SCIENTIFIC CMEA AND

AND

MEMBER PETROLEUM

TECHNICAL COUNTRIES

COOPERATION IN THE

FIELD

BETWEEN OF

CHEMICAL

ENGINEERING

Yu,. K. B a r l y a e v , S. V . a n d Y u . A. M i k h a i l o v s k i i

Grigor'ev,

UDC 001.83(100):[621:66]

The economic i n t e g r a t i o n of the countries of s o c i a l i s m is taking place under conditions in which science and technology have b e c o m e the m o s t important f a c t o r s of p r o g r e s s of social production and of growth of national income. The coordination and joining of efforts of the m e m b e r countries of the Council for Mutual Economic A s s i s t a n c e (CMEA) in scientific and technological fields, the intensive mutual exchange of scientific and technical a c h i e v e m e n t s , and the application of these a c h i e v e m e n t s internationally to s o c i a l i s t r e p r o d u c t i o n on an expanded s c a l e a r e the e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s of the integration p r o c e s s . Steadily expanding s c a l e s of production of c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m engineering equipment in the s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , v i g o r o u s p r o g r e s s in the d e v e l o p m e n t and introduction of new types of m a c h i n e s and equipment which have good technoeconomic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and unit capacitY , and development of complete fully a u t o m a t e d h i g h - c a p a c i t y production lines with c l e a r - c u t specialization of the manufacturing countries p r e d e t e r m i n e the objective need for close scientific and technical cooperation between CMEA m e m b e r countries in c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m engineering. This cooperation, which shows the b a s i c trends of economic integration, is being c a r r i e d out on both m u l t i l a t e r a l and b i l a t e r a l b a s i s through the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s between the c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m i n d u s t r i e s of the USSR and the c o r r e s p o n d i n g m i n i s t r i e s and d e p a r t m e n t s of the CMEA m e m b e r countries within the f r a m e w o r k of p e r m a n e n t working groups set up under decisions of the I n t e r - G o v e r n m e n t a l C o m m i s s i o n s on Economic, Scientific, and Technical Cooperation of the USSR with the H u n g a r i a n P e o p l e ' s Republic, G e r m a n D e m o c r a t i c Republic (GDR), Polish P e o p l e ' s Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania, and C z e c h o s l o v a k Socialist Republic. The c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m engineering organizations and e n t e r p r i s e s of the USSR have been c a r r y ing out d i r e c t scientific and technical c o o p e r a t i o n with their c o u n t e r p a r t organizations in the CMEA m e m b e r countries since 1965 on the b a s i s of coordinated five y e a r and annual plans. In 1965-1970, 12 organizations and e n t e r p r i s e s belonging to this industrial s e c t o r collaborated with 20 organizations of Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland, and Czechoslovakia in 187 i t e m s in the fields of c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m equipment, industrial fittings, r e f r i g e r a t i o n and c o m p r e s s i o n equipment, and c r y o genic engineering. In the initial period scientific and technical cooperation was c a r r i e d out through the exchange of r e s e a r c h and d e v e l o p m e n t r e s u l t s , industrial e x p e r i e n c e , product s a m p l e s , and mutual v i s i t s of e x p e r t s . F u r t h e r i n c r e a s e in the production volume of c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m equipment, expansion and intensification of the p r o c e s s e s of s p e c i a l i z a t i o n and cooperation in production called for i m p r o v e d m e a n s of cooperation. Coordination and unification of efforts on r e s e a r c h and development to r a p i d l y a c h i e v e a high scientific and technical level with the l e a s t expenditure of effort and r e s o u r c e s is becoming the m a i n d i r e c t i o n of scientific and technical collaboration in c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m engineering between the m e m b e r countries. The w o r k c a r r i e d out on the organization and introduction of scientific and technical collaboration b e tween the m e m b e r countries has a l r e a d y yielded the f i r s t positive r e s u l t s . T r a n s l a t e d f r o m Khimicheskoe i Neftyanoe Mashinostroenie, No. 1, pp. 1-2, J a n u a r y , 1973. 9 1975 Consultants Bureau, a division of Plenum Publishing Corporation, 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y. 10011. All rights reserved. This article cannot be reproduced for any purpose whatsoever without permission of the publisher. A copy of this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.

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Thus, under the plan of scientific and technical collaboration of the S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h and Design Institute for Chemical Engineering (NIIkhimmash) with the Institute for Mechanization and Automation (Czechoslovakia) r e s e a r c h h a s been c a r r i e d out on the possibility of r e p l a c i n g u l t r a s o n i c units of costly m a t e r i a l (nickel and cobalt) in c h e m i c a l engineering a p p a r a t u s with cheap f e r r i t e and p i e z o c e r a m i c c o m ponents. The Czechoslovak p i e z o c e r a m i c s and f e r r i t e s a r e not i n f e r i o r in quality to the best world models. N I I k h i m m a s h has produced e x p e r i m e n t a l models of u l t r a s o n i c a p p a r a t u s containing f e r r i t e and piezo i c e r a m i c components. T e s t s have shown that these a p p a r a t u s a r e not i n f e r i o r in their technical p a r a m e t e r s to cylindrical m a g n e t o s t r i c t i o n r a d i a t o r s of nickel and have higher efficiency. The cost of UPKhA type a p p a r a t u s can be reduced c o n s i d e r a b l y by using u l t r a s o n i c units m a d e of p i e z o c e r a m i c and f e r r i t e components. The All-Union S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h and Design Institute for R e f r i g e r a t i o n Engineering (VNIIkholodmash) and the Institute of Pneumatic and R e f r i g e r a t i o n Engineering (GDR) have c a r r i e d out joint r e s e a r c h on piston-type r e f r i g e r a t o r c o m p r e s s o r s using f r e o n s 22, 502, 13, and 13VI and p r e p a r e d r e c o m m e n d a tions on the t h e r m a l insulation of the built-in e l e c t r i c a l m o t o r s of sealed and glandless c o m p r e s s o r s . T h e s e two works a r e of g r e a t p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t - they provided the b a s i s for r e c o m m e n d i n g the m o s t d e s i r a b l e r a n g e s of utilization of p i s t o n - t y p e r e f r i g e r a t o r c o m p r e s s o r s using different r e f r i g e r a n t s and a l s o the economic methods of insulating built-in e l e c t r i c m o t o r s . NIIkhimmash and the Budapest Chemical Engineering F a c t o r y have jointly developed an u l t r a s o n i c l a b o r a t o r y centrifuge. The Hungarian s p e c i a l i s t s designed and f a b r i c a t e d the industrial model, using an u l t r a s o n i c unit developed by NIIkhimmash. Cooperative w o r k enabled the development t i m e for the c e n t r i fuge to be reduced by two-and-half y e a r s . The patent for the centrifuge has been applied for in s e v e r a l countries. The collaboration between the All-Union S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h and Design Institute for P e t r o l e u m Engineering (VNIIneftemash) and the S c i e n t i f i c - R e s e a r c h Institute for Chemical Equipment (Czechoslovakia) enabled the Soviet s p e c i a l i s t s developing a new design of cylindrical pipe furnace to take account of the r e s u l t s obtained in Czechoslovakia in testing cylindrical f u r n a c e s with finned pipe s u r f a c e on the convection c h a m b e r . This r e s u l t e d in pipe furnace with a s m a l l - s i z e c r o s s - s h a p e d convection c h a m b e r of smooth pipes. The s p e c i a l i s t s f r o m VNIIneftemash and the Institute of Chemical Engineering (Czechoslovakia) a r e s u c c e s s f u l l y collaborating in i m p r o v i n g and developing new designs of mechanical a t o m i z e r nozzles for heavy fuels. It is v e r y i m p o r t a n t to introduce such nozzles into p r a c t i c e , since p e t r o l e u m r e f i n e r i e s a r e i n c r e a s i n g l y using h i g h - v i s c o s i t y r e s i d u u m and r e s i d u a l p e t r o l e u m products as fuel, while c o n s i d e r a b l y higher standards have been imposed on the e c o n o m i c s and control of the combustion p r o c e s s . An i m p o r t a n t point in the development of scientific and technical cooperation is to e s t a b l i s h d i r e c t economic r e l a t i o n s not only with s c i e n t i f i c - r e s e a r c h institutes but a l s o with industrial e n t e r p r i s e s . F o r example, the plan of cooperation of the M. V. F r u n z e Sumy Heavy Engineering F a c t o r y with C h e m i e a n lagenbau (Erfurt-Rudisleben, GDR) provides for exchange of industrial e x p e r i e n c e and scientific and t e c h nical documentation on the i m p r o v e m e n t of the manufacturing technology of c h e m i c a l equipment. As a r e sult of this cooperation, the M. V. F r u n z e F a c t o r y has introduced m e a s u r e s p e r m i t t i n g mechanization of welding and i m p r o v e m e n t of product quality. Of p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e is the collaboration with the organizations and e n t e r p r i s e s of GDR on d e signing p r o c e s s e s and equipment f o r a large number of products of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e to the national e c o nomy. An outstanding example of such collaboration is the joint solution of the problem of designing the p r o c e s s and equipment f o r the l a r g e - c a p a c i t y unit for the production of polyethylene by the h i g h - p r e s s u r e method. P r o b l e m s of this kind a r e solved in an integrated manner - beginning with scientific r e s e a r c h work, design of lines and units, design and f a b r i c a t i o n of equipment to a s s e m b l y , c o m m i s s i o n i n g and r u n ning in. In c a r r y i n g out such work, use is made of new advanced f o r m s of cooperation such as the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of joint design and planning groups composed of s p e c i a l i s t s in different fields, which utilize the scientific and technical a c h i e v e m e n t s and possibilities of the countries and solve the p r o b l e m s before them with much l e s s expenditure of time and r e s o u r c e s . Joint groups of s p e c i a l i s t s of the USSR and GDR on design, on technology (in the GDR), and equipment (in the USSR) for production of polyethylene by the highp r e s s u r e method have been established and a r e functioning with s u c c e s s . A group of Soviet and Czechoslovak s p e c i a l i s t s is working on the p r o b l e m of designing gasoline p y r o l y s i s f u r n a c e s for ethylene production with a c a p a c i t y of 300,000 t o n s / y e a r .

On the b a s i s of the Integrated P r o g r a m of F u r t h e r Intensification and I m p r o v e m e n t of Collaboration and Development of Socialist Economic Integration between CMEA M e m b e r Countries, which was adopted by the 25th CMEA Session, the legal r e g u l a t i o n of the scientific and technical cooperation of the o r g a n i z a tions and e n t e r p r i s e s of the given industrial s e c t o r with the c o u n t e r p a r t organizations of the m e m b e r count r i e s is being i m p r o v e d , and ttlis is r e f l e c t e d e s p e c i a l l y in w o r k on contractual basis. Thus, in 1971 a decision was taken on c o l l a b o r a t i o n on contractual b a s i s with Czechoslovakia on d e signing diagonal r o t a t i n g - b l a d e pumps for l a r g e power units and land r e c l a m a t i o n plants. It should be noted in p a r t i c u l a r that cooperation on contractual b a s i s p r o m o t e s g r e a t e r m a t e r i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the p a r t i e s for the fulfillment of their mutual obligations. The e x p e r i e n c e acquired in scientific and technical cooperation between the CMEA m e m b e r count r i e s in c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m engineering shows that joint w o r k is s u c c e s s f u l l y resulting in new d e signs, e x p e r i m e n t a l m o d e l s , f u l l - s c a l e t e s t s , and adoption of the developed equipment for s e r i e s production. A p a r t f r o m the d i r e c t economic advantage a c c r u i n g to the collaborating p a r t i e s , the rational d i s tribution of w o r k on the b a s i s of e x p e r i e n c e and s p e c i a l i z a t i o n m a k e s it possible to avoid parallel w o r k on s i m i l a r p r o b l e m s and - what is e s p e c i a l l y i m p o r t a n t - r e d u c e the time of introduction new technology. Under the 24th CPSU C o n g r e s s D i r e c t i v e s on the F i v e - Y e a r Plan of Development of the USSR National E c o n o m y for 1971-1975, one of the i m p o r t a n t goals of the ninth F i v e - Y e a r Plan is to achieve f u r t h e r dev e l o p m e n t of the economic, scientific, and technical cooperation with s o c i a l i s t countries, e s p e c i a l l y with the CMEA m e m b e r s . I m p l e m e n t i n g the decisions of the 24th CPSU C o n g r e s s , and in a c c o r d a n c e with the goals set forth in the Integrated P r o g r a m , the c h e m i c a l and p e t r o l e u m engineering s e c t o r is c a r r y i n g out, during the c u r r e n t Plan period, f u r t h e r expansion and intensification of scientific and technical cooperation with the c o u n t e r p a r t m i n i s t r i e s and d e p a r t m e n t s of the CMEA m e m b e r countries. On the b a s i s of the e x p e r i e n c e gathered, new f o r m s and methods of scientific and technical cooperation a r e being sought, the subjects of w o r k a r e being r e v i s e d with a view to excluding f r o m plans subjects of little topical i n t e r e s t and concentrating efforts on the solution of the m o s t i m p o r t a n t scientific and technical p r o b l e m s .