ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE 5NIVERSITY OF -ICHIGANS -USEUM OF !NTHROPOLOGY IS WELL KNOWN FOR HER RESEARCH ON POTTERY !PPROACHES TO !RCHAEOLOGICAL #ERAMICS  AND FOR HER TWO DECADES OF RESEARCH AT 6IJAYANAGARA A 5.%3#/ 7ORLD (ERITAGE 3ITE LOCATED IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL )NDIAN SUBCONTINENT "ASED ON THAT RESEARCH SHE AUTHORED 0OTS AND 0ALACES 4HE %ARTHENWARE #ERAMICS OF THE .OBLEMENS 1UARTER AT 6IJAYANAGARA  !))3-ANOHAR  0ROGRESS ING FROM THE STUDY OF CERAMICS AS ARTIFACTS SHE EMBRACED THE ANALYSIS OF SPECIALIZED CRAFT PRODUCTION WITH COMBINED ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DATA DERIVED FROM HISTORICAL EVI DENCE AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD 4HIS LED TO COEDITING %MPIRES #OMPARATIVE 0ERSPECTIVES FROM !RCHAEOLOGY AND (ISTORY  #AMBRIDGE 5NIVERSITY 0RESS IN WHICH SHE HAS TWO CONTRIBUTIONS AN ASSESSMENT OF THE 3ATAVAHANA DYNASTY AND h)MPERIAL )NTEGRATION AND )MPERIAL 3UBJECTS v AS WELL AS h%MPIRESv FOR !RCHAEOLOGY AT THE -ILLENNIUM  +LUWER0LENUM .EW 9ORK PP n EDITED BY 4 $ 0RICE AND ' - &EINMAN  3INOPOLI NOW EXPLORES A DIVERSITY OF CRAFT SPECIALIZATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE 6IJAYANAGARAN SOCIOPOLITICAL ECONOMY AND ASSESSES ECONOMIC AND HISTORICAL MODELS TO CREATE A COMPELLING ANALYSIS AND GENERATE A RETHINKING OF CONCEPTS OF EMPIRES AND THEORIES OF CRAFT PRODUCTION &OUNDED IN THE MID TH CENTURY FOLLOWING THE INVASION OF 3OUTH )NDIA BY ARMIES OF THE $ELHI SULTANS 6IJAYANA GARA h6ICTORY #ITYv BECAME A ROYAL AND SACRED CENTER AND DYNASTIC SEAT OF POWERFUL (INDU EMPERORS )T IS LOCATED IMMEDIATELY SOUTH OF THE 4UNGABHADRA 2IVER COVERS CA  SQ KM AND HAS AN IMPERIAL TERRITORY OF   SQ KM 4HE POLITY ENCOMPASSED DIVERSE POPULATIONS AND DURING ITS GREATEST EXTENT UNDER +RISHNA $EVARAYA n RULED MOST OF SOUTHERN )NDIA FROM THE $ECCAN UPLANDS TO THE SOUTHERNMOST TIP OF THE SUBCONTINENT )N  THE 6IJAY ANAGARA ARMY WAS DEFEATED AND THE CAPITAL WAS SUBSEQUENTLY ABANDONED AND SACKED 4HIS TREATISE IS COMPRISED OF  WELL WRITTEN CLOSELY INTEGRATED CHAPTERS SUPPLEMENTED BY EXCELLENT ILLUSTRATIONS

£ÈÇ THAT INCLUDE  HALFTONES  TABLES  MAPS  ENDNOTES AND A  PAGE INDEX 4HE  REFERENCES INCLUDE PRIMARY SOURCES  COMPENDIA ON INSCRIPTIONS AND  UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS ;!$ n= AND SECONDARY SOURCES MOSTLY IN %NGLISH ON REGIONAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY AND CRAFT PRODUCTION PARADIGMS  4HE BOOK BEGINS WITH A SALIENT ESSAY ON hCRAFTING EMPIRE IN 3OUTH )NDIAv P n IN WHICH 3INOPOLI VIEWS POLITICAL ECONOMY AS THE RELATION BETWEEN POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS AND THE ECONOMIC REALMS OF PRODUCTION CONSUMPTION AND EXCHANGE (ER THEO RETICAL PERSPECTIVES DERIVE FROM THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL LITERATURE AND 3OUTH !SIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY 3HE PROVIDES IMPORTANT GENERALIZATIONS AS BACKGROUND CRAFTS AND CRAFT PRODUCERS WERE NOT DIRECTLY ADMINISTERED BY THE STATE THERE WAS A HIGH DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION ESPECIALLY IN TEXTILES  MOST CRAFT PRODUCERS WERE MEMBERS OF HEREDITARY GROUPS CASTES SUBCASTES AND LINEAGES  THERE WERE COMPLEX INTERACTIONS AND INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG PERSONS PROVIDING RAW MATERIALS PROCESSING AND DISTRIBUTING THE lNISHED PRODUCTS AND THERE WERE NO LARGE SCALE CENTRALLY ADMINISTERED UNITS OF CRAFT PRODUCTION EG FACTORIES AND IMPERIAL WORKSHOPS  4HE SECOND CHAPTER CONTAINS A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ON CRAFT PRODUCTION IN STATE SOCIETIES AND BROADLY DElNES hCRAFTSv TO INCLUDE INTANGIBLE PRODUCTS 4HE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF PRODUCTIVE UNITS SCALE AND INTENSITY AND ARTISANS RELATIONS TO CENTRAL AUTHORITY ARE CHARACTERIZED 4HE SUBSEQUENT CHAPTER ASSESSES 3OUTH !SIAN HISTORIOGRA PHY AND PARADIGMS AMONG THEM ORIENTAL DESPOTISM THE )NDIAN HISTORIOGRAPHIC MODEL AND ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR UNDERSTANDING PRECOLONIAL 3OUTH !SIA FEUDAL SEGMENTARY AND PATRIMONIAL STATES  4HE HISTORICAL SETTING FOR 6IJAYANAGARA RELATES HIS TORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA ON POLITICAL STRUCTURE THE IMPORTANCE OF TEMPLES AND SOCIOECONOMIC GROUPS ! DISCUSSION OF VILLAGE FUNCTIONARIES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS IS ENLIGHTENING -ODELS OF THE STATE BY HISTORIANS + ! .ILAKANTA 3ASTRI "URTON 3TEIN AND .OBURU +ARASHIMA ARE REVIEWED AND RELATED TO THE PRECEDING CHAPTER .OTABLY MANY CHARACTERISTICS OF 6IJAYANAGRAN CRAFT AND SUBSISTENCE PRODUCTION AND DEMOGRAPHIC GROWTH AND REDISTRIBUTION BEGAN IN THE CENTURIES PRECEDING  3OCIOPOLITICAL AND CRAFT COMPLEXITY BUILT UPON PRECURSORS DATING BACK NEARLY TWO MILLENNIA AMONG THEM THE #HOLA +AKATIYA (OYSALA AND 3HALUKYA STATES #HAPTER  FOCUSES ON THE NATURE AND RANGE OF TEXTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOURCES !MONG THE DATA ARE  CRAFT RELATED INSCRIPTIONS CATEGORIZED INTO  TYPES TRAVELERS ACCOUNTS LITERARY WORKS AND COLONIAL DOCUMENTS 4HE HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IS ALSO REVIEWED BRIEmY #HAPTER  h#RAFT PRODUCTS AND #RAFT 0RODUCERS v INCOR PORATES INFORMATION ON PRODUCTS RAW MATERIALS TOOLS TECHNIQUES AND GEOGRAPHY OF MANUFACTURE 0RODUCERS ENCOMPASS POETS MUSICIANS DANCERS WEAVERS AND TEXTILE PRODUCERS METAL SMITHS IRON STEEL COPPER AND BRONZE STONEWORKERS MASONS SCULPTORS AND ENGRAVERS WOOD WORK ERS AND POTTERS #HAPTER  EMPHASIZES RELATIONS AMONG CRAFT PRODUCERS ELITES INSTITUTIONS AND SOCIAL GROUPINGS 4HE EVIDENCE FOR SOCIAL MOBILITY AMONG CRAFT PRODUCING COMMUNITIES AND INDI VIDUALS THROUGH THE TWO CENTURIES OF 6IJAYANAGARA CONSIDERS PATRONS CONSUMERS TAXATION ON RAW MATERIALS PRODUCTION lNISHED GOODS AND COMMERCE 4AXES PAID TO KINGS IMPE

£Èn RIAL ADMINISTRATORS MILITARY OFlCERS HEREDITARY LOCAL ELITES CASTE AND MERCHANT ORGANIZATIONS AND COMMUNITY COUNCILS AND TAXES REALLOCATED RECIPROCITY AND REDISTRIBUTION ARE DOCUMENTED 4HE lNAL ESSAY NOTES THAT ABUNDANT LABOR AND RAW MATERI ALS PERMIT CRAFTS TO RETAIN THEIR EARLIER ORGANIZATIONAL STRUC TURES &OR IMPERIAL STATES 3INOPOLI CONCLUDES THAT DIVERSE ECONOMIC STRATEGIES AND DISPERSED POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTROLS ARE LIKELY MORE COMMON THAN MANY THEORETICAL MODELS OF STATES OR CRAFT PRODUCTION HAVE ALLOWED 2OBIN #ONINGHAMS UNCITED CHAPTER ON CRAFT ACTIVITIES AT THE HISTORIC CITY OF !NURADHAPURA 3RI ,ANKA  3OUTH !SIAN !RCHAEOLOGY  PP n 3CIENCE 0UBLISHERS #AMBRIDGE EDITED BY 2 !LLCHIN AND " !LLCHIN PROVIDES A USEFUL PARALLEL TO 3INOPOLIS ASSESSMENT !NNE 5NDERHILLS #RAFT 0RODUCTION AND 3OCIAL #HANGE IN .ORTHERN #HINA  +LUWER0LENUM .EW9ORK DOCUMENTS .EOLITHIC AND %ARLY "RONZE !GE POTTERY AND BURIALS IN PRESTATECHIEFDOM SOCIOPOLITICAL LEVELS AND WOULD EXEMPLIFY THE PRECURSORS OF THE STATES DISCUSSED IN 3INOPOLIS CHAPTER  "ECAUSE BOTH HISTORIC RECORDS AND VOLUMINOUS ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARCHI TECTURAL RESEARCH WWWVIJAYANAGARAORG ARE AVAILABLE AND THE SITE IS CIRCUMSCRIBED IN TIME AND SPACE 3INOPOLI HAS A SPLENDID PLATFORM FROM WHICH TO ASSESS TANGIBLE AND NONDU RABLE CRAFT GOODS AND PRODUCTION IN A hKNOWNv SOCIOPOLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONTEXT !RCHAEOLOGISTS CONSIDERING URBANIZA TION CITY STATE CHARACTERIZATIONS AND THEORIES OF EMPIRES AND OTHER POLITIES IN HISTORICAL OR PREHISTORIC TIMEFRAMES SHOULD HEED THIS CORPUS OF DATA AND HER ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS

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""9Ê{ä­{® HAVE HELD A DAGGER THAT POINTED STRAIGHT INTO THE HEART OF "RITISH .EW 9ORK )NSTEAD THE &RENCH FAILURE TO FOLLOW UP THEIR VICTORY AT 7ILLIAM (ENRY LEFT &ORT %DWARD AND ITS KEY POSITION AT THE OTHER END OF THE PORTAGE IN "RITISH HANDS 7ORKING IN CONCERT WITH THEIR COLONIAL FORCES IT WAS THE "RITISH WHO WOULD DEVELOP THIS WATER ROUTE AS A WEAPON FOR DRIVING THE &RENCH OUT OF #ANADA FOREVER ALTERING THE COURSE OF !MERICAN HISTORY 4HE BOOK FOCUSES ON ONE OF THE MOST COLORFUL AND ROMANTIC CHARACTERS AND PLACES EVER TO GRACE THE PAGES OF !MERICAN FRONTIER HISTORY -AJOR 2OBERT 2OGERS HIS BAND OF !MERICAN 2ANGERS AND THE PIECE OF LAND THAT WOULD FOR EVER BEAR HIS NAME 2OGERSS 2ANGERS MAY NOT HAVE BEEN THE BEST OR EVEN THE OLDEST OF COLONIAL RANGER UNITS BUT THE -AJOR SAW TO IT THAT THEY WERE THE BEST KNOWN 7ILDERNESS SCOUTING AND RAIDING WAS THEIR FORTE AND THEIR HAIR RAISING EXPLOITS WERE GIVEN WIDE COVERAGE IN THE COLONIAL PRESS 2OGERS AND HIS MEN DID NOT WIN ALL THEIR BATTLES BUT THEY WON THE HEARTS AND IMAGINATIONS OF THEIR COUNTRYMEN )LL DISCIPLINED AND OVERPAID IN THE MINDS OF THEIR PROFESSIONAL "RITISH COLLEAGUES THE RANGERS NONETHELESS WON THEIR ADMIRA TION AND RESPECT EARNING THE COMPLIMENT h)T IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR AN !RMY TO !CT IN THIS #OUNTRY WITHOUT 2ANGERSv FROM 'ENERAL *OHN #AMPBELL %ARL OF ,OUDON "RITAINS FIRST PROFESSIONAL MILITARY COMMANDER IN .ORTH !MERICA DURING THE WAR ,ACKING THE )NDIAN ALLIES SO WELL USED BY THEIR &RENCH OPPONENTS THE RANGERS WERE THE EYES AND EARS OF "RITISH COMMANDERS 7HILE WRITTEN IN A STYLE THAT WILL APPEAL TO A POPULAR AUDIENCE THERE IS MUCH HERE FOR THE PROFESSIONAL MILITARY HISTORIAN AND ARCHAEOLOGIST )N NINE CHAPTERS AND THREE APPENDICES 3TARBUCK ENGAGINGLY TELLS THE STORY OF HOW CREWS OF STUDENT ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND VOLUNTEERS PUNCTURED THE OLD MYTHS ABOUT HOW 2OGERS )SLAND WAS THE MOST DISTURBED MOST OVER DUG AND MOST COMPROMISED OF &RENCH AND )NDIAN 7AR SITES REVEALING INSTEAD ONE OF THE MOST INTACT MILITARY SITES OF THE TH CENTURY INCLUDING THE lRST TH CENTURY MILITARY SMALLPOX HOSPITAL EVER INVESTIGATED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES !N EXCELLENT SUITE OF WELL REPRODUCED PHOTOS AND SITE MAPS ILLUSTRATE THE KEY FEATURES INVESTIGATED !MONG THE lNDINGS FROM THE PROJECT IS THE REVELATION OF A VERY RICH PREHISTORIC COMPONENT AT THIS SITE !LTHOUGH THE BOOK LACKS FOOTNOTES THE SERVICEABLE BIBLIOGRAPHY SERVES THOSE INTERESTED IN LEARNING MORE ABOUT THIS EXCITING AND SIGNIlCANT ERA (AVING ONCE BEEN AN AVID TH CENTURY MILITARY RE ENACTOR THIS REVIEWER FOUND THE CHAPTER ON MILITARY ARCHITECTURE ESPE CIALLY INTERESTING &ROM THE NUMBERS OF ARTIFACTS RECOVERED FROM THE SOLDIERS DWELLING SITES ESPECIALLY BUTCHERED BONES ONE HAS TO WONDER HOW WELL POLICED THESE ENCAMPMENTS WERE )T IS LITTLE WONDER THAT DISEASE WAS THE COMMON BANE OF COLONIAL ERA MILITARY OPERATIONS 3TARBUCKS INTERPRETATION OF A PALISADE WALL LOCATED BETWEEN THE SMALLPOX HOSPITAL AND REST OF THE ENCAMPMENT AS POTENTIALLY REPRESENTING AN EFFORT TO SCREEN THE SUFFERING SICK FROM THE REST OF THE FORCE IS AN INTRIGUING NOD TOWARDS CONTEMPORARY CONCERNS OVER TROOP MORALE !S HE HAS DONE IN OTHER WORKS 3TARBUCK USES SIDEBARS TO ADD COLOR AND CLARIlCATION TO THE TEXT WITHOUT DISTRACTING FROM IT !PPENDICES AND TABLES PROVIDE SUMMARIES AND RELATION SHIPS BETWEEN FEATURES AND lNDS )NCLUDED IN THE STORY OF 2OGERS )SLAND IS AN ACCOUNT OF 3TARBUCKS FORENSIC SEARCH FOR

, 6 7THE lNAL RESTING PLACE OF *ANE -C#REA THE FAMOUS VICTIM OF ANOTHER FRONTIER WAR 7HILE A FASCINATING SIDELIGHT READERS ARE LEFT NOT KNOWING IF THE REMAINS HIS TEAM FOUND WERE DElNITELY IDENTIlED THOUGH $.! TESTING AS BEING THOSE OF POOR *ANE 4HEY SHALL JUST HAVE TO STAY TUNED 3TARBUCKS CHOICE OF THE BOOKS SUBTITLE h%XPLORING THE 0AST ON 2OGERS )SLAND THE "IRTHPLACE OF THE 53 !RMY 2ANGERSv IS AN INTERESTING ONE THAT MIGHT RAISE SOME EYE BROWS 4HE CONCEPT OF FRONTIER RANGING UNITS CAN BE TRACED BACK AT LEAST TO THE OPERATIONS OF #OLONEL "ENJAMIN #HURCH DURING +ING 0HILLIPS 7AR AND 2OGERSS CONTEMPORARY *OSEPH 'ORHAM COMMANDED A UNIT OF RANGERS IN  WELL BEFORE 2OGERS ASSEMBLED HIS OWN BAND )T MAY ALSO APPEAR ODD FOR THE 53 !RMYS 2ANGERS TO CLAIM DESCENT FROM A UNIT WHOSE LEADER WAS LATER TO RAISE A REGIMENT FOR SERVICE WITH THE "RITISH ARMY AGAINST !MERICANS DURING THE 2EVO LUTIONARY 7AR 3TILL !MERICAS 2ANGERS OF TODAY LOOK BACK WITH PRIDE TO THESE COLORFUL lGURES )NDEED AT THE !RMYS 2ANGER SCHOOL AT &ORT "ENNING 'EORGIA THE ANNUAL "EST 2ANGER #OMPETITION RECENTLY INCLUDED A TOMAHAWK THROW $AVID 3TARBUCK CLEARLY LOVES HIS SUBJECT 7HILE THE DElNITIVE HISTORY OF 2OGERSS 2ANGERS IS YET TO BE WRITTEN THE WORK OF 0ROFESSOR 3TARBUCK AND HIS DEDICATED CREWS AT 2OGERS )SLAND WILL MAKE IT A RICHER ONE

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É1˜ˆÛiÀÈÌÞÊ*ÀiÃÃʜvʏœÀˆ`>]Ê>ˆ˜iÃۈi]Ê Óääx°ÊÊÓ£{Ê««°]ÊΣÊw}ð]ÊLˆL°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊ fx™°™xÊVœÌ…° -ICHELLE 4ERRELLS BOOK IS BASED UPON HER DISSERTATION FOR WHICH SHE WAS AWARDED 4HE 3OCIETY FOR (ISTORICAL !RCHAEOLOGYS  DISSERTATION PRIZE 4ERRELL TAKES READERS TO THE #ARIBBEAN OF THE EARLY COLONIAL PERIOD WHERE A SMALL COMMUNITY OF 3EPHARDIC *EWS SETTLED ON THE ISLAND OF .EVIS CA  AND REMAINED AN ACTIVE COMMUNITY UNTIL  4HE BOOK HAS SEVERAL FACETS COMMUNITY HISTORY ACCOUNT OF RESEARCH PROCESSES AND METHODS MYSTERY AND A CAUTION ARY TALE 4HIS BOOK IS RECOMMENDED FOR ITS INNOVATIVE USE OF DIFFERENT NARRATIVE STYLES TO PRESENT BOTH THE HISTORY OF .EVISS COLONIAL *EWISH COMMUNITY AND THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH 4ERRELL WAS ABLE TO RECOVER THEIR HISTORY 4ERRELL OPENS THE BOOK WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE CONJUNC TURE WHICH LED TO A TH CENTURY REVIVAL OF INTEREST IN THE HISTORICAL *EWISH COMMUNITY OF .EVIS 4HIS EVENT WAS THE VISIT BY 2ABBI 3TERN THE RABBI OF A (OLLAND !MERICA CRUISE LINER TO .EVIS IN  ON THE TH ANNIVERSARY OF NATIVE !LEXANDER (AMILTONS BIRTH 2ABBI 3TERN RECALLED HEARING ON THE CRUISE THAT (AMILTON RECEIVED HIS EARLY EDUCATION FROM THE SYNAGOGUE DUE TO THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF HIS BIRTH !N AVOCATIONAL SCHOLAR OF *EWISH HISTORY 2ABBI 3TERN AND HIS WIFE TOURED THE OLD CEMETERY AND THE RUINS OF WHAT THE LOCAL TRADITION HELD TO BE THE OLD SYNAGOGUE 2ABBI 3TERN LATER

£È™ PUBLISHED AN ACCOUNT OF HIS VISIT AND OF THE PRESENCE OF A COLONIAL PERIOD *EWISH CEMETERY AND SYNAGOGUE ON .EVIS 4HIS LED TO EARLY EFFORTS TO PRESERVE AND RESTORE THE CEMETERY BY A GROUP OF !MERICAN *EWS AND THE GOVERNMENT OF .EVIS 4HE GOVERNMENT OF .EVIS ALSO PARTLY RESTORED AND PRESERVED THE STRUCTURE AS A STORAGE BUILDINGˆADAPTIVE REUSE
THOUGHT TO BE THE OLD SYNAGOGUE 4HE AUTHOR GIVES AN OVERVIEW OF HER RESEARCH PROJECT HOW SHE BECAME INVOLVED WITH THIS TOPIC AS WELL AS HER GOALS METHODS AND THEORETICAL APPROACH 3HE FOLLOWS THIS WITH A SUCCINCT YET RICH HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF THE 3EP HARDIC *EWS AND THEIR $IASPORA AND DESCRIBES THE lNDINGS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH 4ERRELLS EXCAVATIONS IN THE AREA THAT ORAL TRADITION CLAIMED AS THE SITE OF THE SYNAGOGUE CONCLUSIVELY DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SYNAGOGUE HAD NOT BEEN LOCATED IN THIS AREA )NSTEAD SHE FOUND EVIDENCE OF SEVERAL DIFFERENT DOMESTIC OCCUPATIONS THAT WERE OF PERIPHERAL IMPORTANCE FOR THIS RESEARCH 3HE FOUND THAT THE ORAL TRADITION OF THE SYNAGOGUES LOCATION HAD UNDERGONE DISPLACEMENT WITH TIME FROM THE ACTUAL SITE TO AN EXTANT COLONIAL ERA STRUCTURE 4ERRELL LACKED ACCESS TO THE COLONIAL DOCUMENTS ARCHIVED IN THE ISLANDS COURTHOUSE UNTIL AFTER THE EXCAVATIONS 0OLITICAL FRICTION BETWEEN THE GOVERN MENT AND THE .EVIS (ISTORICAL AND #ONSERVATION 3OCIETY 4ER RELLS RESEARCH SPONSORS WAS TO BLAME FOR THIS DELAY (AD ACCESS BEEN PERMITTED PRIOR TO EXCAVATION A VERY DIFFERENT OUTCOME MAY HAVE RESULTED WITH EXCAVATION EFFORTS DIRECTED TOWARDS THE DOCUMENTED LOCATION OF THE SYNAGOGUE %VEN AFTER 4ERRELL WAS GRANTED ACCESS HER TASK WAS NOT MADE EASY !S 4ERRELL FOUND TO HER CHAGRIN ALMOST ALL OF THE RECORDS DESCRIBED PROPERTY BOUNDARIES IN RELATION TO OTHER PROPERTIES WITH ESTIMATED SIZES NO DIMENSIONS GIVEN AND EVEN DIFFERENT CARDINAL DIRECTIONS ASSIGNED TO THE SAME FEATURES IN DIFFERENT DOCUMENTS )T MUST HAVE BEEN TEMPTING TO PACK UP AND LEAVE AFTER REALIZING THAT THE LONG AWAITED DOCUMENTS HELD SUCH VAGUE DESCRIPTIONS
4ERRELL DID NOT GIVE UP )NSTEAD SHE PAINSTAKINGLY RECONSTRUCTED A MAP OF THE COLONIAL PROPERTY BOUNDARIES WORKING OUT FROM THE FEW DESCRIPTIONS THAT GAVE ANY DIMENSIONS AND ONE THAT HAD REMAINED THE SAME ON THE CURRENT LANDSCAPE "ASED UPON THIS RECONSTRUCTION SHE WAS ABLE TO PLACE DESCRIPTIONS THAT INCLUDED THE SYNAGOGUE ON THE MODERN LANDSCAPE OF .EVIS 7HILE THE EXCAVATIONS IN THE AREA HELD BY ORAL TRADITION TO HAVE BEEN THE SYNAGOGUES LOCATION LARGELY SUCCEEDED ONLY IN DISPROVING THE SPECIlCITY OF THE ORAL TRADITION A RESISTIV ITY SURVEY OF THE COLONIAL *EWISH CEMETERY BY 4ERRELL WAS MORE SUCCESSFUL 4HROUGH THE USE OF THIS NONDESTRUCTIVE TECHNIQUE 4ERRELL WAS ABLE TO DETERMINE THAT THE CEMETERY HAD BEEN LARGER THAN ITS CURRENT BOUNDARIES AND THAT AT LEAST  MORE INDIVIDUALS WERE BURIED WITHIN THE GRAVEYARD THAN WERE ACCOUNTED FOR BY HEADSTONES )N ADDITION TO THE PREVIOUSLY MENTIONED DIFlCULTIES THE SEARCH FOR THE 3YNAGOGUE WAS FURTHER COMPLICATED BY THE TIME WHICH HAD PASSED SINCE THE LAST DOCUMENTED SIGHTING OF IT AND THE LIKELIHOOD THAT IT WOULD HAVE RESEMBLED NEIGHBOR ING NONRELIGIOUS STRUCTURES IN ITS EXTERIOR ELEMENTS 4ERRELL HAS INTERWOVEN NARRATIVES OF DIFFERENT SCALES INCLUDING THAT OF HER OWN RESEARCH PROCESS THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF THE EMIGRATION OF THE 3EPHARDIM TO THE .EW 7ORLD AND THE STORY OF THE *EWS OF .EVIS ILLUMINATED THROUGH AN EMPHASIS ON THE 0INHEIRO FAMILY 4HROUGH

£Çä EXTENSIVE ARCHIVAL WORK SHE WAS ABLE TO RECONSTRUCT EVENTS IN THE LIVES OF THIS FAMILY AND TO BRING THE READER INTO THIS PAST WORLD IN SECTIONS OF mOWING PROSE SKILLFULLY BLENDING THE EVIDENCE FROM THE DOCUMENTS AND ARCHAEOLOGY WITH ADDI TIONAL DETAILS THAT DEPART FROM THE EVIDENCE THROUGH THE USE OF HISTORICALLY AND CONTEXTUALLY GROUNDED IMAGINATION 4HROUGH THE RESISTIVITY SURVEY AND HER PAINSTAKING RECON STRUCTION OF PROPERTY BOUNDARIES AND COMMUNITY INTERACTIONS FROM THE DOCUMENTARY RECORD 4ERRELL WAS ABLE TO DISPEL SOME OF THE OVERGENERALIZATIONS AND INACCURACIES ABOUT THE 3EPHARDIM OF THE "RITISH COLONIAL #ARIBBEAN )N PARTICULAR SHE CONNECTED MULTIPLE SCALES OF PLACE AND TIME TO CONTEX TUALIZE THE HISTORY AND LIVES OF THE *EWS OF COLONIAL .EVIS 4HESE ISLANDS WERE NOT FREE FROM ANTI 3EMITIC PREJUDICE BUT NEITHER WERE THE 3EPHARDIM OF .EVIS MOVING TO THAT ISLAND DIRECTLY FROM THE 3PANISH INQUISITION 4HE *EWS OF THE "RITISH #ARIBBEAN WERE NOT LEGALLY "RITISH CITIZENS BUT WERE ACCORDED A SORT OF RESIDENT ALIEN STATUS CALLED hDENI ZENS OF %NGLANDv 4HE FAMILIES SHE WAS ABLE TO TRACE THROUGH THE DOCUMEN TARY RECORD WERE ALL OF )BERIAN MOSTLY 0ORTUGUESE DESCENT BUT HAD LIVED IN !MSTERDAM (AMBURG AND OFTEN "ARBADOS PRIOR TO MOVING TO .EVIS 4HEY WERE DESCENDED FROM *EWS WHO HAD REMAINED IN )BERIA AFTER THE EXPULSION OF  CONCEALING THEIR RELIGIOUS AFlLIATION AND WHO ONLY LEFT WHEN CONDITIONS BECAME UNTENABLE FOR THEM THERE )N !MSTERDAM AND (AMBURG AS WELL AS LATER IN "ARBADOS MANY OF THESE CRYPTO *EWS OR !NUSIM RESUMED USING THEIR (EBREW NAMES AND PRACTICING *UDAISM !NOTHER SIGNIlCANT DOCUMENTARY lNDING WHICH CONCURRED WITH THE RESISTIVITY SURVEY RESULTS WAS THAT THE SIZE OF THE *EWISH POPULATION OF .EVIS WAS LARGER THAN PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT )N CHAPTER  h4HE ,ANDSCAPE OF 2ELIGION AND %THNICITY v 4ERRELL TREATS THE READER TO AN INTERPRETATION OF THE SPATIAL DYNAMICS OF THE *EWISH COMMUNITY WHICH INTEGRATES THE PARTICULAR DATA FROM .EVIS AND OTHER #ARIBBEAN ISLANDS WITH *EWISH SETTLEMENTS AS WELL AS DATA FROM THE OLD WORLD AND MORE BROADLY RELEVANT DATA AND THEORETICAL APPROACHES FROM OTHER TYPES OF SITES 3HE INTERPRETS THE SPATIALLY CLUSTERED LOCATION OF THE SYNAGOGUE CEMETERY AND THE DOCUMENTED HOMES OF .EVIS *EWS ON THE ISLAND AS A MIX OF STRUCTURE AND AGENCY REmECTING THE MEDIEVAL SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF %URO PEAN *EWISH SETTLEMENTS AND THE PREJUDICE AGAINST *EWS IN THE ISLANDS )T WAS ALSO PERHAPS A CHOICE ASSOCIATED WITH THE FACT THAT MOST OF THE MEMBERS OF THIS COMMUNITY WERE INVOLVED IN TRADE ! FEW MINOR POINTS OF CRITIQUE ARE WORTH MENTIONING HERE !LTHOUGH SOME EXPLANATION WAS NECESSARY TO RESOLVE THE MYSTERY OF THE SUSPECTED SYNAGOGUE SITE TOO MUCH PRINT SPACE IS GIVEN IN CHAPTER  TO THE LATER NON *EWISH URBAN HOUSEHOLDS OF -ERTON 6ILLA WHICH EXCAVATION REVEALED IN THIS AREA )T IS IN THIS SAME CHAPTER WHERE 4ERRELLS USUALLY CLEAR AND EVOCATIVE PROSE FALTERS (AVING BENElTED FROM READING HER EVOCATIVE AND HUMANIZING NARRATIVE INTERPRETATIONS OF THE LIVES OF THE 0INHEIROS OF .EVIS IT WAS SURPRISING TO SEE THE UNCHARACTERISTIC STYLISTIC SHIFT ON PAGE  WHERE 4ERRELL USES A DISEMBODIED REFERENCE TO THE HANDS AND EYES OF THE ENSLAVED !FRICANS WHO SERVED IN ONE OF THESE LATER -ERTON 6ILLA HOUSEHOLDS TO SEGUE INTO A DISCUSSION OF ARTIFACTS WHICH THEY MAY HAVE USED 4HIS ATTEMPT AT CREATIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROSE COMES ACROSS AS OBJECTIFYING OF ITS SUBJECTS CONTRARY TO THE AUTHORS

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""9Ê{ä­{® INTENTIONS AND SHOULD HAVE BEEN CORRECTED DURING THE EDITING PROCESS !DDITIONALLY A FEW COPYEDITING ERRORS DETRACT FROM THIS OTHERWISE WELL PUT TOGETHER TEXT 4HEY SHOULD NOT BE PRESENT IN A BOOK OF THIS QUALITY AND PRICE RANGE 4HE MIX OF WELL WRITTEN HISTORY A DETAILED ACCOUNT OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS AND lNDINGS AND CONTEXTUALLY GROUNDED YET IMAGINATIVE HISTORICAL FICTION PASSAGES IN THIS BOOK SHOULD APPEAL TO A BROAD RANGE OF AUDIENCES 3CHOLARS WHOSE RESEARCH INCLUDES THE HISTORIC #ARIBBEAN THE *EWISH $IASPORA IN THE .EW 7ORLD RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC MINORI TIES COMMUNITY HISTORY FORMS OF DATA PRESENTATION AND RELATED TOPICS SHOULD lND THIS BOOK OF INTEREST )T SHOULD ALSO APPEAL TO STUDENTS AND MEMBERS OF THE READING PUBLIC WHO ARE INTERESTED IN THE RESEARCH METHODS OF HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY 4HE MIX OF WRITING STYLES AND THE MYSTERY OR PUZZLE STRUCTURE THAT RUNS THROUGH MUCH OF THE TEXT ADDS TO THIS APPEAL 4HE PRICE OF THE CLOTH VOLUME MAY LIMIT THE AUDIENCE OF THIS OTHERWISE DESIRABLE BOOK OR WEIGH AGAINST THE ADOPTION OF THIS BOOK FOR USE IN HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY COURSES WHICH WOULD BE A SHAME AS IT HAS MANY MERITS FOR COURSE ADOPTION

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ÀV…>iœœ}ˆV>Ê “>}ˆ˜>̈œ˜ i˜˜ˆviÀÊ7>>ViÊ ÕVŽÜœÀ̅]Êœ˜`œ˜]Ê ˜}>˜`]ÊÓää{°ÊÊÓÓäÊ ««°]ÊnʈÕð]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfÓx°ääÊ«>«iÀ° )N HER BOOK $IGGING THE $IRT 4HE !RCHAEOLOGICAL )MAGI NATION *ENNIFER 7ALLACE TAKES ON POSTMODERNISM ESPECIALLY POSTPROCESSUAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY 3HE WISHES TO SHOW THAT THROUGH A PROCESSUAL VIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGY ESPECIALLY A LINEAR IDEA ABOUT HISTORY REPRESENTED IN THE STRATIGRAPHY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY A THEORY CAN BE DERIVED THAT EFFECTIVELY COUNTERS THE RELATIVISTIC VIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGY HIS TORY AND LIFE IN GENERAL THAT POSTPROCESSUALISMPOSTMODERN ISM TAKES AS ITS CORE BELIEF 7ALLACES BOOK IS WELL WORTH READING FOR BOTH ITS OVERVIEW OF HOW IMAGINATION HAS BEEN USED IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION AND FOR ITS DISCUSSION OF THEORY EVEN THOUGH HER ULTIMATE CONCLUSION IS WRONG 7ALLACE LIKE THE REVIEWER IS NOT AN ARCHAEOLOGIST BUT IS SOMEONE WITH A LONGTIME INTEREST IN AND EXPERIENCE WITH ARCHAEOLOGY (ER lELD IS ROMANTIC LITERATURE WITH AN EMPHASIS ON (ELLENISM IN THE WORKS OF EARLY TH CENTURY "RITISH ROMANTIC WRITERS &ROM THIS DUAL INTEREST 7ALLACE WRITES A BOOK IN WHICH ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION FROM THE TH THROUGH THE TH CENTURIES IS JUXTAPOSED WITH LIT ERARY WORKS THAT DESCRIBE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITUATIONS OR USE ARCHAEOLOGICALLY BASED lGURATIVE LANGUAGE OR BOTH 4HE POINT AT EACH TURN IS TO EXPLORE WAYS THAT IMAGINATION IS AT THE CORE OF ALL INTERPRETATIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVENTS WHAT 7ALLACE CALLS hARCHAEOLOGICAL POETICSv 3HE USES AS HER EXAMPLES ARCHAEOLOGY FROM %NGLANDS !VEBURY STONE CIRCLES TO BOG BODIES SUCH AS ,INDOW -AN AND 4OLLUND -AN TO THE lNDINGS AT 0OMPEII TO THE SEARCH FOR 4ROY TO THE OBSESSIVE

, 6 7BARROW DIGGING OF TH CENTURY %NGLAND TO THE BIBLICALLY BASED ARCHAEOLOGY OF *ERUSALEM TO GARBOLOGYS EXCAVATIONS OF MODERN LANDlLLS TO LATE TH CENTURY FORENSIC EXCAVATIONS INVESTIGATING HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES )N EACH SECTION 7ALLACE lNDS LITERARY WORKS THAT HELP ILLUMINATE THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY )N ADDITION SHE BLENDS IN THE WORKS OF THEORISTS WITH A SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON 3IGMUND &REUDS WRITINGS ABOUT CLASSICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND IN HER CONCLUSION &REDERIC *AMESONS -ARXIST CRITIQUES OF CAPITALISM AND POST MODERN THEORY 4HE STRONGEST AREA OF 7ALLACES BOOK IS HER SURVEY OF DIF FERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECTS THROUGHOUT THE PAST  YEARS FROM THE ANTIQUITIES MOVEMENTS OF THE LATE TH AND EARLY TH CENTURIES TO THE GARBOLOGY OF THE LATE TH CENTURY 7HILE WRITING A DECIDEDLY ACADEMIC BOOK 7ALLACE USES THE WRITING STYLE OF WELL WRITTEN POPULAR NONlCTION THROUGHOUT MUCH OF HER BOOK &OR EXAMPLE IN HER DISCUSSION OF THE TH AND TH CENTURY ATTEMPTS TO VALIDATE OR INVALIDATE THE EXISTENCE OF 4ROY ESPECIALLY AS PORTRAYED BY (OMER 7ALLACE TELLS THE STORIES OF PEOPLE LIKE (EINRICH 3CHLIEMANN AND THE ATTEMPTS TO USE HIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL lNDINGS TO SHOW THAT THE 4ROJANS WERE THE ANCESTORS OF THE !RYAN hRACEv !S WELL AS DESCRIBING &REUDS STUDY lLLED WITH ARTIFACTS FROM ANCIENT 'REECE 2OME AND %GYPT IN THE SAME SECTION 7ALLACE TELLS THE STORY OF &REUDS COMING TO GRIPS WITH THE FEELING OF INCREDULITY HE HAD WHEN HE lNALLY SAW !THENS IN PERSON )NTERSPERSED WITH THESE STORIES OF OTHERS EXPERIENCES ARE 7ALLACES OWN TALES OF VISITS TO SOME OF THE SAME SITES 3HE DESCRIBES DIGGING IN "ELIZE AND HAVING THE CHANCE TO EXPLORE SOME OF THE CAVE SITES OF ANCIENT -AYA SACRIlCES 3HE TELLS OF HER OWN PERSONAL CONNECTIONS TO 3ILBURY (ILL NEAR !VEBURY 3HE DESCRIBES SEEING THE &RESH +ILLS LAND lLL ON 3TATEN )SLAND NOT ONLY A SITE OF GARBOLOGICAL STUDY BUT ALSO MORE RECENTLY THE LOCATION WHERE RUBBLE FROM THE 7ORLD 4RADE #ENTER WAS MOVED TO BE SIFTED ONE LAST TIME FOR SIGNS OF HUMAN REMAINS 4HESE PERSONAL INTERJECTIONS RATHER THAN BEING SELF INDULGENT HELP ROUND OUT THE CONTEXT FOR THE ARCHAEOLOGY DESCRIBED GIVING THEM CONTEMPORARY AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT 7ALLACES $IGGING THE $IRT IS INTELLECTUALLY STRONGEST IN POINTING OUT THE PARADOXES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK &OR EXAMPLE WHEN DISCUSSING BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN *ERUSA LEM SHE HIGHLIGHTS THE NEED THAT SOME PEOPLE HAVE HAD FOR MATERIAL lNDS THAT VALIDATE THEIR RELIGIOUS FAITH FOR SOME ON THE OTHER HAND THE MATERIAL OBJECTS ARE PRIMARILY META PHORICAL EMPTY VESSELS WITHIN WHICH ONE CAN INSERT RELIGIOUS FAITH )N FACT THERE IS A CENTRAL PARADOX IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY THAT SURROUNDS SITES SUCH AS THE #HURCH OF THE (OLY 3EP ULCHERˆTHE SITE SACRED BECAUSE *ESUS IT IS CLAIMED WAS BURIED THERE YET ITS SACREDNESS ALSO COMES FROM hTHE FACT NOT THAT *ESUS DIED AND WAS BURIED BUT CRUCIALLY THAT HE ROSE AGAIN AND IS NOW ELSEWHERE IN HEAVENv P  THAT IS FROM THE FACT THAT *ESUS IS MISSING FROM THAT SITE 4HERE IS THE PARADOX IN THE CASTS OF THE VICTIMS OF 0OMPEII MADE BY 'IUSEPPE &IORELLI IN THE S "Y POURING PLASTER OF 0ARIS INTO THE HOLES LEFT IN THE VOLCANIC ASH WHEN THE BODIES OF THE VICTIMS DECOMPOSED &IORELLI WAS ABLE TO CREATE CASTS OF PEOPLE AS THEY DIED FROM THE ASH AND FUMES OF -OUNT 6ESUVIUS !S 7ALLACE NOTES h&IORELLIS BODIES ARE AND ARE NOT TYPES OF STATUES AND  ARE BOTH THE RESURRECTED DEAD AND YET ONLY THE GHOSTLY IMPRINTv P   )T IS IN THESE PARADOXES THAT 7ALLACES DElNITION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

£Ç£ IMAGINATION LIES &OR 7ALLACE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMAGINATION IS A hKIND OF UNDERSTATEMENTˆAPPREHENDING THE MEANING OF WHAT IS LOST OR LIES HIDDEN OR IS HINTED ATv P   )N OTHER WORDS ARCHAEOLOGY DEMANDS THE USE OF IMAGINATION BECAUSE WHAT IS FOUND IN AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL DIG IS IN FACT ONLY A HINT AT THE ACTUALITY OF WHAT HAPPENED 4HE ARCHAEOLOGIST MUST IMAGINATIVELY lLL IN THE BLANKS MUST TEASE OUT THE MEANING OF THE MATERIAL lNDINGS )T IS IN THE LAST CHAPTER OF $IGGING THE $IRT THAT 7ALLACE FULLY REVEALS THE STANCE SHE TAKES AGAINST POSTPROCESSUAL POSTMODERN THEORY WHICH SHE lRST NOTES IN HER OPENING CHAPTER )NSTEAD OF POINTING OUT PARADOXES SHE PITS POINTS OF VIEW AGAINST ONE ANOTHER LOOKING FOR A VICTOR AMONG COMPETING IDEAS !T THE END OF HER CHAPTER ON h(OLY 'ROUND !RCHAEOLOGY AND THE 3ACRED v SHE DESCRIBES A DIS CUSSION BETWEEN !RABIC AND *EWISH STUDENTS AND PROFESSORS AT THE SITE OF EL !HWAT ABOUT THE POLITICS OF ARCHAEOLOGY 7ALLACE QUOTES AN !RAB )SRAELI STUDENT WHO SAYS h0LACES SHOULD NOT MATTER 4HEY SHOULD NOT WORRY ABOUT lNDING PLACES IN THE "IBLE (OLINESS SHOULD BE IN THE HEART NOT IN STONESv P   7ALLACE COMMENTS ON THIS SENTIMENT BY WRITING h&OR AN ARCHAEOLOGIST WHOSE LIFE IS DEVOTED TO STONES AND THEIR SIGNIlCANCE THIS IS A HUGE CONCESSIONv P   7ALLACE INDICATES HER AGREEMENT WITH THE STUDENT BY CONCLUDING h!ND PROBABLY THESE ARE WORDSˆ@HOLINESS SHOULD BE IN THE HEART NOT IN STONESˆWHICH ARCHAEOLOGISTS POLITI CIANS BELIEVERS AND NONBELIEVERS ALIKE WOULD BE WISE TO PONDERv P   7HILE THERE IS A NICE IDEALISM IN THESE WORDS 7ALLACE FORGETS THE IRONY IN HER STORY OF BEING AT THE EL !HWAT DIG SITEˆTHAT THIS SITE WOULD PROBABLY NOT BE GET TING THE ATTENTION IT HAS IF IT WERE NOT FOR THE FACT THAT THE EXCAVATION LEADER !DAM :ERTAL OF (AIFA 5NIVERSITY BELIEVES IN THE BIBLICAL CONNECTIONS OF THE SITE &ROM THIS NAIVE SENTIMENT 7ALLACE MOVES INTO HER lNAL CHAPTER h0OSTMODERN !RCHAEOLOGY 4RASHING /UR &UTUREv 5SING &REDRIC *AMESON AS HER GUIDE 7ALLACE POSITS A TYPE OF SINGULAR POSTMODERN THEORY ONE THAT UNDERLIES POSTPROCES SUAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL THEORY 3HE ARGUES THAT WITH THE CUR RENT GLOBAL ACCEPTANCE OF CAPITALISM PEOPLE CANNOT SEE ANY FURTHER EVOLUTION FOR SOCIETY AND THEREFORE IN A SENSE HAVE COME TO AN END OF LINEAR IDEAS ABOUT TIME )N ARCHAEOLOGI CAL TERMS THIS MEANS A DENIAL OF THE VALUE OF LINEAR HISTORY AND STRATIGRAPHY 'ARBOLOGY BECOMES HER PRIME EXAMPLE OF THIS SORT OF POSTMODERN ARCHAEOLOGYˆEXAMINING THINGS ONLY AT THE SURFACE INDIVIDUAL MOMENTS WITHOUT CONNECTION TO ANYTHING PARTICULAR IN THE PAST OR ANY MOVEMENT TOWARD A FUTURE )N OPPOSITION 7ALLACE HOLDS UP CONTEMPORARY FORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY hTHE EXHUMATION OF THE DISAPPEARED IN !RGENTINA "OSNIA )RAQv P  AS AN EXAMPLE OF ARCHAE OLOGY THAT MATTERS 3PEAKING IN PARTICULAR ABOUT VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS ATROCITIES BUT MORE GENERALLY ABOUT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY 7ALLACE WRITES h&ORENSIC ARCHAEOLOGY DEPENDS UPON THE ELOQUENCE OF MATERIAL REALITY "ODIES DUG UP FROM THE GROUND CANNOT LIE AS GOVERNMENTS MIGHT TRY TO DO AND THEY CANNOT BE MISREPRESENTED OR SANITIZED TO MEAN SOME THING MORE PALATABLEv P   &ROM HERE 7ALLACE MOVES ON TO WHAT IS THE lNAL POINT 3HE LEAVES READERS WITH THE FOLLOWING P   7ATCHING THE DIRT SILT UP AND SETTLE OVER THE PAST AND DIGGING IT UP AGAIN IS TO CONFRONT WHAT IS MOST PAIN FUL IN HISTORY AND TO GIVE IT ITS DUE WEIGHT /NLY BY

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7ALLACE REVEALS HER -ARXIST NEED TO SEE THE WORLD AS NOT JUST PROBLEMATIC BUT AS A PROBLEM ON ITS WAY TO BEING SOLVED 3HE BELIEVES THE TRADITIONAL LINEAR STRATIGRAPHY OF ARCHAEOLOGY CAN HELP GROUND NOT ONLY ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVES TIGATION BUT ALSO A GENERAL OUTLOOK ON THE WORLD 7ALLACE DOES NOT TREAT HER -ARXIST MATERIALISTIC INTERPRETA TION AS A VALID THEORY BUT AS A KNOWN TRUTH (ER APPROACH IS ONE VALID WAY OF LOOKING AT THE WORLD BUT NOT THE ONLY VALID WAY )N FACT THERE IS NO ONE POSTMODERN THEORY 4HE READING OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM THAT 7ALLACE GIVES IS ONE VERSION OF POSTMODERNISM BUT IT IS NOT THE ONLY ONE )F THERE IS ONE THING THAT MOST POSTMODERN THEORIES SHARE IT IS THE BELIEF THAT THERE IS NO ONE THEORY THAT IS KNOWABLE THAT IS PROVABLE AS TRUTH /NE SHOULD BE SELF REmEXIVE CRI TIQUING THE THEORETICAL APPROACH ONE HAS CHOSEN TO USE NOT TO THROW THE THEORY OUT BUT TO BE AWARE OF ITS LIMITATIONS ESPECIALLY OF ITS OWN PARADOXES OR IRONIES "Y THEIR VERY NATURE THEORIES ARE THE NECESSARY BUT UNPROVABLE PRESUP POSITIONS RESEARCHERS BRING TO BEAR IN TRYING TO UNDERSTAND ANY PROBLEM 4HEY DEAL IN VALIDITY NOT IN TRUTH 7ALLACE MAY BE RIGHT IN SAYING hBODIES DUG UP FROM THE GROUND CANNOT LIE v BUT IF HER TERM MISREPRESENTED IS CHANGED IN hTHEY CANNOT BE MISREPRESENTED OR SANITIZED TO MEAN SOME THING MORE PALATABLEv TO MISINTERPRETED AS IN THE RECENT RE EVALUATIONS OF +ING 4UTS hMURDERv THEN THE NEED TO BE SELF REmEXIVE IN THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS CANNOT BE REC OGNIZED 4HIS MISINTERPRETATION CAN COME FROM BOTH THE LIMITATIONS OF HUMAN UNDERSTANDING AND FROM THE LIMITS OF THE MATERIALS AVAILABLE THROUGH A SITE .O MATTER HOW RICH A TROVE OF ARTIFACTS A SITE YIELDS IT NEVER YIELDS THE COMPLETE STORY 4HAT IS THE VERY POINT OF NEEDING AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL POETICS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMAGINATION $IGGING THE $IRT IS BOTH A FUN AND THOUGHT PROVOKING BOOK )T IS THE SORT OF READING TO GIVE TO SOMEONE WHO WANTS TO BELIEVE IN THE PURE SCIENCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY )T CAN HELP HIGHLIGHT THE HUMANITIES ELEMENT OF THE lELD THE IMPORTANCE OF IMAGINATION IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION THAT IS THE ROLE THAT ARCHAEOLOGICAL POETICS PLAYS )T IS A GOOD BOOK TO READ IN ORDER TO CONSIDER ITS THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS BUT READERS SHOULD KEEP IN MIND THAT WHAT 7AL LACE PROVIDES DESPITE HER SELF ASSURED TONE ARE THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS AND NOT CERTAINTIES

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Àˆâœ˜>Ê*ÀiÃÃ]Ê/ÕVܘ]ÊÓääΰÊÊ ÓÈäÊ««°]Ê£änÊw}ð]ÊLˆL°]ʈ˜`iÝ°ÊÊfÎx°ääÊ «>«iÀ° 2EADERS OF (ISTORICAL !RCHAEOLOGY MAY BE SURPRISED TO lND A BOOK REVIEW FOCUSING ON THE ANCIENT .EAR %AST IN THIS VOLUME BUT 4 * 7ILKINSONS !RCHAEOLOGICAL ,ANDSCAPES OF THE .EAR %AST HAS THE POTENTIAL TO APPEAL TO A BROAD AUDIENCE 7HILE THE AUTHOR APPEARS TO WRITE PRIMARILY FOR .EAR %ASTERN ARCHAEOLOGISTS AND THEIR STUDENTS THIS EXAMPLE OF A REGIONAL STUDY SHOULD BE READ BY ANYONE INTERESTED IN LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY 4HE  CHAPTERS OF THIS BOOK COVER A GREAT DEAL OF INFORMATION AND REFER TO AN EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE .EAR %AST -UCH OF THE STUDY IS BASED ON 7ILKINSONS OWN lELDWORK CONDUCTED OVER THE PAST  YEARS /VERALL IT IS AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBU TION TO BOTH .EAR %ASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY AND LANDSCAPE ARCHAE OLOGY AND AS SUCH RECEIVED THE  3OCIETY FOR !MERICAN !RCHAEOLOGY "OOK !WARD AND THE  *AMES 2 7ISEMAN "OOK !WARD FROM THE !RCHAEOLOGICAL )NSTITUTE OF !MERICA 4HE VOLUME BEGINS WITH GENERAL DElNITIONS AND A DISCUS SION OF LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY DElNED HERE AS hTHE ANALYSIS OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE THROUGH TIMEv P   7ILKINSON IS CONCERNED WITH IDENTIFYING KEY LANDSCAPE TYPES AND FEA TURES AND WITH EXAMINING THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIAL ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTS 4HE AUTHOR ADDRESSES CLIMATE CHANGE TOPOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT AND COMPARES THEM TO THE USE OF SPACE AND ECONOMIC INFRA STRUCTURES !S A RESULT !RCHAEOLOGICAL ,ANDSCAPES PROVIDES A STRONG FOUNDATION TO EXAMINE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT BOTH NATURAL AND BUILT AND HUMAN ACTIVITY 4HE INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER IS A BROAD OVERVIEW OF LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO LANDSCAPE USED IN THIS lELD CULTURAL HISTORICAL PROCESSUAL AND POSTPROCES SUAL  7ILKINSONS APPROACH IN HIS OWN WORDS h;WALKS= THE lNE LINE BETWEEN PRAGMATIC EMPIRICISM OF GEOARCHAEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ON THE ONE HAND AND THE QUALITA TIVE THEORETICAL APPROACHES OF THE POSTPROCESSUAL SCHOOL ON THE OTHERv P XIII  4HIS STUDY RELIES MORE HEAVILY ON SCIENTIFIC AND EMPIRICAL DATA THAN ANY UNDERSTANDINGS OF IDEATIONAL LANDSCAPES !RCHAEOLOGICAL ,ANDSCAPES lLLS GAPS IN THE LITERATURE OF .EAR %ASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY IN MANY WAYS 7HILE MANY STUD IES IN .EAR %ASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY HAVE BUILT UPON LANDSCAPE DATA SUCH AS THE USE OF SETTLEMENT PATTERNS AND IRRIGATION SYSTEMS TO UNDERSTAND THE ORIGINS OF EARLY STATE BUILDING 7ILKINSON SYSTEMATICALLY ADDRESSES THE WIDE RANGE OF LAND SCAPES AND FEATURES AND IDENTIlES SPECIlC LANDSCAPE SIGNA TURES FOR VARIOUS REGIONS AND PERIODS 4HIS STUDY IS AMBI TIOUS COVERING A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE FROM THE !RABIAN PENINSULA TO !NATOLIA AND FROM THE ,EVANT TO )RAN 4HE AUTHOR EXAMINES MANY OF THE CHANGES IN LANDSCAPE OVER TEN THOUSAND YEARS OF HISTORY AND PREHISTORYˆFROM THE .EOLITHIC TO THE END OF THE EARLY )SLAMIC PERIOD IN THE TH CENTURY !$  #ONSIDERING THE VAST GEOGRAPHIC AND TEMPORAL SCOPE OF THE VOLUME ONE OF THE MAIN THEMES IS THE GREAT VARIA

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4ECHNICALLY ORIENTED READERS WILL FIND CHAPTER  OF INTEREST (ERE THE AUTHOR OFFERS AN OVERVIEW OF APPROACHES USED TO RECORD .EAR %ASTERN LANDSCAPES INCLUDING THE EXTENSIVE USE OF MAPS AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND SITE SURVEYS AND MORE RECENTLY ')3 APPLICATIONS REMOTE SENSING AND IMAGING SYSTEMS $ESPITE THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO LANDSCAPE ANALYSES THAT HAVE BECOME AVAILABLE TO ARCHAEOLOGISTS OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES IT IS INTRIGUING THAT THE AUTHOR NOTES THAT EARLY AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHSˆTAKEN BEFORE THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE TAPHONOMIC PROCESSES OF THE TH CENTURY COULD TRANSFORM THE LANDSCAPEˆARE STILL AMONG THE MOST PRODUCTIVE SOURCES FOR EXAMINING PAST LANDSCAPES 4HE ONE SHORTCOMING OF THIS INTERESTING AND IMPORTANT BOOK MAY ULTIMATELY BE WHETHER IT IS ACCESSIBLE TO AUDI ENCES OUTSIDE .EAR %ASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY !SIDE FROM A CHRONOLOGICAL CHART IN THE INTRODUCTION 7ILKINSON DOES NOT INTRODUCE READERS TO THE CHRONOLOGY OR CULTURAL TRADITIONS OF THE REGION UNTIL WELL INTO THE lFTH CHAPTER 4HIS SOMETIMES MAKES IT DIFlCULT FOR THE UNINITIATED TO FOLLOW HIS EXAMPLES OR TRACK THE HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS WITHIN SPECIlC TIME PERIODS #LEARLY THE AUTHOR DOES NOT INTEND TO CON STRUCT A CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT .EAR %AST NOR SHOULD HE 4HIS SHORTCOMING DOES NOT DETRACT FROM THE FACT THAT THIS BOOK HAS ALREADY RECEIVED WIDE RECOGNITION AS A MAJOR CONTRIBUTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY ! WIDE VARIETY OF READERS WILL ALSO RECOGNIZE THE APPEAL AND POTENTIAL OF THIS VOLUME TO EXAMINE THE DYNAMIC NATURE OF REGIONAL LANDSCAPES

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