REVIEWS PYCCKAfl
FPAMMATHKA
TOM I, ra. peaarTop H. IO. III13e~oaa, Hayra, M o c r a a 1980, CTp. 783.
'~oRermca', '~PoRo.~onm', 'Yaapeune', '14u'ronaunn', crp. 14-122. Ho13aa rpaMMaTnra pyccroro fl3blKa, CO3~IaHHa~I 13 I/IHcTI~TyTe pyccroro fl3blra Ara~eMnn Hayr CCCP rOnflerTnBOM aaTopoa no~ pe~arunefi H. ~ . ~Be~oaofi, asaseTcs, HeCOMHenno, 3HaenTe~bHUM CO6S~TneM S nCTOpen onncan~s coapeMeHHoro p y c c r o r o CTaH~apTnoro ~abira. Kar aBCTSyeT n3 n ~ g n c a o s n ~ , aTa rpaMMaTnra cae~yeT Tpa~nunn "ara~eMuq ~ r o ~ " rpaMMaTnrn 1952-1954-ro roga (ne~naaaHnofi s 1960 r.). CaeaosaTeaSHO, 'FpaMMaTnra c o a ~ M e e n o r o pyccroro anTepaTypHoro a 3 u r a ' 1970-ro rosa, Sslme~mas TO~e nO~. ~ a . H. ~ . ~ s e a o a o f i , paccMaTpnsaeTcfl TO~bKO r a t npoMe~y~o~n~tfi arcnepnMenT. H ~ M e T O M rpaMMaTnrn sa~aeTca coapeMenH~lfi pyccrnfi ~nTepaTy~ Hb~fi a3s~r "OT HymrnHa ~o Hamnx aHefi", HO oua CTaBHT CBOefi 3a~aqefi ¢OBM~THTb CnHXpOnnoe onncaHne rpaMMaTnqecroro CTpOfl C nopMaTnSnSXMn ouenraMn a peroMeH~aUnsMn. Ona o6pamaeTcs ne TOflbrO K cneun~nCTaM-a3s~rosegaM, no n r mnporoMy r p y r y qnTaTenefi. K a r so Bcex rpaMMaTnrax noao6Horo Tnna, CO6CTBeHHO~ rpaMMaTnre (Mop~oaornn, C~OBOo6pa3oaaHnm n CnnTarcncy) npeamecTayeT onncanae asyrosofi CTOpOnU p y c c r o r o s 3 u r a , a nMeHHO S qeTbl~X rnasax: " O o n e T n r a " (CTp. 14-69), " ~ o n o a o r a s " (CTp. 69-90), " Y a a p e n n e " (CTp. 90-96) n "HnTOHaUna" (CTp. 96-122); a ronue cnncor anTepaTypu (CTp. 737--739) n npeaMeTn~Ifi yraaaTeas (CTp. 743--735). ~TH qeTbI~ pa3ne~a na~o nOnnMaTb no-pa3noMy. M e ~ g y TeM t a r s oT~enax " Y ~ a ~ n n e " n "HHTOHa~na" ~fi~TCff TOflbKO o6o6meHnue cae~enna, a n o a p o 6 n u e n 3 a o ~ e n ~ TparTymTCS S COOTaeTCTBymmnx naparpa~ax M O ~ O a o r n n , cnosoo6pa3osaHna n CnHTarceca, TO " O O n e T ~ a " n "OOHOnOrnfl" n ~ C T a B ~ n m T CaMOCTOflTeflbnb~e OT~enbI. He nOHaTHO, noqeMy TaK~M o6pa3oM ne ab~enena n MOp~OHOaOrnfl, roTopas ~3~araeTca ncrnmqnTe~bHO a csa3a c Mop~oaornqeCrnMn n cnoaoo6paaosaTe~bHblMn napa~nrMaMn. T a r ~ e y~es~aeT, qTO Hnqero ne roaopnTCa O nnc~Me (o rpa~eMaTnre), n, s s ~ y nopMaTnsnofi ueaeycTanosrn, ne srameen~t r a t oT~eabnbxe raaas~ c o c y m e c T e y m ~ e nOaC~CTeMS~ r a t couao~oHeTara, p ~ r o s o p n a a ~oneTnra, ~oHeTera aanMCTBOeanus~x caos a co6cTsenns~x nMeH ~.T.a.; o ~ o a n e a TO~e Russian Linguistics 7 (1982) 25-46 0304-3487/82/0071-0025 $01.70. Copyrioht © 1982 by D. Reidel Publishincj Co., Dordrecht, Holland, and Boston, U.S.A.
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REVIEWS
OTCyTCTByeT. H a l o cKa3aTb, ttTO ~TO cepbeBnb~e npo6eabL l-[p~Ixo~IriTCn n o - n p e ~ n e M y KoHcy~bTRpoBaTbCfl C pa3HblMH n o c o 6 n a M n a c n e a a a a b HblMH ~cche~oaaH~flM~ RO 3THM TeMaM. n e ~ o T o p b I e aonpocbI BO3H~Ka~T B CBfl3H C OTHO~eH~eM M e ~ y
"~oaeTarOfi" ~ "~onoaornefi". Ho~pa3~eabi "~oaeTara" cae~ymmae: " n ~ M e T ~OHeTnra", "~oneTnqecraa Tpaacrpnnuna", "apTnryaaTopHaa xaparTepncTnra 3 a y r o a " , ~'CMOF ~ B ~ b I C~OFOB"~ "HO3~HOHHble ~3MeHeHgfl 3ByKoB" H "coqe-
TaHna 3 a y r o a B caoao~opMe" (caMaa o6mnpHaa qaCTb), a no~paa~eab~ "~OHOaOrnn": " n ~ e T ~oaoaornn", "npnaHaga ~oneM", "cocraa ~ o a e M " n "~OHeMbI ~ nX OTaOmenan ~ M O ~ e M e " .
~e
n3ao~eaae
c n a 6 ~ e n o MHOFHMH npnMepaMn n Ta6anUaMn, a p T n r y a a T o p H a a x a p a r T e p n c T n r a 3ay~oa - a r y c T n q e c r a a ne npnHnMaeTca ~o aanMaHne nora3bmaeTca a p n c y n r a x n ~amTca o6pa3ub~ " ~ o n e T n a e c r o f i " , " ~ o n o a o rnq~rofi" n "uo~o~oHe~aTauecrofi" CaMbIfi
60~bmOfi
aHTe~C,
TpaHcrpanuaa.
rOHeano,
3acay~naamT
~e~nnn~nn,
OTOX~ecTaaeHne n COCTaa ~oneM. ~Ta~OaaMCa aHaq~e na ~e~nnaaax. (a) " ~ o n e ~ n r a "
- paa~e~ n a u r o a n a n n ~ , n a y q a ~ m n ~ 3 a y r n a nOTOre
~ q n , COqeTaeMOCTb n nX n o 3 n u n o n n ~ e n a ~ e n e n n f l " , ~a~ee: " 3 a y r fla~fleTCfl MnHnMa~bHO~ ne3naqgMOfi e ~ n H ~ e f i ~ a e a o r o nOTOga"(CTp. 14). (6) " O o n o a o r n a
-
paaaea
a 3 ~ r o 3 H a n n a , n 3 y a a m m n f i 3~yroab~e
e g n H ~ b I a3b~ra - ~OneMbL ~ On e M bl -- 3TO ne~eanMb~e ~ e e e g n n ~ b I fl3b~ra, rOTOpble c h y x a T ~
3ay~oab~e
n o c T p o e n ~ C~OBO~OpM ~ ~ f l
paaanaenna nx 3~yrO~blX ~OpM", n aaaee: "B OTanqneoT 3Byra - ~OHeMa a 3naqnTeabHO~ cTenean (sic ~) a6cTparnpoaana OT rOHr~THb~X 3~yroab~X ~aaa3aunfi ~ onpeaeaeHnofi noanunn ~ CaOaO~OpMe"(CTp. 69). B3anMHOe OTnOmeHne 3THX g e ~ n a ~ n f i He CoBceM flCHO, ~ o p M y ~ n p o ~ r n ~OBO~bHO HeqeT~ne. MO~HO nO~yMaTb, n a n p n M e p , qTO ~OHeMa fla~fleTcR 3Haq~MO~, HO ne MHHHM~bHO~ e ~ n n n u e f i fl3blKa, qTO 3By~H ~e~nMble, ~ H qTO ~ o n e T n r a u ~ o n o ~ o r n a 3aHnMamTCfl pa3Hb~Mn n ~ M e T a M n ~e~CTB~Te~bHOCT~; r a g arian0 a3 n o ~ p a 3 ~ e ~ o a , COqeTaeMOCTb H RO3~R~OHHble n3MeneHnfl r a c a ~ T c f l OqeBH~HO TO~bgO ~ o ~ e T n ~ n , a ne ~OHO~OFR~, H.T.~. E m e 6 0 a e e aCnb~M CTaHOB~TC~ R30~poBaHHafl T p a r T o a r a 3TRX ~Byx F~aB, ~ R cpaBH~BaeM COCTaB "3ByroB" n COCTaB "~OHeM". ~ a t
"3ayra" npnaoZaTCS 6 raacHbiX: [a], [~O, [Y], [e], [o] n [a] (c~. crp. 17, Ta6aaua I) n 37 coraacnb~x: In], [nq, [6], [6q, [~], [~q, [~], [~q, IT], [Tq, [ ~ , [Zq, [C], [Cq, [3], [3q, [ ~ , IS], [m], [~], [~'], [~q, [~], [rq, [O, [rq, Ix], Ix'I, ~], [u], [u'], [a], [H'], [p], [p'], [a], [a'] (CM. CTp. 19, T a 6 a n a a 2).
REVIEWS
27
O~lHagO B COCTaB ~bOHeM BXO~[51T 7 raacHblX: "CFl21bHble" ~bOHeMbl 114l, ~yJ, JeJ, Io~, lal n "caa6b~e" ~OHeMbl Ig~, ~1[ (CM. CTp. 73, z a 6 a n a a 7) r a g n 69 CoF~aCHblX, a nMeHHO 37 "C~bHbIX" (OH~ c o B n a a a m T c 37 " 3 B y r a M n " ) a 32 " c a a 6 b ~ x " : 15 caa6b~x no TBep~ocTn-Mar~OCTn: In~l,
[61l, J~l]' [BI[' [TI[' I~l[, [eli, [311, ]KI[' [rd, Ixal, IMaI, [n~l, IP~[, JMI[,
12 caa6bIX no ra~OCTH-aBOHKOC~a: In2[, Inz'l, [~zl, [ ~ l , IT2[, [T~I, Icz[, Icil, [mzh I ~ i h I~1, I~iI, a 5 caa6b~x a no T s e p ~ a - M a r g ~ z a a no ra~ocra-~noa~ocra: In~l, ~ 1 , IT31, IC~I, [~[ (CM. ~ p . 75--76, Ta6aaaa 8).
Cpasaasaa KOaa~eCTBO "3ByKOB" C o ~ a o f i CTOpOabl (43, T.e. 6 namC 37) c gOaaqeCTnOM " ~ o a e M " C ~ p y r o f i (76, T.e. 7 n a m c 69), cpa3y x e 6 p o c a e T c a B r a a 3 a , qTO ~RC~O ~OHeM nO~T~ n ~na pa3a Bblme q~c~a 3ByKOB, ~ , HHbIMH C~OBaMR, ~TO ~ C ~ O ~HBapflaaTHb~X e ~ a ~ R BbIme ~ c ~ a napHaHTOn. HO ~TO Bpa~ ~ a BO3MO~HO. ~a~e anTopbI ~aHHOfi r p a M M a T a g a 3aMe~amT, qTO ~OaeMa " 8 3Ha~aTeabHOfi CTenea~ a6cTpar a p o n a H a OT KOHK~THblX 3ByKOBblX ~ a a a 3 a u a f i " . 8b~T~KaeT H3 HeacHoe OTHO~eHHe M ~ y 3ByKOM ~ ~OH~MO~ ~ b m e TOrO, qTO gag 3ByK~, TaK a ~OHCMbl p a c n o ~ a r a m T BapRaaTaM~ (CM. Ta6aaabi 3-6 a Ta6aaUy 9). TagaM o6pa3oM noayqaeTca napa~ogcaabaaa caTyaaaa, aTO C~TaB 3ByKoB sbzraa~aT 6oaee ~ o a e ~ a T a a a b ~
qeM
COCTaS ~OaeM. H e C~aTaa raacab~fi 3nyg ~bl], ~OTOpbIfi -.TaK x e gag y 6 0 ~ b ~ H C T B a a ~ a e ~ o n a T e a e f i - paccMaTpanaeTca KaK BapaaHT ~OHeMb~ [~, O6~ qHC~O "3ByKOB" conna~aeT c ~C~OM Ta~ Haa. "C~bHblX ~OH~M". Bnpo~eM noKa3aTe~bHO, ~TO B H ~ q H ~ CoF~aCHbIX 3ByKOB T a ~ e ga~ [ a q , ~a~] ~ a [r] OTCyTCTBy~T. Hpaaaay T a g o r o ~ 3 y a b T a T a ~ o6cyx~eaaa 3 8 y g o s o r o CTpOa pyccKoro TOT a3blsa H a l o HCKaTb B TOM, ~TO B OCHOB~ 3TOFO OflRCaHHfl ~ H T Bap~aHT MOCKOBCKO~ ~ o a o ~ o r ~ e c ~ o f i mgo~b~, ~OTOpb~fi noab3yeTca HOHRT~M~ " C ~ b H a a " ~ "c~a6aa" ~OHeMa ~ a pa3~H~eHHa MaKCHM~bHO~ H MHHHM~bHO~ ~ e p e H H ~ a R ~ . H o KaK no~a3bmaeT TaK~e 3~eCb o 6 c y ~ a e M a a a~ageMH~ecKaa FpaMMaTHKa, Tagaa ~HTepH~TaR~a Hp~BO~HT K CM~meH~m ~OHeM C HO3HRHOHHblMH BapUaHTaM~. Ha 3TO yga3bmaeT KaK o q e B a ~ a a KOMH~M~HTapHaR g~CTpa6yHHa "caa6blX raacab~x ~ o a e M " • a gl (CM. CTp. 77, Ta6a~a 9), TaK a OTCyTCTBae gagax-aa6o s a p a a n r o n y " c ~ b H b ~ X ~ o a e ~ " lel, Io[ a lal, s n ~ T a n O n O a o x a o ~ b ~ ~ o a e ~ a ~ [al a lye, y ~OTOpblX ~ a a a b l e psab~ ~ a o ~ o a o B . HaM ~a~eTCa, ~TO 8 3TOil ~ e M M e MO~HO HpHH~Tb RHTepn~TaHfl~, n~oxeaaym ~ . ~ m p o ~ a a e ~ ( ~ u r o v i ~ 1963) ~ CTaTbe " ~ o a e ~ a z a ~ecgaa a H T e p n ~ T a R a a p y c c g o r o 6 e 3 y ~ a p n o r o 8 o g a a a 3 M a " . H c x o g a a3 nOHflTRfl HefiTp~R3aHRR, T.e. "3ByKOBOFO c o n n a ~ e n a a ~ H 3 a H H f i ~ByX ~ H H~CKO~bKHX ~OH~M, O6yC~OB~¢HHOFO ~OM6HHaTOp~CKR", OH HoKa3bIBa~T, qTO COOTH~HMOCTb M ~ y CH~bHbIMH H caa6bIM~ "~OHeMaMH"
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MO)i(HO IoaccndpnttnpoBaTb B onpe~Ie:Ienm, ie qbopMy~bI HefiTpa~n3atlml (XOTfl n 3~ecb qboHeMbI ne~b3fl O H ~ e ~ T b 6e3 "O~TaTKa", ~O n p n TaK naB. HenpoBepfleMb~X chyqaflx BOBMO~H~Tb O n ~ e h n T b ~ 6e3 TOFO npocTO OTCyTCTByeT). T a r a f l T o q r a 3 ~ H n f l ~aeT BOBMO~H~Tb n a 6 e ~ a T ~ n non~Ta~ " C ~ H a n " n " c z a 6 a ~ ~ o n e M a " n nOH~Tn~ " M O ~ O ~ O n e M a " . B nTore Mb~ 6 ~ n o ~ y n ~ n B o6~acTn B O r ~ n a M a - n p n ~ r a ~ m e M n p o H 3 n o m e n n n -- nflTHq~enuy~ c n ~ e M y r~aCHbIX ~OneM C HX ~ H 3 a U H ~MH, a B KOHCOHaHTH3Me KO~HqeCTBO COF~aCHbIX ~OHeM ~OBHa~o 6hi, r a t y x e 3aMeqeHo, c qHC~OM 37 " 3 a y r o a " ~ H "C~bHbIX ~OHeM" C HX HO3~HOHHbIMH BapHaHTaMH. HTO ~ e r a c a e T c g Tpy~HblX c a y q a c a ~', r ' , x ' r a t n m' n ~ ' , aBTOpb~ rpaMMaTnrn nx pacCMaTpHBa~T r a t CaMOCTO~Te~bHb~e ~OHeMM, ac~e~CTane q e r o n o a y q a e T c s BCeFO 37 "C~bHblX" c o r a a c n b i x ~OHeM. B CBfl3H C aTHM nO n a m e M y MHeHH~ CTOHT npnHaTb BO BHHMaHHe CTaTb~ A. B. H c a q e n r o ( H c a q e n r o 1971) - roTopafl, a n p o a e u , a n r a e He UnTnpyeTca - " M o p ~ o n o ~ o r n q e c r a a ~Tepn~TaUna a o a r a x Ma~HX m a n a m a x [g,:], [ L : ] n pycc~oM a3bI~e", n ~OTOpOfi 3Ta 3 n y ~ a CaMOCTOaTeabHb~Ma ~OHeMaMa a e n p a 3 n a m T c a (cps. T a g x e ~ a c s y ~ a ~ no 3rOMy n o s o ~ y s R L : M. F l i e r IV/3, 1980, 3 0 3 - 3 2 8 ; V I / 2 , 1982, 2 7 7 - 2 9 1 . N. T h e l i n I/2, 1974, 163-176; V/3, 1981 301-313). ~ o M a e a a ~ 3TOrO y ~ e n o r o npon3aOCnTeababie napnanTbl [g, :] a [~, ~,] BOCXOaaT K MOp~OnO" a o r n a e c r o M y c o ~ e T a n n ~ {~}, TOabrO c o x p a n e H a e u e p r o a n ~ a a a a H C r O ~ r p a ~ M u m aTO 3 a T y m e a ~ o , a nponanOCnTeabHue a a p n a n T u I t , :] n I t :] aOCXO~aT n a 6 o r M O ~ O n o a o r n a ~ r o M y coaeTaHa~ {~}, aa6o r c o q ~ a n n m { ~ } ; c a e ~ o a a T e ~ b a o , 3 a y r n [g,:] a [ L : ] - a a a e n a e qnCTO ~ O H e T n q e c r ~ . q n c ~ o acex ~ o a e M p y c c r o r o a a u r a c n n a n a ~ b 6b~ TarnM o 6 p a a o M ~O 40 ( n a n , e c a n ne CanTaTb r ' , e', x ' , ~ a x e ~ o 37). Ha ~noaannn a u m e y n o M a n y T u x c o o 6 p a x e n n ~ MOXnO c ~ o p M y a n poaaTb c ~ e ~ y ~ m e e 3 a r a ~ a e n n e : Pa3~e~b~ " ~ a ~ H n e " n "HnTonauna" x o p o m o a r a ~ q e n u a c o 6 c T a e n n y ~ rpaMMaTnry, M e ~ y TeM r a g o c o 6 0 ~ o6o6ma~me~ r~aau "Mop~ono~orna" neT; coaceM OTCyXCTay~T ~a~MaTnra n cenapaTnue paaaeau o60T~eabnUX cocymecTay~mnx 3 a y r o a u x no~cncTeMax. T p a r T o a r a ~ o n e T n r n n ~ a o z o r n n ne s o aceM y 6 e x ~ a e T , eCTb MnOro HeacnocTe~ n OTnOmenne M e x a y aTaMn ~ayMa r a a a a M a ocTaeTca ne coaceM npo3paqHbIM. H o aaTOpbl a r a ~ e M n a ~ r o ~ rpaMMaTnrn a n~ncaoaan caMa n o ~ a e p r n a a m T , qTO pa3HO~aHOCTb ~raacTaqecrnx Tenenn~ n MeTO~Oa oqenb 3 a T p y ~ a e T y ~ o a a e T B O p f l ~ e e OHRCaHRe. Universit~t Zi~rich
R 0 BE R T Z ETT
REVIEWS
29
BHBflHOFPA~Hfl ~Im.posaq, fl. : 1963, 'tl~OHeMaTtlqecl~a~ilHTepnpeTatlg~!pycc~oro 6e3yJlapHoro BoI~aJ~H3Ma', Ceskoslovensk/~ rusistika VIII, 188-193. HcaqeH~o, A. B.: 1971, 'MopqbosoJ~orHqecras HHTepnpeTaRHS /1oJ]rnx mHnSHIHX [~,:], [L :] a pycc~oM ~13bll~e',IJSLP XlV, 32-52.
'Ocaoaa~e nomrraa ~opOeMmm. Caoaoo6pa3oaaaae', ¢rp. 123-452. ABTOpbl pa3~e~oB "OcHOBHble IIOHgTHB MOp(~eMHKH" H " C ~ o B o o 6 p a 3 o -
~ a ~ e " ~ ~o~o~ A~a~e~qec~ofi r p a ~ a v ~ e T~ ~ ,
qTO H C O O T B ~ T ~ B y ~ x
(~ ~ n e ~ m e ~
A F 80)
pa3~¢~OB "BBg~¢HH¢ B MO~¢MHKy" H
" C ~ o s o o 6 p a 3 o ~ a ~ e " ~ A F 70 (B. B. ~ o n a v ~ . ~ H. C. Y~yxa~os). He o ~ e ~ n o , r o s y y ~ a ~ e ~ n o , qvb o6a ~ u e ~ 3 ~ p y e ~ i x 3~ec~ pa3~e~a n~cva~s~v co6o~ ~ m ~ 6o~ee ~ ~e~ee n e ~ p a ~ o v a ~ n o e ~ ~ono~.en~ "~vopoe ~ 3 ~ a ~ e " ~ime~a3~a~nux pa3~e~o~ A F 70. Hanpam~B~TCfl B o H p ~ O TOM, qTO H¢pCpa6OTaHO H KaKH¢ ¢ ~ b ~OHO~H~HHfl.
O6mee n o c v p ~ n ~ e coxpa~eno: v.e. pa3~e~y " C ~ o ~ o o ~ p a 3 o ~ a ~ e "
n~m~yeT
pa3~e~ "OcHOBHbI¢ HOH~THg MO~eMHKH", B KOTOpOM
~a~TCfl O6~H~ CB¢~¢HH~ H O H ~ ¢ ~ H H f l HOH~TH~ "C~OBO, C~OBO~OpMa, KO~Hb, aOOHKC" ~ T.H., M ~ O qeM O T ~ H q a ~ 6H~H H p ¢ ~ O ~ g H H aBTO~MH H p a H b ~ .
OT TeX, ~ovop~e
HOB~¢CTBOM 3~0Cb flB~flCTCfl
nepeneab pa3aaqHbIX T~UOB MO~HOFO C T p ~ H ~ pyccgax caoB, ~OTOpOrO s A F 70 He 6blaO. Pa3~ea " C a o s o o 6 p a 3 o s a a a e " n O - n ~ a e M y aaeaaTca Ha r n a s b i " ~ a O B H b l e HOHRTHS", " C a o B o o 6 p a 3 o s a a a e cy~eCTBHTCnbHblX",
"Cno~oo6pa3osaaae npanaraTeababix", "Cno~oo6pa3o~aaae rnaronon", " C n o s o o 6 p a 3 o s a a a e a p y r a x s a ~ e ~ ~ , a " . Cmaa npaMbigaeT COBCeM HoBa~ r ~ a n a o "Mo~oHO~OFHqeCKRX flB~HH~X B cnoBoo6pa3OBaHHH". H a HCpBH~ B3F~H~ pacHo~O~CHHe 3TO~ F~aBH B KOHHC ~ 3 ~ c ~ a MO~CT HOKa3aTbC~ HCCKO~bKO cTpaHHHM, HOTOMy qTO O6 yCCqCHHHX ~ R ~ C ~ , O Hapa~cHHHX OCHOB H HC~OBaHHflX F~aCHbIX H COF~aCHbIX pcq~ ~ C T y~¢
B H~b~y~HX
qaCTHX, HpH OHHCaHHH C~OBOO6pa3OBaTC~HHX
THHOB. HO qHTaTC~ 3~¢Cb HC Ha~CT, KaK MO~HO 6 b ~ O 6H o ~ a T b , TCO~THq¢CKHX ~OCHOBaHH~ BCCX 3THX HOHHTH~ (OHH O6~HCHCHH, XOTH
~ o . o ~ . o ~ p a ~ o , . . o . . e r ~ a . u o6 ~ . o . . ~ x x . o . . ~ . . x c~o.oo6pa30~aH.g), a "O606meHHy~ xapa~Tep.cT.~y g.~eH.~, C..3aHH~IX C . ~ o 6 p a ~ o . a H . e ~ ~ o . e ~ H o r o COCTa.a OCHO.~ ~ O T . . . p y ~ m e r o c ~ o . a . c ~ p y . T y ~ MOT...pO~HHOrO" (CTp. 141). B a b y TaKOrO o 6 o 6 m a ~ m e r o xapaKTcpa pa3MC~CHH¢ 3TO~ F~aBH KaK 3 a K ~ q H T C ~ H O ~ ~ e T C g 8 n o , He O n ~ a H H ~ I M .
H~CTa-
T a , ~aK a . ~ o p ~ , ~a~ H ~ A F 70, OTKa3~ma~TC. OT ~se~eHH. KaK~-~H60
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REVIEWS
"rJly6HnHbIX cTpyI~Typ", a p a a ~ H b I e TOqKH 3penI~l Ha TarO~ " n o a e p ~ o CTHb~" HO~XO~ K n O n . C a M p y ~ r o ~ C~OBOO6~3OBaTe~bHO~ MO~OHOa o r a a H38CCTHb~ H3 pa6oT nocae~HaX ~eT (cp. C O~Ofi CTOpOHb~
COOTSe~TBym~e pa6oTb~ ~OnaTaHa H YayxaHosa, a c ~pyro~ H ~ q e H s O a BopTa), MbI 3~eCb Ha 3TO~ r a a s e O~aHaBaaBaTbCg He 6y~eM. KpOMC TOrO, B c o . a B e OCZ~bHb~ raaB, O6HapyXHBamTCa c a e ~ y m m a e ~O6aB~eHHR :
B naa~e
OHH~HHR caoaoo6pa3osaTeabHb~X THnOB g a ~ b I f i aO~HKc ~ b n b I ~ M O ~ n p H B o ~ c s a 3aHHCH, r o T o p a g a pa3~eae " ~ H O a a b ~ e HOHRTHR M O ~ C M ~ H " s a 3 u a a c r c s " M O ~ O H e M a T ~ C C r O f i " ( ~ p . 131), a a pa3~e~c "C~oaoo6pa3oaaHHC . . . . ~OHeMaT~CCrOfi". He COBCCM flCHO, C~OHHMH~HbI ~H 3TH np~araTc~bHbXe ~ n aaTopoB ~ H HOT. EC~H ~a, TO HCO6XO~O, XOTg 6hi arpaTRe, ~aTb t ~ T t O C ~a3aHHC Ha TahOe gBHO HCO6b~H~ C~oBoyHoT~6~CHHC. A CC~Ho6a Hp~araTC~bHbIX H HO MHCHH~ aBTOpOB HCC~C~yCTHOHHMaTb Kar CHHOHHMbI, TO 6b~O 6hi ~C~aTC~bHO y3HaTb, a KaKofi HMCHHO 3aHHCH COOTBCTCTB~C M O ~ b l ~a~TCfl H a qCM ~ 3 H ~ a M C ~ y " M O ~ O H e M a T ~ r O f i 3anncbm" (TOabKO OHa o n ~ c a g ~ C g a ~123 ra~ "O606mCHHag ~OHCMHaR 3anHCb"), "~OHeMaT~eCrOfi 3anHCb~" H "~OHeMHOfi 3aHHCb~", KOTO~R HO C~OBaM a~Topoa "qa~HqSO n p H a a e r a ~ c g " ~ yra3aTc~e MO~OB (CTp. 754), HO no ~ 3 y ~ b r a T a M HHqCM He O T ~ a e T C g HH o r "MO~O~OHCMaT~CCKOfi", HH OT " ~ O H C M a T ~ K O ~ " . ~ a ~ c g , qTO ra~ofi rcpM~o~orHqCCtOfi S e C O r ~ a c o B a s H ~ b ~ " q H r a 6 c ~ b H ~ b " HOaOfi rpaMMaT~H H ~ a r He n o a b ~ a c T c a . ~ a ~ c c B OHH~H~X CaOaOO6pa3oaaTC~bHbIX THHOB nOC~C~OaaTC~bHO ~amTCg CBC~CHHR O ~ H ~ H q C C r O f i Xa~KTCpH~Hre H C ~ yHOT~6~CH~ C~OB ~aHHOrO T ~ a H RO~THHOB, qTO MO~HO TO~bKO HpHB~CTBOBaTb. ~OHO~HCHbI H "~HOBHNIC HOHRT~" pa3~caa " C ~ o a o o 6 p a 3 0 a a H n e " ~OaOabHO t p a T r ~ H ~a3aHHSMH Ha TO, qTO T a K ~ C~OaOO6~aOaaTC~bHbIe HeHO~KH, C~OaOO6~3OaaTC~bHb~e rHc3~a H ~ 3 ~ H N I C B ~ b I C~OBOo6pa3oaaTCflbHbIX MOTHBaHH~ ( H C H ~ B C H H ~ C H OHOC~CTaCHHbIC, a C~H
H~C~H~
T~OabIC H HCT~Oable).
H o caoeMy c o ~ c p x a a ~
3TH n a p a r p a ~ u (193, 194 H 196) apa~ aH
6y~yT BbI3bIBaTb c n o p ~ ; O~HarO, He CO~CM ~ c r r o B ~ b HX CB~3b C O ~ H M H3~O~eHHCM MaTepHa~a a r~anHofi qaCTH. EC~H "~HOBHO~ C~HH~Cfi ~ a ~ H ~ a R H H C~OBOO6~3OBaTC~bHOfi CH~CMbI" c q ~ a T b "C~OaOO6paaoaaTC~bHb~ THH" ( ~ p . 135), TO ~ a OHHCaHHR CaOaOo6pa3OnaTe~bHOfi CHCTCMNI HOHgTHg "C~OaOO6pa3oBaTe~bHa~ RCHoqKa", "C~OBOO6pa3oBaTe~bH~ FHe3~o" H " O H ~ B C H H a g MOTHBalls" H ~ a KOFO 3 H a q C H H g
HC ~ C ~ T .
REVIEWS
31
Bc.~ OCTa2IbHOe, qTO HO cpaBHeHHIO C AF 70 SB~aeTCg HO~bIM, MO~KHO pacCMaTpH~aTb ~a~ p~3yYlbTaTbI riepepa6oTl~H, COCTOS~mefi r~aBHb~ o~pa3oM
B yTOqHeHHH, pacIIIHp~HHH, a
OHp~[¢YI~HH~
HHOF,~a H IICpeCTaHOBI~C TCX
OCHOBHbIX HOH$ITH~ M o p ~ M H K H
H C.rIOBOO~pa3OBaHH$1,
~OTOpbI¢ 6b~H ~[aHbI ,~¢C~lTb YI~T TOMy Ha3a~. BBH~y TOrO, '~TO Bee 3TH H3MeHeHH$1 H ~Io6aB~eHHS HI4I~aI(OFO oTpa~eHHfl B HCHTpa~IbHO~ qaCTH "Caosoo6pa3osaHH-q" He Hamaa, He Halo 3~ecb a~asaTbCa B rIO~pO6HOCTH. 1-lpH o6me~ oI~eHi~e pa3~aeaos "OcHoSHbIe aOHSTHS ~opqbe~4HI~a" H "CJIoBOO6pa3OBaHHe" He C~Ic~yCT 3a6bIBaTb, ~TO CO Bp{~M~HH HX HepBoFo
H3~aHHfl npomao He MeHee ~eC$1TH J'leT. Mex~y TeM ~pyFHMH HCCY[e~OBaTeYDIMH PNCC~OFOCY~OBOO6pa3OBaHHS6b~O BbICga3aHO HeMa2IO I]eHHbIX I~pHTHqeCKHX 3aMeqaHH~. H o KaI~ aBTOpbI OTHeCJIHCb K 3TO~ KpHTHI~e? ~ a S ttaa~ocTpaImH ~OCTaTO'~HOnpHSeCTH O~aHHnpH~ep. Cpa3y rioc~Ie B],ixo~a ~ cse~ A F 70 ripe~iOXeHHbie s pa3~eae "BseaeaHe B ~opqbe~mcy" H st,Wepa~aHHbie np~i OnHCaHHH MaTepaaaa ~ pa3aeae "C~iosoo6pa3osaHHe" ripmIUHnbI O6~HHeHHS ~opqboB s O~Hy ~opqbe~y SCTpeTRaH so3paXeHH.q (KpyqHHHHa 1972, CTp. 162). YTsep~K~aa, qTO aHHOMOp~baMH ~IBJI~IIOTCRMOp~bbI, goTopue oTseqalOT Tp~M yCHOeH~IM: (1) TO31~eCTI~eHHla rio 3saqeHHlO; (2) o6Ha~alOT ~bopMa21bSOfi 6.rlH3OCTblO; (3) "ECTb riO3HRHH, B I~OTOpHX He Mox~eT BblCTyHaTb XOTg 6hi OJ]HH H3 21aHHblXMOp0poB (IIpH Ha2IHqHH B 3THX IIO3HI.[HflX ~Ipyroro Mop0paH~a Mop,hoe), npaqeM #pOpMa.abHOepa3HHqHe RaHHblXMop~oB o6ycaoeaeHO coce~HtlMll Mop~aMtl" (3eMcgag 1975, cTp. 18), f[OHaTHH H Y~yxaHOB RBHO OTI~a3a~Hcb OT IIOH~ITHR ~]OHO.rlHHTe.rlbHO~ ~HCTpH~yRHH ~ag HeO~XO~HMOFO
yCY[OBHg ~rlg IIpH3HaHHR pa3~HtIHbIX
MOp~QB Ilpe~cTaBHTC21~IMH O~]HOfi M O p ~ M b I . . HO, rio MHeHHIO 3CM(~KOfi (H He rO.rlbKO ee), ~OH~ITHC ~OnOHHHTe~IbHO~ ~IHCTpH6yRHH npe~IcTan~aeTca npHHHHnHa~hHO Ba3gHbIM npH yCTaHOBHCHHH a.~IoMop~boB. ~TO He CHy~la~HO¢ Tpe6OBaHHC, gOTOpOe MO~KHO IIpHHRTb H2IH He IIpHHRTb. Orga3arbc~ OT IIOHRTH~!~OHOYlHHTeJIbHOi'OpaCIlpe~eJleHHR a21HOMOp~OB3TO 3HaqHT OTlCa3aTbCR OT yTeep~.~ICHH~,qTO ~bOpMa~bHOepa3YlH~lHe MeX~ly a.~Y~OMOp~aMH o6ycJIol~.rleHO HX IlO3HHtlefi B CHOiCe. Mex~ly TeM, aeTopb! Talcoe yrsepxx~eHHe ~eHalOT (3eMc~aa 1975, crp. 19).
floI~aTHH oTBepran 3Ty I~pHTH~y (1977, CTp. 265 H Cn.), yi~a3bma~! Ha MHOrO~aCaeHHble gbal~TbI coBpe~4eHaoro pyccI~oro S3blI~a, I~OTOpble cm~eTeabcTsy~OT B noHb3y MeHeex~eCTKOFO,'leM ~OHO~IHHTeJIbHa~I~IHcTpH6yHH~,T~6OBaHH~ ~ nO3H~HOHHOMy ~ C H ~ e ~ e H H ~ M O ~ B O~HOfi M O ~ M H , XOT~ ~ C H ~ e ~ C H H C 3TO, KOHe~HO, ~ O ~ H O 6b~b ~aMMaTHqH~. ~MeHHO T a K ~ HO~XO~OM 8 ~ H O e~e~eH~e e '~paMMaT~gC 1970' c~e~ym~ero np~H~na ~ c n ~ e ~ e ~ a ~ ~ O M O ~ S : ~ ~ b n O 3 ~ H , S ~OTOpUX He M O ~ s u ~ y n a ~ XOTa 6U O ~ H3 ~aHH~ MO~OB (npa a ~ a q ~ a e 3THX HO3HHHRX
32
REVIEWS
~Ipyroro Mop,ha H.qHMOIXI~oB),TO r a i s e MOp~ld npaHa~aeacaT ~ oaHo~ H TOil ~e M O p , Me (YionaTHa 1977, cTp. 266). I.[HTaTa aTa CBH~eTC.IIbCTByCT O TOM, qTO aBTOp ec CyTb KpHTHKH 3 e M c r o f i
H ~pyrax He~onoHaa. ~ e a o ~ TOM, qTO nTopas q a ~ b " T ~ T b e F O yC~OBHR" (o6ycnoeneHHOCTb~ O p M ~ b a o r o ~3aHqHS ~ O ~ O S c ~ e ~ a ~ a ~ o ~ a u H ) aSHO He cornacyercs c nepso~. ECaH pa3aH~Hble nO ~op~e ~ o ~ u SCT~qamTCa ~ O~O~
H TO~ ~ e HO3HRHH, ~a~ x o r a a
MOmHO roBopHTb
O TOM, qTO ~ 3 ~ H q H e 3TO o6yC~oB~eHO H O 3 ~ H e f i ? O~HHM TO~bKO o H ~ e HHeM BTOpOfi CnOpHOfi q a ~ H ~ e ~ o He H c n p a s ~ a e T c ~ . H a l o HO~H~Tb~
6~0
pa3~HqHg M O ~ O B C O ~ H H M H M O ~ a M H , ~ H
~ e HpH3HaTbcg ~ n p a B ~ b -
H ~ T H H cHpaBe~HBOCTH KpHTHKH H c ~ e ~ a T b ¢ O O T B e T ~ B y ~ e H 3 A F 80 o ~ H a ~ o B ~ H O , ~m~ca.
6~ ~H
OTKa3aTbC~ OT HOHSTHS o6yc~oB~eHHOCTH ~opMa~bHOFO
q~aeM
Ha ~ p .
qTO HH Ha TO, HH Ha
BblBO~bI.
~pyroe ~ O n a T ~
He
125:
~21~1 O61,e,RHHeHH~ B O,~tHy MOpOpeMy ~3HMX MO~OB He~aTOqHO T o ~ e ~ HX 3aaaeaHs n OOHeMaTU~ec~ofi 6 a ~ n . Hy~no eme, ~TO6~ 3TH M O t H xa~TCpn30sa~ncb HO3HRHOHH~M~ c n ~ e ~ e H n e M ~H6o BapHaTHBH~Tb~. ~O~ HO3~HOHHHM ~CH~e~¢HHCM MO~OB HOHHMa~g o6yc~oB~eHH~Tb yHOT~6~eHHS TOrO ~ g
HHOFOMOna C ~ H H M H Mo~aMH.
He H a l O ~yMaTb, qTO OT 3aMCHbl CY~OBOCOqeTaHH~ "~bopMa2lbHOe pa3~HtIHC ' ' "yUOT~6aCHHe" ~eao y~yqm~b. B ~ a q ~ T B e npHMCpa H C C ~ O ~ O HH~C ( ~ p . 126) H p H B O ~ C ~ TaKoFo p o ~ a HO3~HOHHOC
CaOBOM
pacH~e~esHe
MO~OB
-o6~a) H -K(~).
Cycl~bHgca.qbHHfi Mop~b -O~?¢(a) B c~osax, Ha3HBalOUtHX cymc~rBo ~KCHCKOFOno3Ia..., SblCTynaVTnoc~e O~lOC~OaCn~lXl~opnes1,1x Mol~bos H He m,[cTyI~aeTnoc:le HeO~HOCaOaCHI,IX; MOI~P -z(a) He aMeeT Ta~oro orpaah'~eHHa;...
Oxa3bmae~cg ~mm, p ~ T o p ~ e c ~ BOFIpOC O TOM, ~ e f i ~ B ~ e ~ o ~ "o6yc~oB~e~o y n o T ~ e ~ e ~O~OB - ~ ( a ) ~ -~(a) c o c e ~ MO~aMH"? E c ~ cyO~caabHbI~ M O ~ -r(a) MOXeT abi~ynaTb Ha U~Te c y O ~ S H O r O u o ~ a -osr(a), TO O6 O6yCaOaaeHHOCTa ynOT~6aeHas u o ~ a -osr(a) OaH~aOXH~UH ropHesS~a u o ~ a ~ a He MOXeT 6blTb H ~ q H .
Tagoro p o ~ MHO~TBO.
n p R M e p o n M O ~ 8 0 6bmO 6hi, ~ c o ~ e H ~ m ,
He FOBOp~ Ta~xe B noabay aoraqecgo~
npan~Ta
a T~O~T~CKO~
cayaaax, e c ~ a ~ o ~ b I oTseaamT ~ a a a o ~ y " a ~ a a e ~ e c s o ~ y " yc~osam, o a a a o 6 ~ g ~ a m T C a s ogay ~ o ~ y (aanp. c y $ ~ c b ~ -u~(a) a -ux(a), ~oTopbI¢ T O ~ ¢ ~ B C H H ~ HO 3 H a ~ e n n m , 6 a ~ g n n o ~OHCMHOMy ~ T a n y , a ~ c n ~ a e H~¢~OBaT~bHOCTH
a B T O ~ B , qTO ~ O
He BO ~ ¢ X
REVIEWS
33
.llfllOTCfl TaIL qTO cyqbqbHI~C -utt(a) He co~IeTaeTc~t c cydp~HI~COM -nUUUft (CTp. 201), ~ e x z t y TeM ~a~ cyqbqbH~c -ux(a) TaKOrO o r p a H a ~ e a H s 8e a~eeT). I/ITa~, S COCTase "Pycc~ofi r p a ~ t a T H ~ H " , H3~aHHO~ IdHCTHTyTO~ p y c c ~ o r o a3bI~a AKageMHH HayK C C C P B 1980, sb~mao s C~eT STopoe H3~taHHe pa3~eaoB "Bse~eHne ~ MOpqbe~HKy" H " C a o s o o 6 p a 3 o s a a H e " "FpaMMaTHKH coBpeMeHHOFO pyccKoFo ~HTepaTypHoro a3b[~a", H3~aHHO~ TeM ~ e HHCTHTyTOM ~eCaTb .qeT TOMy Ha3a~. K c o x a a e H a m npHxo~tHTCa KOHCTaTHpOBaTb, qTO BTOpOe a3~aHr~e OTHrO~b He ~B~fleTC~ tuaFOM Bnepe~ B pa38HTHr~ y'~eHnao pyccKoM caosoo6pa3osaHHa. U o n o e r~3~taHHe MO~HO Ha3BaTb nepepa6OTaHHbIM, paCl.HHpeHHbIM ~I ,aOHOY~HeHHbIM, HO ~IcnpaB.JIeHHbIM eFo HH~aI~ He Ha3oBegub.
JOCHEN RAECKE
Universitdt Tiibingen
BHBflHOFPA~D14fl 3eMCKa~, E. A.: 1975, 'O nOHIITHH "nO3HRH~" B C~IOBOO6pa3oBaHHH', B gH.: Pa~sumue coape~eunoeo pycocoeo ~ ¢ a 1972, C/toaoo6pa~osa~ue. tI~enu~ocmb c~osa, OT~. pe~.
E. A. 3e~c~aa, Moc~sa, 14-25. Kpynn~HHa, I4. H.: 1972, 'Hay~uaa x~3~', Bonpoc~a n~a~co~nanun, sun. 3, 159-66. 51onarHH, B. B. : 1977, Pycc~ca~ c~o~oo6pa~osame~bnaa gop~e~u~a, llpo6~e~b~ U npun~un~ onucauua, Moc~na. Fpa~amtaca conpe~euuoeo pycc~coeo ~umepamypnoeo n ~ a , 1970, OTS. pe~t. H. IO. Ill~eao~a, Moc~aa. Pycc~a:t epa,u:~amwca, 1980, To~ 1, ra. pea. H. IO. lll~e~tosa, Moc~sa.
' M o p ~ x a o r a a ' , CTp. 4 5 3 - 7 3 6 . F l p e ~ a r a e M a a arlHMaHrlm qrlTaTe~I~l peiIerl3rl~l pa3:xeaa " M o p q b o a o r a a " HOaOfi aKazte~Hqecro~ r p a u ~ a T a r n pyccKoro a a b l r a ( c o g p a m . : A F 80) COCTOnT n3 Tpex ~ a e r e ~ : (1) B nepaofi qacTn ~xaeTca x a p a r T e p a e r n K a c o ~ t e p x a a a a , r o M n o a n u n n n cTpyrTypb~ aTOrO p a 3 g e a a , o n a aMeeT npenuymecTaeHHO a a ~ o p u a TnaHbIfi x a p a r T e p . (2) Bo ~TOpO~ a a ~ n
npoaoaaTCS
rpnTnra
aaHHoro
~3aeaa
c
B n y T ~ n H e f i (HMMaHCHTHO~) TO~KH 3 ~ n n a .
(3) T ~ T b R
~aCTb Co~cp~HT ~pHTH~CCKHC 3aMC~aHH~,
OTHOCH~CC~
K H ~ C T a B ~ e H H O f i B pa3~e~e MO~O~OFHqeCKOfi KOH~eH~HH.
1. H o B a s aKa~eMHqecKas rpaMMaTHKa OT~HqaeTcfl OT npe~ltuecTBy~otttefi 'FpaMMaTm~H CoBpeMeHHOrO p y c c ~ o r o s3l, li~a' 1970 r o s a ( c o ~ p a m . : A F 70) B nepByro oaepe~Ib no csoefi nteaeycTaHoB~e. A F 70 " n p e x ~ e
34
R~V~EWS
scero o r p a ~ a e r IIOHCI~H'MOReYIHOIIHCaHHfl'" (At" 70, crp. 3), T.e. OHa "CTa~H~a ripe~Ie ecero reopeTI~teCKHe 3aJIaqH, He rlpeTeH)aol;a~a Ha HOJIHOTT OHHCaHHfl H ~bLIIa llpe/iHa3HaqeHa i l p e ~ e Bcero ~rI~i cIIelIHaJIHCTOB" ( A I ~ 80, CTp. 3). Me~r~y reM, A F 80 CTaBHT ce6e Ileylbio "COBMeCTHTb HayqHoe OHHCaHHe FpaMMaTI~IeCl~OrO CTpO~! coBpeMeHHOFO pycc~oro ~lHTepaTypHoro g3bII~a C HopMaTHBHb~MH peI~OMeH~aIIHgMH H otteHI~a~" (CTp. 3). ECaH H~eT~, ~ ~H~y, ~TO A F 70 npe~cra~aaaa co6o~ c~oero podia "3~cnepH~eHr" (AF 70, CTp. 4), rO npH O3HaI~o~aeHHH C A F 80 HeBO3MO~HO H 3 6 e ~ a T b BHetIaTYleHH,q, qTO 3TOT :3KCIIepHMeHT riO HCTeqeHHH .~eCSTH .~eT nO I~pafiHefi M e p e B OTHOmeHHH
HaH6o.~ee c y m e c r ~ e H m , ~ x
s o n p o c o s CqHTaeT¢g ney,~aqHbnVL ~TO i~acaeTcs, e qaCTHOCTH, o6cy~r~aeMOFO 3]Iecb MopqboaorHqec~oro pa3zteaa. MaTepg_aa, pacnpe~IeaeHHe ~o~oporo s A F 80 eme 6y~e~ n p e g ~ e r o ~ o c o 6 o r o pacc~4oTpeHHS (C~. HHge), pacc~awp~sa~ca ~ A F 70 ~ rpex "pasHonpaeH],lx" pa3~eaax: Mol~boaorHs ( F p a ~ a r a ~ e c ~ H e Knaccb~ H pa3p~l~Ibl C~IOB; F p a ~ a r g qec~He ~areropHH; rlapagHr~arH~a); Y~lapegHe; AabrepHaUHH (qepegosaHHe qbOHeM). Bbtaeae~He gsyx nocaegHHX pa3ge~o~ C~HTa~OC], ~ TO s p e ~ a "npUnUHnHanbH0 eagH],t~4 .... ~ c~b~c~Ie ~o~no3ImHH H c~py~Typb~ ~H~rn" (AF 70, crp. 5). B A F 80 asTopb[ 6e3 ~a~oro-aH6O 3gcnammrHoro O6OCHOeaHHa OTI~a3aY~HCBOT OCO6OrO sbi~eneHHs 3THX pa3~IeYioB. O ~ i a aHmb ccbgt~a Ha TO, ~TO A F 80 HMeeT IleneycTaHom~y, OTaHqHym OT ueaeycTaHOm~H A F 70, He a s n s e r c s ~OCTaTO~/HBIM O6OCHOSaHHeM ~ a oT~a3a OT I~OMnO3HRHOH~OrOH c T p y ~ y p H o r o npHnUHna, oco6o S~ta~Hr a e ~ o r o ~ecarb n e t ~o~y Ha3ag. -,. Pa3~en 'Mol~boaorH~q' ~ A F 80 noc'rpoen caegymtuH~ o6pa3o~. OCHO~HOe ~eHeHHe pa3~Ieaa 6a3Hpyercs Ha pacnpegeaeHHH ~opqboaorHqec~oro ~a~epHa~a no qaCTS~ peqH. DrO 3Ha'roT, qTO orgeabHbte npo6ae~],i, ~ o ~ o p b ~ ~ A F 70 6bL~H nocsameHb~ oco6bie pa3~enb~ (ygapeHHe, aab~epHaUHH), COORS. no~pa3geabi (rpa~aTHqeC[He r~accb~ H pa3ps~bi cnos H T.g.), S A F 80 coraacHo npHHttHny qaeHeHHs pa3~Ieaa HO q a ~ f l M ~ q H pa36HBa~TCfl Ha ~ a ~ H , ~H~eHHbIe B3RHMOCBfl3H. ~aBaM,
HOCB~eHHBIM
qaCTflM
~qH,
H~eCTByeT
gOTOpOM p a ~ M a T p H B a ~ T C f l c o g e p ~ a H H e , ~ e H H e
BBe~eHHe,
B
H OCHOBHBIe HOHfl~fl
B ~ F O p a 3 g e ~ a . K M O ~ O ~ O F H H , TpagTyeMO~ NaN " ~ a ~ b
FpaMMaT~KOFO
~ a s3bma", r.e. ~a~ COCTaSHas ~aCTb "'S3~OSOfi ge~CTSHTen~aO~H" (~. Fpyqa), OTH~aTCa 3ai~oHbl H3MeHeHHII CJIOB i~ai~ npe~tcTasrrreneii FpaMMaTHqeeiCHX i~JlaCcoi~ -- qacTefi peqr~; CaM~ 3T~ ~ a c c ~ H np~Ha~ne~au~He H~ Mop~o~IoFIoIeC~He ~aT¢l'OpHH; ~pOpMbl CYlOB H c ~ c r e ~ I 3tax qbop~ c xapa~rep~iM~ ~n~ ~ x ~ o p q b e ~ a ~ ; ~ e ~ c ~ o - r p a ~ a r ~ e c ~ i ~ e p a 3 p ~ a s~yrpH qacrefl p e ~ (crp. 8).
REVIEWS
35
OCHOBHO~ e~aam~e~ TaI~HM o6pa3oM TpaI~TyeMo~ MOpqbO~lOrHH ~IB~I~IeTCR "caoBo", ~OTO~e o n ~ e a a e T c a sa~ "CaCTeMa scex e r o ~OpM C HX ~aMMaTHqeCrHMH 3aaqcHaaMH" (CTp. 453). HpHHa~C~HOCTb caoaa r OH~HHO~
qaCTH ~ q H OCHOBb~BReTC~ Ha CrO ~KCHq~CKOM 3Haq~HHH
H Ha ¢rO FpRMMRTHqeC~HX 3HaqeHHaX. ToqHee FoBopR, ~aCTb p ~ R O n ~ ~ g ~ T C f l Ha OCHOBaHHH ~Byx KpHTepH~B: BO-H~pBbIX, Ha OCHOBaHHH TaK Ha3bIBa~MOFO "O606~HHOFO
3Haq¢HHfl"
OTHOCfl~HXCg K H ~
C~OB,
BO-~TOpblX, aa ocaosaaaa "xapa~Tepaoro ~ s s a x ~ o r o Tasoro ~aacca go~naesca r p a ~ a T a a e c g a x ( ~ o ~ o a o r ~ e c z a x ) ~aTeropa~" (~p, 453). HpnMepOM ~ a nepBoro KpaTepna MO~eT c n y ~ n T b O 6 0 6 ~ e a a o e Bnaqeane "npouecca", roTopoe CBO~CTBeHHOBCeMCaOBaM, OTaOCamnMca r r~aroay rag aacTn ~ q n . • OpMU C~OBa TparTy~TCa B AF 80 r a t " ~ r y a a p n u e B~OnBMenenna C~OBa" (CTp. 454), TOXaeCTBeHHUeno CBOeMy aegcnaeCrOMy 3Ha~enn~ ~ O T ~ a ~ H ¢ C f l n o CBOnM MO~OaoraaeCrnM 3naqeHnRM. B ~ 3 y ~ b T a T e OTBBeqeHHfl OT ~eKcHqeCKOFO 3HaqeHHfl KaKOfi-BH60 ~OpMbI Ho~yqaeTcfl
"a6~paKTaUfi rpaMMaTaHecrn~ o6paaeu", HaablBaeMufi "MO~O~Orns~rOfi ~OpMOfi" (cp. CTp. 454). TepMnn "~opMa" ynoTpe6aaeTca, TarnM o6paBoM, B paBauX Baaaenaax. HanpnMep, B ~OpMe (C~OBO~OpMe) c m o ~ 3 a CaOBa cmo~ n ~ a ~ a B a e a a "~opMa cymecTBnTeabnoro Myx. p., ea. ~. TB. n." (CTp. 455). Hpn o6paBoBannn ~OpMU (CaOBO~OpMbI) raroro-an6o CaOBa "coxpanaeTCa B UeaOCTn ero ~ e r c ~ e c r o e 3naaenne" (CTp. 455). Ha 6aBe Bcero na6opa aTnX ~OpM r o n ~ y n p y e T c a "aoanaa napaanrMa", rOTOpas MOXeT B r ~ q a T h HeCKO~bKO "qa~nb~X n a p a ~ r M " . "Bo r~aBe" nO~HOfi napa~rMbi CTO~ TaK naablBaeMaa " n c x o ~ a s ~opMa", n ~ a c T a B ~ a ~ a s BC~ napaanrMy. B cy6~anTaBnux a aa~rTaBaUX napaanrMax aTy po~b BbmOaaaeT aM. n. ea. ~. (MyX. p. y np~araTeabHUX), B raaro~baux n ap a~r Max ~opMa n a ~ n T n B a . ~ e u T p ~ b a y ~ poab BayTpn ~Baeaa " M o ~ o ~ o r n a " , B aaCTHOCTa npn onn~nnn
CBOBOHBMeHeHHfl, nrpaeT nonflTne "MO~O~OFHq¢CKRfl
KaTCropnR", on~ aenenne KOTOpOFO n O ~ n O ~ b m OCHOBaHO Ha H3BeCTHOfi
r o ~ e n u n n A. B. Boaaapro (cp., aanpnMep, Bonaapro 1976). "BayTpa OaHOfi ~ a ~ n ~ n paau MO~Oaornqecrnx ~OpM o6paay~T MO~O~OrnqecKy~ raTeropn~", T.e. Cn~eMy "npOTnBOnOCTaB]enHb~XApyr apyry pSaOB MO~O~ornqecrux ~OpM C o ~ o p o a n U M a Baa~ennaMn" (~p. 455). HanpnMep, raTeropna a n t r a B py~rOM sabine COCTOnT nB aByx paaOB Mop~o~orna¢crnx ~OpM, nB paaa ~OpM e a ~ B e n n o r o n paaa ~OpM MnoxecTBeanoro ancaa. B n ~ p n MO~Oaornaecxnx raTeropnfi Bb~e~a~TCa aBa r a a ~ a : (a) KOMnOneHTU "CaOBOnBMennTenbnofi" MO~OaOr~ecrofi gaTeropaa
36
REVIEWS
npe~cTan~eHsi qbopMaMH O~lOrO H TOrO me c a o a a , l-lpHMepOM MOmeT cHy~nTb l~aTerOpHS aHRa y r ~ a r o ~ o s ; (6) KOMrlOH~HTbI "HeC.qO~OH3MeHHTCYlbHO~" MOp~bostorHqec~ofi ~aTerOpHH ~pe~icTa8HeHbi qbopMaMH pa3HbIX CaO8. l-lpHMepaMH MOFyT C.rly~HTb p o ~ CyLIICCTBHTC.rlbHHXH BI~I FJIaFO~IOB. OTMeqeHHblC OCHOBHHe HOHaTHa COCTaBJ~R~OT TeopeT~iecl~ym 6a3y ~ l S n o c a e a y m I u e r o n o a p o 6 n o r o onacaHHS MOpqbo~IoraH pyccx~oro asbiga. K a g y x e OTMe'~a.qocb, 3TO OrlHCaHHe p a c n a a a e T c s Ha pa3aeas~, COOTB~TCTBylOIRH~ '~aCTSM pe~H pyccgo~'o s 3 u r a : B COBpCMeHHOMpyCcgOM s3blge cyulccrByer ~IeCSTb qacTefi peqn: (1) aMa cymecrBaTeabaoe; (2) MecxoaMeHae-cymecTsaTeabnoe; (3) HMS npnaaraTeabnoe; (4) a~s saCaaTeabao~; (5) aapeaae; (6) raaroa; (7) npe~or; (8) coma; (9) saCTHa~; (10) sleacao~erae (¢rp. 457). B 3a~HCH~OCTH OT TOrO, o6pa3ylOT ~IH CJIoBa OT~C~IbHHX qacTe~ p e ~ ~OpMb~ ~ H HeT, ~aCTH ~ ~e~aTCa Ha "H~MenaeMbIe" (1--4; 6) n " n e n a u e n a e u b i e " (5; 7 - 1 0 ) . H 3 u e n s e u b ~ e ~ a ~ a ~ a a , c o cnoefi ~ O ~ H b I , pa3aeasmTCS n a " c r a o n s e ~ b l e " ( 1 - 4 ) a " c n p a r a e ~ b i e " (6). H u e n n o a 3TO~ H O C ~ O B a T ~ b H O ~ H H3M~H~MH~ q a ~ H p~qH H o 6 c y ~ a ~ T C ~ , np~qeM C~OBOH3M~H~HH~ K a ~ H ~ pa3 3aHHMa~T RCHTp~bHOe M ~ O . B B ~ y TOFO, qTO B O T ~ b H b l X r ~ a a a x n p a r T n ~ e c r R HpHMCHg¢T¢fl O~HH a TOT x e n p n n u ~ p a c n ~ g e a e n n a u a T e p a ~ a , u ~ u o x e u o ~ a n a a n T ~ e a TeM, STO n p o g e u o a e T p n p y e u aTOT n p a ~ n n n a o a a o u n p n u e ~ . C a~o~ ~ e a ~ m paCCMOTpnM r a a ~ y " n ~ a c y m e e T a n T e a b n o e " ( ~ p . ~ 0 - 5 3 0 ) . B raa~e a a e a e n n a aTO~ r a a ~ b i c a y x a T o T a e a " O 6 ~ s xaparTepa~a" s a e T a ~ s a " a u s c y m e e T a a T e a s a o e " . ~ T a SaCT~ ~ S a o n ~ ~eaa~ea ra~ aa~ ~sn c o6o6menas~ anaseaneu "n~no~n", a~xpaxam~MCa a eaoaon3~en~eabnbxx ra~eropnsx aneaa a naaexa n ~ n e c a o a o a ~ M e n ~ e a s n o f i r a T e r o p n n p o a a . K p o u e TOrO ~ p a ~ r a x o 6 m e f i x a p a r T e p a e T n r n aTO~ saeTn p e q n p a e e u a T p n ~ a m T e a Tar a a 3 ~ i a a e u b i e "aercnro-rpa~uaT~rae paap~u", ~bmeaaeu~xe anyTpn n u e n c y m e ~BHT~bHbIX. Pa3~Hqa~T~fl ¢ ~ y ~ H ~ pa3pflRb~ ~ y ~ ¢ C T B ~ b H b l X ~ (1) e o 6 e T a e a n b i e n n a p ~ a T e a b a s I e ; (2) co6npaTeabn~xe; (3) ~ e m ~ T a e a n b ~ e ; (4) K O ~ T H H e ~ OTaae~enn~te; o a ~ e ~ a e n n b ~ e n n e o a y m e a a e n n b I e . Kar ~ o na a T o r o n e ~ q n e a e n ~ , ~ A F 80, ~ OTaaqne OT a p y r a x uo~oaornseernx o n n e a n n f i - n a n p a u e p , A F 70 - , neT r a T e r o p n n 0aymeaaean~n-aeoa~eaaena~a. 3a o 6 m e f i x a p a ~ T e p a ~ o f i eaeaye~ ~eCUOT~nne ~o~oaorasecrnx KaTerOpHfi p o g a ~ n a g ¢ ~ a , npHq¢M O ¢ O 6 ~ BHnMaHn¢ yge~fleTCg O n ~ H R ~ C ~ C T a a b x p a x e n a a n 3 n a s e n a f i aTnX r a T e r o p ~ . B r a q ~ a e npauepa MO~ c~y~nTb KaTerop~ ~a~e~a, ab~pa~am~aaca n~e B~ro
REVIEWS
37
dp.rleI~CH~lMn H ~IOrlOYIHHTeJIhHO tlepe~IOBaHH~IMH dpOHeM B ~HOBaX c y m e CTBHTeabHUX n "cne~HaabnUMH ar~eHTHUMH xaparTepHCTnraMn" (CTp. 475). 3HaaeHna n a a e x e f i - aTO, c o r a a c H o A F 80, a 6 ~ p a r a H a , OTaaeneHnue OT HX CHHTarCH~KHX
~yHrRHfi.
B
KaHecTBe
OCHOBHblX Ha~e~HblX
3HaHeHH~ Bb~e~H~TC~, B qRCTHOCTH, 3HaqeHHR O ~ K T H O e ,
cy6~KTHOe
H OH~ehHTe~bHOe. C a e ~ y m m H ~ 6 o a b m o ~ pa3~e~, n ~ s a m e H a b I ~ CgaOHeaHm HMeH cy m e~SHTeabHb~X ~bHe~meM
(CTp.
483--507),
aasHHaeTcs
c
OnHCaHHS Oae~ca~.
TepMHHOM "C~aOaeHHe" o 6 o 3 H a a a ~ T c a
za~xe
B
CH~eMb]
~ae~cH~ H g a a ~ b ~ c~o8, H3MeHS~HXCS ORHHM H TeM ~ e Cn~O6OM. B H ~ p H cymecT~aTeabHbIX 8 A F 80 pa3~H~a~Tca ~ e r o Bs~y
TOrO, aTO n o c , e ~ H H e a H ~ e ~ H ~ H p o s a a b ~
TpH CgaoaeaHa.
TO~bKO HO n a~ ex n b l M
~opMaM eaHHCTBeHHOrO a a c a a , TO cgaoHeaHa eaHHCTSeHHOrO H MHOXe~BeHHOFO s a c r a OHHCbIBa~TC~ B OCO6bIX pa3~e~ax. B KOMMeHTapH~X, OTH~R~HXCH K OT~e~hHbIM CK~OHeHHRM, HpeR~ a a a e H b l c a e g y m m a e HH~OpMaUHH: Ha6op ~aerCH~ a ~OHeMaTHqeCrO~
lal, P . - IHI, ~ . - lel, B. - l Y l , Ta. - Iojl ( - Iojyl), Hp. - lel" ( ~ p . 489); ~aHHue HHTeHCnOH~b-
TpaHCKpHHRHH; cp., HaHpHMep, II CKaOHeHHe: " H . -
n o r o H 3rcTenCHOHaabnoro x a p a r T e p a o TOM, r a t h e c y m e c T a H T e a b n u e OTH~aTCa r
abmeaaeMb1M CraOHeHHaM n rarOabl HX O T a H q ~ e a b H U e
npH3HarH ; cp., HanpnMep, K I cr~oaenmo OTHOC~TC~!HO~ITHace cymecTsareabH~e My~. p., 3a Hcramqea~eM enos c ~baeecaefi - lal (op~borp. -a a -~) (.~yy,omna, cydbn, ~ouoma), aaMeaammaxca no II c~.a., a Tagx~e c~ona nymb, H3MeH~IOII~eFO~gHO III Cga. K I cr~. OTHOCSTCSTa~x~e cyKleCTaHTe.~bHbl¢ cp¢~. p., gpOMg ne6oabmofi rpynn~ c~oa aa -Mn a caosa c)umn, OTnOCamHXCa ~ III C~a. (CTp. 484); "o6pa~ttbl CI~21OHeHH~I"B opOporpagbH,~ecrofi 3aIIHCH, T.e. Ha6opb~ nage~HbXX ~OpM
OTgenbHbIX
C~Oa,
npHqeM
pa3a~amTca
C m O n e H ~ . H o ~ aTHM He o n ~ a e a a e M ~ U Ba~TCS COBCeM p a a H o ~ n u e
"pa3HOa~HOCTH"
~ TerCTe nOHaTHe~ no~pa3yMe-
~ a r T u , nanpHMep, c r p a ~ H a ~ r o f i TOqKH
3peHHa a a a n M o p a a ~ n q a ~ n e c a
~aaaaaHHH
~aercnfi,
Tox~e~BeHHblX
C TOq~H 3 ~ H H R ~OHO~OFHqeC~Ofi -- cp. pa3HOBH~HOCTH II CK~OHeHHS y OCHOB Ha " T s e p ~ b l f i " cor~acnhlfi, C O ~ O f i CTOpOHbI, H Ha "MSrrHfi", c ~ p y r o f i - , a T a r ~ e aa6opb~ ~ a e r c H ~ , p a 3 ~ a ~ H X C a rHq~KOfi
TOqKH 3~HHfl
-- cp.
TpH
pa3HOB~HO~H
n C ~OHO~OIII
CK~OHeHHR,
HO OTHOmeHH~ ~ ~ e K C H ~ M TBOpHTe~bHOFO ( --
Ijyl,
--IOMI, --IOMI) H HMeHHTeflbHOFO/BHHHTe~bHOFO H a ~ e ~ e ~ (0, 0, -
lal).
pa3fl~a~mHeCR ~pHH~HHH~bHO
aHa~OrHqHOe
OHHGaHHe ~ O H e H H ~
~HCfla, S ~OTOpOM He coxpaHseTcs y ~ a Ho af l eH H o e ~ f l
MHO~eCTBeHHOFO e~BeHHoro
qHcfla p a 3 ~ a H ~ e s H e T ~ X CK~OHeHH~, OT~HqaeTC~ TeM, qTO H a v e . H , o 6 ~ a -
38
REVIEWS
~ a m m n e 6 o a b m e qeM O~IltOfi dp~excaefi - H . : - Inh- lal,- I~1; P - : - Io~ h -101,-0; Ta. : - l a M ' n l , - I M ' ~ [ - ~ c c M a T p ~ a a m T c ~ O T ~ e ~ O ( g a n n u e o ceManTnqecr~x, c T p y ~ T y p n u x , CTn~nCTnqec~nx ~ ~ p y r u x r a q e c T a a x cymecTa~Te~bnb~x, x a p a r T e p n 3 y e M u x npeano~TnTeabn~tM y n o T ~ 6 ~ e nneM TOrO ~ a g nnOrO o r o n ~ a ~ n s ) . OTge~bnO paccMaTpnaaeTcs ~ c r ~ o n e n g e Tex cymecTBRTe~bnbIX, B rOTOpb~x ~HOB~t eanaCTaeHHOrO H
- -
qHC~a OT~HqamTCS ~pyr OT g p y r a Ha~n~neM, nepe~oBasneM c y ~ H K C O B -- CM. HM. n. e~. q. g p e c m b a ~ u H
MHO~eCTBeHHOFO
OTCyTCTBHeM H~H
HM. H. MH. q. ~pecmbaue; riM. ft. e a . a. eoA~ono~ - tiM. n. MH. q. s o d ~ a m a .
~o6o
paCCMaTpHBa~TCfl TaKm¢ c a e ~ y m m g e K~accbI cy~¢CTBHTe~bHblX:
cy~eCTBHTeBbHble,
H3MeHfl~HeCfl
HO
a~eKTHBHOMy
CK~OHeHH~ ;
cymecTB~Te~bHb~e, g3MeHsmm~ecs no "CMemaHHOMy CK~OHeHH~", T.e. TarHe c a y a a n , r o r a a a HM. H. ea. q. co~epxHTC~ O~eKCH~ I H~H II CK~OHeHHg,
a
XOTfl 6hi
B O~HOM
KOCBeHHOM
naaexe
oa~Hq~TByeT
~eKCHfl, xapaKTepHa~ ~fl
HpH~aFaTehbHbIX a ~ K T H B H O F O CK~OHeHH~ -
cp. HM. H. e~. q. nUqb~ -
po~.
n. e~. q. n u ~ b e f i ; cy~eCTBHTeBbHMe C
TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM "Hy~eBblM OKOHqaHHeM", T.e. TaKHe cy~eCTBHTe~bHble, naaexHb~e
OOpMbI
KoTopblX
~u6pemmo, paduo n a p .
RB~TCg
TarnM
OMOHHMHqHbIMH
o6pa3oi
-
cp.
3agaHqaaaeTca
6oa,
onncanne
CK~OHeHHfl cy~eCTBHTe~bHMX B y3KOM CMblC~e 9TOFO c ~ o a a . C a e ~ y ~ H ~ pa3~e~
HOCBg~eH
B
~OHeMHOM
co,aBe
OCHOB OT~e~bHblX C~OBO~OpM cy~eCTBHTe~bHMX.
OHHCaHH~
pa3~HqH~,
HMe~HXC~
B CBg3H C
aTnM aaOaaTC~ a ~ a nOnaTnS: ( l ) " a a b T e p H a U a o H n b ~ p a a OOHeM" - aTO n a p a , COCTOn~afl n3 p ~ o a
mnnamaa"
OOneM - cp., H a n p n M e p , p s a " 3 a ~ o e ~ 3 b l q H a g --
(T.e., I ~ 1 - Iql, I r ~ - 13t~, I x l -
pacn~e~ean~
lml); (2) ~ 3 a a n c n i o c T n
q~eHOa a ~ b T e p H a ~ H o o n b ~ x p ~ a o a
pa3aaqaeTc~
necro~bro
"~nnoa
a oc8oaax
COOTnOmenna
OCHOa".
OT
CaOBO~OpM
B
raqecTae
npnMepa MOXnO npnaecTn TpeTn~ Tan: "OanH ( n e p a b ~ ) ~ e 8 p s a a coaepxnTC~ ~o acex ~ o p M a x ea. ~. n ~ n i . - a a n , n. Ma. ~., a a p y r o ~ q a e a - ~o acex ~ o p M a x i n . ~., r p o i e nM.-a~H, n.; 8 a n p n M e p , p ~
Oa' - al. ~ ~bproab, ~prau, ~dproabm, ~bp~au - ~epradm, ~epredmu, (o) ~eprahx" (CTp. 507). ~oc~ehHgg
qaCTb r ~ a a b l "HM~ c y ~ e c T B H T e ~ b H O e " nOCBfl~eHa OnHca-
HH~ yaa~Hn~. 9TO~
qaCTH
~HOBOHo~ara~nM
gB~eTCfl
nOORTne
npn
paCCMOT~HHH M a T e p n a ~ a
"arReHZHbI~
coaepxnT HH~OpMaRH~ O pacn~e~eHnn
THn".
yaa~nn~
ArReHTHblfi
a
Tnn
Ha o c 8 o a e n ~ e K c H f l X
B n a ~ e m H b l X O o p M a x eaHHCTBeHHOFO H MHoxeCTBeHHOFO qHc~a. B A ~ 8 0 p a 3 ~ H q a e T c ~ BOCeMb aKHeHTHblX THHOB CK~OHeHHfl HMeH cy~eCTBHTe~bHMX, H a n p H M e p , aKHeHTHH~ THH A : "HenOaBHXHOe y a a p e H H e Ha O~HOM H TOM me c ~ o r e OCHOBbl 8 0 Bcex ~ o p i a x " B:
(CTp. 5 1 1 ) ; aKHeHTHbI~ THn
" y ~ a p e n n e na ~ a e ~ c a n a o acex ~ o p M a x ea. n Mn. ~., r p o i e
~opib~
REVIEWS
39
HM. II. MH. q., B KOTOpO~ y~apeHHe Ha OCHOBe" (TaM me). l-lprl aTOM ~,qS K a ~ I o r o arUeHTHOrO TnI~a npnaO~STCfl CK~OHeHHS OTHOCSttlHX¢fl K HCMy cymecTBHTem,m,ix, npHqeM y,mT~,ma~oTcs n po~oabIe pa3~HqHfl H pa3~H~Hfl B KO~HqCCTB~ ~OFOB. ~ O ~ O ¢ BHHMaHHe y~e~SeTCS O n H C a H ~ arUCHTHUX THnoa pluralia ~ n t u m H Tar Ha3~laaeM~M "OCO6b~M Sa~enHSM a yaa~HHH". HaMeSeHHb~C a ~ m e
npneMb~ OnHCaHHS nMeHH cymeCTaHTe~bnoro
npHMCHfl~TCS aBTOpaMH H B pa3~e~ax, nOCBnmeHHb~X O n H ~ H H ~ ~ p y r n x H3MeHflCMb~X ~acTe~ ~ S H . HpH 3TOM, e ~ a e H H O , OHH~aH F~aFo~.
B
OT~H~H~ OT aCex
~pyrnx
HaH60~ee n o a p o 6 H o F~aB,
HOCBfl~HHbIX
H3MeHffeMblM q a ~ a M ~ q H , B r~aBe " F a a r o ~ " FpaMMaTHqeCKHe KaTeFOpHH TpaKTy~TC~ He TO~bKO H30~HpOBaHHO, HO, HOMHMO 9TOFO, B COOTBeT~By~e~
qaCTH F~aBbI HOMe~eTC~ pa3~ea, B KOTOpOM yqHTblBa~TC~ H
B3aHM~Bg3H 3THX ~aTeropa~. HO~O6HOrO ~ 3 ~ e ~ a B A F 70 neT. OnH~HHe CaOSOH3MeHeHHS r a a r o . o ~ pa3~eaaeTcg Ha ~ e SaCTH. B nepBofi ~ a ~ H p a c c M a T p H s a ~ c a " c n p s ~ e H n e " , T.e. "H3MeHeHHe r a a r o ~ a n o ~HUaU, a p e u e H a u , H a r a o n e H H ~ , ~HC~aU H -- a n p o m . ap. n c o c ~ a r a r . Ha~. - no polar"
(crp. 647). BHyrpa a r o ~ ~ e a a ~ H r ~ a r o ~ u p a c n ~ -
~e~fl~TC~ HO TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM "C~OBOH3MeHHTe~bHb~ K ~ a ~ a M " . ~ o ~
arHM rep~HHO~ n o ~ p a 3 y ~ e a a ~ x c s ~" r p y n n u r a a r o a o a , n p ~ a ~ e ~ a m n x r o~ouy
H T o ~ y ~ e c n p n ~ e H H ~ H xaparrepa3y~mHXCS r o ~ e c x a e H H U ~
~op~HU~ coorHOmeHHeU ~ H O a n p o m . H Hacr. a p . " (cxp. ~ 7 ) . C~OBOH3MeHHTe~bHble K~a~bI C O O T B ~ B y ~ T "C~OBOH3MeHHTe~bHbIM r H n a u " A F 70. BTopas qaCTb n o c a s m e H a arpH6yrHaHUU O o p u a ~ , r.e. npHaaCrH~M ~ ~eenpH~aCXHS~. OnHCaHHe ~bTepnauHOnH~IX pfl~Oa OOHe~ H y a a ~ H H S Bb~e~fl~Cfl B OCO6bIe F~aBbI.
2. Bo BTOpOfi qaCTH HaCTosmefi pCHeH3HH 6y~IeT o 6 c y ~ e H
MopqboYIO-
FHtlCCKHfi pa3~cn A F 80 c "HMMaHCHTHOfi" T O ~ H 3~HHg. ~TO 3 H a q ~ , ~TO M~ H ~ B a p H T e n ~ H O Hp~HMaeM KOHHCHHH~, H p e ~ a B ~ e H H y ~
B
3TOM pa3~e~e, H 3a~aeM BoHpoc, He HpOHCXO~T nH HpH ~ H 3 a H H H 3TOil KOHHCHHHH BHyT~HHHC HpOTHBO~qHH, HpHMCH~TCS ~H H B ~ e p ~ a H ~ I ~H Hocne~oBaTen~HO OH~C~CHHH OT~C~bHbIX HOHHTHfi, gB~H~TC~ ~H OHH ROCTaTOqHO a~CKBaTHbIMHH T.R. ASTOp~I A F 80 o r p a H ~ H ~ a ~ T C S H~HMy~e~BeHHO OHH~HHCM COOTBCT C T B y ~ c F O H3bIKOBOrO MaTCpH~a H HC CT~MHTCH K 3KCH~HTHOMy O6OCHOBaHH~ 3TOFO OHHCaHH~. OHH HpOCTO y n o T ~ 6 n S ~ T Te ~ H HH~IC onpc~eneHHg HHHFBH~eCKHX HOHgTHfi H npH n O M O ~ 3THX HOHSTHfi OHHCHBa~T ~3HKOBMC ~aKTH. TaKofi n o ~ o ~ flB~eTC~ C TOHKH 3~HHH Hc~CyCTaHOBKH ~HCH3HpyCMOfi KHHFH BHO~He O6OCHOBaHHbIM H HO3TOMy
40
REVIEWS
He ~O~'Ie~HT I(pHTHI(e. H o 3TOT IIO~XO~ Mox~eT 6b~Tb y~aqHblM TO2IbKO IIpH yCflOBHH, ~TO Ilpe,~CTaB.~I(~HHOe B KHHF(~ OIIHCaHH(~ g3blKOBOFO MaTepHa2la 6y~eT OCHOBblBaTbC~IHa ~ICHOfi, TeOpeTH~I(~(~I(HH MeTO~I~IeCI(H npo~IyMaHHO~ 3HatIHT,
H
IIO~]e~IOBaT~.~bHO BbI~ep~aHHOfi
t l T O HHTepnpeTaHH~I
O~HOBblBaTb(~I Ha
KOHI~(~III~HH. ~TO
Mop(I)OYlOFHqCCKHX ~IBYleHHfi ~O.~KHa
CHCTeMe TOqHO OHpe~e~I~HHI~IX YlHHFBHCTHtI~(~KHX
IIOHflTHfi, BblT¢ICaIOIXtHX H30IIpe~CYleHHOfi I¢OHI~CIIHHH, x o p o m o c o r a a -
cy~onmxcs ~pyr c ~pyroM H CBO~SmHXCS "IC I~aKoMy-aH60 He6oa~moMy Ha6opy ~KCn~H~HTHO3a~aHH~IX HCXO~H~IX( ----Heonpe~eaeHH~iX) nOHSTH~" (Mea~qy~ 1975, cTp. 8). ~]pyrHMH CaosaMH, ~ce nOHSTHS, I~oTop],xe He ssas~oTcs HCXO~ZMH, ~Oa~H~I ~OHCTHTyHposaT~cS " T O ~ O aH60 H3 HCXO~H~tX, aH60 H3 y~e payee oHpe~eaeHH~X nOHSTHfi" (TaM ~e). H3 ~TOrO Tpe6oSaHHS, eCTeCTSeHHO, He s~rreKaeT Heo6xo~HMOCT~ npHMeHeHHS ~bopMa~H3OSaHHOrO no~xo~a, n o c ~ o a ~ y ~TOT n o c a e ~ H f i He COO~S~C+SO~ 6~Z ueaey~aHos~e r p a ~ a r H ~ H ~aHHOrO THna. Y~a3aHH~ + ~ 6 o s a ~ H e y~e ~amao, snpoqe~, csoe npH~eHeHHe H S pa6oTax +pa~HOHHOrO xapa~Tepa. Bb~BHH~OC HaMH MeTO~O~OrHq~Oe T~6OSaHHe S A F 80 s ~OCTaTOqHOfi M e ~ He ~ I s a e T c s . ~TO CTaHeT ~CHbIM H3 G ~ ~ 3a~eq~, c~nHpOS~H~X s or~e~H~ie ~ a c c ~ n p ~ H n H ~ H ~ I X so3pa~e~. (1) B H y r p e ~ H S S n p o ~ H s o p e q H s O C r ~ . B o 6 c y ~ a e ~ o ~ pa3~eae O6Hapy~HSaeTcs ~ea~I~ ps~ ~HyT~H~HX n ~ T H S O ~ H ~ : (a) Ha ~ p . 457 qaC~H ~ q H S o 6 m e ~ n~aHe o n ~ e a s ~ r c s ~a~ "rpaM~arHqec~He ~aaccsi caos, x a ~ T e p H 3 y ~ S COSO~ynHOC~ caeay~x npH3Ha~OS:... ; (2) ~o~nae~coM o n ~ e a e H H ~ i X ~ o ~ o a o r ~ e c ~ H x ~ a r e r o p H ~ ; . . . " . 3 a r e ~ n e ~ q H C a S ~ c s ~eCST~ q a ~ e $ ~ H , ~OTOp~e " ¢ y ~ e ~ s y ~ T "
B pN~KOM fl3bIK~. ~ p H 3TOM K qa¢TaM ~ q H
TaK~e O~O¢STCS n p e ~ o r H , ~o~3M H qa~HHbI, ¢ o c T a B ~ g ~ e
OCO6Hfi
~a~ ~a~ Ha3~isae~ix "cay~e6H~X c~os". 3~H qaC~H ~qH, ~a~ o T ~ e q a ~ r asTop~I Ha c a e ~ y ~ m e ~ ~paHHUe, "He H~e~T ~ o ~ o a o r~ecK~
KaTeFOpHfi". O ~ a K o yK~aHHe Ha TO, qTO q a ~ ~H MO~CT H He O 6 ~ a T ~ MO~O~OF~CKHMH KaTeFOpHgMH,B ~HOBHO~ ~ H H H H
oTcy~cTSyeT, ra~ ~+o ~ I H~ee~ ~eao c S S H ~ n~THSO~qHe~. ( ~ Ha ~ p a H ~ e 614 r o s o p ~ c s o TO~, qTO " s c e ~ n o ~ e p ~ H ~ O HaMH,
W.L.] He~XORHHe
F~aFo~bI C~bHO y H ~ B ~ f l ~ T BHH. Ha~C~OM:
...Hene~xo~e raaroa~i - ~+o s c e [no~qep~H~O H a ~ , W.L.] r a a r o ~ z , ~OTOp~e ~e y n p a s a s ~ T s ~ . (po~.) n a ~ e ~ o ~ " . O ~ a ~ o , ~ HameMy N~HB~HH~, Ha TOil ~ e ~ H H H e y~a3MBaeTCS Ha TO, qTO "~y~TB~T H ~ X O ~ M O F~aFo~H, KOTOpb~c y H p a B ~ T HM~H~M B po~. H. BH~ yC~OBH~ O T p ~ a H ~ ' .
(~) Ha
c~paH~e
583
~aercs
cae~ee
on~e~eHHe
nOHSTHS
REVIEWS
41
"BH~IOBag n a p a " : "BH~oBaR Hapa - aTO n a p a ~eKc~ecgH TO~K~¢r~CHHUX r ~ a r o ~ o ~ co~. H Heco~. ~H~a, p a 3 ~ a ~ x c s TO~O
~no~ep~HyTO Ha~H, W.L.~ r p a ~ a r H ~ o ~
~e~amb - cde~amb ; n e ~ n u c a m b - n e p e n u c ~ a ~ b ' .
~c~y
co60~
ce~a~T~o~ ~a:
~TOMy o n ~ e ~ e H H ~ ,
c a e ~ y ~ m e e BblC~a3blBaHHC Ha CTp. 584 : ' T ~ a r o ~ b l
ORHaKO, H ~ T H B O ~ q ~
s s ~ o s o f i n a ~ ~ o r y r o 6 a a ~ a z b - H o a e a b a a ~ o o 6 a a a a ~ T - paaHb~MH [no~sep~HyTO Ha~H, W.L.] c H ~ e ~ a ~ H ae~cHsec~ax 3HaaeaH~". (2) HeSCHOCTb gaae~e
CTaTyca
HOHSTH~.
oco6o y 6 e ~ e ~ b H O r O
TyT
MOXHO npH~eCTH
S
npHMepa TpagTo~gy H y n o T ~ 6 a e s H e
HOHRTHR "o6o6meHHoe 3HaqeHHe". H a CTp. 453 o6cy~RaeMo~ KHHFH, gag a ~ A F
70 (CTp. 3 ~ ) , OTMeqaeTcs, aTO "Caosa xa~ e~aaaUbi FpaMMaT~KHe H ~KCHq~KH~ r p y n n ~ p y ~ T c a B ~aCT~ ~ " , HOMHMO ~ p o ~ e r o , " H a OCHOBaHHH TOFO 0 6 0 6 ~ H H O F O
3Ha~HH~, KOTO~
OTB~-
qeHO OT a e r C H q e C r H x [ n o ~ e p r H y T O HaMH, W.L.] H FpaMMaTHa~rHX M o p ~ o n o r ~ e c r H x , . . . 3HaaeHH~ a c e x [nO~aeprHyTO HaMH, W.L.] c a o a aaHHoro ~ a ~ . . . . ". C T ~ O 6b~Tb, r o n ~ e a e H H O ~ q a ~ H ~ H MOryT OTHOCHTbCR
TO~bKO
"O606~¢HHb~M
C~OBa~
3HaqeHHeM".
o~a~a~HC ~TO
noc~e~ee,
BHO~H~ o~Haro,
OH~C~CHHblM MO~eT
~bITb
y~aHOB~CHO TO~bKO H O C ~ TOFO, KaK CTaHyT H3B~THbIMH B~e C~OBa,
axo~e
a CocTaa ~aHHO~ SaCTH ~ a H . TarHM o6pa3oM, a o n p ~
O TOM,
qTO TaKOe O606~¢HHOC 3 H a ~ H H ¢ H KaK OHO yCTaHaB~HBaCTCfl, o ~ a e T c R ,
a CymHO~H, OTKpSITbIM. CTaTyc nOHaTHS " o 6 o 6 m e H n ~
3HaSeHae" ocTaeTca HeSCHUM H C
~ p y r o ~ TOarH 3~HHa. ~ o n y ~ H M , qTO c a o a a y x e
pacnpe~eaeHbi n o
q a ~ M pe~H H qTO haM n ~ O H T yCTaHOaHTb o 6 o 6 m e a H o e 3HaqeHHe OT~eababIX a a ~ e ~ ~ H . C o r a a c H o npHaO~HMO~ aaTOpOM ~ e ~ H U H H npH yCTaHOaaeHHH 3TOFO O606~eHHOrO 3HaqeHHS ~ O ~ H b ~ ~bITb y~Tenb~ H~ TO~bKO ~aMMaTHqgCKHC, HO H ~ K C ~ C K H ~
3 H a ~ H H f l C~OB. O ~ a K o
o TOM, rarHM o6pa3OM npH aTOM cae~yeT n~Ty~aTb, 6o~bme He roaop~ca.
P a ~ M O T ~ H H e o 6 o 6 m e n H o r o 3~aaeHHa o T a e a b n u x aacTe~
peSH o r p a H ~ H a a e T c a yraaaHneM Ha TO, aTO aTO 3HaaeHHe " n ~ a ~ a a a e H o " a COOTaeT~ay~meM " r O M n a e r ~ rpaMMaT~CCrHX r a T e r o p a ~ " (cp. CTp. 453, ~ 0 ,
531, 5 ~ . . . ) .
HpH aTOM Oco6eHHO ~ O C ~ O
TO, aTO aaTop
~aHHO~ r a a a u ~ ~pyroM M e ~ e (~CCrH~ Sabra. ~HUHraone~Ha. 1979, CTp. 389) C~HTaeT OCHOaOnoaara~mHMn ~ a a rOHCT~yHpoaanHS O6O6~¢HHOFO 3 H a q ~ H ~ ~H
~O~
qaCTH ~ H
TO~bKO ~¢KCHq~C~H~ 3 H a ~ H H R OTHOCfl~HXCfl K TO~ C~OB. n O T ~ H ¢
OT ~TO~ TO~KH 3 ~ H H R , ¢ o r ~ a c H o
T e O ~ T H a e C r ~ paccyx~CHHaM A F 80 aerCHaeCrHe 3HaaeHna y a a ~ a y ~ T a rOHCT~yH~aaHHH o6o6meHHoro 3HaaeHHa qacTefi ~ H TO~brO COaMC~HO C raTerOpHaMH rpaMMaTHaeCrHMH. H a nparTHre, o~Haro, HX po~b ~ a x e CaO~HTCa r H y a ~ . ECaH ~ a x e He c ~ a T b C n
C TOM, qTO O pOaH aercHaecrHx 3Ha~eHH~
42
REVIEWS
B I~OHCTHTyHpOBaHHH o6o6meHHOrO
3HatleHH~! B ~HHre Boo6me
He
FOBOpHTCS, TO, KaK HaM gameTeS, 3Ty po~b H ~ C T a B H T ~ ce6e n o o 6 ~ e OqCHb TpyRHO. ~TO T p y ~ o y ~ e HOTOMy, ~TO ~aCTH ~ q H H ~ C T a B ~ S ~ T CO6Ofi O T ~ p ~ I e ~ Ty ~ H
~a~I
c~on, Ta~ ~TO, c~e~o~aTe~HO, nee ~ X O ~ H e
HHy~ qaCTb ~ q H c~oBa n p a ~ T H q ~ H 3HaT~ HCBO3MO~HO. ~ 3 C~c~yCT, qTO O ~ O 6 ~ C H H ~ 3Ha~eHH¢ qaCTH ~ H
3TOFO ~ C C yGTaHOBHTb
HyTCM
OTB~eqeHHg
OT
FpaMMaTHq~GKHX
H
HCBO3MO~HO ~¢~C~KHX
3HaqeHH~ BCeX OTH~H~XCfl K He~ C~OB. Hy~HO BOO6~C cKa3aTb, qTO HOH~TH~ "O606~eHHOe Tpa~H~HH, HaH6o~ee
3Haq~HHe",
BOCXO~ee
K FpaMMaT~KO~
H3~eCrHbI~H n ~ a s H ~ e ~ s ~ H
~OTOpO~ 6 ~ H
~ . B. ~ e : a H B. B. BHHOrpa~os, s ~ s e r c s ~ o r o r o ~eSCHU~ H • y~aHHbI~, qrO Or ero npH~eHeHHS e ~ o p ~ o ~ O r H ~ q a ~ e ~ ~ q H ~e~aTe~bnO 6bmO 6~I HO~HOCTbm OTra3aTbCg. (3) H C O ~ H O 3 H a q H O C T b H HeaCHOCTb HOHaTHfi MO~HO n o r a a a T b Ha c a e g y m m e M n p H M e ~ : n a CTp. 484 oTMeqaeTca, qTO n e p a o c c ~ o a e n H e cy~CCTBHTC~bHblX " ~ C C T ~BC ~ 3 H O B ~ H O C T H " , O ~ y T a e p g y ~ H o ~ y Mgrrym. qHTaTe~b, n p a a g a , y3HaCT O TOM, r a t h e TC~bHblX OTHOCRTCfl K 3THM
pR3HOB~T~M.
HO
rpynnb~ cy~eCTBHB KHHFC COBCCM
OTCyT~ByCT ~a3aHHC Ha TO, qeM 3TH p a 3 H O a ~ O C T H OTaH~amTCa g p y r OT a p y r a . B a b y TOrO, qTO ~ gaHHOM pa3~eae n o ~ CK~OHCHHCM Ho~pa3yMeaaeTca n a p a g n r M a ~eKCHfi, 3anHcbmacMuX n p n n O M O ~ ~OHOaOFHqCCKHX CHMBO~OB, TO ~BC p a 3 H O B ~ H ~ T H n c p a o r o CK~OHCHHfl ~ c g y C T HCTO~KOBaTb B TOM CMbIC~C, qTO HO Kpa~Hc~ MOpe a O~HOM c~yqae MbI ~ C C M ~C~O C ~ByMR ~ 3 H b I M H OKOHqRHH~MH TOFO ~C rpaMMaTHqCcgoro Co~cp~aHHa. HO nocgo~bKy a npnao~nMO~ napa~HrMe TaKoFo pa3~n~
ac o6HapyxHaaeTca, TO n e ~ a
HaMH, a c y ~ T H ,
TO~bKO
o ~ a "paaHOB~HOCTb". ~ n m b TO~bKO Ha OCHOaaaHn o6paaRo~ CraOHCHRg, npHSOaH~SlX a a caeaymme~ c T p a H ~ C , MOXHO cygHTb O TOM, qTO
aaaeHHa, o rOTOpb~x gyMaeT a~Top, "yxe" OTH~STCa K o ~ o r p a ~ a qCCKOMy ypo~Hm OnHCaH~, ~ TO n ~ M f l r a t HX T p a r T o a t a "O~HUH~bHO" s ~ c ~ ¢ ~ T a C T c a ~ O H O ~ O r ~ r O f i . T a r , HanpHMCp, ~aercan ~s. n. ca. q. -
~OMI COOTBCT~BymT p a 3 H O B ~ O C T n - 0 ~
H -eg.
AH~Or~Hoe
cuemeHHe gayx paaa~ablX ypoaHe~ onHcaa~ Ha6amaa~ca n npa TpaKTOBKC aToporo CKaOHeH~ (CTp. 489). HpH onHCaHHn cnpaxeHn~ ( ~ p . ~ 7 ) , o ~ a g o , T a r o r o CMemeHHS y x e ne Ha6am~eTCa. 3. ~[as o6cy~IeHHS HI~£[CTaBJIeHHOfi B A F 80 MOp~po~orH~eCgOfi ~OHHeHHHH MO~eT oKa3aTbCS He~ecoo6pa3HbiM CpaBHeHHe C M O ~ O ~ O F ~ K O ~
~OHHeHHHefi A U 70. ~TO 6y~eT, ~ B ¢ H H O , c~e~aHo TO~b~O nO OTHOmeHH~ ~ HeKOTOpbIM H y ~ T a M , C ~ KOTOpb~ ~O6CHHO neptune ~ a HMC~T H p ~ H H H H ~ b H ~ 3HaqgHHC.
43
REVIEWS
(1) K a r y x e OTMeqa~ocb, MaTepnaa ~ A F 80 p a c n p e ~ e a e n ne T a t , a A F 70. B o a a ~ a e T a o n p o c , a a a a ~ c a a n aTO p a a a n a a e TO~btO a n e m n a M , ~ n x e ~ q b n~eT n o p a a ~ q n o f i n H T e p n ~ T a a a n neroTopb~x c y m e c x a e n n u x M O ~ O ~ o r ~ e c r n x npo6aeM, qTO6U p a a o 6 p a T b c a a aTO~ a o n ~ c e , paCCMOTpnM c a e ~ y ~ m n ~ n p n u e p . B A F 80 c a o a o n a M e n e n n e onncbiaaeTcfl a p a M r a x COOTBeTCTBy~HX naMenaeMblX qacTefi ~ q a . M e x a y TeM, B A F 70 o n n c a n n e CaOBOHaMeHeHRa ablge~aeTCS a OCOfblfi paa~e~ n o ~ na3aanueM " H a p a a a r M a T ~ a " . Hpn aTOM aTO o n n c a n n e ne COOTaeT~ByeT qaeneHnm no qaCTflM ~ q n . B
rag
~HOBHOM p a a ~ a ~ T C f l
"CK~OHeHR~ HM~H" H "C~OBOHaM~HCHHe F B a F o B a " .
BHyTpH F~aBbI, n o c a f l ~ e H n O ~ CK~OHeHH~ HMCH, ~ e e B b ~ ¢ ~ f l ~ T C f l TaK HaabIBaCMbI¢ " B ~ b I cK~onenna". ToqHee r o a o p f l - Ha nepBOM ypoBne qBeHeHnfl
pacCMaTpnaamTCa
OT~e~bHbI¢
3aTCM FoBopHTCfl O TOM, KaKH¢ qacTH ~ q n
nHOfi qaCTn ~ q n
BH~bI CK~OHCHHfl, ~n
a
TO~bKO
HO~MHO~eCTBa TO~ ~ H
n3MeHamTCa n o TOMy n a n naOMy a ~ y
craoaeana.
T a r , n a n p n M e p , OTMeqacTcfl: " P a a ~ H q a ~ T ~ f l ~Ba OCHOBHbIX B ~ a
~K~OH¢-
nna: cy6cTaHTnanoe (cymec,anTeabHOe) c r a o n e n n e a a a ~ e r T a a n o e ( n p ~ a r a T e a b n o e ) c r a o n e H n e . KpoMe TOrO, eCT~ CM e m a a n o e (npoMex y T o q R ~ ) c r a o n e a n e , . . . " ( A F 70, CTp. 370). H a ~ e e : " K cy6c~aHTnanOMy CK~Onennm n p n H a ~ e m a T ~y~eCTBHTe~bHbIe, HerOTOpble Me~OHMCHHflcymecTanTeabnble n q n c a a r c a b n u e ; r a a ~ e r T a a n o M y - n p ~ a r a T e a b H u e n c y m ~ T a ~ e a b n u e , a n c x o g n o f i ~ o p i e c o a n a a a m m n e co C~OaO~OpMaMn np~araTeabn~ ( . . . ) ; . . . " (TaM x e ) . HTaK, o n n c a n n e caoaonaMeHenna a A F 70 a 6 o a ~ m e f i cTenenn, qeM aTO a e a a e T c a a A F 80, o n n p a e ~ c a a a o ~ a ~ n T e a b n u e qepTu, o 6 n a p y ~nBaeMbIe B ~MO~
o6paay~mx
C H ~ e M e CflOBOHaMeHeHHfl. n b m e a e n n e
qa~efi
~qH,
s A F 80 OCHOBHble paMKH OHH~HHfl, OCHOBBIBaeTCg KaK
p a 3 He TOflbKO Ha O O p M ~ b H M X
HpHaHaKax OTHOCHMMX K HHM CflOB,
HO O~HOBpeMeHHO Ha HpH3HaKaX FpaMMaTHqeCKHX H fleKCHqeCKHX.
~3
3TOFO BbITCKaeT, qTO OH~CaHHe CflOBOHaMeHeHHfl B paMKaX q a c T e ~ ~ q ~ He a~eKBaTHO
Hpnpo~e
~MOFO
CflOBOHaMeHeHHfl.
CTaHOB~Cfl
HeHO-
H-flTHbIM, HOqeMy aBTopb~ o ~ a a a ~ H c b
OT 6oBee yRaqHoro pemeHnfl a a ~ n o ~ npofi~eM~i B A F 70. B e ~ HMeHHo a s i c a o 6 o ~ e n ~ e o n n ~ n n ~ C~OBO~aMeHeH~ n3 n p o r p y ~ o a a ~ o x a Tp~HH~OHH~X KOMHfleKCH~IX
qaCTe~ ~qH flB~fleTCfl, KaK 3TO ~ e
OTM~q~b B OTa~IB~ q~CKHX n O. f l e m r n (1971), o ~ o ~ ~ caiblX
~ n u r s n ~ O S E. K p x ~ x r o a o ~ no~om~Te~bH~IX qepT A F 70. (2) B o c n o a y o n ~ e ~ e u n a nonaT~ "rpaMMaTnqecroe anaqe~ne" n " r p a M M a T ~ e c K a f l K a T e r o p ~ " B A F 70 6 b ~ a , OqeB~HO, noflomeHa K o ~ e n H n g , O T ~ H a f l OT KOHHeHH~H A F 80. KaK y x e O T M e q a ~ b B ~HeHaHH A F 70, "rpaMMaTHq~KHe KaTeFOp~H TpaKTy~TCfl aBTO~MH
44
REVIEWS
.rlHKlb ...KaK 3HaqeHHa" (BoH~ap~o, Ko~yxos 1971). I~paMMaTHqecgoe 3Ha'~eHHe S A F 70 pa~MaTpHSaeTc~ ga~ c o ~ a s H a s aaCTb o6mero 3HaaeH~ C~OSO~OpMbI H S TO ~ e B~Mg ~a~ cneRH~bHblfi ~ rpaMMaTHaeCKOfi ~aTerOpHH, x a ~ T e p H o f i ~ S ~aHHO~ aaCTH ~ a H . FpaMMaTHqHOCTb FpaMMRTHqeCKO~ gaTerOpHH OCHOSbI~eTC~ Ha TOM, qTO ee gOMHOHeHTbI (T.e. ~acTabie rpaMMaTnqec~ne 3nanenna) noayqamT cnoe ~OpM~bHOe BbI~XgHHC BHyTpH ~aHnofi ~aCTH penn, nnaqc roaopa o6aa~amT "O~3aTC~bHbIM CHCRHa~H3HpOBaHHblM BOH~O~eHHCM" (¢p.
A F 70, CTp. 303). HO~O~eHHe O6 O6~3aTe~bHO~H ~OpM~bHOrO BbIpa~CHHS rpaMMaT ~ K H X 3HaqCHHfi H a n o M ~ a e T o KOHHeHHHH, oT~aHaaeMofi a cOaeTC~Ofi g3b~OBe~qecgofi ~HTepaTy~ r~aBHblM O6~3OM H. A. MeabaygOM (cp.,
HanpHMep,
pa6oTbI
Meabsy~
1963;
1974).
H3
3TO~ goauenuHa
3a~CTBOBRHO, HO-B~HMOMy, H no~pa3~e~eHHe FpaMMaTHqeCKHX 3HaqeHH~ Ha " C ~ T a K C H ~ K H e " H "HOMHHRTHBHbIe", "B 3aBHCHM~TH OT TOFO,
~a~He CSa3H H OTHOmeHHa caosa oTpaXeHb~ n ero r p a ~ a T ~ e C ~ H X 3HaaeHHaX" (AF 70, ~ p . 303). O npHrOaHOCTH npH~eaeHHa ynOMaHyTOfi ~OHUenaHH ro~OpHT, Ha Ham saraaz, Oco6eHHO TO, ~TO rpaMMaT~ec~He 3HaneaHa s 9TO~ ~OHUenaaa OTa~flTCfl aCga~s~eabHO g ~ a H y co~epxaaHa. K ~ M e TOrO, B nO~b3y ~aHHO~ gOHReHRHH ronopHT H TO, aTO s b ~ n a r a e M b ~ n ae~ enpacT~eCgH~ gpHTepH~, O T H O C a ~ C a g naaHy Bb~paxeHaa, o 6 a ~ a e T 60~bmO~ pa3~H~HTe~bHO~ CH~O~. B CBR3H C 3 T ~ xo~eTca no~qepKHyTb, qTO nb~nHraeMbI~ HeKOTOpb~H peReH3eHTaMH y n ~ g n TOM, 6y~TO ~ A F 70 "xapa~TepHaa ~ a rpaMMaTHaeC~HX (TOSHee ~op~oaorHaeC~HX) ~aTeropa~ ~ o p M a a b a a a CTp~Typa He pac~p~erca" (Boa~apgo, K o ~ y x o s 1971, ~ p . 36), asaaeTca, Ha Ham B3F~fl~, COBCeM HeO6OCHOBaHHbIM. Kas y~e OTMeH~o~b, TOflbKO qTO H3~O~eHHaS KOHReHRHS 6 b ~ a 3aMeHeHa ~ A F 80 O T a H n a ~ e f i c a OT Hee goHRenRHe~ A. B. BoH~ap~o, on~aeaHnme~ FpaMMaTHqeCKHe gaTerOpHH Ka~ " e ~ a a ~ n a ~OpMbI H FpaMMaT~eCKo~ ceMaHT~H" ( B o ~ a p ~ o , Ko~yxos 1971, ~ p . 36). ~ H p g y ~ p H O ~ b , HeCOF~acOBaHHOCTb H HeqeTKOCTb 3TO~ KOH~eHRHH H ae~ame~ s e e ~HOne "TeOpHH MO~O~OrH~eCKHX gaTeropH~" (CM. Hamy ~ a T b m ~ h f e l d t 1979) - s ~ 3TO OTp~aTeabHO o T p a 3 ~ b a a noaaTHaX, y n o r ~ 6 a a e M b i X s MO~OaOrHaeC~OM pa3~eae A F 80. TOT ~aKT, qTO aBTOpbI A F 80 OTKa3~HCb OT goHuenaaH A F 70, HOB~HR~ H Ha ~meHHe ~aCTHb~ F~MMaTH~eCgHX n p ~ a e M . HanpHMep, n A F 70 nHyTpH HMeH c y ~ T B ~ e ~ b a b I X ~ 3 a ~ a e T c a , n c ~ y opHeHTHpOBKH Ha " H O ~ O B a T e ~ b H O e MO~O~OFH~eCK~ H CHHTaKCH~eC~
s~paxeHHe" (AF 70, ~ p . 321) r~MMaT~eC~HX ~areropH~, r p a ~ a r~aa
gaTeropHa o ~ y m e s a e H H ~ r a / a e o ~ e n a e H a ~ H .
Me~y
TeM,
REVIEWS
45
a A F 80, a cnay apyrofi OpHCHTHpOBI~H H acaeacTane Henoc~e~oaaTeabHoro ~ e ~ a ~aHHoro rpHTepHa, aTa raTeropas OTCyTCTayeT H o~eaaeHno~b/Heo~ymea~eHHOCTb TparTyeTca TO~brO r a t . e r c H r o rpaMMaTHaeCrn~ pa3pa~ COOTaeTcTay~me~ SaSH ~aH. (3) A F 80 OT~HaaeTca OT A F 70 H nO xaparTepy TparTOarH 60~ee qaCTHblX npo6aeM CaOBOH3MCHeHHa.Tar, HanpHMep, B A F 70 ab~eaaeTca, HOMHMO npoaero, "nepBoe ¢y6GTaHTHBHOC CK~OHCHHC", aramqammee TpH
"~3HOBH~HOCTH",
"c~anM
craoneaneM"
Ha3blBaCMbl¢
"My~CKHM",
(cp.
~p.
AF
70,
370).
"~eHCKHM"
"K
H
MyxCrOMy
CK~OH~HH~ OTHOCflTCflcy~¢CTBHT¢~bHbI~ C Hy~¢BO~ ~eKCH¢~ B ~opMe HM~HHT. na~. e~. a." (TaM ~¢). " K ~eHCKOMy C ~ O H ~ H H ~
OTH~flTC~
cy~ecTanTeabnb~e c Oaercnefi -a (-a, -s) a Oopue nMennT, na~. e~. ~." (AF 70, CTp. 371). "K c p e ~ a e u y C g a o a e a a ~ OTHOCflTCR cymecTanTeabnue c ~aercne~ -o ( o ~ o r p . -o, -~, -e) n -d (op~orp. -e) a ~ o p u e nMeaaT. -aaaaT. na~. e~. ~." (TaM xe). C~OB, OTH~fl~HXCfl B COOTB~TCTBHH C npHBe~¢HHb~M p a c H ~ H H ~ M ~ nepaoMy Cy6CTaHTHBHOMy CK~OH~HH~, yra3anHbie pa3HOBn~HOCTH ablCTyna~T ~ o~ao~ n a o c r o ~ n . B A F 80 3TO pacnpe~e.eane 6bl~O ~aMeneHo ~pyrnM p a c n ~ e ~ e a n e M . B paMrax CK~OH~HHfl cy~eCTBHTe~bHblX K "nepBOMy c r a o n e a n m " OTHOCflTCfl ab~easeMbie a A F 70 M y ~ C ~ H C ~ H e e CK~OHCHHfl, a "aTopoe CK~OH~HH~", npHBO~nMOe B A F 80, coana~aeT c ~encrnM c ~ o a e n n e M A F 70. ~pyrnMn caoaaMn, a A F 80 M y ~ C ~ H cpe~aee c r a o a e a n a y x e He a b l C T y n a ~ a o~ao~ RaOCKOCTn C XeHCKnM, nO RB~R~TCa caoero po~a p a 3 n o a a ~ a o c T a M n O~HOFO ~ TOFO ~ e CK~OHeH~R. ~TOT nO~XO~, ~TeCTBeHHO, COOTBeTCTBy~ Tpa~n~nOHnOMy O n n ~ H n ~
crzoneHaa, n~CTaaaeHHOMy, aanpnMep, a A F 1960 ( ~ p .
131 ca.).
ABTOpbI, nO-a~nMOMy, y a a n KpHTHqecrne 3aMeaanna, c o ~ e p x a m n ~ a
a peaen3an A. B. Bon~apro n B. H. Ko~yxoaa (1971, ~ p . 38 ca.), T ~ 6 y m m n x aoaapameHna r 3TO~ Tpa~nunn. n F~aBe, H ~ B f l ~ H H O ~ c n p a ~ e n n ~ F~aFO~OB, r n a ~ n ~ n r a u n a c~oaon3MennTeabnux r~accoa, n ~ a c T a a a e n n a a a A F 70, 6 u a a , no-a~aMOMy, coxpaHena 6e3 r a r n x - a n 6 o cymecTaeHHUX M O ~ n ~ a ~ n ~ . P¢3IOMHpyg
BbIGK~33HHbI~ H~MH I~pHTHq~CKH¢ 3:gM~q~HHfl, OTM~THM
G3I~[yioIH~ H~ HM~fl BO3MO~HOGTH FIo~IpO~HO p~¢¢MOTpCTb ¢O~¢p~HH¢ BC{~X F~IaB MOI~bOYlOFHtI¢CKOFOpa3~e~a A F 80, Mbl OGTaHOBH.~HCb ~IHIIIb Ha I~pHTHKeOHpe,~CJIeHHflH IIpHMeHeHH~IHeI~OTOpb~XIIOH~ITH~,I~OY~O~eHHb~X B OCHOBy OHHCaHH~I MOI~OJIOFHqecI~OFO MaTepHa.aa. B 3TO~ qaCTH Hame~ I~HeH3HH MbI o6paTI~H BHHMaHHe Ha cepi, e3HHe He,/~OCTaTKH B ".rlHHFBHCTHqeClfOM MeTaH3t,IKe" A F 80. 1-[OMHMO 3TOFO, MI,I BblCKa3aJIH
46
REVIEWS
pa~t KpHTHqeCKHX 3aMeqaHHfi n o llOBO,ay pettleHH~i OT~te.qbHbIX Mop~o.JIOFHqeCKHX npo6.neM, 3aTparHBaeMblX B A I " 80. H o ,aa:~e a a o c r i o n a H a H aaa.qH3a Tex r t p o 6 ~ e M , KOTOpb[x M~bl ~OCHy.qHCb, co3,aaeTca nneqaT.qeHHe,
KOTOpOe MO~HO nb~pa3HTb cae,ay~omHM o6pa3oM: ec.q~I ~ A F 70 nepeR HaMH i~OMH.rleI~C HCXO]IHbiX HpHHI~HHOB, OTpa~aiOKIH~ BecbMa ai~Tya.r[bHble H B~IH~lTe~IbHble H~eH TOFO TeqeHHI1 B COBpCMeHHOfi CTpy~TypHofi J1HHFBHCTHIe, ~oTopoe TeCHO CB~I3aHO C rpaMMaTH~ec~ofi Tpa~tHtlHefi (S ~aersocTH, c dpopTyHaTOBC~rlM sanpaBnenHeM ~ He~OTOpbIMH TeopHsMH [Ipax~¢~ofi m~oa~0 (BoH]lap~o, Ko~yxos 1971, CTp. 31), TO
llpH
O3HaKOMYleHHH
o6cy~eHHOFO
C
HeI~OTOpbIMH
OCHOBHblMH
IIO~IO~eHH~MH
HaMH pa3~e~a A F 80 HeYlb311 He 3aMeTHTb OTK.rlOHeHH~!
OT 3TOFO TetleHH$1 B ~IHHFBHCTHKe, BbI3BaHHOFO, IIO-BH~HMOMy, $1BHblM CTpeMYleHHeM IIpH6YIH3HTbC~I I~ 60~lee Tpa~HIIHOHHbIM Mopd~o~oFh~IeCI~HM KOHHeIIHHIIM.
Universitiit Konstanz
WERNER
LEHFELDT
BHBJIHOFPA~H,q Bon~lap~o, A. B. : 1976, Teopun :~op~o.~oeu,~ectcux Kameeopu~, YlenHnrpazt. Bon~ap~o, A. B. H Ko~yxos, B. H.: 1971, 'O HOBO~ ~oae~n OHH~HHS r ~ M M a T n q ~ o r o CT~a pyccroro s 3 ~ a ' , Bonpoc~ ~3~KO3~HU~, S~in. 6, 31--45. Kfi~kovfi, H., Lc~ka, O.: 1971, 'K nov6 sov~tsk+ mluvnici sou6asn6 spisovn6 ru~tiny', ~eskoslovensk~ r~istika 16, 220-225~ ~hfeldt, W.: 1979, 'Bemerkungen zu Bondarkos " ~ e o f i e der mo~hologi~hcn Kategorien'" ', Die Welt der Slaven ~ , 270-280. Me~qy~, H. A. : 1963, 'Several t y ~ s of linguistic m~nings', Exact M e t h ~ in Linguistic Research, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 36-43. Mea~qyr, H. A. : 1974, ' G ~ m ~ t i c a l meanings in intcrlinguas for a u t o , t i c translation and ~ e concept of grammatical meaning', in V. Ju. Ro~ncvejg (cd.), Machine Translation a ~ Applied Lin~istics, Vol. I, Frankfurt am Main, 95-113. M e a ~ y [ , H. A.: 1975, 'OH~T ~ 3 p a 6 o r ~ n ~parMeHTa CHCTCMbl HOHaTHfi n TepMHHOS ~ a MO~OaOrHH (~ ~opMa~H3aUHH a3~ga nnHr~H~H~H)', Cemuomu~a u uu~op~am~a 6, 5-50. Fpa~mamu~a pyccuoeo nz~ua, 19~, TOM I, M ~ s a . Fpammamuua cospemen~oeo pycc~oeo ~ e ~ m y p n o e o n~ua, 1970, OTn. ~ a . H. ~ . ~Bc~o~, M~KBa. Pycc~a~ epam~amu~a, 1980, TOM I, ra. ~ a . H. ~ . m s e ~ o ~ , M ~ s a .
REVIEWS
Garde, Paul, Grammaire russe, tome premier Phonologie - Morphologie ( = Collection de Grammaires de l'Institut d'l~tudes slaves. - VII/l), Institut d'l~tudes slaves, Paris 1980, 486 pp. 0.0. K a r CHHTe3 CBOHX MHOrO.rleTHHX MOHOFpa~bHqeCKHX HCCYle~OBaHHfi
qbpamtyacrnfi c~aaHcw Ho~h Fapa npe~cTaa~seT Tenepb a pei~eHanpyeio~ ~HHre n e p a y ~ qacrb caoero OnHCatiHS CtiCTeM~! pyccroro a3~ra (GR I). Fap~ CTaBHT nepea co6o~ ~ I-Ipe~IHC~OBHH ps~t 3aaaq: aaTb qHTaTe~o tiOpMaTHBHbIe OTBeThI B c~epe CBOe~ TeMbI, /IaTb HCtleptibIBalOlI~He CIItiCKH HCqHC.rIHMbIX $1BYIeHH~H JIaTb "pat~nOHaYlbHOe O~,flCHeHHe" OHHCbIBaeMHX qbaKTOB.
MOXHO cpa3y x e cKa3aTb, qTO I~ap~ ~IOCTHFaeT CBOH I~eYlH B MaKCHMaYlbHO~ i e p e . E r o r H ~ r a HpCRCTaBYI~IeTCO60~ OTJIHtIHOe cTpyKTypHoe
OnHCaHne pyccKoro s3~ma, nOCTpOeHHOe Ha ~yqmHX pc3y~bTaTax cTpyKTypHbIX HCC~leaoaaHti~, HaqHHaS C reHepalmH Kaptteacroro, J~KO6COHa H Tpy6ett~oro ~0 HamHx ~He~, a TaKxe tia pa60Tax, cocpcROTOqHBaIOII~HXC~I Ha HcqepnblBa~ou~eM OXBaTe MaTepHa~a. l']epBbI~ pan a CHHTeTtitteCKOM OHHCaHHH pyCCKOFOaabma a6cTpaKTnbIe e~HHHI~bI ~13blKa He aOKa3bIBalOTC~l, a npe~no~ara~oTcs, ti ace H3.rIO)KeHHe I~IeT OT a~CTpaKTtibIX HHBapHatiTOB K KOHKp~THOMy.
1.0. B MeTOge onticantis n o6~,acHentia H. Fap~a abI~e.rl~l~OTC~loco6eHtio caegymmne TeopeTti~Iecrne caaraeM~,le: (a) qbotioaorti~iecraa Teoptia, (6) Teoptia y~apentia, (a) Teoptia 6 e r a o r o raactioro, (r) Teopmq raafiaoa. 1.1. Pyccraa ~aercna npeacraaaena a rntire a dponoaorti~ecrofi ntiTepnpeTaunn (rpancrptintma a r o c u x c r o 6 r a x / / , r o r ~ a pe,u, rtaeT o qboneMax r a t Taroa~,lX, a qbtirypnux c r o 6 r a x ( ) , r o r a a aantiC~,laam~ca MOpqbeM~,I). CtiMnToMa~ti~InO ~.qa conpeMentioro MeTOaOaorI~ecroro COCTOanHa pycrICTrlKH, qTO Fap~ ne CqnTaeT Hy~HbIM o r o a a p n a a T b HH neo6xo~nMOCTb qboneMaTn~ecroro npe~cTaaaetitia, tin abl6op qbonoJIorr~ecro~ Teopnti. l-Iocae nepaofi nonbrrrti Tpy6etixoro (Troubetzkoy 1934) c " n p a x c r o ~ " qboneMo~ tieT cero~rm COMtienti~, '~TO ~I~ onticanti~ MOpqbeMtiOrO ypoaIta ro~rrrca TOnbrO tiMMaTeptia.abnaa (Fapa roaopaT "a6cTparTnaa") qbotieMa, n n o r a a tiaabiaaeMaa MOp~OqbOneMO~, rOTOpyI~ OTrpbtrI l~ayMqbrtrma (Bloomfield 1938) H ~lro6con ynoTpe6rta ~,aa onrmanaa "theoretical underlying forms" (Jakobson 1948), rOTOpyro O6OCHOBa~ EY~bMCY~eB n t o T o p a n c ioaccti~iecrtix pa6oT 40-x ro,aoa a
Russian Linffuistics 7 (1982) 47-62.
48
REVIEWS
npHH~H~e y n o T p c 6 a a a a c b B M~EOBCKOfi OOHOHOFHq~KOfi m ~ o ~ e (A~HeCOB H C ~ o p o B 1945 H gpyrHe). HpH H O M O ~ 3TOil ~ e ~OHeMbl ~ CaM, HOqTH 20 HOT TOMy Ha3a~, ~ HO~HOC OnH~HHe py~ofi ~eKCHH (Durovi~ 1963). O a a c H o e MeCTO 3TOil TeOpHH - O~O3HaqHO ~OHCMaTHq~KH He ~CHTHO~HpyCMbIe H C f i ~ H 3 ~ H O H H b I C HO3~HH: F a p ~ s 3THX c a y s a a x , He BaaBaaCb S TeO~THqecKy~ ~HcKyccH~, " a r b i t m i r e m e n t et p a r s i m p l e c o m m o d i t 6 " (53) T~aC~pH6HpyeT -- T.e. Ha ~MOM a e a e , ~eHTH~HaHpyeT -- s a m e s c e r o Ha OCHO~aHHH O ~ o r p a S H a / g o r 6 x / , a He / g a ~ r 6 x / ~ H / g * a r 6 x / . (K 3TOMy ~ sepHycb ~ 3.1.). 1.2. OpHFHHaJIbHblM JIHqHBIM BKYlagOM F a p a a B TeOpHIO pyccKoro s3~ma ~IBYI$1eTCfle r o TCOpH~I ygapCHHfl. ~ T a TcopHfl 6l, ula IlpC~cTaB.rICHa IICpBl,Ifi pa3 B HO~OBHHe 60-X FO~OB, HeCKO.rlbKO pa3 BH~OH3MeHg2Iacb H yTOtIHg~lacb, H TCHCpb aBTOp CqC~I e c ~OCTaTOqHO IIpOBep~HHO~ ~,/I~ TOFO, qTO6bI HHTeFpHpOBaTb CC B CHCTeMaTHqeCKylO MOpf~OJIOFHIO. Bce OnHCaHHS p y c c ~ o r o y:IapeHHg :IO Fapgm 6 ~ H ~ecgpHnTaSHbtMa, "TaKCOHOMHqeCKHMH", "IIOBepXHOCTHbIMH", OqeHb tlaCTO qHCTO {~OHeTHqeCKHMH: e r o TeopHa - "ray6HHHag", o6~,aCHamllIaa (XOT$1 OH CaM nHI~Oraa He ro~OpHT O r~ty6HHabLX cTpy~Typax). HO 3TO~ TeOpHH (CTp. 1 16 H Ca.) y~tapeHHe a s a a e T c a pC3y.rlbTaTOM M o p ~ b o a o r I ~ e c g o ~ cTpy~Typ],~ caosa. Kax~aa M O I * M a "cTpygTypHpoSaHHoro C~lOSa" (T.e. He npHCTaBKH, n p e ~ a o r H , rlOCT~bH~C],I a rip., a T a x ~ e He gaHTH~H) HMeeT CBOH a~ileaTyaiiHOHHbie C~OfiCTBa - "sepTm~a.a],Hbm" (Mop~eMbl HeygapaeMbie, y~IapaeM~ae H ~IOMHHaHTHbm) H "rOpH3OHTa.abnb~e" (MOl~beMbI a s T o y g a paeM~le, n p e g y a a p a e M b m H nocaey~tapaeMb~e, s opHraHa.ae: autoaccentu6s, pr6accentu6s, postaccentu6s). MecTo y a a p e a a a s g a ~ I o f i c a o s o 0 p o p ~ e onpe~teaaeTca O~IHM Ha haTH HpOCTb~X n p a s H a THna: ecaH c a o s o COCTOHT H3 HeCI~OabgHX y g a p a e ~ b ~ x ~OlXbeM, pea~H3yeTca y~tapeHHe a e p s o ~ H3 HHX, Hanp., ~ m i + ° l + / t ) - g b ~ a ; H.aH: ecaH s c a o s e s e e ~Ol~beM~,~ Hey~apaeM~,~e, ygapenHe ~IeXHT Ha n e p s o M c a o r e ~bOHOaOri~ec~oro c a o s a ( ( n a + °~a + °1 + ° o ) - ud,m~o). K c o x a . a e a H m , a s T o p He m, lTa.aca ~aT~, p y c c ~ a e Ha3aaaHs ~rm CBOHX HOHaTHfi ('~TO OH HHaae ga~ npanaao ~ieaaeT), Tag qTO O HHX ~a~-TO n p l m e T c a ~IOFOBOpHTbC~. Fap~oBcKa$1 TeopI,Lq B CBOHX OCHOBHblX HOYlO~KCHH$1XHOYlHOCTblO y6e~IHTe.rlbHa H gO~KHa SO~TH ~ O6IRHfi ~boI~I 3HaHHfi O pycCKOM g 3 b ~ e He TO~IbKO HOTOMy, '~TO OHa ~MItHpH'~ec~H ~erKo ripo~epgeTca, HO n p c ~ I c Bcero HOTOMy, ~TO OHa Hpe~IcTaB.r[~eT y~apeHHe napaYL~eYibHO c 0pOHOY~OrHefi: pa3 Ka~ nOCTym~pyeMblfi HMMaTepHa2IbHbI~ nOTeHiIHa.a ("I~OHCTpyKT"), pa3 KaK ~bHaH'~ecI~oe, CMbICY[aMHsocnplmHMaeMoe as.aeHHe. - H a g o TOab~O na~Iea~bca, '~TO r~ocae G R I y ~ e HHgrO He 6y~eT ro~OpHTb O noayy~apHb~X c~onax, o6 3HIUIHTHq~KHX cyIIIeCTBHTCHbHblX H rip.
REVIEWS I-[peHMyK(eCTBa O6~ICHHTe~H, HOfi aKI~eHTOYIOrHqeCKO~ TeOpHH mmnbi xopomo np~ con~a~aen~ c a o ~ a ~ M " A. A. 3 ~ a : ~op~
49
Fapaa
c O~a~M "Fpa~Max~ec~ P. M~., ~ o ~ o p ~ e y 3 ~ a
xapa~ep~sy~xc~ ~a~ " n e ~ a ~ a a p ~ o e yaape~e" (1977, 5 0 , n a n p . ~ o6mee T a ~ e ~a~ o ~ , cyd~, ~ e m ~ ~ rip., y F a p a a y ~ a ~ m a m T c ~ npa~o (~212), ~a~ nTO T O a ~ O cecm~p ~ xJon~m ~ y Hero ~ i a ~ T c a HCKamqCHHeM. HHKTO, B TOM qHC~C aBTop CaM, He RyMaeT, qTO aTa TCOpH~ o ~ e r q a e T HpaKTHqeCKOe (B qaCTHOCTH - Haqa~bHOe) H3yqeHHC p y c c r o r o y ~ a ~ H H ~ , TaK x e , KaK 3TOFO He ~enaeT ~OHOBOFH~. HO OHa ~aeT paHHOHanbHOe O6~CHCHHC ~BBCHH~M, KOTOpbIe "He Boopy~CHHOMy r n a 3 y " H ~ a C T a BX~TC~ c ~ a ~ H b I M H , XaOTHqeCKHMH, He CHCTeMHbIMH, H BO3TOMy OHa HMCCT OBOe O~OCHOBaHHC B TeOpHH pyCCKOFO S3~Ka H B yHHBCpCHTCTCKOM H~HO~aBaHHH. KOHeqHO, 3Ta TeOpH~ CTaBHT Ha HOBeCTKy~H~ C~TaB~eHHe i O ~ e M H O r O c a o ~ a p s pyccKoro a3~ma c ~a3aHHeM a~eHTya~HO~H~IX C~OfiCTS ~ a x a o f i M O n e Y , I : HOTOM MOry c e f e npeacTaaHT~ a a x e HpaKTHqecKy~ n e ~ a r o r H q e c K y ~ no~b3y OT Hee. K HeKOTOphli OTKpblTbli B O n p ~ a i ~ aepHycb a 3.2. 1.3. PeReH3HpyeMafl KHHFa CoRepXHT caMoe HOJIHO~ OflHCaHHe ~IB.rleHH,q, KOTOpOe RpHHaTO Ha3bIBaTb 6eF~bIM F~aCHbIM H B MO~O~OHeMaTHs e c g o ~ T p a H c ~ p a n R a a o6osaaaaeTCa 3 n a g o i # (CTp. 100 a Ca.). (MOXHO C O ~ e T b , qTO A. A. ~H3H~K He ~pHHa~ 3TOT 3HaK B CBOeM a c s e p n b m a ~ m e i 'TpaMMaTHqeCKOM CaoBape p y ~ o r o asbma"). Fapa npRMeHaeT n p H H ~ M a e i o e n c~yKTypHblX o n a c a a ~ x nOH~MaH~e, qTO 6er~blfi r~acHblfi SBaaeTCS O~HHM H3 qe~gOBaHafi, H qTO OH -- H B "HO~HOfi" H B "pe~yHHpOBaHHOfi" ~ o p M e - SB~S~C~ Ba~HhlM CBOfiCTBOM aaaHblX M O ~ M , H~HqHe KoToporo He npeasHaaMO KOM6HHaTOpHqeCKH. G R I aaeT TOaHbIe n p a B ~ a (o6mHe, H ~ a ~ a x a o f i OTne~bHOfi qaCTH ~ q H ) , n p a ~aKHX yCaO~HaX # ~a~H3yeTCS ~a~ raacHblfi, ~OHeMaTaaeC~H e r o ~eHTH~HpyeT (S o 6 m e i aeT p a c x o x a e a H f i , Hanp., c MOefi ~eHTH~HxauHefi s ~ u r o v i ~ 1963) a ~opMy~HpyeT OCO6ble n p a ~ a o6 y a a ~ a H H 6 e r ~ o r o r a a c H o r o (Hanp., y~apeHHe a a / e / , HO He Ha /O/ npH Tex x e a~aeHToaorHaeC~HX y c a o s a a x ~ P. Ma. 1 a 2 c~aoHenHa, ~212, 262). q e p e a o s a H H e THna nad/nado- ~ npacTaBgax F a p a aa3bmaeT T a z x e 6erhbIM F~aCHbIM, HO TaK KaK OHO ~B~eTC~ CBO~CTBOM He OT~e~bHbIX M O ~ M , a ~cero K ~ a ~ a (a~TOMaTHqeCKH ace HpHcTaBK~, 3agaHqHB a ~ H e C R Ha COraaCHb~fi), OH B OT~e~bHbIX HpH~aBKaX 6eF~bI~ FhaCHbI~ ( # ) ~a~ HX COCTaSHy~ SaCTb He yCMaTpHSaeT (~136). H ~ s a a , Fapa nocTynaeT Ta~ me, He OrOSOpHS 3TO, H a c ~ y a a e n ~ a a o r o B , r~e n o a s ~ e a H e s O ~ H a e c ~ o r o sapHaHTa, za~ S H ~ O H3 a ~ b a o r o OnHCaHHS
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(~620), He.rlb3~l CtlHTaTb CBO~CTBOM olipe~e.rleHHo~ llpe)IHrTa61trlbHO~ rpynnbi n p e a ~ o r o a . OCO6bIM BoHpocoM rlB~q~teTC~IO6OaHaqeHne TeM ace 3HarOM # qepe~o-
aanHa o/i s BoraaHqecrax OCHOaaX THna co6pamb - co6upamb. T a r Ear aTO '~epeaosaHHe npoacxoztrrr npH c o a c e ~ ztpyrHx yC~IOaHSX H HOZb 3aecb •lepezyeTcs c coBceu ~tpyra~ r a a c H u ~ (/i/), qe~ a c~Iy,~ae HaCTosmero 6 e r a o r o r a a c H o r o (/e, o/), Heo6xoaHr~O n ~ TpaHCrpHnUaH BI~eCTHOCO6bI~ 3aar, nanp., B .rloc-aHzaceaeccrofi t u r o z e y n o T p e 6 a a a m e e c a ~ . 1.4. B G R I Fap)x Br~Im,~rta H CaOIO Teopmo r~afi~oa (CTp. 115 H C,rl.), r o r o p y m OH npe~cTaaHz Ha crI~no3Hyue The Slavic W o r d a Los Angeles ~leTO~ 1970 r. ( G a r d e 1972) H nOTO~t oTpa6aT~,ma.a. C o r ~ a c n o aTOfi reOpHH Ha onpe~tey[enm,ix u o p q b e u m a x m a a x c a o a a ueac~ty ~ a y ~ raacm,~MH (~ TOU ~Iacae H 6erm,~u) aaTo~aTw~ecrH BcTaaasercs cor~acHbI~ /j/, Hanp., ( z n a + u ) /znllju/ 3uwo (§145), a HerOTOp~,~X cnetmaabm,ix cay~iasx / v / : ( v i + p,i + a + t , ) , T.e. sbmusamb CO~lepacHr TOT ace cyqbqbHrc ( a ) , t a r Hanp. ( u + m, ir + a + t,) y~upamb. - 9 T O t npueM ~ a e r aO3MOacHOCr], Hanp. OTO~eCTBHTb OCHOBy HaCTOSRIero BpeMeHH H HHqbHHHTHBa y r a a r o ~ o a rHna snamb/sUwo, 6eaemb/6e~e~o H, v a r H ~ o6pa3oM, ynpOCTHT], OnHCaHHe COOTHOIIIeHHR F.rlaFOabHblX OCHOB.
1.5. B I~.rlaccHqbI~alIHH I/O qaCT~M peqH F a p ~ c~e~a.a HeroTop~,ie H3MeHeHHg: aBe.~ noaeaHyro raTeropH~o CaOBoHpe~IIOaceHHfi (Meac:Iy HpOtlHM ~r[g caoB Txma cnacu6o, Oa, no~ca~tyficrna, naOno, ~I~ Hecnopm,ix Meac~IOMeTHfi H ~[jD/ ~OBOJIbHO ~IHCryTa6eabHbIX " f o r m u l e s de politesse" THna c)06pbt(t se~tep, do c6udanu:~, npoulafime, 6uuo~am H rip.) H r a T e r o p m o "~eqberTHBHble HMeHHbIe qbOpMbI", r y ~ a nXO~a~T "HapeqHg" (roJlbrO HapeqH~l ~epbi), O6CTOgTeabcT~eHHb~e c~o~a (les circonstanciels, T.e. e OCHOeHOM HapeqHS MeCTa H ~peMeHH) H npeRHraTHBbI, C no~e3HbIM no~pa3~e.neHHeM Ha 6e3YlHqHbIe (uac)o H rip.) H .rlHqHble (.q... He npoqb, snpase, 3amy,,tern, naeomose, a omseme). O~leHb BaacHblM, XOT~! H He 6eCCHOpHblM HO]~OBBe~eHHeM sBaseTCS nOCTyaHpoSaHHe 4 ~onoYmHr e a b m , ix na~eacefi (rm3ccH~, HaaarHa, a6~aTH~ H reMnopaaHc) a npoHo~nHa.abHOfi dpY[erCnH ~,aS cepH~ Trma m-am, m-yc)a, om-m-yc)a, m-oec)a. 1-1OaHOCT~,IO y6pam,~ "vBozm,Ie ( ~ o a a m , m, ie) c a o e a " . T a r ~ar ~Hcryccrm o '~aCTSX pe'~H "OTacHaa C~O~ ~ e r " H MbI (no r p a f m e ~ ~ e p e - ~) cero~aHS ~ o 6 ~ e ~ rOTOBbX 8rtaeTb e raaccHqbHratmH caoB n o HX F.paMMaTHqeCrHM CBO~CTBaM c r o p c e opy~He HO3I-IaHH.q H OHHCaHH~I qeM eFo i~eab, MOX(HO raaccHqbriKa~mo F a p ~ a IIpHH~iTb raK O~lJ-Iy H3 BO3MOacHbIX.
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1.6. K o6me~ MeTOaOaOrH~ecI¢o~ xapa~cTep~iCTaKe KHHFHnpHHa~rleacHT a
CTpCMJICHHCaBTopa CTpOrO OTJIHtIHTbnpo~ygTHBHbIC flB~ICHHa OT Henpo~yKTHBHbIX H B cay,~ae nocae~aHx ~aBaTb ~icaepnbmamume cnaclOl, o6o3Ha'~aeMbxe o6a3hmammaM cogpameHHeM "l.c." ( = liste compl6te). 1.7..]'IHqHO coaca.ae~o, qTO asTop B G R I He BKJIIOqH.~I 3ClCIIJIHRHTHO (HMn.amlHTHO OHa, I¢OHeqHO, HpHcyTCTByeT) CBO}O TCOpH~O OCHOBbI, pa3~IH~lammy~o cTpyKTypHo OCHOBbI HM~HHbIe, F~IarOJlbHbIe H HpOHOMHHR.rlbHhI¢~.
2.0. KHHFa H306tLr~yeT HOBbIMHy6eRHTeJIbHbIMHpeIIIeHI4SMH,KOTOpbl¢ B H e ~ C ~ R T b HO~HOCTb~. C ~pyFo~ CTOpOHbI, OHa ~B~R~TC~ -- ~ag y~e 6 b ~ o c g a a a n o - npO~On~eHHeM ~ p o r o CHHXpOHHO~, cTpyKTypHOfi He reH¢paTHBHO~ ~HHHR HCC~¢RoBaHHR p y ~ o r o ~3bma H n ~ c T a s a a e T co6ofi ee COB~MeHH~ COCTORHHC. G R I n o CBOeMy 3ar~aBHm OHHCbIBaCT OOHOHOFH~ H Mop$o~OFH~ COB~MCHHOFO pyccKoro ~ c p a T y p H o r o g3b~a.
~H~H3HH H ~ b 3 g
2.1. qacTb O qbOHO~OrHH co~epacHT raaBb~ o qbonoaorn,~ecrofi CHCTeMe, O rpa~e~aT~ilCe n o npon3tlomenl~l~ (qboneTnKe): n rpa~euaTmca, n qbotleTmca npeacTaBaamTCa Kar pea_rla3amm a6cTparTablX qboae~. B TOU ace nopa~ice onncuBacTca B MopqboaormI H Bca #~lelCci~. CaoBoo6pa3oBanl~e B G R I He Bgamqeno: am'op cam'acT ero ~Ie~OM caoBapa. 2.1.1. H3 ~ICnO~bSyeMo~ TeopHn BbITeraeT, qTO B qbOHO.aorH~ecrym CnCTeMy aXOanT 32 coraacnbix a 5 raacab~x (T.e. ne /g,E,/ He /i/ a T.~.); na o c n o a a a a n cayaaea mr~m, aur~ Fap~ n p ~ n a e T n T e O ~ T a ~ e c t y ~ o 6 o c n o a a n n o ~ b / ~ / , / ~ / , / ~ / , a Tarxe /~/, no aa-aa nx r o a a ~ e ~ a e a a o ~ MapF~H~bHOCTn 3T~ ~OHeMbI OH B CBO~ CRCTeMyHe BBO~nT. Onncanae ~ o n o ~ o r ~ r o ~ cn~eMbl n e e ~ n 3 a a n ~ npoao~nTCS a paMrax "~OHOMOFH~ecKoFo C~oBa", RpOT~BOHOCTaBM~eMOFO "rpaMMaTnq~rOMy" (~112) n "cTpyrTypnpoaannoMy" (~116) caoay. Ha ~ n o a a n a a 3TOrO npOTHBOHO~aBaCHHR noaysaeTca npnCTaBO~HbI~ MO~¢MHbI~ mos, o 6 a a ~ pR~OM cneUH~H~eC~HX CSO~CTS, s TOM ~HCae ~ o a ~ a aecrax. B ~pyrax noco6aax 3TH ~OHeT~¢CKR¢ CBO~CTBa aBaflmTCa ~OSOaOM ~ a abmeaenna n p n ~ a a o s a o r o rosa - y Fapga o n a x e TOabgO CRMRTOM 60~ee o6mero npoTnaOn~Taaaenna ( " ~ y r T y p a p o a a n a o e c ~ o a o " nr~m~aeT ropenb, c y ~ n r c n o r o ~ a n n e , T.e. Te M O ~ M b I , rOTOpbIe caMn nMe~T a~RCHTyaRROHHbIe CBOfiCTBa; "~OHO~OrHq¢CgOe C~OBO" ar~m~aeT Tar~e npe~nrcm, n o ~ c b i a r ~ n T ~ n n R~CTaB~flCT
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co6o~ TOT cerMenT, a paMrax r o T o p o r o y~apenne, nopox~enHoe c~araeMbiMn cTpyrTyp~poaaHnoro c~oaa, ~oax~no 6bITb pea~Inaoaano). 2.1.2. Pyccrym op~orpaqbmo G R I c aeI~OTOpbIMH oroaopraMH xaparTepH3yeT r a t TO~IHym("exactement") n p o e r u m o qbOHO~orn,~ecro~ cTpyrTypu p y c c r o r o cs~oaa. T a r a s xaparTepHCTara, npaa~a, He y~IHTUBaeTMHOXCecTBa nefiTpa~H3arIHOHHUX nOaHUn~, r~e pyccraa op~orpa~b~m caeztyeT qbOHeTH'~ecroMy npHHtl~my, nsm r~e, OCO6eHHO npHMeHaTeabHO r r~acHbIM, npnMeufleTca abI6Op rpaqbeMbi no nCTOpHqeCrOMy n.qn aTnMO~OrnqeCKOMy npnHtlany (cpB. 3.1.2.). 2.2.1. OvaesI "Mopqboaorm,~" na,mnaeTca raaao~ "Bae~eane a MO~O~ o r ~ " : aTO cxaToe n p n n u n n n ~ b n o e a~ao~enne T e O ~ T ~ r a X n o a ~ n f i H. Fap~a, n o a o n ~ c T a a ~ a ~ co6o~ a ~ a m m n f i c a ar~a~ a TeOpHm Hame~ ~HCUHnaHHU. KpoMe OnH~HHa OCHOaOnoaarammx MeTO~OaOrHaeCrHX npneMoa, o rOTOpUX m a a peqb a 1.1.-1.6., 3~ecb Ha~araeTcfl
HOHHMaHHe M O ~ e M b I
rap~oacKoe
H C~oaa,
CHCTeMaTHKa
~o~eu ~ c n ~ e ~ a ~ n r a ~ e ~ o a a n a ~ . 3~ec~ a ~ n o , r a t a u e n ~ r o n u e n u u n G R I ~e~n~ ~ o ~ e u a , ro~opa~ r p o u e ~oro ~ o ona aaaae~ca nocn~eae~ anaqenua, n o p o ~ a e ~ y ~ u n e 0.2.), a ~ a r ~ e • .e. ~ o ~ a rat ~aroaaa, a ne ee nepaaa O o n e ~ a - ~o~e~ noaaua~ na ~one~nua c o , a n n p e ~ e c ~ a y ~ m e f i u o ~ e u ~ ( r a t a~o 6 ~ o o~rp~ITO a pa6oTax n ~ e acero ~ - a n ~ e a e c c r o f i renepa~na~ofi inroad0. Fap~ n a c q n ~ a a e ~ 4(5) r o n c o n a n ~ n ~ r ~ n 3 aora~nqecrnx " a r a o r e n n ~ x ~epe~oaanna", ~.e. ~arnx q e ~ o a a ~ n f i , r o ~ o p u e a~i3~aa~a na o~nofi u o p ~ u e ~efic~aneu c~e~y~mefi ~ o p ~ u ~ i : (a) cuar~enne; (6) n a n a ~ n a a u n a 3 a ~ e n e 6 n ~ x ; (a) c ~ a r ~ e n n e - n ~ a ~ n a a u ~ , ~.e. ( a ) + ( 6 ) a ~ e ~ e ; (r) o 6 ~ a n~a~naa~; (~) caaa~ncraa n ~ a ~ a -
~auua;
/ o / ~ /e/; / o / ~ / n / ; # ~ / i / .
~ n a acex a~ux caofic~a Fap~ nnea c u ~ e u y ~ n c r p ~ u a o n n u x anaroa, ro~opue axo~ a ero u o p O o O o n e u a ~ r ~ ~pancrp~u~, nanp. : (=on')cy~rc -eun, a~a~iaa~mafi ~ e p e ~ o a ~ a e , u a a u a a e ~ o e "o6maa
na~aT~H3aH~a"
( = ) ; 3Ha~ " o 6 o a H a q a e T Ha aTOM M e ~ e n o c ~ e y -
~ a p a e u o ~ , ~.e. n o p o ~ e n n e norpy~-en-6). B c ~ e ~ a ~ e
y ~ a ~ n ~ na c a e ~ y ~ m e ~ caore (nanp., ~o~e~ H. Fap~a naao o ~ e ~ b ~o,
~TO Tpa~HHHOHHbI¢ " C O ~ H H H T ~ b H H ¢
F~aCHM¢" -- OHH ~ 0
• ea~n~ie ~ o ~ i "
cao~x
-
n cao~n~
o K O H q a H ~ ¢ M, n ~ a 3 H a q C H H b ~
"~fl
(soO-o-naO)
"¢OCR~H-
on
c~ae~
O603HaqOHng ~ K H H H n e p B o r o
~ e n a c ~ o ~ n o r o c a o a a " : y 6 e a ~ e a ~ n u f i apry~en~ ~ a a~oro ~ m e u n ~ ~o~6aen~e ~a ~ofi ~e ~ r u n ~ y ~nca~eabn~ix nac~oamero n a ~ e ~ H O F O O~OHqaHHfl pORHTe~HOFO H ~ ¢ ~ a (mp-~-~emuu~, n ~ - ~ -
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53
~em~ca; Ha CTp. 94 omH6OqHO HarlHcaHo mp~-x-~emnuf~). O ~ n a r o , Ha3blBaTb 3TO OKOHtIaHHe TCpMHHOM E. A. 3eMCKOfi "I4HTCp~H~C" 3HaqHT a a a b m e yaeJ~HqHaaTb TepMHHO~OrH~tecgy~O OMOHHMHIO. He rOBOpg yxe o TOM, qTO T a r o t p~IIIeHHC TpC6yeT TCOpCThnlecgoro O6OCHOBaHH~ (o6pa3OBaHHC CaO~H~X C~OB M~ ace OTHOCHM g c~oaoo6pa3oaaHHtO, T.e. g * p c , r~e qbyHg~HOHnpy~T HC " O g O H q a H H S " , a cyqbqbHKC~X, npcqbHgCU - H, 6~ITb MO:~CT, HOaTOMy? - HHTCpdpHgCbI), gOTOpOC ~O CHX h o p He 6bL~O ~ano. 2.2.2. CyulecTanTeJibrloe (Tag x e gag n ~xpyrHe n3MeltaeMhie ~acTn ~ n ) o n n ~ n o n p n HOMO~H BCCX ~a3aHnbIX M~TO~O~OFHq~CKHX npHeMOa: ~ f l B~X CK~OHCHH~ H ~ OTK~OHCHH~ o r CTa~apTHbIX T ~ O a HCXO~Ofi HB~flgTC~ OOHCMaT~eCKa~ ~H~3eHTaRH~, a rpa~HKa (H HpOH3HOmeHHe) HpOH3Be~eHbl OT Hee; OOHeMaTHqeCKH, C OTCb~KOfi K o6mefi TeOpHH, n ~ R ~ a B a e H b ~ 6er~blC r ~ a c H ~ e ; c y ~ e c T ~ y ~ e THHbI yAapCHHg O6~gCHg~TCg CHCTCMaT~o~ aKHeHTya~HOHHUX C ~ O ~ B OCHO~, OKoHqaHHfi a "~e~H~H~Hb~X c y ~ H K C O ~ " ( ( - i n - ) , ( - ; # j - ) , ( - o n # k - ) H np.). HenpH~InHO, a a x e B CaM~IX no~po6H~IX OHHCaHHSX, B K ~ q e H H e ~aMH~HapH~IX OOpM THna mare/, M ~ b / ~ napaaHrMaTHKy ~ KaqecTBe 3BaTe~bHOrO na~ema, XOTg H CTpOrO orpaHHqeHHOrO ~ H C T ~ e C K H . ~B~gCTCg 3ac~yrofi F a p ~ a , qTO OH 3TH mHpOKO p a c n p ~ T p a H e ~ H ~ e OOpM~I BBe~ B ~ a H R a p T H ~ noco6He. 3anHc~mag rpaMUaTHqCC~He c ~ o ~ a ~ a M ~ H ~ F a p ~ r o s o p ~ , qTO OHH O T ~ a ~ T C g OT B~X ~ p y r ~ cy~eCTBHTeBbHbIX TeM, qTO y HHX H3MeH~eTCg p o ~ : Kamaas ~aM~Hg 6yaTO ~ e e T oco6bie O o p M b I -MyxcKHe H XeHcKHe. g , O ~ a K O , He BHXy H p ~ H H H H ~ b H o r o p a 3 ~ H g M e x ~ y ~aMH~HgMH H 6eccHopHblMH C~OBOO6pa3oBaTe~HblMH napaMH THHa ~ O ~ b ~ U K -- n O ~ b ~ U ~ , He TO~bKO B py~KOM, F~e BCe-TaKH (~U~UO, Aaanecnn HMe~TC~ ~ a M ~ H H 6e3 o c o 6 o ~ HO3H~H ~ g ~ e H ~ cpB. q~en, peOa~mop), HO H B TeX cBaB~HCKHX g 3 b ~ a x , rRe ~ o 6 b i f i cynic ~ g XeH~HH nOqTH qTO ~ g 3 a T e ~ e H ~ame y ~OCTpaHHbIX ~ a M ~ n ~ THna c~o~aR., qem. GrJta Garbovh, Ihdira G~ndhiovh. 2.2.3. K npI~laraTeabablM F a p a OTHOCltT H qbOpMbI Ha -O (men.~o), KOTOpble O6bI~ao npHHaTO CtlHTaTb Hap~tlaaMH o 6 p a 3 a ~efiCTaHa, Haor~Ia ~ a x e OMOaHMOM a a p e a H a H npeaHgaTHaa: F a p a He~ayCMblCneHHO roaOpHT, aXO 3TO gpaTgaa qbopMa, gOTOpas y n o T p e 6 n a e r c a a 3HaaeaHH (valeur) a~aep6Ha~bHOM H npC~HgaTHnHOM (§299): On men.~o odem, e.~y 6bt.~O menJo. Bce apFyMeHTbI HpOTHa TagoFo pCIHeHHg ~OCTaTOqHO xopoIHO H3BeCTHbI: F a p ~ CaM y~iHTb~aaeT, ~TO H HpH.qaraTeY~bHbIe 6e3 gpaTKOfi (~OpMbI (Hanp., a a -cruf~, cynep~aTHa a a -ef~umf~) nce-TagH HMe~OT anaep6HaabHy~o qbopMy (§323, 354): TagHM o6pa3oM HaaHnHe
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a~aep6HaJ~bHOfi qbopMbl - prius, a e e caa3s c KpaTKOfiqbopMo~ cpea~ero po~a Hall C SeM-HH6y~b ~pyrHM a o n ~ c ~HaXpOHHH, roxopaa ~ a a e H3 G R I acramaeHa. BnpoaeM, a OT~eae o a a ~ q ~ X , no~paa~eaeHaH r a a a u IX "~e~erTHaHUe HOMHHaTHaHbIe ~OpMU", a~erTHaHaa "~opMa Ha ( O ) " y x c He aaabiaae~a 6eaoroaopoaHo rpaTro~ ~OpMO~, a ~OpMO~ " n o x o g e ~ (semblable) Ha C ~ H H ~ po~ rpaTrO~ ~OpMb~" ( ~ 7 ) , a a oT~eae o npe~HraTnaax a TOil x e raaae - ~OpMOfi "~¢HTHqHOfi (identique) c C ~ H H U p o a o u r p a r r o f i Oopu~i" ( ~ 8 ) . MeHg HeMHOFO y~HB~CT, qTO aBTOp CO6CTBCHHO a~KTHBHbIMH OopMaMH CqHTaCT r p a T r H e ~OpMbl H ~OpMbI ¢paaHeHHfl, XOTH B p y ~ r O M , KaK H BO a ~ X RpyrHx c~aB~HC~HX S3b~ax, OTHOCHT~bHbI~ n p ~ a r a T~bHbI¢, H~ H M ~ H ~ 3THX ~OpM, ~O~HqC~BeHHO H CaOC~ npo~yKTHBH~Tb~ ~KO H~BOGXO~flT KaqeCTBeHHbI¢ np~araTe~bHbie,
o6aa~a~mHe 3THMH ~opMaMH. HHKOHM o6pa3oM a ~ g r H S H a s na~r~a 6e3 ~pa+~HX ~ o p ~ ~ ~ o p ~ cpaSHeHHS He s s a s e ~ c s "HenoaHo~" napa~HrMo~ (~305). 2.2.4. HOBblMn H y6e~nTeabHbIMn H~e~IMH npaMO n 3 o 6 ~ y e T raaBa o M~CTOHMeHH~X.
Fap~ reo~rH~eC~H o6ocnoaa~ (Garde 1977), qro n p o n o u ~ n a s OCHOaa o ~ q a e ~ c s or HO~HH~HO~ H ae~a~bHO~: ro~ro OHa ~ o ~ e r c o c r o s r ~ H30~HO~ e~HCraeHHO~ OOHeU~ (r-, m - . . . ) . C arHU cas~aHo B b ~ e ~ H H e ~ T M ~ X "O~OflTe~BCTBeHHb~ HpOHOMHH~bHblX HaVened"2 H H ~ H B a , ~ a T H B a , a6~aTHBa H TeMnopa~Hca THHa ~-de, r-yda, om-K-yda, r-o~da (aysme 6 b ~ o 6b~ aMeCTO u u a c ~ s a y n o T ~ 6 a a T b a C ~ , T.r. ~OpMU CepHH ~Oe, m a ~ yHOT~6HMbl He TO~b~O ~a~ " ~ C H B ' , HO H ~a~
"cynep~cHa" H "a~nn"). C 6oabmofi H a x o ~ H B O ~ b ~ ~ap~ BBO~HT B pa3pfl~ MeCTOHMeHHfi BbIpa~cHHg ~a~ ~ a ~ 6pam, ~o-M~eMy, n o - m # b e ~ y . . . ("a~BC~H~bHbIC ~OpMbl ~HqHbIX ~ K T H B H b ~ MeCTO~eHHfi"), q m o 3 a , noqe~y, omqe~o, 3 R ~ e M , ~ o q e M ; HCOH~¢~CHHblC M~CTOHM~HH~ KaK, HaHp., K m o ~ m o R~ 6bt~O, gmo nu na ecmb, ~a~o rmo, ~a~o ~u r m o H rip. (He 6b~O a ~ e H o ~0 ~mo, a . . . ) . "Co6CTBeHHO BO3BpaTHOC" MC¢TOHMeHHC c e ~ OH HpOTHBOH~TaB~RCT "B3aHMHO Bo3BpaTHOMy" dpy~ dpy~a (ouu ~ 6 ~ ce6~ ~ dpye dpyea) H ap. H o p a ~ a e r caoefi OqeB~HOCTb~ (rOTOpym,
o ~ a r o , ~o CHX hop H~TO He B~C~) ~OHeMaT~eCroe OTO~C~B~CHH~ n a p a ~ r M M~TOHMCHH~ morn H amom ( a m u x = (dt-ex) r a t (t-6x)); B ~ TpH BOHpOCHTC~bHbIX MC~OHMCHHR K m o , q m o H qe~ ~ a p ~ c~XpOHHO H p O H 3 B O ~ OT TOil ~ e OCHOabI ~ - ) , r ~ e cy~OHrC ~ : ~ cHrH~H3HpyeT Heo~ymea~eHH~Tb ( ( r + : ) ~ ( ~ , T.e. q-too, ~ - e e o . . . ) H r~e npHTR~aTC~bH~ qe~ o6pa3oaaHo OT ( ~ TeM ~ e H~C~HBHbIM c y O ~ ¢ O M
REVIEWS (;#j),
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noccecnaHble
npHYlaraTeabHble
55 ((volk+;#j)~
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CHCTeMy Heonpe)xeaeHHbiX "cy6cTaHTHaHbIX" MeCTOHMeHHfiG R I O61,flCHfleT ~lByMfl napaMH HpOTHBOHOCTaBJleHH~: :~KCK.rlIO3HBHOCTb-~ ~IHC1~IOHICTHBHOCTb H .rlHMHTaTHBHOCTb ~ HeJIHMHTaTHBHOCTb (~426):
M¢CTOHMCltHS
3KCK~IIO3HBHOg:Tb
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umb-mo udrmo
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rm& ~u6o rmo 6~ mo aft 6 ~ o
BHRHO, qTO KOHCTHTyHpyloII~HMH qbaKTOpaMH He CqHTalOTOt (3KCHJIHI~HTHO!) HH MO~a~IbHOCTh, HH pc(~ep~HI~HaJlbHOCTb, a cKop~e qba~TopbI I~BaHTHqbHIIHpyIoIRHe (HaIlp., ~oe-~cmo eCTb HeC~O~b~O ~cmo-mo H rip.). KOHeqHO, ~TH pa3~H~lHbIe CHCTeMbl I~oop~HHaT ~ g OHHCaHHR 3HaqeHH~ Tal( HYIHHHaqe BO3BOJ~HMbI ~pyr K ~pyry: ~HC~IOHKTHBHOCTb ablpa~eHHS ~cmo-~uSyOb "Bb~CTyrlaCT ~OBO.~bHO qaCTO ~ O603Ha'~CHHg a H p T y a "o~y ~H Rpyry~ 3~eHTyaabHbIX (~3ps~a ~.) H~MCTOB", a b H O C T b " ( ~ 2 9 ) , ~TO npaMO COn~Ta~HMO C OnHCaHHSMa THna "He~bHOCTb", " n o ~ H a g HCOH~e~CHHOGTb", H~H " a b I 6 0 p C ~ H HeCKO~bKHX". -- H 3 o 6 ~ n e onnCaHHfi 3TOfi qaCTH pyccgofi rpaMMaTHra n n o c a e ~ n n e r o g u (cpa. T a r x e a nacToameM n o M e ~ R u s s i a n Linguistics CTaTbm ~ . ~XyCTn) npaMO abtabmaeT r n o n b l ~ r e c ~ T e a a . 2.2.5. F a a a a o r a a r o a e (X.) KpoMe aaO~HOfi qacTn co~ep~HT OT~Ie.abl O #popMax (6tude des t e r m i n a i s o n s ) , o6 y a a p e a H a , o COOTHOmeaI~H o c a o a (6rude des bases) a o aH~e. O n H c a n a e r a a r o a b a o f i CHCTeMbI npoao~HTCa a TepMnnax aCHMMeTpH~Iecrnx onnO3HIIH~ H, c~e~ya n p a M e p y Hca,~enro, F a p ~ CTpOro paaaHqaeT na3aaHHa qbopM (nanp., pr6sent, imp6ratif, futur) n HX qbynl(uan. F ~ a a a co~ep~KHT HeKoTopblc aa~Hbie TeOpeTHtlCCKHe HHHOSaRHH. CpC~H FpaMMaTHtleCKHX i~aTeropnfi r ~ a r o ~ a Fap~ OTYlHtIaeT peqb~IegCHaHOCTb OT 3aylora. Pe(I).rleKCHBHOCTb aMecTe c aH2tOM npe~cTaa~s~OT co6ofi ~na "HHaapHaHTHble"~ T.e. KOHCTHTyHpyloIIgHe FpaMMaTHtlCCI~He CBO~CTBa r ~ a r o ~ a , a a a ~ o r , Hapfl~y C HaK.qOHeHHeM H BpeM~HeM -- I~aTeFOpHH "CCMaHTHtIecKHe ''. KoHeqHO, co~Iep~aHHe COOTBeTCTayloIIIHX OT~Ie~oa iiOl(a3blaaeT qeTKO, tlTO tX,~(~)YleKCHBHOCTb gBJI,qeTCg "HHaapHaHTHOfi" a ~IpyroM iiYlaHe, qeM aH~I.
56
REVIEWS CTpyKTypa Re.~o~ r.aaBbi oTpa:~aeT o6my~o i¢O~luenumo 1-I. Fap~a: on
CTpOHT CnO~ CHCTeMaTH~y OH~Tb Ha ~ByX OCHOBaX r ~ a r o ~ a
(base),
T e p M a a o a o r ~ e c ~ a OTaUaaeMb~X OT ~aonb~ (th6me), T.e. MO~eMbl COBM~CTHO~ ~ o6oax "6a~" ( n p a s e ~ th6me ae ¢CTb racine). M o ~ a , n p o a 3 ~ o ~ m a a o ~ y " 6 a a y " OT ~pyrofi TOT ~e "~aO~e~HUH~bHbI~ e y e , a r C " , gOTOpbl~ HoaaaaeTCa n y cymecTanTeababIX ~ a npOTHBO-
HO~RB~CHHfl, HaHpHMep, O~HOBbI B ~HHCTB~HHOM H MHO~¢~TBeHHOM
qacaax ( ( - ; # j - , -on # k - , - i n - . . . > Hanp., 6pare - 6pambn, a p ~ u n a p ~ n e n rip.): ~ H ~ e ~ a a a a a b a b I ~ cy~HKC ~e~HHHpyezca rag c y ~ H r C , n ~ H a a H a a e a a b i ~ ~ a OTaHSeaHa o~ao~ rpynnbl ~ o p u OT apyro~ (~183). - Bee rpaMMaTHaecrne MO~¢MbI, npHcoe~aaa~mHeca g "6a3e", ~3aTb[e BM¢CT¢, aa3bisa~Tca " t e ~ i n a i s o n " a OT~HaHe OT OrOnqaHH~ ( = d6sinen~). HOCHTeaeM arUenTyaunoaHblX CnO~CTa He ¢CTb "base" ~n "te~inaison", a tax,as H3 M O ~ M a3agaa OT~e~bao (T.e. ocnoBa=thdme, ~n~epenuna,bnb~fi e y e , a r c , ~opMoo6paay~mn~ e y e , a r c , o~onqanae). - TarnM o6pa3oM, a~UenTya~noanbie c n o ~ n a n r p a ~ T poab n ~ a cerMenTa~nn ~OpM ( h a l o OTMeTnTb, qTO o r o n q a n a a n ~ 3 e n T a ( o g . . . > a ne cerMenTnpoaanb0. F a a a a o COOTHOmennn ocnoa ( " b a ~ " ) eCTb c n ~ e M a T a a ~ r a a raacc ~ n ~ a ~ n a Bcex pyccr~x r a a r o a o a : aMe~O a r ~ c o n o a c r o ~ Teopan e a ~ o ~ oc~oabi, n p e ~ a o a a r a ~ m e f i n p a a ~ a yceaenaa (t~ncation), Fapa n~araeT
OnaTb TeOpH~ HOT~HRHa~bHbIX ~Byx OCHOB. EFO HHHOBaRH~
B TOM, ~TO HX COOTHO~¢HHe OH He O6fl3aTe~bHO c ~ a e T
3a~aUHbIM
~3yabTaTOM a n a x ~ n n b I X npoueccoa, a nmeT ero n o c ~ o , b r y BO3MOXHO a C~XpOHnn. Ha ocnonanna Teopan r a a ~ o B (roTopaa a pa3HbIX aapaaHTaX a nocae~nee apeMa 6bma npaMeneHa HeCroab~nMa nccae~oaaTeaaMn) G R I O T O ~ T a ~ a e T OCHOay npe3enTa n an~n~aTnBa a pa~e r a a c c o a n rpynn (-amb/a~ <~ita>, -emb/e~ ( b,el,e ~, - y m b / y w . . . ). B na~rMaTnre, G R I aaO~nT ~ae pa3HOa~nOCTa r O n ~ a o n ~ a rona~onaa anqnufi n 6e3anqnbifi, T.e. nn~nnnT~a + 6hi: ( n o ~ y ~ m b 6b0, qTO nOaH~Tbm np~eMaeMO. O ~ a a r o c~nmrOM n p a M o a ~ e ~ n o y6paTb COrn3 qmo6b~ nOaH~Tb~, a B~eTb n 3~ecb acer~a corn3 qmo name ron~non~: corn3 a H e s e p t , qmo6b~ on n p u ~ e ~ HeCOMnen~o eCTb qmo, cpa. H e s e p t , qmo on ro~da-uu@db npumen 6~ ~ na~, no a Mb~ uzpae~, qmo6b~ 8a~ ne 6 ~ o cryqno - nepa3~O~RMb~ Re~eao~ c o ~ 3 qmo6~ (a Co3Ha~ Bee Hpo6~eMbl, CBR3aHHMe C ~eHTH~nKaRHe~ F~aro~bHbIX ~OpM ~ Tarnx n p ~ a T o q n b i x f l ~ o ~ e n ~ x ) .
K napa~nrMaT~e y MeHa ~aa a a ~ b i x npaMeqanna: (a) ~ TO n ~ M a r a t KOH~HHHOH~ H3MeH~eTG~ HO ~ a M ( ~ 9 3 -- XOTR no~eMy-To TO~bgO a e ~ c T n e n n o M qacae; ~ a q e B ~61), n ~ T e p n T = pass6 r a t 6yaTO C anUOM ne cBa3an; (6) a naccnanofi napa~nrMe nponymenb~ ~ a e r -
REVIEWS
57
CHBHble rlprlqaCTrl~! c cTpaaaTeY~bHOfi qbyHK~Inefi(u3yt~a~ou4uftca C 3HaqeHr~eM 'r~ay,~aeMbI~' n u ~ y ~ a ~ u ~ c ~ , ~ 6 8 ) . Y6e~nTenb8o F a p a y 6 n ~ e T o r o n q a n n e HH~HHHTHBa -~b H nnTepn p e , n p y e T ~OpMbI ~ana MOqb r a t o c n o a y c nyaeab~M OrOH~aHneM n q e ~ g o a a H n e M a ocnoae. On y6apaeT T a r x e n c y ~ n r c nn~aTnaa -cm~, HO e r o a n ~ n 3 OT~eabnblX r ~ a r o ~ b a u x Tanoa n o r a 3 u a a e T , qTO 6e3 aToro c y ~ a r c a O6OfiTnCb neab3a: on CaM ero a o n y c r a e T a r~acm~ (~545), rocaeHnO e r o O60~HOBaHHOCTb B H ~ O HO ar~eHTyaRnOnHOMy p a c ~ e n ~ e n n ~ OCHOBbI ( = thdme) rpacm~ (~515), no x o p o m o aaa~THUM n p ~ a c T n a M n aeenpnqaCTnaM , n n a ynaa (~503), ceamufi (~507) n np. Xo~y oco6enHo nOaqeprnyTb aOCTOnncTaa oTaeaa o a ~ e , c o a e p x a m e r o T a r x e n o a p a a a e a e n n e o r a a r o a a x aBRXeH~. G R I arcn~RRnTnee qeM a m 6 a a a3 c y m e c T a y m m n x r p a M M a T ~ : nOaHbIMn CnRCKaMH aanb~ BCe ncqncaaeMble a a a e n n a (6ecnpacTaaosnb~e raaroab~ c/a, 6ecnpncTaaoqnble n rip.), TOqnO o n ~ a a y a ~ o a u e nc/a Tnna npedcmo~m~, n o d ~ e ~ ae~aezca npnuennMOCTb o 6 o a x n M n e ~ r T n a a a n p y m m n x cy~nrcoa ( " i v a ) n ( ~ ) n nx araeHTyauaonHue cao~c~aa (o6a c aOMnaanTaofi arUenTyaunefi), TOqHO HCqRC~fl~TCfl ace q e ~ a o a a H n a n nx CBfl3b C c y ~ n r c a M n n oc8oaaMn. KoanqeCTaO n M n e ~ e r T n a a a n p y m m a x c y ~ n KCOB 6b~O caeneHo a o ~ayx npn n o u o m n Teopnn r ~ a ~ a , r~e noaaaeHne / v / - n a p a a y c HopMaa~nUM /j/ -- n p n n n c u a a e T c a nMeHHO n M n e ~ e r T n a n a n p y m m e M y ( a ) , cpa. nanp. /v/ nepea n M n e p ~ e r T a a a a a p y m m n M ( a ) , a /j/ ao 8cex a p y r a x ~opMax r a a r o a a ceam~: ( r o z + ~ + ~ + { , ) pacceaam~, no ( r o z + s 6 + f i ) p a c & m , n aaxe (roz+s6+"iva+{,) / r o z s 0 i v a t , / pac&uaam~. TarnM o6pa3oM o r a a u a a e T c a , Hanp., aTO ~acmp~m~ n ~acmpeadm~ ( z a + s t r , ~ + ~ + ~ , ) ~ n ~ammumb a ~ammeaam~ ( z a + °t,m, + i + ~ + {,) o6paaymTca o a ~ a r o a o , 6e3 q e ~ a o a a H n f i o c n o a u . H a p a a y c ocnoaaMn n ~ a e H c a n n n ~ a n n T n a a F a p a a a o a a z eme T ~ T b m OCHOay (base) - n M n e ~ e r T n a a 3 a u n o n a y m n a r c n a n ~ n T n o onnc~iaaeT ee OTnOmeHne r apyrnM aayM. HMennO M e x a y 3TOfi n nH~nHaTnanOfi OCHOaaMa n ~ a c x o a n T q e ~ a o a a n n e , r o T o p o e G R I o6oanaqaeT # ~ / i / ( n a s s a m ~ - nas~taam~, ~a6pam~ - ~a6upam~), o rOTOpOM ~ S b m a a a 1.3. Paaanaaa ~mea~, c ~ o p M y a n p o a a n n u e H c a q e n r o (1960, 319, 325 a ca.), F a p a a a a ~ m e CnCTeMaTn3npyeT o n n c a n n e r ~ a r o ~ o a ~ a n m e H ~ . E r o aHHOaauae~ aaaaeTca ~ 3 a e a e n n e a ~ x n p n c T a a o r na o n ~ a e a e n n b l e (14 n p n c T a a o r c 3naqeHneM n a n p a a a e H n a a a n x e n n a ) n n e o n ~ a e a e n n u e . O ~ o H a n p a a a e H n u e r a a r o a b I coqeTamTca TO~bKO C onpe~eaeHnUMn (aceMn l) n p n ~ a a r a M n n r aOSHnrmeMy TarnM o6paaoM n e ~ e r ~ n a H O M y r a a r o a y (npunecmu, npuramum~) o6paaymTca ~ r y a a p n o n M n e ~ e r T n -
(roz+s6+~+i,)pac&am~,
58
REVIEWS
BHbIe n ap u (npunocum~,,npuram~asamb); Hx OCHOBa M O ~ , HO He ~ o a ~ n a 6~rb o~onn~na c nenanpaaaenn~i~ simplex (npu-uocum~, no -ram~taamb, CpB. uamamb), n e o H ~ e ~ e H H b l e n p ~ a a r a cOqeTa~TC~ TO~bKO C HeHaHpaB~eHHblMH F~aFO~aMR ~BH~eHH~ H pe3y~bTaTOM flB~eTC~ o6saaTeabno n e ~ e r T a a n b i ~ r a a r o a n e n a p a u ~ ~ n n a p a b ~ : cxodum~ (c/a) a eopod, n g t x o d ~ b (c/~)/s~xd~u#amb (nc/a) epun. C ~ z a OTn~aTCa n~e acero ace coaepmaeM~Tnbie o6pa3oaanna ( A k t i o n ~ ) . E~nH ~ B e H H b I M n C K a m q e H n e M ~BaReTCa n e o n ~ a e a e n n a a n p n ~ a a r a no-, r o T o p a a cose~aeTca c r a a r o a a M n o6onx n o ~ a ~ o a ( a e c o o T n e ~ n n u e n o ~ u ~ eopoO C/B, n o x o O ~ b C/B no eopoOy).
3.0. CTporoe npHMeHeHne arc~i0~mtnTno qbOpMyJIHpyCMblX MeTOgOYlOr a q e c r a x npneMOB OTKpbIBaeT HeKOTOpble caa6~,xe MeCTa TeOpHH G R I. CaMofi Ba~gnOfi npo6aeMofi a C,mTa~o H~CnTnqbHralIHIO a O603aaqeHHe a e o g a o 3 a a q a o H~CHTH~bHRHpyCMbIX"a6cTpaKTHbXX" egHHmI: npogeMoncTpnpym ~TO na T p a a c r p n n a n a qboHeM I~ na aruenTya~Inn Mop~eM. 3.1. F a p g CaM, rag a npounTnpoBaa n 1.1, qbOHeMbI B nenpoaepaeMblX c0~a6blX n o 3 m m a x TpaHcrpn6npyeT na OCHOaannn op~borpa~bnn n e o 6 o 3 H a q n a aTO. TarnM o6pa3oM aTa y n p o m e n n a a qbOneMaTaqecraa Tpancrpnnun~ ne OTanqI~Ma OT TpaHcrpnnunn CTporofi n npnnnMaeTca, g a g e aaTOpOM CaMHM, 3a noanonpaBHym Hgel~THqbHKaUmO. 3.1.1. B §77 F a p g roBop~IT, qTO nefiTpa~Ia~alI~Ia na.rlaTa21bnOCTn npoHCXO~HT TO~bKO B O ~ O M n a n p a a a e n n a , a HMeHHOr a t C M ~ e H n e TBep~blX ; ¢~¢~OBaT¢~bHO, H~T O T B ~ p ~ H ~
MflFK~.
B COOTBCTCTBHH C ~THM B
n a p a r p a ~ o abl6O~ 6 e r a o ~ r a a c a o ~ (~134, 3 °) on roaopnT o c u s ~ e n n a napnblX Taepgbm nepeg 6 e r a b l M / o / e c a u nocae nero caegyeT /s/, /n/, /1/, /r/, T.e. TBepgb~ 3y6nofi, nanp. : ~ # c , y~(u, ep~seu, cecm(p a np. C M a ~ e n n e 3~eCb, C~egOaaTe~bHO, nb~3BaHo 6erab~M/o/. B pa~e ~ p y r a x cayqaea (~134, 3 °, 4 °) 6 e r a b ~ / o / cMaraeaaa ne B b I 3 b I B a ~ ~ TBep~OCTb ~ R
MRFKOC~ H ~ . n 3 ~ e C T B y ~ e F o
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REVIEWS
59
I~:ln M~rI~OCTt, (rlanp., {xa~n~d~r~}). Ta x e qboaexn~ec~a~ xeepaocx~ n e ~ a / n / B meOn~t~ OT meO~ n 6eOu~tfi OT 6eOa CBnaexenbcxByeT O ~OHeTnqecrofi a n r a a a a u n n MflFK~THbIX paa~nqafi B n p o n a a o a a m e f i OCHOBe; He ne~TpaflnayeMoe CUAbHbI~ OT cuda n~n pyqHo~ OT py~a CBn~eTe~bCTay~T O q e ~ a o s a n n n nepea c y ~ n r c o ~ , ~OTOpOe G R I naab~aaeT "mouillure - pala(alisation" n o6oanaqaeT ( ; ) . 3TO npaB~a, 3naqnT, qTO / m , / s y ~ n no~a~fleTcn ne ae~cTaneM 6 e r ~ o r o /o/, a ~e~cTane~ cy~nrca (;#n). A " a c ~ a s ~ e n n o e " / o / TO~brO coaaaeT yc~oanfl a ~ ~nanqecroro asifla~ennfl TOrO, qTO ~oneMaTnqecrn na~nuo a c ~ e ~ c T B n e - a aTOM cayqae - Mop~eMaTnqecro~ cTpyrTypbx CaOa ym-n-~t~, OeO-n-bl~, CUdb-H-bl~ ~ rip. H o ~ o 6 n o e ab~na~enne a ~ p y r n x yCaOBnflX ananO na n a ~ 3aonqa n 3apqa (p. e~.) c ~ o n e T n q e c r n TaepauMn [n], [ d nepea /c/ n M n r r n ~ n In,], Jr,] n e ~ a /el (3~oneq, ,¢apeq): o6e n o a n ~ n n caa6b~e. OT Tex ~ e OCnOa o6paaoBannb~e 3ap~r, .qapb~a VS. 3aonor, 3aon~a, rae 3y6nble n e ~ a aeaflpo~ /r/ n n e ~ r~acno~ / o / s C~bHOfi n o a n u n n , qeTrO p a c r 0 u a a m T ~oneMa~nqec~ym MflrrOCTb /r,/ a (lar~), n, c a e a o a a T e ~ s n o , n a ~apqh=/lar,c~/ ( ( i a r ~ + # c ' + d ) ) , neCMOTpa na ero ~oneTnqecKy~ TaepaOCTS n e ~ a /c/ - a n a ~ o n e ~ a T n q e c r y m x a e p ~ o c T b / n / a 3aone~, neCMOTfl na ero ~ O n e T n q e c r y ~ MnrrOCTb ne~a/e/. H3 3TOrO flCnO, qTO pa33nqenne c~yqaea, rae 6 e r a o e / o / abI3b~aaeT (~134, 3 ~) n He BUauaaeT ( " p r o v o q u a n t . . . " , ~134, 4 ~) cMnrqenne n a a n m n e , n6o 6er~oe / o / TOflbrO scrps~aaeT TO, qTO ~oneMaTnqecrn na~nuo, no q~o ynpomennafl Tpancrpnnunfl n p e a c T a a ~ a neaepno. H e s e p n o , TarnM o6paaoM, T a r ~ e y T s e p ~ e n n e (~77) o6 o a n o n a n p a a~ennOCTn n e ~ T p a a n a a u n n u f l r r o c T n : n a ~ n u o p a a noanun~, nanp., ne~ Tsep~s~Mn 3y6nS~Mn, rae a m 6 a a napnafl a o a ~ n a nponanOCnTbCfl r a t ~ o n e T n q e c r n TBep~an. ~oneMaTnqecrafl MflrrOCTb n p e a n o c a e a n e r o c o r a a c n o r o ~nnaabUOfi r p y n n s I cor~acnblX a nMennblX o c n o s a x nepe~ Taepas~M 3 y 6 n s I ~ n~eeTca, npas~a, He TOhbrO B c h o s a x c npo3paqHofi c~oaoo6paaoaaTe~bnofi cTpyrTypo~: ona nMeeTcfl n a c~oaax nenponaaoans~x (aec~o ( v , o s , l o ) , 6eOpo, o ~ ) , n Tau, rae nc~opnqec~n nnKoraa ne 6 u ~ o epn ( c e ~ p a ( - t , r a ) ) . H c a q e n r o (1980, 146-7) caaaa3 3TO fla~enne c 3aroHoMepHOCTflMn cTpoennfl ocnoas~, no ero o n ~ a e ~ e n n e yC~OBn~ nOflB~ennfl epa ~ n epfl a y ~ n o Cq~TaTb T O f l b K O O6~nM TOflqKOM ~ ncc~eaoaann~ - a n a x p o n n q e c r o r o n c n n x p o n n ~ e c r o r o , n ~ a n o c u ~ r o f i r o T o p o r o naafleTca, o a n a r o , Toqna~, n e y n p o m e n n a ~ ~oneMaTnqecraa n~enTn~nra~nfl. " 3 ~ p a a u ~ CMUC~" (cpa. "naturalness") 3~ecs 6 b ~ 6hi onacnb~M n~nflTCTaneM.
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3.1.2. ~ p y r o ~ cayqafi, rge aTa y n p o l u e n n a a T p a n c r p n n ~ n s n o a y q a a a CTaTyc ~ e n ~ n ~ a u n n rOTOpOfi
Fap~
roaopnT,
~onoaornqecrym aepno
HacqeT
- aTO x a p a r ~ e p n c ~ n r a pyccrofi o ~ o r p a ~ n n , qTO
ona
cTpyKTypy r a ~ o r o
C~nUX
n
~
npnnunne caoaa
o
TOqHO yqnTblBaeT
(~52). ~TO a6coamTnO
MO~eMaTnqecrn
npoaepseMux
c~a6ux
noan~nfi. H o aTO TO~bKO o r p a n n q e n n a s qacTb p y c c r o r o c a o s a p a . C y m e CTaenHafl qaCTb 6e3y~apHbIX rnacnb~x - s nenposepaeMb~X no3nRnflx; TO x e MOXHO CKa3aTb H 0 coraacablX a KOHCOHaHTHqeCKHX r p y n n a x (cpa. able
3.1.1). Mbi nnmeM n ~ n u q n ~
qepe3 u n nopado~nbt~ a e ~ 3
o, n
s p a n a n rTO yCOMHnTCa a TOM, qTO aTO a eCTb U n O. XOTa T a r a a ~eaTn~nrauna
a a y r o a [~] n [A] n ~ n o a a r a e T OTOXaec~aaeHne c npu n no, r O T O p ~ c a a x p o H a q e c r n y x e He~efiCTnnTe~b~O. A a c a o a a x 6eqeea, eu~u~a, ~oO~tea fl COTHflX a p y r n x , Ha CaMOM a e a e a n n~oraMn
6omanu~a ~ n mOro~ad OTOX~eCTBHTb He C qeM, n HOgTOMy ab~6op r~acHofi n p o a o a n T C a 3TnMOaOrnqecrn, a c T o p n q e c r n ~ n ocTaeTca c , yqafiHb~M: a pyccroM c a o a e 6omanu~a HeBb3fl o n p e a e ~ u T b , nMeeTca a a a nepaoM c a o r e r a a c H u f i /a/ n a n / o / ; n s a e c T n o TOabrO, qTO aTO a e / e / , / u / n / i / . A abi6op rpa~eMb~ o - n c T o p n a e c r a f i ( n p o n c x o x a e n n e ) . ~O3TOMy
HeBb3fl CKa3aTb, qTO6bI B 3THX c ~ y q a f l x
-
a
Hx orpOMHOe
KO~HqeCTBO -- p y c c r o e HpaBoHHCaHHe TOqHO y q H T b I B ~ O ~OHCMaTHqeCKH~ COCTaB C~OBS. OHO TO~bKO He B K O H ~ H K T e C HgM.
3.2. M u t a t i s m u t a n d i s a o n p o c n~eHTH(I)HKaIIHH H 3aHHCH nOCTy~HpyeMblX e~I~IHHR BCTp~qaeTca H a r a p ~ o a c r o ~ TeOpHH y~apeH~a, a c~y~ae arueHT y a u n n rpaMMaTnqecrnx M O d e M . nO3bMeM KOHK~THbI~ c~yqafi: a aK~eHTHOM Tnne " n a B o b " (TO X ¢ MO~nO nafiTn no M n o r n x ~ p y r a x Tnnax), c a a T o y ~ a p s e u o ~ OCHOBO~, G R I ~ e u T n ~ n U n p y e T ace o ~ o n ~ a n n a e ~ n n c T a e n n o r o ~ n c a a n H. Mn. qncaa
rat
ney~apseMb~e CD),
no
oronqanns
M n o ~ e c T a e n n o r o qnc~a r a t a a T o y g a p s e ~ e n~osnnoe
y~a~nne
rocaenn~ix
have,eft
( ~ ) : no~yqaeTcs Tar, q~o
a o a n n r a e T n a 6 o p o M o r o n q a n n f i , ne n ~ e ~ n x
o g n a a r o s u e a r ~ e n T y a ~ n o n n u e cao~cTaa. O ~ n n a r o a u f i ~ 3 y ~ T a T (T.e. n ~ T O S H n o e y ~ a p e n n e ) n o ~ y q n ~ c s 6 u , n p a a ~ a , n Torga, e c a n 6b~ ~ s o r o n q a n n f i P. - Ta. MS. n o c T y a n p o a ~ n c b 6hi o r o n q a n n s c TOil ~ e a r u e n T y a u n e f i ra~ ace ocTaabnb~e o r o n q a n n a aToro a r u e n T n o r o Tnna, T.e, o r o n q a n n s n e y ~ a p s e M ~ e (~D "caepxy a n n a " ) , Tar r a t o T r p u T u e F a p ~ o ~ n p a a n a a n a O~OM, n a ~pyroM c~yqae a a a n 6 u TOT ~ e ~ 3 y ~ b T a T -- y ~ a p e n n e n a ocnoae. O ~ n a r o , F a p g n 3 6 p a ~ H e o ~ n n a r o s o c T ~ a n y T p n o ~ n o r o a r ~ e n T u o r o T ~ a , ~ S TOFO qTO~bI H O ~ H T b o R n n a r o a b i e a r ~ e n T y a ~ n o n n ~ e c a o f i ~ a a ~ n r ~ a e n n b ~ x
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naaexefi MH. qHCJ1a BO a c e x aKReHTHbIX THIIaX (d~OpMbI ~te6edh~f a.~a ~ o p o c M ~ MO~HO no~ynH~b ~ o ~ r o c D ' , n H r a r He c °D). H o 3~o abI6op aa~opa c a ~ o r o , q ~ 6 ec~b Ha c a ~ o ~ ~e~e, a H r a r H u n a ~ H3aec~Hsi~ MeTO~OM pelZIHTb He.rlb3fl.
B npHHUHHe 3TO HOpMa~bHa~ npo6aeMa rpHTepHeB, n o Tar r a t Ham MeTO~I ~ a e T BO3MO)KHOCTb yqeCTb H B TpaHcrpHntlHH O603HaqHTb, qTO o n p e ~ l e h e H H o e p e m e H H e He e~HHO, H a l o 9TO c~eylaTb. H a l o B TpaHtcrpH-
nRH~O artleHTyatIrI~ BBeCTH 3Hat, KOTOpb~ CHFrIa~HI3HpyeT, qTO ~aHHOe arReHTyaRHOHHOe 3HaqeHHe -- O21HOH3 BO3MOX£HthlX, Be~yttIHX r H3BeCTI-IO~ HaM peay[H3atIHH. ($I IIO.rlHOCTbIO yqHTbIBaa3, nO CO6CTBeHHOMy OrIbITy, ~TO BBe~eHHe HOBblX H HOBblX HH~ercoB OqeHb 3aFpy~aeT TpaHcrpH6HposaaH~fi xerCT: HO MarCHMaabHaa 3KCnaHt~HTHtOCTb MeTO~ta He rtaeT s cpa~HeHHe c y~O6OaHTaeMOCTmO rtaH ne~arorHsecKo~ no~b30~). 3.3.1. ~TBepXReHHe G R I, 6yaTO (§24) HCKOHeqHblC C.IIOFH B pyccroM a3blre a npHHIiHne OTKpblTble, H~eT B p a 3 p e 3 He TOJIbKO C O~IHeIIpHH~ITblM B ~IHHrBHCTHKe c~oropa3ae~eHHeM, HO n c HefIHHFBHCTHqeCKO~ HpaKTHKOfi, Hanp., IIpH IIeHHH. BOT c~yqafiHbIfi npHMep TeKCTa HeCHH HOd HOTaMH B mypHa~e "CrlyTHHK" : n o m - rim, Oo - ~ c O u n - lcU, a c e - d e n - n o f i , c n a p n e r o H T.,~.
3.4. HaroHeR H e c r o a b r o OT~eYlbHbIX HpHMeqaHH~. Be3y~apHblfi 6 e r ~ b l f i / e / n e p e ~ fi nHmeTcs 6yraofi e He TOnbrO B p f ~ c e f i , HO T a r x e (CTp. 103) a pyccrHx cymeCTaHTe~babiX Myx. p o ~ a 0~efi H '&pefO.
CMar~eHHe (Hacwoamee cMar~eHHe) npe~noc~e~Hero cor~acHoro nepe~ 6er:~bIM/0/HMee~ca He TOrerO n CaOne c y ~ e p ~ u , ~ o H ~ u o n e p e a - ~ o n e p 6 e (CTp. 105). B r o ~ n a p a T H s e e o p , , e (CTp. 225) -- naaaTa~H3osaHaoe It], T.e. /r,/ tt IIO3TOMy ~texay e o p b r u f , / g 6 r , k o j / I t e o p u e HteX aepe~osaHHS. I/IMeeTc~I HecroJIbKO flBHbIX oHeaaTor B qbOHeMaTl, l q e C r o ~ TpaHcrpHn l ~ H : nMeCTO/s,6rdce/ (CTp. 44), /16~i/ (CTp. 86) ~ o ~ a o 6bITb /s,6rdco/,
li6~1. 4.0 B n a r o a a p a cBoefi MeTO~OJIOFHqeCKOfi qHCTOTe, 3KCIIJIHI~HTHOCTH H opHrHHa~mtOCTH, a T a r x e Hc~epnbma~omeiy (3rCnarmHTHOMy x e ) OXBaTy MaTepHa21a, He B HOC~IeAH~OIO o q e p e ~ J , TaKme 6 a a r o R a p a
cBoefi
o6pa3tto~o~ apTHry~lmmH H aa~IrO~o~ HpocToTe H~aoxeHHa petteH~HpyeMag KHHFa l-Io.qb F a p a a flBJDIeTCfl .IIyqIMHM H3 BCeX cytttecTBy~OtllHX OI~HCaHIH~ Mop~oJIOFHH pyCCKOFO a3~ma, H Ha~to TO.I/bKO c o x a ~ e T b ,
qTO
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H3-3a ee s 3 b m a (qbpaHuy3c~a~ y x e za~oMy qTO6bI
~IaBHo He aBTOMaTI¥-IeCKH IIOHaTeH
CTy~eaTy) Kpyr ec qHTaTe~e~ orpaHh-qeH. O~erlb ~eJlaTeYlbHO,~ OHa 6 b t a a
llepene,aeHa
H no~yqrtaa
MaI~CHMa.rlbHOe
pacnpo-
cTpaHeHHe.
.llyndocu~ ynu6epcumem
.rIIOBOMHP ] I I O P O B H q
BH B . I I H O F P A ~ H J ~ ABa.eCOB, P. H. H CrtaopoB, B. H.: 1945, Onep~c epa~,uamuxu co~pe~ennoeo pyccuoeo aumepamypnoeo ~bt~a, M ~ n a . Bloomfield, L. : 1939, 'Mcnomini mo~hophoncmics', TCLP 8, 105-115. Garde, P.: 1972, 'La dist~bution du hiatus ct I¢ s~tut du phoneme /j/ dans le mot rus~', in The Slavic Word (D. S. Wo~h, ed.), Mouton, The Hague - Paris, pp. 372-381. Gardc, P.: 1977, ' ~ la structu~ du pronom rus~', in Papers in Slavic Philology 1 (B. A. Sto~, cd.), Michi~n Slavic ~blications, Ann Arbor, pp. ! ~ - 1 1 I. ~urovi~, L.: 1963, Paradig~tika spi~ovnej r~tiny, Slovcnsk~ ~dagogick~ nakladate[stvo, Bratislava. H3~area~o 3aa~3H~, A. A.: 1977, Fpa~amu~ec~u~ c~oaapb pycc~oeo ~ a , ~a~ a 3 ~ , Moc~a. H~nea~o, A. B.: 1960, F~mmamunecxu~ ~ p o ~ pycfuoeo azu~a ~ conocmaaaenuu c c ~ a ~ u u ~ . M o ~ o a o r a a , qacTb ~Topaa, H3~Te~b~BO ~C~oBa~ofi a~a~eMaH Hays, BpaTncaana. Issat~henko, A.: 1980, Geschichte der russischen Sprache, I. Band, Carl Winter Universitatsverlag, Heidel~rg. T ~ t z k o y , N. : 1934, Das morphonolog~che System der r~sischen Sprache ( = TCLP 52), Prague. Jakobson, R. : 1948, 'Russian conjugation', Word 4, 155-167.
REVIEWS
Vilma Barnetov~i, Helena Brli~:ov~i-Kfi~.kov~i, Old~ich Legka, Zdena Skoumalowi, Vlasta Strakov~i, Pyccran epa~.uamu~ca, Academia, Praha, 1980, 2 volumes, xxxi + xiv + 1093 pp. The impact of Chomskyan linguistics on contemporary science of grammar has been tremendous. Of course, one could be critical with regard to certain outcomes of this impact, but such a censorious attitude does not allow us to deny the sound basis of recent grammatical work completely. Whether we call ourselves adherents of 'transformational' or 'generative' grammar or not, we are compelled to take a stand on central issues of the art. That is to say, it is not enough for the grammarian to merely register existing sentences and elements of a given language, he must also supply his compilation with a theoretically based description of how the elements are related to each other, and must furthermore try to formulate his description according to a theoretical model that, hopefully, will enable us to understand why the elements are organized, internally and externally, in just the way we find them organized and no other. Shortly, and in Chomskyan terms, every grammarian is subject to the demand of observational and descriptive adequacy, and the grammatical description should be construed in such a way so as to make it possible to derive data of explanatory character from the description as such. The book under review is a scientific grammar, aiming at a full description of the structure of the Russian language. Though it is allegedly written for the benefit of Czech-speaking students and teachers of Russian, it is not meant to serve as an introduction to the theoretical study of Russian linguistics. In fact its elaborate style already makes this difficult. As a matter of fact, this book cannot be read and comprehended without a thorough linguistic education. It not only presupposes a considerable theoretical background, but also demands a fair practical knowledge of contemporary Russian, which makes it inaccessible to the non-specialist. The authors nevertheless claim that Pycc~caa epammamura will be useful to anyone who feels the need for a thorough theoretical exposition of the structure of Russian, be it specialists of other languages or non-linguists. These are, presumably, mere words. In reality the book has no pedagogical merits whatsoever. It simply cannot be used for pedagogical purposes - at least not outside Czechoslovakia. For this reason I will not discuss the book from any other point of view than the strictly scientific one. It is exclusively a specimen of theoretical grammar and should be evaluated accordingly. This fact leads us back to our initial remark on observationally and
Russian Linguistics 7 (1982) 63-72.
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descriptively adequate grammars. Pyccraa epammamura avoids questions concerning descriptive adequacy. Quite obviously the authors adhere to the theoretical approach which Chomsky (1964) labels taxonomics. Their only motivation for this choice is that they have not found competing and more recent ideas about the science of grammar 'perspective'. As a result they leave us with a catalogue of Russian sentences, words and word-forms, raw material not exceedingly wdll affanged, the theoretical implications of which the reader has to draw for himself. This is particularly true of the last volume dealing with syntax and written by B61i~ovfi-Kfi~kovfi (the simple sentence) and Barnetovfi (the compound sentence). It is, however, not possible, even for an orthodox taxonomist, to avoid touching the question of underlying abstract principles. The authors of Pycc~can epa.u.uamuKa do not succeed very well in their taxonomic attitude (with the exception of Barnetovfi who is also responsible for the sections on tense and aspect). The solution generally used is to deny, bluntly and consequently, the theoretical relevance of any such issue. A consistently executed taxonomic grammar - in this restricted sense - is of necessity theoretically vacuous, and PyccKan epammamuKa is by and large vacuous for this very reason. But it is also cumbersome. Not only chose the authors a general taxonomic approach, they also decided to copy IsaEenko (1960) in following a contrastive procedure. Thus the book is thought to depict the grammatical system of Russian as compared at relevant points to that of Czech. This should, we are told, make the book especially interesting for the non-Czech reader. In fact, only one of the authors, viz. BrliEovfi-Kfi~kovfi (who in addition to the section on syntax, also wrote the sections on adjectival comparison and pronouns), equals this task. Legka makes a square attempt in the sections on phonetics and phonology. Otherwise the contrastiveness is nothing but empty words. What should have been contrastive is restricted to some notes at the end of each section on lexical equivalents in Czech. For BrliEovfi-K~i~kovfi and to some degree Le~ka, however, the contrastive approach becomes problematic, for how could one otherwise account for structural differences between two languages and simultaneously adhere to the taxonomic tenet? I am sure that not even a good-natured reader can find the outcome charming. There is one other point of principal concern that should be commented upon. Certain standards or canons could be said to be valid for any kind of scientific work. One must, for instance, explain the method, account for how data have been collected and evaluated, quote references appropriately, etc. Such standards are necessary, not only for practical purposes,
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but also for ethical reasons. According to Merton's norms - which I accept without reservation - scientific research is accomplished without any other demand of profit on behalf of the scientist than the acknowledgment of priority and the credit for the achievement. Otherwise scientific discoveries and contributions are free for use and comments by fellow-researchers. But this freedom is a freedom under responsibility. It means, among other things, that a scientist must not conceal available relevant data, and that he neither must distort or counterfeit data, nor must steal data and present them as original. In all these respects the authors of Pyccra~ epa~famu~ca behave with unparallelled effrontery. The book is a compilation of data arbitrarily chosen from the most disparate sources. The original data are often seriously distorted or adapted to fit some general idea of ostensible coherence. Last but not least, no references whatsoever are given. What could be the reason for such behaviour? Nothing but a careful consideration for the reader! Let me quote from the preface: Bce
aBTOpbl
BblpaCTa~H B aTMOCqbep¢ ,~emcro~ .rIHHrBHCTHtIeCKO~ TpaAnImn, cne~t,l ~erKo 3aMeTHTb, HO He T p y a u o O 6 H a p y m ~ b H TO, qTO OHH C T a ~ H C b y q e ~ b ~ e , qTO a o m a o B coKpoBH~HHRy MHpOBO~ Haygn o pycc~oM a3mge, a Taxme Te ~ e H COB~MeHHO~ aHHFBHCTHKH,KOTOpble OHH CqHTa~H He~HeKTHBHblMH. OHH s m r p ~ a T a g o ~ Tan a 3 a o m e H a a , s KOTOpOMo c T a a a a e T c a ~ ~ O ~ H ¢ M O T ~ S a p O ~ ~ a B h i 6 0 p a aabTepHaTHS8UX peme8a~ (spaced-out in the original: a c ~ a a a c 3THM He a a m T c a Tagme CCb~K~ Ha a H T e ~ T y p y , q a T a T e ~ b , S p a c n o p a x e H a a gOTOpOro Tenepb u e a b ~ PSa 6 H 6 a n o r p a ~ H q e c K H x n ~ o r H ~ ~ Cn~aoqHHKoB, a a ~ a e T , qTO 3TO ~CTO~Te~bCTBO o r a e r q a e T a 3HaqaTeabHO y n ~ a e T H3aoxenne.
KOTOpOfi, eCTe~BeHHO,
I call this fraud. Under these circumstances the reviewer faces an impossible task. Without references it is impossible to evaluate claims and propositions properly. Of course, very much. of the content in Pycc~caa epammamu~ca is recognizable. But since very much is also either deliberately distorted or unwittingly misinterpreted, one cannot tell whether the mischiefs are due to secondary sources or come straight from the authors themselves. Moreover, even original authors do change their minds now and then. A great deal of the content of the book has been drawn from Roman Jakobson, and this is especially true of Le~ka's contributions. There is, however, a trait peculiar to Jakobson: he often presents one and the same idea in several places and at different times in more or less divergent guises. It is not fair to require from the reader that he should be able to remember exactly where and how Jakobson has expressed a certain idea. Neither is it kind to force the reader to search out the relevant places for himself, if he happens not to remember. And, finally, no one has read everything.
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I have not undertaken any detective investigations. My critical remarks below should therefore be read with due consideration of the awkward situation. Undoubtedly I am going to do wrong to other scholars of Russian and general linguistics whose writings I am not closely acquainted with or which I have not present in mind. The ultimate responsibility, however, of any iniquity done by me to any fellow-researcher, mentioned or unmentioned, has to be taken by the authors of Pyccra~ epaM~amura. Moreover, the points I am going to make will be scattered and incoherent. Under normal circumstances certain issues should have been treated suitably, but, because of a lack of proper contexts, I found it safer not to say anything. The first part of the book contains an extensive exposition on Russian phonemics and morphophonemics supplied with a section on graphemics and orthography. The sources are different, but important parts are from Jakobson (referred to under the heading 'Harvard school'!). The concept of "phoneme" plays a considerable role in this exposition. Curiously enough, the term is not defined except in the preface, where Avanesov's definition (a minimal sound unit on the expression plane, relevant with regard to the content plane) is reprinted, though without explication. (Incidentally, Jacobson's definition [a bundle of distinctive features] is mentioned (p. 12), though not followed.) In spite of the definitions I cannot figure out what the author (Legka) actually takes a phoneme to be. He occasionally ventures ideas in a Baudouinian or even Bloomfieldian vain, but the term is mostly used as a synonymous expression of speech sound. The phonetic exposition, included in the phonology and carried out in terms of phonemes, has clearly been moulded on Avanesov, though there is no mention of notions such as "strong" and • "weak" phonemes. The phonetic charts are no doubt inspired by Avanesov's teaching about different types of positional alternations. I, however, strongl3~ suspect that Legka's decision to describe the phonemes in terms of what Avanesov called their "3ByroBbIe oro.qOtlrn '' is more a matter of teaching routine than a wish to define underlying phonological units of Russian. Actually, I do not think that Le~ka really knows what he is talking about. My suspicion is strengthened by his peculiar way of introducing Jakobsonian distinctive features, his only motivation being that phonemes can be described that way. But, given Le~ka's general approach, the introduction of distinctive features is barely motivated. Portraying the phonemes as classes of positional variants is quite analogous to, say, defining physical objects by way of enumeration: if you define the concept
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"horse" by merely pointing out all existing horses, you actually refrain from using intensional, self-containing features. You take the concept as a Platonic idea. Avanesov's phonemes are nothing but such ideas. Consequently, they are not open for intensional definitions. But distinctive features are needed just to define phonological units intensionally. Legka does not seem to be aware of this fact, which is remarkable, since this finding is more or less an outcome of Czech linguistics. This is how Trnka (1940) makes the point: if we define the phoneme as a minimal meaning-distinguishing sound unit and determine the phonemes of Czech by way of commutation (substitution), we can establish the phonemic status o f / 1 / a n d / t / w i t h the minimal pair l e n - t e n . But if we apply the same procedure to the minimal pair t e n - d e n , we will find that what actually distinguishes the two words from each other is not the initial sound as such but rather the vocal cord buzz ! That is to say, if we intend to stick to the traditional conception of the phoneme as a linearly segmentable unit (which is n o t , however, Avanesov's approach), we must add the prerequisite that the unit in question be analyzable in distinctively operative features. Otherwise the definition will be void. Now, distinctive features are useful not only for defining phonemes but for other purposes as well. They are necessary for exploring the dynamic properties of phonological systems. But this, of course, does not bother Legka. Item and arrangement is the only type of phonology that he seems to be acquainted with. This is a pity, because the Russian phonological system is very badly suited for description at a phonemic level, because this system, like the English one, is so extremely subordinate to assimilations and reductions. Observe the difference to Czech. Here nearly all phonetic alternations are morphologized or even lexicalized. This means that Czech, contrary to Russian, may be depicted as a system of phonemes, defined in clear-cut phonetic features, with a fairly small amount of phonological rules as a complement. Russian, on the other hand, demands phonological units, defined at an abstract level, and an extensive rule component. Russian and Czech therefore possess intrinsically different phonological systems. It is symptomatic that P y c c r a a e p a m : ~ a m u u a failed to notice this fact. Further, Le]ka may be no brilliant phonologist, he is definitely not a phonetician. Contrary to what is claimed by him, the dynamic accent of Russian is basically different to Czech. Moreover, neither in Russian, nor in Czech is accent a matter of intensity. The Czech expiratoric accent is principally the same as that of Finnish and Japanese. What is, factually, the decisive feature enabling us to perceive the first syllable of a word in any of these languages as stressed is not yet clear, but so far
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phoneticians are unanimous on one point: it is not intensity. It is true, on the other hand, that a Russian stressed syllable has a higher intensity than an unstressed one, but this is a concomitant feature. The decisive feature is quality. Legka's rudimentary knowledge of phonetics combined with his uncritical reading of the classics leads him astray at some points. It is therefore not true that Saussure's distinction between explosive and implosive sounds has been explained phonetically. Though we can actually perceive the difference between English a name and an aim or the different character of the syllabic liquid in French aigle as opposed to German Hagel, phoneticians have not yet been able to find acoustic or articulatory correlates. Legka has been misled by Jakobson in the same way by claiming that there is a phonetically based difference between the palatal consonants of Czech and the palatalized consonants of Russian. This difference is, in reality, a matter of phonology. Palatal consonants in Czech are phonemic units, whereas in Russian palatalization is the result of the operation of a phonological rule. This is, actually, why a glide-like segment will often be noticed after Russian palatals. In other words, the underlying palatalizing element is popping up now and then at the surface. This is nothing remarkable and is no reason for allotting mystic properties to the palatal consonants as such. To put it shortly, one should not mix levels at random. Let phonetics be phonetics and phonology phonology. Morphophonemics, executed in a formalism which bears resemblance both to Jakobson's 'Russian conjugation' and the Los Angeles Slavicists (Worth, IsaEenko, Flier), is treated in two separate contexts, first appendically to the phonology section (pp. 100-130), and, then, in scattered places, in the morphology chapter (pp. 145-664). The technical performance is directly or indirectly the work of Legka. Without taking a stand on this approach generally, I will make the following objections against the presentation in Pycera:~ epammamu~ca. First of all, postulating abstract underlying forms as a base for derivation and inflection must necessarily have some purpose, e.g. to put forward a working hypothesis on derivational processes. If so, however, one must give criteria for selecting base forms. Moreover, one must tell how to proceed from one level to another and the grammar must be construed in such a way that we can see how morphology is related to morphophonemics and how morphophonemics is related to phonemics. In Pyecra8 ~pammamuua these three levels are on the one hand independent, but on the other hopelessly mixed up. The morphophonemic level is said to be the level from which one derives phonemes, whereas the phonemic representation gives an
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ideal picture of the speech sounds (p. 100). We are, however, not told how to arrive at the morphophonemic level. As far as I can tell the morphophonemes are established with due consideration to spelling and phonetics, but since this is also true of the phonemes, there seems to be, at the very end, no intrinsic difference between the two levels. What is more disturbing is that there is no indication how to interpret 'rules' of the following kind: (moj = t,): MblTb (lga = t,) : araTb
(moj = o = t): MOeT (lga = o = t): ~X~T
Probably the formulas are understood to be as follows: the infinitive m~,tmb corresponds to the present form ~ o e m in the same way as the infinitive :tearn~, corresponds to the present form ~c~m. This fact could just as well have been stated in plain words. At one place (p. 390), however, Legka explicitly declares that the formulas should be interpreted as rules, accounting for the number of different surface forms which have been derived from invariable stems. This seems to indicate that Legka really wants to explain morphological variation in some non-trivial way. But such a postulate does not cohere with observational data. For all practical purposes I can see no other way to describe paradigmatic alternations in Russian verbs than to tell the truth: they possess two suppletive stems, the infinitive and the present. As for explanation there is no other than the historical one. A workable classification of the Russian conjugations should therefore be based upon historically verified base forms or base forms reconstructed by historical method. But to misinterpret the historical facts for synchronic "explanations" is nothing but a trick. Le~ka is the author of most of the first volume. As already indicated he is a true admirer of Jakobson (though, of course, without admitting knowledge of his name). Among many other things we also get a rude abstract of Jakobson's case theory (the 1936 version). The problem with Le~ka's reliance on Jakobson is that he takes all Jakobson's proposals b o n a f i d e . And that's a risky thing. - In other respects I will not claim that Le~ka is a bad grammarian. At least at one point, viz. the section about verbal mood, there are observations that could be interpreted as a result of independent research. The same could be said about two of the other authors of the first volume, BrliEovfi-K~i~kovfi and Skoumalovfi, the latter being responsible for the sections on "cnoco6u ~e~CTBILq" (after Isa~enko but with a certain stringency), verb formation and verbal voice - in fact by far the best part of the whole book. I cannot identify the source for this section; it reminds to a certain degree of discussions in Cholodovi6 (1969) and the recent debate on the so-called antipassive voice. Isarenko is by and large
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Skoumalovfi's main inspiration, but it is quite evident that she has also been influenced by Mel'Euk and his collaborators - the section 'Fnaroa~,naa npedpnrcattrm ~i CmiTarcr~'~ecra~ cTpyrTypa n p e ~ o x e n a a ' bears witness to this. B~liEovfi-Kfi~kov~i's contributions in the first volume are only partly recognizable as far as the source is concerned. Even when I do identify a possible icon, data are presented with so many discrepancies from the original, that it is impossible to comment upon these sections. Strakov~i wrote the section on personal pronouns. It is in no way sensational; nevertheless it is a honourable piece of work. Otherwise, Strakov~i is only responsible for the index of the book. The sections on tense and aspect (Barnetovfi) are remarkably scanty: the preterite and the future are the marked tenses as opposed to the present, and the perfective is the marked aspect as opposed to the imperfective with respect to the feature of "complexity". No other definitions are being given, and, in spite of a number of manifest differences between Czech and Russian with regard to aspectual use, nothing substantial is brought forward. On the other hand the most peculiar propositions on imaginary structural and cathegorical properties are put forward. Here is, according to Pyccran epammamura, what a typical Russian tense/aspect paradigm looks like:
nacToz~ee BpeM$1 npome~mee BpeMfl 6ygymee BpeMIl
necoaepmennoro artaa
coaepmennoro Brtaa
nepenftc~asato nepenf~ct,tsaa 6)Oy nepenf~c~,tsamb
nepenutu) l nepenuc~./t nepenuu~)2
The syntax takes so-called structural schemes as its point of departure. These have evidently a different status from the corresponding devices used in gvedova (1970) and Kubik et al. (1974). The latter are defined on the morphological properties of the sentential predicates and arguments such as word class membership and case marking. In Pyccran epammamura the above-mentioned classificatory principles are used for subcategorization, but the schemes are primarily made up with reference to the valency of the predicates (verbs). The following six schemes are singled out, each representing sentences with: 1. zero-valent predicates (Vf): Be,~epeex. 2. one-place predicates (Nn - Vf): ~eTn nrpa~oT. 3. two-place predicates (Nn - V f - Nx): MaT~, ~im6wr ~teTefi. 4. three-place predicates (N n - V f - N x Nx): Cecxpa yr.qa~bmaeT ~emrt ~ ,~e~to~an.
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5. impersonal one-place predicates ( V f i m p - Nx): MeHa TOIIIHHT. 6. impersonal two-place predicates (Vfirap- N x - NI): Ero B.rleqeT K sayre. As far as I can tell, the schemes must be thought to correspond roughly to Mel'~uk's Surface-Syntactic Representations. This means, among other things, that the schemes do not reflect pure syntactic relations between the constituents within the sentence. Sentences such as Pe6enoK cnurn, Hacrnynaem mutuuna, Tuxa.~ nO,~b (the predicate is a zero verb!) are consequently classified as belonging to the same structural scheme (No. 2). In the same vein all simple sentences are catalogued. The compound sentence-types, on the other hand, are merely enumerated with regard to what conjunctions they contain. The volume does not contain any grammatical analysis in addition to what is implicitly included in the raw classification, with one single exception, which I want to comment upon. On page 872f. B61iEov~i-K~i~kovli discusses the question of ellipsis and postulates that a sentence such as On ymen cannot be regarded as an ellipsis, because it contains a zero copula. In ~/om uncmumyma, on the other hand, the verb is left out and therefore the sentence is a true ellipsis. This argumentation is continued with regard to the Czech sentence Co d~ldi?, which is not an ellipsis because of the presence of a zero pronoun. For the same reason a Russian sentence such as .~O~tbUle ne 6ydy aam Meulamb is not an ellipsis: the pronoun is potentially present! If this were true, however, there must be a potentially present verb in 1/om uucmumyma as well! Now the reality is, of course, quite different. B61i6ovfi-K~i~kovfi is quite right when she says that the Czech sentence Co d~ldi? is not an ellipsis. But certainly the Russian equivalent without a personal pronoun has its pronoun left out. Superficiall.y Czech and Russian may seem very akin with regard to the presence of overt personal pronouns. Actually, as Bil~ (1981, 107 ft.) has demonstrated, personal pronouns may be even more frequent in Czech than in Russian in colloquial speech. There is, however, still a radical difference between the two languages, which hinges on the fact that, whenever a Czech sentence contains a personal pronoun, the pronoun as opposed to Russian is inserted. The structural difference between Russian and Czech could therefore simply be expressed as follows: in Russian you may delete a personal pronoun, whenever you don't need it, whereas in Czech you are allowed to insert one, whenever you consider it appropriate. Actually, I am most disappointed with B61i~ovfi-K~i~kovfi. One is entitled to expect better things from a linguist of such renown. But I am also disappointed at the book as a whole. Obviously, the authors generally
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have not found their mission very animating. It is true that there are parts that under normal and more decent circumstances could have been acknowledged to possess acceptable standards, and I am quite sure this could have become a rather good book, if the authors had not made the remarkable decision not to motivate their standpoints. Argumentation always strengthens intellectual achievements. As the book now stands, however, presenting everything as irrefutable even when the propositions are highly debatable, it cannot be accepted, but must be rejected with emphasis.
University of Lund
THORE PETTERSSON
REFERENCES Bil~', M. : 1981, lntrasentential Pronominalization and Functional Sentence Perspective (in Czech, Russian and English), (= Lund Slavonic Monographs 1), Lund. Chomsky, N. : 1964, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, The Hague. Hcaqeuro, A. B.: 1960, Fpa~Mamu~ecru~ crnpo~ pyccroeo n~tra a conocmas~euuu c c~tosa~ru~. Mopfonoeun II, Bratislava. [Kubik, M., Baicar, M., Dlouh~', M.]: 1974, Cunrna~cuc pyccxoeo n3~ra, Praha. [IIIaezoBa, H. IO. (orn. pe~t.)]: 1970, FpaM~amuxa cospe~euuoeo pyccroeo ~umepamypnoeo n 3 ~ a , Mocrna. Trnka, B.: 1940, 'O sou~asn~m stavu hid~ini ve fonologii', Slovo a slovesnost 6, 164-170, 203-215. Xo~o~toBun A. A. (pe~t.): 1969, Tunoaoeun rayzarau¢n~x roucmpyr~u~: ~op~o~oeu~ecru~ rayzamus, .llena~rpa~.
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Steensland, Lars, A Method for Measuring Perceptual Differences between Different Vowel Qualities - Some Identification Tests Using Russian /e/ Variants and Swedish Subjects (-- Studia Slavica Upsaliensia 21), Uppsala 1981, 93 pp. When my family acquired its first 'wireless set' I - as a small boy who had not yet begun to learn any foreign languages (including RP) - used to write down as best I could with the English orthographical means I then had at my disposal phrases heard in foreign broadcasts. Many years later I realized that the only one which I could - and can - still clearly hear in my head as [azebita:ta:ti:] was in fact the French [vuzavez~t£dy] Vous avez entendu. I was carrying out, some fifty years ago and perhaps not very efficiently, a process of perception and phonetic matching with my own language not unlike that which, at a much more sophisticated level, has provided the material for Dr. Steensland's book. The main title of the book an.d the low-level occurrence, so to speak, of the word 'Russian' in the subtitle must not be lost sight of, for "the primary concern has been to develop, apply and evaluate a method of measuring the (relative) perceptual distance between different vowel qualities" (p. 9), whereas it was only "a secondary aim of the work.., to gather information on the stressed allophones of the Russian /e/ phoneme" (p. 10). Thus the secondary aim appears to be no more than incidental, although it turns out in fact that the information elicited is of considerable interest to the student of Russian phonetics. Two sets of tests were devised, the one labelled T1 and T2, the other T3 and T4. In each set of two the difference in the numbers simply reflect~ the fact that two speakers - the same two in each pair of tests - recorded the test material. Tl and T2 were to test the perceptual responses to possible differences in the articulation of/e/arising from what precedes it while in T3 and T4 the variable lay in what follows/eft In both sets of tests zero was one of the three variables, the other two being non-palatalized consonant and palatalized consonant. Hence there were nine possible basic environments in the tests: 0-0, 0-C, 0-C', C-0, C-C, C-C', C'-0, C'-C, C'-C'. Further variation within the categories C and C' and between open and closed syllables (e.g. C-0, C-CV versus C-C # ) produced thirty-five test items (or "test units" as the author calls them) for T1 and T2, and thirty-nine items for T3 and T4. The subjects of the tests were required to write down what vowel they thought they heard in each of the test items. In TI and T2 subjects were directed to identify the e-sound perceived with one of four Swedish long vowels ([i:], [e:], [~:] and [~e:]), though they were also allowed to indicate a d d i t i o n a l
Russian Linguistics 7 (1982) 73-78.
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resemblances to some other vowel and to make comments. As a result of a preliminary analysis of T1 and T2 the subjects were not directed in T3 and T4 towards one of the four vowels listed above but were allowed to "choose freely among all the long vowels of Swedish" (p. 31) and, as before, add comments. The actual items are "Russian nonsense words" (p. 15), i.e. vocables invented or devised for the tests. As it happens, about half-a-dozen of the words in each pair of tests coincide with actual Russian words (not i n c l u d i n g / d ' e / a n d / ~ e / a s coincident with -zte and ~e since the latter are unlikely to be pronounced with stressed/e/) but this coincidence is indeed coincidence, a sheer chance outcome of devising vocables with certain segments or zero preceding and following /e/. The immediate response to the revelation that the test items are invented vocables could well be one of critical surprise though it is obvious that control of the experimental material, such that the environment o f / e / can be varied in a regular way, is greatly facilitated by the use of invented vocables. Indeed, invention is the only way to obtain all the sequences of segments that the experimental vocables have - in one or two instances I have been unable to think of actual words with the sequences of segments given in the author's test items - but the artificiality is self-evident. To cull the necessary range and variety of segment-sequences from an enormous mass of actual speech would be a mammoth task but I cannot help thinking that there should at least have been a small, additional experiment using sequences of segments clipped from recorded speech. A feature of the notation of the test items, given in Figures 3 and 14 on pp. 15 and 32 respectively, requires clarification. In seven items in T1/2 and in nine items in T3/4 /o/ appears after a hard consonant in the second, unstressed syllable (/n'eto/, /~eto/, etc.), whereas in the seven, respectively, nine corresponding items where /e/ is followed by a soft consonant the vowel in the unstressed syllable is transcribed as /a/ (/n'et'a/, /~et'a/, etc.) Surely it cannot be that we are to understand that when the native speakers were instructed to utter, for example, /'eto/they were allowed to utter the unstressed / o / a s a rounded vowel, i.e. broadly [ 'eto] ? If they were, then one might expect a priori some effect of that rounded vowel to be noticeable not only in the articulation of the preceding consonant but, through that, even in the vowel under investigation. From the verylittle evidence at the foot of p. 15 ("each of [the units] was preceded by the Russian word slovo .[ 'slo..w]") it would seem that the speakers were expected to read 'naturally', so as to utter / 'eto/, for example, with an unrounded vowel in the second syllable, as in slovo above. All this is, probably without any doubt, a minor point but
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I am left perplexed and a little disturbed by such notations a s / n ' e t o / w h e n the second consonant is hard b u t / n ' e t ' a / w h e n the second consonant is soft. Why n o t / a / i n both, i.e./n'eta/and/n'et'a/? Since the invented test vocables were not uttered in complete isolation but were read (twice) preceded by the word slovo (see above), thus:/slrvo 6to/ - /slrvo 6to/, then, unless the speakers did indeed pause between /slrvo/ and those five items in T1/2 and those thirteen items in T3/4 which begin with/e/, there are in fact no data on the perception o f / e / after a pause but only data on the perception o f / e / after that phonetic fiction, a 'notional pause'. What there m a y be are data o n / e / a f t e r another vowel: it needs to be made clear, especially in view of what will be said later a b o u t / e / a f t e r a pause (see below), what it is in fact we have here. Ostensibly, however, the data do not embrace the perception o f / e / after a vowel, nor i s / e / i n the context of preceding or following/j/covered by the vocables, which seems a curious omission. After these few slightly critical remarks on the nature of the corpus and its presentation it is necessary to say something about the subjects. In T1/2 seventeen of the twenty-five subjects, who were all native speakers of Swedish, were students of Russian and two more "were university teachers with a knowledge of both Russian and phonetics" (p. 16). The manifest danger of such a choice of subjects for such an investigation is recognized by the author when he writes that the twenty-five subjects for T3/4 "were deliberately chosen from among people with no knowledge of Russian" in order "to avoid the influence which a knowledge of the phonemic and graphemic systems of Russian" (p. 33) could have on the subjects' responses, and again later when he admits that "it is quite clear that the results of T1 and T2 have in part to be ascribed to graphemic filtering of the stimuli" (p. 57). Apart from this flaw in the experiment, it is regrettable that there were two different sets of subjects for the two sets of tests. It would have been better, with fewer dangers and greater comparability, if the execution of T1/2 had awaited circumstances which would not have been "largely dictated by practical considerations" (p. 16) in the choice of subjects. Such adverse criticism as may be construed from the preceding remarks is more than outweighed by what the author makes of his material in the thorough and painstaking analysis to which he subjects it. The data are presented in the text in some forty figures, some of them interpretative, while twelve appendices present not only specimens of the raw data but also calculations of formant values equatable with the subjects' responses. There is here a wealth of data, all of it very carefully handled. Of particular interest - and deservedly receiving particular attention by the author - are
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the data on 'lowering'. The subjects not infrequently equated e-sounds with Swedish rounded vowels or with retracted vowel sounds, all of which have in common a lower F2 and/or F3 in comparison with the Swedish long, unrounded front vowels [i:], le:], [~:] and [~e:]. Hence the term 'lowering'. The vowels perceived as having a lowered formant occurred not only after hard consonants or pause but also after soft consonants. Most surprisingly, lowering is observed, i.e. lowered-formant vowels are perceived by the subjects, b e t w e e n soft consonants - "the lowering of upper formants.., can be observed after and above all between soft consonants" (p. 70). Dr. Steensland attributes the perception of formant-lowered vowels to the articulation of Russian/e/with not notably spread lips, in comparison with Swedish. A continuation of the investigation (see below) will reveal indirectly the articulatory correlates of these auditorily lowered-formant vowels. As part of the secondary aim of his work, the author has compared his results with the descriptions of e-sounds in fifteen accounts of Russian phonetics, of which five are Soviet, five Swedish and five from other European countries. The four main variants o f / e / with their respective environments as described in the fifteen works are presented in a summary form early in Dr. Steensland's book, in Figure 2 (p. 12). This data may be re-presented here in an approximate way and in a somewhat different form as follows: in the environment C'-C/0 there occurs a vowel between [e] and [~], in C'-C' a raised [el, in C/0-C/0 a retracted [~], in C/0-C' a vowel between [e] and [e] but retracted. Much later, Figure 40 (p. 64) presents in a form similar to that of Figure 2 a summary interpretation of the test results. Re-presented as above, the data are: in C'-C/0 there occurs a slightly lowered [el, in C'-C' a raised [el, in C/0-C/0 a retracted and slightly lowered [~], in C/0-C' a lowered and slightly retracted [e]. Thus the two figures correspond very closely and it would seem therefore that the manuals are correct. However, the simplified summary presentation of the data ih Figure 40 conceals something which the author presents and discusses both before and after the figure, namely that the subjects' responses imply that the realizations o f / e / "after a pause" are perceived as more retracted than those occurring after a hard consonant. A comparison with the manuals reveals the following:
The marked retraction o f / e / a f t e r a pause which the tests indicate is not borne out by the manuals. However, only two works, Jones and Ward [The Phonetics of Russian], and Ljubimova [06y~euue pyccro~ay npou3uo,,,enu~o], actually run counter to this result; the remaining authors who describe modern pronunciation neither support nor contradict it (p. 67).
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As far as The Phonetics of Russian is concerned I can only say, as the responsible co-author, that what I perceived at the time of writing was a greater retraction o f / e / a f t e r / j ' / , / 3 / a n d / t s / t h a n in word-initial position and that the retraction was particularly noticeable after/ts/. That apart,. it seems that both Ljubimova and Jones and Ward are supported in this matter by yet a third author whose statements run counter to Dr. Steensland's results and that is Avanesov. In his Pyccroe ~umepamypuoe npousnotuenue Avanesov does not distinguish between/e/after soft consonants a n d / e / i n initial position or after a vowel (see pp. 48-49 of the fourth edition, 1972) but does draw particular attention to the retraction of /e/ after hard consonants. This retraction is most succinctly and unequivocally stated in the footnote on p. 194, identical - apart from an insignificant change of one symbol - with the footnote on p. 134 of the second edition (at the time of my writing this review the fifth edition, which appears in Dr. Steensland's bibliography, is not available to me): OTOHBHHyTbifi Ha3a~ n o c ~ e T B e p ~ o r o c o r ~ a c H o r o 3ByK [ c ] MH ~ m e O603Ha~H Ta~e 3HaKOM [3] (HanpHMep, ~T3]HT). T a g u M ~ 3 O M , HO~ 3HaKOM [3] B H a ~ e caona H n~e r~aCHblX HMCe~fl B BRay F~aCHH~ n e w , H e r o p s a a , a n ~ a e r n e p a o r o c o r ~ a c H o r o OTO~BHHyTM~ Ha3a~ raacHbIfi n C ~ H C ~ a H C r O p a a a ~ a a a x e s HCgOTOpMX c a y a a a x C~Hero.
It is clear that for Avanesov /e/ is more retracted after hard consonants than in word-initial position. Dr. Steensland's conclusion in this matter is that "it is quite possible that the subjects' reactions do in fact reflect the actual pronunciation of the speakers" (p. 67) and he mentions that "the pilot tests, with a third speaker and different subjects, gave the same result" (67). In the preceding paragraph he has written that "the test results suggest t h a t / e / is m o r e o p e n [emphasis added] after a pause than after a hard consonant" and "this could be due partly (i.e. in T1 and T2) to orthographical interference and partly (especially with voice B) to retraction being interpreted as openness". In the light of what I have written in the preceding paragraph I wonder if there is a possibility that o p e n n e s s was being interpreted as r e t r a c t i o n . This area of conflicting opinion as well as the apparently contradictory result that greater 'lowering' (in Dr. Steensland's. sense) of /e/ is perceived after soft consonants than after hard consonants will undoubtedly be illuminated by the continuation of the author's work, in which he intends to carry out an acoustic analysis of the utterances and compare the results with the perceptual responses. I look forward with interest to the published
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account of the next stage in this investigation which has, in its first stage, not only shown the justification of the author's claim that his method, intended for any language, is validated but has also contributed to our knowledge of a small area of Russian phonetics and has indicated one or two areas for closer investigation. I say nothing here of possible implications for the t e a c h i n g of Russian pronunciation. Misprints are very few. On p. 12, 1. 12, I noticed a w for an s ('wound' instead of 'sound'!), on p. 78, 1. 12 up 'glosek' for 'gbasek' and on p. 79, I. 9, 'Zvykov~" for "Zvukovf~"(already corrected in the copy sent to me). On p. 9, 1. 22, I think 'ring' is preferable to 'ring in' (Tennyson's 'Ring out the old, ring in the new' immediately came to mind), on p. 29, 1.21, I would prefer 'the low number of crossed responses' rather than 'the low number on...'. I cannot say whether these usages arise from the original or in the translation but on p. 29, 1.2 up, "arithmetic mean" for (in my English) "arithmetical mean" has clearly arisen in translation. Otherwise the translation is excellent and it was not until I read an acknowledgment to the translator, Martin Naylor, on p. 7 that I realized that I was indeed reading a translation.
University of Edinburgh
D. WARD
